第一篇：敬業(yè)共勉主題活動(dòng)踐實(shí)方案

敬業(yè)共勉主題活動(dòng)踐實(shí)方案

為了貫徹落實(shí)“敬業(yè)共勉”主題學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)總體要求，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的開展好主題實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，切實(shí)加強(qiáng)教師職業(yè)道德建設(shè)，樹立良好的師德風(fēng)尚，建立一支“社會(huì)信任、家長(zhǎng)滿意、學(xué)生從敬、師德高尚、業(yè)務(wù)精湛、充滿活力”的教師隊(duì)伍。指導(dǎo)思想：

以“三個(gè)代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo)，以科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為統(tǒng)領(lǐng)，也辦人民滿意教育為宗旨，全面貫徹黨的教育方針于牢固樹立“國(guó)家興旺，教育為本，教育振興，教師為本”的理念，通過(guò)“敬業(yè)共勉”主題實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的開展，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)廣大教師和教育工作者愛崗敬業(yè)的責(zé)任意識(shí)和使命意識(shí)，自覺轉(zhuǎn)換角色，轉(zhuǎn)化情感，調(diào)節(jié)方略，展現(xiàn)自我價(jià)值?；顒?dòng)內(nèi)容：

1，系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)胡錦濤總書記和溫家寶總理在全國(guó)教育工作會(huì)議上的講話精神，學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)家和省優(yōu)秀教師先進(jìn)事跡，學(xué)習(xí)身邊典型事跡，學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)變教育觀念，建立和諧師生關(guān)系反面的理論文章等進(jìn)行“以尊重為價(jià)值導(dǎo)向，推進(jìn)班主任工作”專題輔導(dǎo)。2，深入討論“敬業(yè)共勉”主題學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)動(dòng)員會(huì)上提出的四句箴言“。

3，深刻反思并查找在教育教學(xué)過(guò)程中存在的突出問題和差距，制定切實(shí)可行的整改措施和實(shí)踐方案，4，緊扣“敬業(yè)共勉“這一主題，突出”愛與責(zé)任“這一師德核心內(nèi)涵，實(shí)踐四句敬業(yè)共勉箴言，開展敬業(yè)共勉實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，辦好人民滿意教育。方法步驟：

一、組織學(xué)習(xí)（九月十六日——九月三十日）

通過(guò)講座，觀看先進(jìn)教育理念和先進(jìn)事跡光盤等學(xué)習(xí)形式，每周不少于三個(gè)小時(shí)。

二、開展討論（十月八日——十月二十日）

三、進(jìn)行反思（十月二十一日——十月三十一日）

查找差距、查找問題、制定實(shí)踐方案、制定整改措施，實(shí)踐方案和整改措施要分別制定，整改情況將作為考核學(xué)校及教師師德素質(zhì)的重要依據(jù)。

四、開展實(shí)踐活動(dòng)（十一月一日——十二月三十一日）

就如何關(guān)愛學(xué)生，如何尊重學(xué)生，如何施以真情，如何塑人等方面，開展豐富多彩，形式多樣的主題實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

為確保“敬業(yè)共勉“主題學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)有序開展，并取得實(shí)效，我校成立了”敬業(yè)共勉“主題學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，具體組成人員如下： 組 長(zhǎng)：廖金福 副組長(zhǎng)：劉華

組 員：李鳳武

郝艷海

馬百山

劉振遠(yuǎn)

第二篇：敬業(yè)共勉心得體會(huì)

教育局局長(zhǎng)、黨委書記在“敬業(yè)共勉”主題學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)動(dòng)員會(huì)上提出了四句“敬業(yè)共勉箴言”。這四句話是通過(guò)總結(jié)、挖掘sl教育系統(tǒng)優(yōu)秀教師及教育工作者先進(jìn)事跡，并對(duì)一些典型案例進(jìn)行深入剖析而提煉出來(lái)的，對(duì)教育教學(xué)工作具有非常重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和指導(dǎo)意義。下面，結(jié)合筆者的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)剬?duì)四句“敬業(yè)共勉箴言”的體會(huì)。

一、關(guān)愛是傳道育人的動(dòng)力源泉。

關(guān)心學(xué)生，愛護(hù)學(xué)生是每位教師應(yīng)盡的責(zé)任。一個(gè)富有責(zé)任感，一個(gè)對(duì)學(xué)生成長(zhǎng)寄予良好期待情感的教師，會(huì)經(jīng)常把學(xué)生放在心上，體會(huì)他們的酸甜苦辣，關(guān)心他們的生活冷暖，關(guān)心他們學(xué)習(xí)、做事、為人和各方面的健康發(fā)展，用無(wú)私的愛滋潤(rùn)學(xué)生心田。學(xué)生感受到教師對(duì)自己關(guān)心、尊重、理解、信任，會(huì)更“傾心”于教師，更加樂于接近教師，更愿意接受教師的教育。

關(guān)愛學(xué)生就是胸中裝著學(xué)生，心中想著學(xué)生，服務(wù)于學(xué)生。關(guān)愛學(xué)生體現(xiàn)在許多方面：當(dāng)學(xué)生在心理上產(chǎn)生苦惱時(shí)，教師及時(shí)幫助解開疙瘩；當(dāng)學(xué)生在身體上出現(xiàn)不適時(shí)，教師及時(shí)幫助尋醫(yī)問藥；當(dāng)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)上遇到困難時(shí)，教師及時(shí)幫助“清理路障”；當(dāng)學(xué)生在生活上遇到不便時(shí)，教師及時(shí)幫助排憂解難。而且，對(duì)于學(xué)生的得與失、冷與暖、好與惡、喜與悲，教師不僅要記在心上，說(shuō)在嘴上，而且要落實(shí)在行動(dòng)上。

二、真情是管理學(xué)生的堅(jiān)實(shí)奠基。

管理學(xué)生是保證質(zhì)量的前提，沒有好的學(xué)習(xí)秩序，成績(jī)的提高就無(wú)從談起。而管理學(xué)生的方式不該是看管、強(qiáng)制、重壓，而應(yīng)建立在師生間的相互理解、信任這一真情基礎(chǔ)之上的。

四年級(jí)上冊(cè)有一篇課文《難忘的八個(gè)字》，講的是一個(gè)天生殘疾、相貌奇丑的小女孩特別喜歡她的班主任倫納德老師的事，這位老師說(shuō)的八個(gè)字一直令我非常震動(dòng)，那就是“我希望你是我女兒”。我在結(jié)束這一課的時(shí)候，和我們班同學(xué)講，我家只有一個(gè)孩子，能夠教你們令我感到十分欣慰，因?yàn)橛心銈冞@些孩子，恰好能彌補(bǔ)老師沒有女兒的缺憾。大家聽后深受感動(dòng)，自此，班級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)氛圍、師生感情都有了很大的改觀。這恰好可以證明，真情是管理學(xué)生的堅(jiān)實(shí)奠基。

三、尊重是開啟心靈的金質(zhì)鑰匙。

每個(gè)學(xué)生身上都有閃光點(diǎn)，關(guān)鍵是教師要多留心，多觀察，多了解，多引導(dǎo)，既要為每個(gè)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造成功的機(jī)會(huì)，又要關(guān)注他們的成功體驗(yàn)，抓住他們每一次成功的契機(jī)，賞識(shí)學(xué)生、鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生、尊重學(xué)生，從而開啟孩子的心靈之窗。

我們班bx同學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)比較差，學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣不好，但她很外向，敢說(shuō)話。有一次做公開課，分析課文時(shí)，大家因?yàn)槟懬?，都不敢提問題，只有bx把手舉起來(lái)了。我叫起了她，她很意外，又很激動(dòng)，說(shuō)話時(shí)有些語(yǔ)無(wú)倫次。我走到她面前，耐心地引導(dǎo)她，最終完整的表達(dá)出了自己的意思。我明顯的感覺出同學(xué)們都投來(lái)了羨慕的目光，而bx也對(duì)自己的表現(xiàn)非常滿意。從此以后，bx同學(xué)無(wú)論在完成作業(yè)、還是在配合老師工作方面都表現(xiàn)的非常積極主動(dòng)，同學(xué)們和其他教師都感覺到了她的變化。作為她的班主任，我更為自己能夠尊重她、信任她并最終收到良好效果而欣慰。

四、塑人是人生價(jià)值的展示升華。

十年樹木，百年樹人?！八茉烊?、成就人”是曲折而又漫長(zhǎng)的工程，需要教師言傳，更要教師身教。教師要積極采取行之有效的措施，塑造孩子健全的人格，展示完美的人生價(jià)值。

言傳：少年兒童自我意識(shí)尚未成熟，可塑性大，可接受性強(qiáng)。現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，從某種角度看，很難否認(rèn)“孩子是其父母的折射”這一現(xiàn)象。由此可見，小學(xué)生的后天習(xí)慣培養(yǎng)很重要，它將關(guān)系到其成長(zhǎng)和未來(lái)的命運(yùn)。教育者若能給予恰當(dāng)?shù)膸в袉⒚尚?、?zhǔn)備性、基礎(chǔ)性的引導(dǎo)和幫助，少年兒童的行為能力就會(huì)迅速發(fā)展起來(lái)，并產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)久的影響，乃至影響其一生。良好習(xí)慣必須從小培養(yǎng)，且從小事培養(yǎng)，所以小學(xué)階段有計(jì)劃、有目的地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行養(yǎng)成教育是非常必要的。具體地說(shuō)，是指通過(guò)學(xué)校、家庭和社會(huì)多渠道、全方位地幫助小學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的道德情感，道德品質(zhì)，道德判斷，道德行為和道德習(xí)慣，把他們培養(yǎng)成“既善于合作，又敢于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，能追隨時(shí)代、適應(yīng)社會(huì)”的現(xiàn)代人。

身教：有一首膾炙人口、每位教師都耳熟能詳?shù)母枨堕L(zhǎng)大后我就成了你》，其中我最喜歡“寫下的是真理，擦去的是功利”一句。在平日的工作中，我以此為座右銘，要求自己一身正氣、兩袖清風(fēng)。努力使自己的一言一行、一舉一動(dòng)成為學(xué)生的表率，在完善自己人格追求的同時(shí)，潛移默化的影響和帶動(dòng)學(xué)生，使他們的世界觀、人生觀得以逐漸完善、健康成長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)然，我們不可能要求孩子長(zhǎng)大后都當(dāng)老師，但是我們可以要求每個(gè)人都能無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)、淡泊名利，成長(zhǎng)為社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的合格建設(shè)者和接班人。

關(guān)愛、真情、尊重、塑人，相信“敬業(yè)共勉箴言”一定會(huì)指引我們?cè)谌嫱七M(jìn)素質(zhì)教育活動(dòng)中披荊斬棘，再創(chuàng)佳績(jī)。

第三篇：團(tuán)員敬業(yè)奉獻(xiàn)主題活動(dòng)方案

為了貫徹落實(shí)xxxx年公司工作會(huì)和政工會(huì)精神，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)青年職工的思想教育，促進(jìn)青年職工健康成長(zhǎng)，公司團(tuán)委決定在廣大青年職工中廣泛開展“感恩、勵(lì)志、敬業(yè)、奉獻(xiàn)”主題教育。現(xiàn)將有關(guān)事宜通知如下：

一、指導(dǎo)思想

堅(jiān)持以黨的“xx大”和團(tuán)的“xx大”精神和科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為指導(dǎo)，以弘揚(yáng)和培養(yǎng)民族精神為宗旨，以孝敬父母、關(guān)愛他人、學(xué)會(huì)感恩、學(xué)會(huì)報(bào)答、愛崗敬業(yè)、奉獻(xiàn)青春為主要內(nèi)容，開展以“感恩、勵(lì)志、敬業(yè)、奉獻(xiàn)”為主題的教育活動(dòng)。

二、活動(dòng)目標(biāo)

通過(guò)活動(dòng)讓青年職工充分認(rèn)識(shí)自己的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，培養(yǎng)感激父母、感激他人、感激企業(yè)、感激社會(huì)的情感，培養(yǎng)青年強(qiáng)烈的社會(huì)責(zé)任感和不斷進(jìn)取、勇于奉獻(xiàn)的精神，增強(qiáng)青年知恩相報(bào)、立志圖報(bào)、誠(chéng)實(shí)守信、愛崗敬業(yè)、奉獻(xiàn)青春的思想品質(zhì)。努力把青年職工塑造成為思想上的先行者，生活中的奉獻(xiàn)者，工作中的佼佼者，實(shí)踐中的開拓者。

三、活動(dòng)范圍

公司35周歲以下青年職工。

四、活動(dòng)內(nèi)容

（一）、圍繞黨政中心工作開展主題思想教育

1、團(tuán)支部充分履行自身職責(zé)，通過(guò)各種形式大力宣傳以“感恩、勵(lì)志、敬業(yè)、奉獻(xiàn)”為主題的道德思想，教育引導(dǎo)廣大青年感恩自強(qiáng)謀發(fā)展、立足崗位作奉獻(xiàn)，在自立自強(qiáng)中感恩他人、在職業(yè)鍛煉中感恩企業(yè)、在開拓奮進(jìn)中感恩社會(huì)、在加快發(fā)展中感恩時(shí)代，以一顆感恩的心、奉獻(xiàn)的心、報(bào)效的心、積極投身到公司的發(fā)展建設(shè)中去。

2、要結(jié)合工作實(shí)際積極組織召開支部會(huì)，以“心存感恩、勵(lì)志成才、愛崗敬業(yè)、無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)”為主題座談；廣泛開展“如何做一名優(yōu)秀職工”、“我的理想是什么”、“如何感恩企業(yè)”的討論會(huì)。

（二）圍繞身邊工作生活日常事開展感恩“八個(gè)一”活動(dòng)

鼓勵(lì)青年與家長(zhǎng)、同事、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)多交流，教育青年職工無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻感激他人。父母對(duì)我們有養(yǎng)育之恩，祖國(guó)對(duì)我們有呵護(hù)之恩，企業(yè)對(duì)我們有培養(yǎng)之恩，同事對(duì)我們有協(xié)助之恩，社會(huì)對(duì)我們有關(guān)愛之恩。

（1）、講一件感恩小故事；

（2）、寫一封感恩的信（或電子郵件）；

（3）、發(fā)一條感恩的短信；

（4）、看一部感恩的影片；

（5）、讀一本感恩的書；

（6）、唱一首感恩的歌；

（7）、拍一張感恩的圖片；

（8）、在網(wǎng)上跟（發(fā)）一個(gè)感恩的帖子。

（三）、組織開展“心懷感恩多奉獻(xiàn)、勵(lì)志崗位寫人生”為主題的征文活動(dòng)

1、征文主題

a、感謝父母養(yǎng)育我、感謝師傅教導(dǎo)我、感謝他人幫助我、感謝企業(yè)培養(yǎng)我、感謝社會(huì)溫暖我b、科學(xué)發(fā)展、暢想青春、勵(lì)志成才。人生不是一支短短的蠟燭，而是一只由我們暫時(shí)拿著的火炬，我們一定要把它燃得十分光明燦爛。

c、如何做一名敬業(yè)奉獻(xiàn)的好青年。

2、題材、字?jǐn)?shù)不限，題目自擬。

3、緊扣“感恩勵(lì)志、敬業(yè)奉獻(xiàn)”主題，從各個(gè)角度、真實(shí)生動(dòng)的反映青年的工作、學(xué)習(xí)、生活。文章內(nèi)容積極健康、文筆流暢，富有真情實(shí)感。

（四）、爭(zhēng)做“愛崗敬業(yè)”的好青年

愛崗敬業(yè)是人類社會(huì)最為普遍的奉獻(xiàn)精神，它看似平凡，實(shí)則偉大。一份職業(yè)，一個(gè)工作崗位，都是一個(gè)人賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)保障。

1、提倡愛崗敬業(yè)，熱愛本職。青年職工要熱愛自己的崗位，自覺學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀、安全技能和崗位知識(shí)，無(wú)論在任何時(shí)候，都要嚴(yán)格履行自己的崗位職責(zé)，對(duì)自己崗位勤奮有加，專心致志地搞好工作。努力學(xué)習(xí)崗位知識(shí)，積極參加崗位技能培訓(xùn)、技能比武。在自己的工作崗位上勤勤懇懇，不斷地鉆研學(xué)習(xí)，一絲不茍，精益求精。

2、要求青年職工通過(guò)本職工作，在一定程度上做到全面發(fā)展，不斷增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)，增長(zhǎng)才干，努力成為多面手。根據(jù)企業(yè)的需要積極發(fā)揮個(gè)人的專業(yè)、特長(zhǎng)、興趣和愛好，為企業(yè)發(fā)展做奉獻(xiàn)。

3、在青年職工中選樹、宣傳愛崗敬業(yè)典型，各支部可利用黑板報(bào)和公司金信消息宣傳他們的先進(jìn)事跡。公司團(tuán)委在“五四”期間將對(duì)涌現(xiàn)出的典型進(jìn)行表彰獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

五、活動(dòng)要求

1、各支部要高度重視，加強(qiáng)組織，按要求的內(nèi)容開展工作。團(tuán)支部書記是開展主題教育的責(zé)任人，每一季度向黨支部匯報(bào)主題教育情況，聽取黨支部有關(guān)意見和建議；要切實(shí)擔(dān)負(fù)起組織職責(zé)，處理好主題教育與日常工作的關(guān)系。以主題教育的開展，推進(jìn)其他工作更加有效的進(jìn)行，做到日常工作與主題教育兩不誤、兩促進(jìn)。

2、要將活動(dòng)與加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)提高素質(zhì)結(jié)合起來(lái)，統(tǒng)籌兼顧；要充分調(diào)動(dòng)青年職工的積極性，確?；顒?dòng)收到實(shí)效，避免走過(guò)場(chǎng)。各團(tuán)支部要充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，著力構(gòu)建“感恩、勵(lì)志、敬業(yè)、奉獻(xiàn)”主題教育的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，使活動(dòng)長(zhǎng)期深入開展，讓主題教育與黨政各項(xiàng)工作保持一致、取得更好的成效。

第四篇：實(shí) 踐 論

馬克思以前的唯物論，離開人的社會(huì)性，離開人的歷史發(fā)展，去觀察認(rèn)識(shí)問題，因此不能了解認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)社會(huì)實(shí)踐的依賴關(guān)系，即認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)生產(chǎn)和階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)的依賴關(guān)系。首先，馬克思主義者認(rèn)為人類的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)是最基本的的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，是決定其他一切活動(dòng)的東西。人的認(rèn)識(shí)，主要地依賴于物質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，逐漸地了解自然的現(xiàn)象、自然的性質(zhì)、自然的規(guī)律性、人和自然的關(guān)系；而且經(jīng)過(guò)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，也在各種不同程度上逐漸地認(rèn)識(shí)了人與人的一定的相互關(guān)系。一切這些知識(shí)，離開生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)是不能得到的。在沒有階級(jí)的社會(huì)中，每個(gè)人以社會(huì)一員的資格，同其他社會(huì)成員協(xié)力，結(jié)成一定的社會(huì)關(guān)系，從事生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，以解決人類物質(zhì)生活問題。在各種階級(jí)的社會(huì)中，各階級(jí)的社會(huì)成員，則又以各種不同的方式，結(jié)成一定的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系，從事生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，以解決人類物質(zhì)生活問題。這是人的認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展的基本來(lái)源。人的社會(huì)實(shí)踐，不限于生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)一種形式，還有多種其他的形式，階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)，政治生活，科學(xué)和藝術(shù)的活動(dòng)，總之社會(huì)實(shí)際生活的一切領(lǐng)域都是社會(huì)的人所參加的。因此，人的認(rèn)識(shí)，在物質(zhì)生活以外，還從政治生活文化生活中（與物質(zhì)生活密切聯(lián)系），在各種不同程度上，知道人和人的各種關(guān)系。其中，尤以各種形式的階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)，給予人的認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展以深刻的影響。在階級(jí)社會(huì)中，每一個(gè)人都在一定的階級(jí)地位中生活，各種思想無(wú)不打上階級(jí)的烙印。馬克思主義者認(rèn)為人類社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，是一步又一步地由低級(jí)向高級(jí)發(fā)展，因此，人們的認(rèn)識(shí)，不論對(duì)于自然界方面，對(duì)于社會(huì)方面，也都是一步又一步地由低級(jí)向高級(jí)發(fā)展，即由淺入深，由片面到更多的方面。在很長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)，大家對(duì)于社會(huì)的歷史只能限于片面的了解，這一方面是由于剝削階級(jí)的偏見經(jīng)常歪曲社會(huì)的歷史，另方面，則由于生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的狹小，限制了人們的眼界。人們能夠?qū)τ谏鐣?huì)歷史的發(fā)展作全面的歷史的了解，把對(duì)于社會(huì)的認(rèn)識(shí)變成了科學(xué)，這是到了伴隨巨大生產(chǎn)力－－大工業(yè)而出現(xiàn)近代無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的時(shí)候，這就是馬克思主義的科學(xué)。馬克思主義者認(rèn)為，只有人們的社會(huì)實(shí)踐，才是人們對(duì)于外界認(rèn)識(shí)的真理性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。實(shí)際的情形是這樣的，只有在社會(huì)實(shí)踐過(guò)程中（物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)過(guò)程中，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中），人們達(dá)到了思想中所預(yù)想的結(jié)果時(shí)，人們的認(rèn)識(shí)才被證實(shí)了。人們要想得到工作的勝利即得到預(yù)想的結(jié)果，一定要使自己的思想合于客觀外界的規(guī)律性，如果不合，就會(huì)在實(shí)踐中失敗。人們經(jīng)過(guò)失敗之后，也就從失敗取得教訓(xùn)，改正自己的思想使之適合于外界的規(guī)律性，人們就能變失敗為勝利，所謂“失敗者成功之母”，“吃一塹長(zhǎng)一智”，就是這個(gè)道理。辨證唯物論的認(rèn)識(shí)論把實(shí)踐提到第一的地位，認(rèn)為人的認(rèn)識(shí)一點(diǎn)也不能離開實(shí)踐，排斥一切否認(rèn)實(shí)踐重要性、使認(rèn)識(shí)離開實(shí)踐的錯(cuò)誤理論。列寧這樣說(shuō)過(guò)：“實(shí)踐高于（理論的）認(rèn)識(shí)，因?yàn)樗坏衅毡樾缘钠犯?，而且還有直接現(xiàn)實(shí)性的品格?！瘪R克思主義的哲學(xué)辨證唯物論有兩個(gè)最顯著的特點(diǎn)：一個(gè)是它的階級(jí)性，公然申明辨證唯物論是為無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)服務(wù)的；再一個(gè)是它的實(shí)踐性，強(qiáng)調(diào)理論對(duì)于實(shí)踐的依賴關(guān)系，理論的基礎(chǔ)是實(shí)踐，又轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)來(lái)為實(shí)踐服務(wù)。判定認(rèn)識(shí)或理論之是否真理，不是依主觀上覺得如何而定，而是依客觀上社會(huì)實(shí)踐的結(jié)果如何而定。真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只能是社會(huì)的實(shí)踐。實(shí)踐的觀點(diǎn)是辨證唯物論的認(rèn)識(shí)論之第一的和基本的觀點(diǎn)。然而人的認(rèn)識(shí)究竟怎樣從實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生，而又服務(wù)于實(shí)踐呢？這只要看一看認(rèn)識(shí)的發(fā)展過(guò)程就會(huì)明了的。原來(lái)人在實(shí)踐過(guò)程中，開始只是看到過(guò)程中各個(gè)事物的現(xiàn)象方面，看到各個(gè)事物的片面，看到各個(gè)事物之間的外部聯(lián)系。例如有些外面的人們到延安來(lái)考察，頭一二天，他們看到了延安的地形、街道、屋宇，接觸了許多的人，參加了宴會(huì)、晚會(huì)和群眾大會(huì)，聽到了各種說(shuō)話，看到了各種文件，這些就是事物的現(xiàn)象，事物的各個(gè)片面以及這些事物的外部聯(lián)系。這叫做認(rèn)識(shí)的感性階段，就是感覺和印象的階段。也就是延安這些各別的事物作用于考察團(tuán)先生們的感官，引起他們的感覺，在他們的腦子中生起了許多的印象，以及這些印象間的大概的外部的聯(lián)系，這是認(rèn)識(shí)的第一階段。在這個(gè)階段中，人們還不能造成深刻的概念，作出合乎論理（即合乎邏輯）的結(jié)論。社會(huì)實(shí)踐的繼續(xù)，使人們?cè)趯?shí)踐中引起感覺和印象的東西反復(fù)了多次，于是在人們的腦子里生起了一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的突變（即飛躍），產(chǎn)生了概念。概念這種東西已經(jīng)不是事物的現(xiàn)象，不是事物的各個(gè)片面，不是它們的外部聯(lián)系，而是抓住了事物的本質(zhì)，事物的全體，事物的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系了，概念同感覺，不但是數(shù)量上的差別，而且有了性質(zhì)上的差別。循此繼進(jìn)，使用判斷和推理的方法，就可產(chǎn)生合乎論理的結(jié)論來(lái)?！度龂?guó)演義》上所謂“眉頭一皺計(jì)上心來(lái)”，我們普通說(shuō)話所謂“讓我想一想”，就是人在腦子中運(yùn)用概念以作判斷和推理的工夫。這是認(rèn)識(shí)的第二個(gè)階段。外來(lái)的考察團(tuán)先生們?cè)谒麄兗狭烁鞣N資料，加上他們“想了一想”之后，他們就能作出“共產(chǎn)黨的抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的政策是徹底的、誠(chéng)懇的和真實(shí)的”這樣一個(gè)判斷了。在他們作出這個(gè)判斷之后，如果他們對(duì)于團(tuán)結(jié)救國(guó)也是真實(shí)的話，那末他們就夠進(jìn)一步作出這樣的結(jié)論：“抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是能夠成功的。”這個(gè)概念、判斷和推理的階段，在人們對(duì)于一個(gè)事物的整個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程中是更重要的階段，也就是理性認(rèn)識(shí)的階段。認(rèn)識(shí)的真正任務(wù)在于經(jīng)過(guò)感覺而到達(dá)于思維，到達(dá)于逐步了解客觀事物的內(nèi)部矛盾，了解它的規(guī)律性，了解這一過(guò)程和那一過(guò)程的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系，即到達(dá)于論理的認(rèn)識(shí)。重復(fù)地說(shuō)，論理的認(rèn)識(shí)所以和感性的認(rèn)識(shí)不同，是因?yàn)楦行缘恼J(rèn)識(shí)是屬于事物之片面的、現(xiàn)象的、外部聯(lián)系的東西，論理的認(rèn)識(shí)則推進(jìn)了一大步，到達(dá)了事物的全體的、本質(zhì)的、內(nèi)部聯(lián)系的東西，到達(dá)了暴露周圍世界的內(nèi)在的矛盾，因而能在周圍世界的總體上，在周圍世界一切方面的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系上去把握周圍世界的發(fā)展。這種基于實(shí)踐的由淺入深的辨證唯物論的關(guān)于認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展過(guò)程的理論，在馬克思主義以前，是沒有一個(gè)人這樣解決過(guò)的。馬克思主義的唯物論，第一次正確地解決了這個(gè)問題，唯物地而且辨證地指出了認(rèn)識(shí)的深化的運(yùn)動(dòng)，指出了社會(huì)的人在他們的生產(chǎn)和階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)的復(fù)雜的、經(jīng)常反復(fù)的實(shí)踐中，由感性認(rèn)識(shí)到論理認(rèn)識(shí)的推移的運(yùn)動(dòng)。列寧說(shuō)過(guò)：“物質(zhì)的抽象，自然規(guī)律的抽象，價(jià)值的抽象以及其他等等，一句話，一切科學(xué)的（正確的、鄭重的、非瞎說(shuō)的）抽象，都更深刻、更正確、更完全地反映著自然?！瘪R克思列寧主義認(rèn)為：認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程中兩個(gè)階段的特性，在低級(jí)階段，認(rèn)識(shí)表現(xiàn)為感性的，在高級(jí)階段，認(rèn)識(shí)表現(xiàn)為論理的，但任何階段，都是統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的階段。感性和理性二者的性質(zhì)不同，但又不是互相分離的，它們?cè)趯?shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上統(tǒng)一起來(lái)了。我們的實(shí)踐證明：感覺到了的東西，我們不能立刻理解它，只有理解了的東西才更深刻地感覺它。感覺只解決現(xiàn)象問題，理論才解決本質(zhì)問題。這些問題的解決，一點(diǎn)也不能離開實(shí)踐。無(wú)論何人要認(rèn)識(shí)什么事物，除了同那個(gè)事物接觸，即生活于（實(shí)踐于）那個(gè)事物的環(huán)境中，是沒有法子解決的。不能在封建社會(huì)就預(yù)先認(rèn)識(shí)資本主義社會(huì)的規(guī)律，因?yàn)橘Y本主義還未出現(xiàn)，還無(wú)這種實(shí)踐。馬克思主義只能是資本主義的產(chǎn)物。馬克思不能在自由資本主義時(shí)代就預(yù)先具體地認(rèn)識(shí)帝國(guó)主義時(shí)代的某些特異的規(guī)律，因?yàn)榈蹏?guó)主義這個(gè)資本主義最后階段還未到來(lái)，還無(wú)這種實(shí)踐，只有列寧和斯大林才能擔(dān)當(dāng)此項(xiàng)任務(wù)。馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林之所以能夠作出他們的理論，除了他們的天才條件之外，主要地是他們親自參加了當(dāng)時(shí)的階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)和科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)踐，沒有這后一個(gè)條件，任何天才也是不能成功的?！靶悴挪怀鲩T，全知天下事”，在技術(shù)不發(fā)達(dá)的古代只能是一句空話，在技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)的現(xiàn)代雖然可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這些話，然而真正親知的是天下實(shí)踐著的人，那些人在他們的實(shí)踐中間取得了“知”，經(jīng)過(guò)文字和技術(shù)的傳達(dá)而到達(dá)于“秀才”之手，秀才乃能間接地“知天下事”。如果要直接地認(rèn)識(shí)某種或某些事物，便只有親身參加于變革現(xiàn)實(shí)、變革某種或某些事物的實(shí)踐的斗爭(zhēng)中，才能觸到那種或那些事物的現(xiàn)象，也只有在親身參加變各現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐的斗爭(zhēng)中，才能暴露那種或那些事物的本質(zhì)而理解它們。這是任何人實(shí)際上走著的認(rèn)識(shí)路程，不是有些人故意歪曲地說(shuō)些反對(duì)的話罷了。世上最可笑的是那些“知識(shí)里手”，有了道聽途說(shuō)的一知半解，便自封為“天下第一”，適足見其不自量而已。知識(shí)的問題是一個(gè)科學(xué)的問題，來(lái)不得半點(diǎn)的虛偽和驕傲，決定地需要的倒是其反面－－誠(chéng)實(shí)和謙遜的態(tài)度。你要有知識(shí)，你就得參加變革現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得變革梨子，親口吃一吃。你要知道原子的組成同性質(zhì)，你就得實(shí)行物理學(xué)和化學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，變革原子的情況。你要知道革命的理論和方法，你就得參加革命。一切真知都是從直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)源的。但人不能事事直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)，事實(shí)上多數(shù)的知識(shí)都是間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的東西，這就是一切古代的和外域的知識(shí)。這些知識(shí)在古人在外人是直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的東西，如果在古人外人直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)時(shí)是符合于列寧所說(shuō)的條件：“科學(xué)的抽象”，是科學(xué)地反映了客觀的事物，那末這些知識(shí)是可靠的，否則就是不可靠的。所以，一個(gè)人的知識(shí)，不外直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的和間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的兩部分。而且在我為間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)者，在人則仍為直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)。因此，就知識(shí)的總體說(shuō)來(lái)，無(wú)論何種知識(shí)都是不能離開直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的。任何知識(shí)的來(lái)源，在于人的肉體感官對(duì)客觀外界的感覺，否認(rèn)了這個(gè)感覺，否認(rèn)了直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)，否認(rèn)親自參加變革現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐，他就不是唯物論者。“知識(shí)里手”之所以可笑，原因就是在這個(gè)地方。中國(guó)人有一句老話：“不入虎穴，焉得虎子?！边@句話對(duì)于人們的實(shí)踐是真理，對(duì)于認(rèn)識(shí)論也是真理。離開實(shí)踐的認(rèn)識(shí)是不可能的。為了明了基于變革現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐而產(chǎn)生的辯證唯物論的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)－－認(rèn)識(shí)的逐漸深化的運(yùn)動(dòng)，下面再舉出幾個(gè)具體的例子。無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)對(duì)于資本主義社會(huì)的認(rèn)識(shí)，在其實(shí)踐的初期－－破壞機(jī)器和自發(fā)斗爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，他們還只在感性認(rèn)識(shí)的階段，只認(rèn)識(shí)資本主義各個(gè)現(xiàn)象的片面及其外部的聯(lián)系。這時(shí)，他們還是一個(gè)所謂“自在的階級(jí)”。但是到了他們實(shí)踐的第二個(gè)時(shí)期－－有意識(shí)有組織的經(jīng)濟(jì)斗爭(zhēng)和政治斗爭(zhēng)的時(shí)期，由于實(shí)踐，由于長(zhǎng)期斗爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，經(jīng)過(guò)馬克思、恩格斯用科學(xué)的方法把這種種經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)起來(lái)，產(chǎn)生了馬克思主義的理論，用以教育無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)，這樣就使無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)理解了資本主義社會(huì)的本質(zhì)，理解了社會(huì)階級(jí)的剝削關(guān)系，理解了無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的歷史任務(wù)，這時(shí)他們就變成了一個(gè)“自為的階級(jí)”。中國(guó)人民對(duì)于帝國(guó)主義的認(rèn)識(shí)也是這樣。第一階段是表面的感性的認(rèn)識(shí)階段，表現(xiàn)在太平天國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)和義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)等籠統(tǒng)的排外主義的斗爭(zhēng)上。第二階段才進(jìn)到理性的認(rèn)識(shí)階段，并看出了帝國(guó)主義內(nèi)部和外部的各種矛盾，并看出了帝國(guó)主義聯(lián)合中國(guó)買辦階級(jí)和封建階級(jí)以壓榨中國(guó)人民大眾的實(shí)質(zhì)，這種認(rèn)識(shí)是從一九一九年五四運(yùn)動(dòng)前后才開始的。我們?cè)賮?lái)看戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，如果他們是一些沒有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人，對(duì)于一個(gè)具體的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（例如我們過(guò)去十年的土地革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）的深刻的指導(dǎo)規(guī)律，在開始階段是不了解的。他們?cè)陂_始階段只是身歷了許多作戰(zhàn)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而且敗戰(zhàn)是打得很多的。然而由于這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)（勝仗，特別是敗仗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)），使他們能夠理解貫串整個(gè)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的內(nèi)部的東西，即那個(gè)具體戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的規(guī)律性，懂得了戰(zhàn)略和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，因而能夠有把握地去指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。此時(shí)，如果改換一個(gè)無(wú)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人去指導(dǎo)，又會(huì)要在吃了一些敗仗之后（有了經(jīng)驗(yàn)之后）才能理會(huì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的正確的規(guī)律。常常聽到一些同志在不能勇敢接受工作任務(wù)時(shí)說(shuō)出的一句話：沒有把握。為什么沒有把握呢？因?yàn)樗麑?duì)于這項(xiàng)工作的內(nèi)容和環(huán)境沒有規(guī)律性的了解，或者他從來(lái)就沒有接觸過(guò)這類工作，或者接觸得不多，因而無(wú)從談到這類工作的規(guī)律性。及至把工作的情況和環(huán)境給以詳細(xì)分析之后，他就覺得比較地有了把握，愿意去做這項(xiàng)工作。如果這個(gè)人在這項(xiàng)工作中經(jīng)過(guò)了一個(gè)時(shí)期，他就有了這項(xiàng)工作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)了，而他又是一個(gè)肯虛心體察情況的人，不是一個(gè)主觀地、片面地、表面地看問題的人，他就能夠自己做出應(yīng)該怎樣進(jìn)行工作的結(jié)論，他的工作勇氣也就可以大大提高了。只有那些主觀地、片面地和表面地看問題的人，跑到一個(gè)地方，不問環(huán)境的情況，不看事情的全體（事情的歷史和全部現(xiàn)狀），也不觸到事情的本質(zhì)（事情的性質(zhì)及此一事情和其他事情的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系），就自以為是地發(fā)號(hào)施令起來(lái)，這樣的人是沒有不跌交子的。由此看來(lái)，認(rèn)識(shí)的過(guò)程，第一步，是開始接觸外界事情，屬于感覺的階段。第二步，是綜合感覺的材料加以整理和改造，屬于概念、判斷和推理的階段。只有感覺的材料十分豐富（不是零碎不全）和合于實(shí)際（不是錯(cuò)覺），才能根據(jù)這樣的材料造出正確的概念和論理來(lái)。這里有兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)必須著重指明。第一個(gè)，在前面已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的，這里再重復(fù)說(shuō)一說(shuō)，就是理性認(rèn)識(shí)依賴于感性認(rèn)識(shí)的問題。如果以為理性認(rèn)識(shí)可以不從感性認(rèn)識(shí)得來(lái)，他就是一個(gè)唯心論者。哲學(xué)史上有所謂“唯理論”一派，就是只承認(rèn)理性的實(shí)在性，不承認(rèn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的實(shí)在性，以為只有理性靠得住，而感覺的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是靠不住的，這一派的錯(cuò)誤在于顛倒了事實(shí)。理性的東西所以靠得住，正是由于它來(lái)源于感性，否則理性的東西就成了無(wú)源之水，無(wú)木之本，而只是主觀自生的靠不住的東西了。從認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的秩序說(shuō)來(lái)，感覺經(jīng)驗(yàn)是第一的東西，我們強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)實(shí)踐在認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程中的意義，就在于只有社會(huì)實(shí)踐才能使人的認(rèn)識(shí)開始發(fā)生，開始從客觀外界得到感覺經(jīng)驗(yàn)。一個(gè)閉目塞聽、同客觀外界根本絕緣的人，是無(wú)所謂認(rèn)識(shí)的。認(rèn)識(shí)開始于經(jīng)驗(yàn)－－這就是認(rèn)識(shí)論的唯物論。第二是認(rèn)識(shí)有待于深化，認(rèn)識(shí)的感性階段有待于發(fā)展到理性階段－－這就是認(rèn)識(shí)論的辯證法。如果以為認(rèn)識(shí)可以停頓在低級(jí)的感性階段，以為只有感性認(rèn)識(shí)可靠，而理性認(rèn)識(shí)是靠不住的，這便是重復(fù)了歷史上的“經(jīng)驗(yàn)論”的錯(cuò)誤。這種理論的錯(cuò)誤，在于不知道感覺材料固然是客觀外界某些真實(shí)性的反映（我這里不來(lái)說(shuō)經(jīng)驗(yàn)只是所謂內(nèi)省體驗(yàn)的那種唯心的經(jīng)驗(yàn)論），但它們僅是片面的和表面的東西，這種反映是不完全的，是沒有反映事物本質(zhì)的。要完全地反映整個(gè)的事物，反映事物的本質(zhì)，反映事物的內(nèi)部規(guī)律性，就必須經(jīng)過(guò)思考作用，將豐富的感覺材料加以去粗取精、去偽存真、由此及彼、由表及里的改造制作工夫，造成概念和理論的系統(tǒng)，就必須從感性認(rèn)識(shí)躍進(jìn)到理性認(rèn)識(shí)。這種改造過(guò)的認(rèn)識(shí)，不是更空虛了更不可靠的認(rèn)識(shí)，相反，只要是在認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程中根據(jù)于實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)而科學(xué)地改造過(guò)的東西，正如列寧所說(shuō)乃是更深刻、更正確、更完全地反映客觀事物的東西。庸俗的事務(wù)主義家不是這樣，他們尊重經(jīng)驗(yàn)而看輕理論，因而不能通觀客觀過(guò)程的全體，缺乏明確的方針，沒有遠(yuǎn)大的前途，沾沾自喜于一得之功和一孔之見。這種人如果指導(dǎo)革命，就會(huì)引導(dǎo)革命走上碰壁的地步。理性認(rèn)識(shí)依賴于感性認(rèn)識(shí)，感性認(rèn)識(shí)有待于發(fā)展到理性認(rèn)識(shí)，這就是辯證唯物論的認(rèn)識(shí)論。哲學(xué)上的“唯理論”和“經(jīng)驗(yàn)論”都不懂得認(rèn)識(shí)的歷史性或辯證性，雖然各有片面的真理（對(duì)于唯物的唯理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)論而言，非指唯心的唯理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)論），但在認(rèn)識(shí)論的全體上則都是錯(cuò)誤的。由感性到理性之辯證唯物論的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)，對(duì)于一個(gè)小的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程（例如對(duì)于一個(gè)事物或一件工作的認(rèn)識(shí)）是如此，對(duì)于一個(gè)大的認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程（例如對(duì)于一個(gè)社會(huì)或一個(gè)革命的認(rèn)識(shí)）也是如此。然而認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)至此還沒有完結(jié)。辯證唯物論的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)，如果只到理性認(rèn)識(shí)為止，那末還只說(shuō)到問題的一半。而且對(duì)于馬克思主義的哲學(xué)說(shuō)來(lái)，還只說(shuō)到非十分重要的那一半。馬克思主義的哲學(xué)認(rèn)為十分重要的問題，不在于懂得了客觀世界的規(guī)律性，因而能夠解釋世界，而在于拿了這種對(duì)于客觀規(guī)律性的認(rèn)識(shí)去能動(dòng)地改造世界。在馬克思主義看來(lái)，理論是重要的，它的重要性充分地表現(xiàn)在列寧說(shuō)過(guò)的一句話：“沒有革命的理論，就沒有革命的運(yùn)動(dòng)?！比欢R克思主義看重理論，正是，也僅僅是，因?yàn)樗軌蛑笇?dǎo)行動(dòng)。如果有了正確的理論，只是把它空談一陣，束之高閣，并不實(shí)行，那末，這種理論再好也是沒有意義的。認(rèn)識(shí)從實(shí)踐始，經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐得到了理論的認(rèn)識(shí)，還須再回到實(shí)踐去。認(rèn)識(shí)的能動(dòng)作用，不但表現(xiàn)于從感性的認(rèn)識(shí)到理性的認(rèn)識(shí)之能動(dòng)的飛躍，更重要的還須表現(xiàn)于從理性的認(rèn)識(shí)到革命的實(shí)踐這一個(gè)飛躍。抓著了世界的規(guī)律性的認(rèn)識(shí)，必須把它再回到改造世界的實(shí)踐中去，再用到生產(chǎn)的實(shí)踐、革命的階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)和民族斗爭(zhēng)的實(shí)踐以及科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)踐中去。這就是檢驗(yàn)理論和發(fā)展理論的過(guò)程，是整個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的繼續(xù)。理論的東西之是否符合于客觀真理性這個(gè)問題，在前面說(shuō)的由感性到理性之運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中是沒有完全解決的，也不能完全解決的。要完全地解決這個(gè)問題，只有把理性的認(rèn)識(shí)再回到社會(huì)實(shí)踐中去，應(yīng)用理論于實(shí)踐，看它是否能夠達(dá)到預(yù)想的目的。許多自然科學(xué)理論之所以被稱為真理，不但在于自然科學(xué)家們創(chuàng)立這些學(xué)說(shuō)的時(shí)候，而且在于為爾后的科學(xué)實(shí)踐所證實(shí)的時(shí)候。馬克思列寧主義之所以被稱為真理，也不但在于馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林等人科學(xué)地構(gòu)成這些學(xué)說(shuō)的時(shí)候，而且在于為爾后革命的階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)和民族斗爭(zhēng)的實(shí)踐所證實(shí)的時(shí)候。辯證唯物論之所以為普遍真理，在于經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)論任何人的實(shí)踐都不能逃出它的范圍。人類認(rèn)識(shí)的歷史告訴我們，許多理論的真理性是不完全的，經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)而糾正了它們的不完全性。許多理論是錯(cuò)誤的，經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)而糾正其錯(cuò)誤，所謂實(shí)踐是真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所謂“生活、實(shí)踐底觀點(diǎn)，應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識(shí)論底首先的和基本的觀點(diǎn)”，理由就在這個(gè)地方。斯大林說(shuō)得好：“理論若不和實(shí)踐聯(lián)系起來(lái)，就會(huì)變成無(wú)對(duì)象的理論，同樣，實(shí)踐若不以革命理論為指南，就會(huì)變成盲目的實(shí)踐。”說(shuō)到這里，認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)就算完成了嗎？我們的答復(fù)是完成了，又沒有完成。社會(huì)的人們投身于變革在某一發(fā)展階段內(nèi)的某一客觀過(guò)程的實(shí)踐中（不論是關(guān)于變革某一自然過(guò)程的實(shí)踐，或變革某一社會(huì)過(guò)程的實(shí)踐），由于客觀過(guò)程的反映和主觀能動(dòng)性的作用，使得人們的認(rèn)識(shí)由感性的推移到了理性的，造成了大體上相應(yīng)于該客觀過(guò)程的法則性的思想、理論、計(jì)劃或方案，然后再應(yīng)用這種思想、理論、計(jì)劃或方案于該同一客觀過(guò)程的實(shí)踐，如果能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)預(yù)想的目的，即將預(yù)想的思想、理論、計(jì)劃、方案在同一過(guò)程的實(shí)踐中變?yōu)槭聦?shí)，或者大體上變?yōu)槭聦?shí)，那末，對(duì)于這一具體過(guò)程的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)算是完成了。例如，在變革自然的過(guò)程中，某一工程計(jì)劃的實(shí)現(xiàn)，某一科學(xué)假想的證實(shí)，某一器物的制成，某一農(nóng)產(chǎn)的收獲，在變革社會(huì)過(guò)程中某一罷工的勝利，某一戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利，某一教育計(jì)劃的實(shí)現(xiàn)，都算實(shí)現(xiàn)了預(yù)想的目的。然而一般說(shuō)來(lái)，不論在變革自然或變革社會(huì)的實(shí)踐中，人們?cè)ǖ乃枷?、理論、?jì)劃、方案，毫無(wú)改變地實(shí)現(xiàn)出來(lái)的事，是很少的。這是因?yàn)閺氖伦兏铿F(xiàn)實(shí)的人們，常常受許多的限制，不但常常受到科學(xué)條件和技術(shù)條件的限制，而且也受著客觀過(guò)程的發(fā)展及其表現(xiàn)程度的限制（客觀過(guò)程的方面及本質(zhì)尚未充分暴露）。在這種情形之下，由于實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)前所未料的情況，因而部分地改變思想、理論、計(jì)劃、方案的事是常有的，全部地改變的事也是有的。即是說(shuō)，原定的思想、理論、計(jì)劃、方案，部分地或全部地不合于實(shí)際，部分錯(cuò)了或全部錯(cuò)了的事，都是有的。許多時(shí)候須反復(fù)失敗過(guò)多次，才能糾正錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)，才能到達(dá)于和客觀過(guò)程的規(guī)律性相符合，因而才能夠變主觀的東西為客觀的東西，即在實(shí)踐中得到預(yù)想的結(jié)果。但是不管怎樣，到了這種時(shí)候，人們對(duì)于在某一發(fā)展階段內(nèi)的某一客觀過(guò)程的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)，算是完成了。然而對(duì)于過(guò)程的推移而言，人們的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)是沒有完成的。任何過(guò)程，不論是屬于自然界的和屬于社會(huì)的，由于內(nèi)部的矛盾和斗爭(zhēng)，都是向前推移向前發(fā)展的，人們的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)也應(yīng)跟著推移和發(fā)展。依社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)說(shuō)，真正的革命的指導(dǎo)者，不但在于當(dāng)自己的思想、理論、計(jì)劃、方案有錯(cuò)誤時(shí)須得善于改正，如同上面已經(jīng)說(shuō)到的，而且在于當(dāng)某一客觀過(guò)程已經(jīng)從某一發(fā)展階段向另一發(fā)展階段推移轉(zhuǎn)變的時(shí)候，須得善于使自己和參加革命的一切人員在主觀認(rèn)識(shí)上也跟著推移轉(zhuǎn)變，即是要使新的革命任務(wù)和新的工作方案的提出，適合于新的情況的變化。革命時(shí)期情況的變化是很急速的，如果革命黨人的認(rèn)識(shí)不能隨之而急速變化，就不能引導(dǎo)革命走向勝利。然而思想落后于實(shí)際的事是常有的，這是因?yàn)槿说恼J(rèn)識(shí)受了許多社會(huì)條件的限制的緣故。我們反對(duì)革命隊(duì)伍中的頑固派，他們的思想不能隨變化了的客觀情況而前進(jìn)，在歷史上表現(xiàn)為右傾機(jī)會(huì)主義。這些人看不出矛盾的斗爭(zhēng)已將客觀過(guò)程推向前進(jìn)了，而他們的認(rèn)識(shí)仍然停止在舊階段。一切頑固黨的思想都有這樣的特征。他們的思想離開了社會(huì)的實(shí)踐，他們不能站在社會(huì)車輪的前頭充任向?qū)У墓ぷ?，他們只知跟在車子后面怨恨車子走得太快了，企圖把它向后拉，開倒車。我們也反對(duì)“左”翼空談主義。他們的思想超過(guò)客觀過(guò)程的一定發(fā)展階段，有些把幻想看作真理，有些則把僅在將來(lái)有現(xiàn)實(shí)可能性的理想，勉強(qiáng)地放在現(xiàn)時(shí)來(lái)做，離開了當(dāng)前大多數(shù)人的實(shí)踐，離開了當(dāng)前的現(xiàn)實(shí)性，在行動(dòng)上表現(xiàn)為冒險(xiǎn)主義。唯心論和機(jī)械唯物論，機(jī)會(huì)主義和冒險(xiǎn)主義，都是以主觀和客觀相分裂，以認(rèn)識(shí)和實(shí)踐相脫離為特征的。以科學(xué)的社會(huì)實(shí)踐為特征的馬克思列寧主義的認(rèn)識(shí)論，不能不堅(jiān)決反對(duì)這些錯(cuò)誤思想。馬克思主義者承認(rèn)，在絕對(duì)的總的宇宙發(fā)展過(guò)程中，各個(gè)具體過(guò)程的發(fā)展都是相對(duì)的，因而在絕對(duì)真理的長(zhǎng)河中，人們對(duì)于在各個(gè)一定發(fā)展階段上的具體過(guò)程的認(rèn)識(shí)只具有相對(duì)的真理性。無(wú)數(shù)相對(duì)的真理之總和，就是絕對(duì)的真理?？陀^過(guò)程的發(fā)展是充滿著矛盾和斗爭(zhēng)的發(fā)展，人的認(rèn)識(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展也是充滿著矛盾和斗爭(zhēng)的發(fā)展。一切客觀世界的辯證法的運(yùn)動(dòng)，都或先或后地能夠反映到人的認(rèn)識(shí)中來(lái)。社會(huì)實(shí)踐中的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和消滅的過(guò)程是無(wú)窮的，人的認(rèn)識(shí)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和消滅的過(guò)程也是無(wú)窮的。根據(jù)于一定的思想、理論、計(jì)劃、方案以從事于變革客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐，一次又一次地向前，人們對(duì)于客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)也就一次又一次地深化?？陀^現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的變化運(yùn)動(dòng)永遠(yuǎn)沒有完結(jié)，人們?cè)趯?shí)踐中對(duì)于真理的認(rèn)識(shí)也就永遠(yuǎn)沒有完結(jié)。馬克思列寧主義并沒有結(jié)束真理，而是在實(shí)踐中不斷地開辟認(rèn)識(shí)真理的道理。我們的結(jié)論是主觀和客觀、理論和實(shí)踐、知和行的具體的歷史的統(tǒng)一，反對(duì)一切離開具體歷史的“左”的或右的錯(cuò)誤思想。社會(huì)的發(fā)展到了今天的時(shí)代，正確地認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的責(zé)任，已經(jīng)歷史地落在無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)及其政黨的肩上。這種根據(jù)科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)而定下來(lái)的改造世界的實(shí)踐過(guò)程，在世界、在中國(guó)均已到達(dá)了一個(gè)歷史的時(shí)節(jié)－－自有歷史以來(lái)未曾有過(guò)的重大時(shí)節(jié)，這就是整個(gè)兒地推翻世界和中國(guó)的黑暗面，把它們轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)來(lái)成為前所未有的光明世界。無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)和革命人民改造世界的斗爭(zhēng)，包括實(shí)現(xiàn)下述的任務(wù)：改造客觀世界，也改造自己的主觀世界－－改造自己的認(rèn)識(shí)能力，改造主觀世界和客觀世界的關(guān)系。地球上已經(jīng)有一部分實(shí)行了這種改造，這就是蘇聯(lián)。他們還正在促進(jìn)這種改造過(guò)程。中國(guó)人民和世界人民也都正在或?qū)⒁ㄟ^(guò)這樣的改造過(guò)程。所謂被改造的客觀世界，其中包括了一切反對(duì)改造的人們，他們的被改造，須要通過(guò)強(qiáng)迫的階段，然后才能進(jìn)入自覺的階段。世界到了全人類都自覺地改造自己和改造世界的時(shí)候，那就是世界的共產(chǎn)主義時(shí)代。通過(guò)實(shí)踐而發(fā)現(xiàn)真理，又通過(guò)實(shí)踐而證實(shí)真理和發(fā)展真理。從感性認(rèn)識(shí)而能動(dòng)地發(fā)展到理性認(rèn)識(shí)，又從理性認(rèn)識(shí)而能動(dòng)地指導(dǎo)革命實(shí)踐，改造主觀世界和客觀世界。實(shí)踐、認(rèn)識(shí)、再實(shí)踐、再認(rèn)識(shí)，這種形式，循環(huán)往復(fù)以至無(wú)窮，而實(shí)踐和認(rèn)識(shí)之每一循環(huán)的內(nèi)容，都比較地進(jìn)到了高一級(jí)的程度。這就是辯證唯物論的全部認(rèn)識(shí)論，這就是辯證唯物論的知行統(tǒng)一觀。

第五篇：口 譯 實(shí) 踐

第二部分

口 譯 實(shí) 踐

Interpretation Practice 第四章

禮儀講話口譯

Ceremonial Speech

一、熱身閱讀材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 Your Excellencies, distinguished guests, my lords, ladies and gentlemen, It is with my great pleasure that I welcome you tonight to this magnificent castle.We warmly welcome you and your distinguished delegation to Wales.Wales is a small country compared with China.However, the Welsh people have made a significant contribution to the development of the United Kingdom and to the part the UK has played throughout the world.I would like to ask you, Mr.Chairman, to help increase the awareness of Wales among Chinese companies that are considering their first move into Europe.For many years, Wales has been one of the most popular destinations for foreign investment in Europe.Investors in Wales have brought over ￡12 billion into the country and continue to reinvest once established.Investors are not limited to US and Europe.Many companies from the Far East have chosen to establish their European operations here.Our Welsh Development Agency has set up an office in China.It demonstrates our commitment to your country.Welsh companies are increasingly focused on outward investment and establishing joint ventures with partners in China.China‘s accession to the World Trade Organization will present new opportunities for both our economies.Developing special relationships with China is something to which we attach great importance, not only through trade but also in other areas such as science, education and justice.Recently, the Welsh Science Mission visited China.The visit raised Wales‘s profile with the Chinese scientific community.It also established an exchange scheme in which Welsh scientists will benefit.Mr.Chairman, as you are aware, there has been contact at ministerial level.Not long ago, 50 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

we were delighted to receive a visit from his Excellency Mr.Wen Jiabao.As you know already, his visit was a great success.In return, our Deputy First Minister has just accepted a generous invitation to lead a delegation to China later this year.They will be visiting Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.They are looking forward to the visit.These visits are clear signals of the highly productive relationship which Wales and China have developed.Judging by the crowd that have gathered here tonight, I‘m very confident that the relationship will continue to grow.Thank you for taking the time to include a visit to Wales in your busy and demanding program.We are honored by your presence here this evening and would ask you to take back with you the warmest good wishes from the people of Wales and the United Kingdom.May I now propose a toast.課文詞語(yǔ)/Words and Expressions from the Text Your Excellencies

諸位閣下 first move into Europe

打入歐洲 Welsh Development Agency

威爾士經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展署 Deputy First Minister

副首席部長(zhǎng) Welsh Science Mission

威爾士科學(xué)考察團(tuán)

contact at ministerial level

部長(zhǎng)級(jí)接觸 busy and demanding program

緊張、繁忙的日程 propose a toast

舉杯

第二篇/Passage 2 Looking Ahead Mr.Chairman, Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we leaders of Asian and European countries meet here again.We will exchange views on cooperation in a wide range of areas and on the building of a new Asia-Europe partnership on the basis of equality and in a friendly manner.I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the host for the successful organization of this meeting.This year marks the 10th anniversary of the Asia-Europe Summit.The last decade has witnessed the growth of Asia, profound changes in the international relations, and a growing trend toward multi-polarity.Over the past decade, guided by the principles of mutual respect, conducting dialogue on an equal footing, making gradual progress and building consensus through consultation, Asia and Europe have carried out extensive and diversified cooperation and intensified political dialogue.We enjoy closer economic links, rapidly growing cooperation in social areas and expanding 第四章

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cultural and people-to-people exchanges.The Asia-Europe Summit has become a strategic platform for Asia and Europe to strengthen coordination, promote cooperation and pursue common development.Facing the new development, people naturally place higher expectations on the Asia-Europe Summit, and it is imperative that we adopt a long-term strategy to plan our future cooperation.We should set the following goals for the Asia-Europe Summit: We should make Asia and Europe more influential in addressing major global issues through expanding dialogue and cooperation.We should promote diversified development of culture and civilization through enhanced mutual political trust.We should further economic cooperation in substantive terms on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.We should advance institutional building for cooperation that meets long-term needs as called for.We should maintain the openness of the Asia-Europe Summit by increasing its outreach.And we should consolidate and further develop the new Asia-Europe partnership in the interest of global peace and prosperity.To build a new Asia-Europe partnership calls for new concepts and new methodology.When we look back on the past experiences and look into the future, I believe that a new partnership between Asia and Europe should be constructed on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit.We should seek common ground while putting aside differences, enhance mutual understanding and trust, eliminate trade discrimination, oppose imposition of trade sanctions, and enhance technical exchanges and cooperation.China attaches great importance to and has taken an active part in the process of Asia-Europe cooperation.Over the past 10 years, China has carried out many follow-up activities in counter-terrorism, the judicial sector, economy and trade, finance, science and technology, customs, environment and cultural exchanges.We have actively promoted multilateral cooperation, economic exchanges and dialogue between different cultures and civilizations.We have carried out a major reform in foreign trade and formulated a set of related laws.We have reduced our tariffs to the average level of the developing countries.I am convinced that China‘s reform, opening-up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities, thus making positive contributions to peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and the world at large.We will continue to develop friendly relations and cooperation with our Asian and European partners and other countries in the world and work with them to build a world of harmony, durable peace and common prosperity.Let us join hands in building a new Asian-European partnership and shaping a more splendid future for our two continents and the world at large.52 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

China will host a new Asia-Europe Summit next year.I look forward to meeting you again at the Summit in Beijing.Thank you, Mr.Chairman.課文詞語(yǔ)/Words and Expressions from the Text Asia-Europe partnership

Asia-Europe Summit

Multi-polarity

Mutual political trust

in substantive terms

outreach

equality and mutual benefit

seek common ground while putting aside differences

eliminate trade discrimination

oppose imposition of trade sanctions

亞歐伙伴關(guān)系 亞歐首腦會(huì)議 多極化 政治互信 以實(shí)質(zhì)性的方式 超出范圍、領(lǐng)域平等互利 求同存異 消除貿(mào)易歧視 反對(duì)貿(mào)易制裁

follow-up activities

持續(xù)不斷的行動(dòng) reduce tariffs

降低關(guān)稅

二、口譯實(shí)踐/Interpretation Practice 聽譯下列課文/Listen to the following passages and interpret it.(一)英譯漢/E-C 第一篇/Passage 1 相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions the International Federation of Translators

(FIT)國(guó)際譯聯(lián) 中國(guó)翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì) 調(diào)集人力和財(cái)力資源 非政治的 管理結(jié)構(gòu)

《為翻譯工作者和譯作提供法律保 保障并切實(shí)提高翻譯工作者地位 建議書》 免除，豁免 國(guó)際質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn) the Translators Association of China

marshal the human and financial resources

apolitical

administrative structure

Nairobi International Recommendation on the

Legal Protection of Translators and the Practical

Means to Improve the Status of Translators

exempt from

international quality standards

Secretariat

秘書處 第四章

禮儀講話口譯

curricular developments

學(xué)科建設(shè)

新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

the rich palette of professional and educational information 豐富的行業(yè)和教育信息

4-1.mp3

Speech of President Peter Krawutschke at the Opening Ceremony of the 18th World Congress of the International Federation of Translators(Shanghai，Aug.2008)It gives me great pleasure to report that the 18th World Congress of the International Federation of Translators promises to be a spectacular event giving global visibility to our professions and academic disciplines.Our Chinese colleagues of the Translators Association of China did an excellent job in marshalling the human and financial resources necessary to bring this event to fruition.Not only did we have to compete with the Olympics, but the organizers also had to face major political and geological events.For all of their work on behalf of the global community of translation and interpreters, FIT wishes to thank our Chinese colleagues.When FIT was founded in 1953, eight years after the end of the Second World War, the founding member associations came from France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Turkey, and Denmark.As you can see, former enemies and friends worked together for the good of the profession.What better historical record of the apolitical nature of the translators‘ and interpreters‘ work could I cite? From the beginning, the founders under the leadership of Pierre-Fran?ois Caillé patterned FIT on the aims and administrative structure of the U.N.and UNESCO.That global posture is clearly expressed in FIT‘s participation in drafting the 1976 UNESCO Nairobi International Recommendation on the Legal Protection of Translators and the Practical Means to Improve the Status of Translators.Over the years, FIT grew to represent over sixty countries and approximately 400,000 interpreters and translators worldwide.It is interesting to note that by its 50th anniversary, FIT had changed its Europe-centered posture by moving its Secretariat to Montréal, Canada, and by making this move permanent.Without a doubt, the founders of FIT would be delighted that this year the global community of translators and interpreters meets in China in the beautiful city of Shanghai.It is the first time that the FIT Congress takes place in Asia, and I hope that this Congress will serve as an inspiration for our member associations in Latin America, in Africa, and in the Near East to consider hosting the FIT Congress in future years.I frequently state that translators and interpreters work locally and nationally, but need to pay attention to global developments because our industry is not exempt from globalization.It is becoming ever more important that national and regional translator and interpreter associations evaluate the local impact of international quality standards and curricular developments in the disciplines that form the foundation of our professions.It is my considered opinion that the best way to represent and to protect your local and national professional and economic interests is to be actively engaged in the work of the only 第四章

禮儀講話口譯

organization representing these interests globally, and that organization is FIT, the International Federation of Translators.By your presence here today, you have chosen to do so.May I express my sincere hope that you will continue to enjoy your work in the years to come, that you will nourish your friendships with your fellow translators made at this 18th FIT World Congress, and that you will take full advantage of the rich palette of professional and educational information this Congress will offer you during the next few days.I thank my colleagues from the Translators Association of China and I thank the city of Shanghai for hosting the 18th FIT World Congress.Peter Krawutschke

President of the International Federation of Translators

August 2008

第二篇/Passage 2

閱讀以下演講，嘗試進(jìn)行口譯練習(xí)。相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions Andrei Sakharow Prize

安德烈·薩哈羅夫獎(jiǎng) Prize for Freedom of Thought

思想自由獎(jiǎng) European Parliament

歐洲議會(huì) European Union

歐盟 tyranny

暴政 multilateralism

多邊主義 diversity

多樣化 international community

國(guó)際社會(huì) legal framework

法律框架 Refugee Convention

難民公約 asylum system

庇護(hù)體系 immigration

移民 official development aid

官方發(fā)展援助 Don‘t get me wrong

不要曲解我的意思

4-2.mp3

UN Former Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s Address to the European Parliament upon Receipt of the Andrel Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought.Ladies and Gentlemen, I am deeply touched that you have honored my friend and colleague, Sergio Vieira de Mello, and the many other UN staff who have lost their lives in working for peace in the world.I am 56 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

proud to accept the Andrei Sakharow Prize in memory of them.This Prize for Freedom of Thought is not only a worthy recognition of the ultimate sacrifice that they made in the cause of peace.It is also a welcome acknowledgement of the kinds of people they were.The brave men and women we lost in Baghdad on 19 August — UN staff and others — were free spirits and free thinkers and also soldiers of humanity and of peace.Earlier, President Cox and I met some of the survivors of the attack, and family members of those who were killed or injured, and, as you know, they are with us in the Chamber now.I thank them for joining us today, and I accept this Prize in their name too.I also thank you, President Cox, and all of you, as Members of the European Parliament, for inviting these special people to share this occasion.It is a gesture that speaks volumes about the solidarity of the European Union with the United Nations.Like many who survived the blast, the United Nations itself carries deep wounds.But our determination is stronger than ever, and we value the solidarity of friends like you.You showed your commitment this morning, when you adopted a resolution to strengthen the EU‘s political and financial support for the United Nations.In its long history, Europe has seen more than its fair share of war, tyranny, and terrible suffering.But Europeans have replaced that with a future of hope.You have pursued the path of peace through multilateralism.And today, the European Union is a shining light of tolerance, human rights, and international cooperation.After 1st.May this year, that light will shine even brighter.When you enlarge to 25 members, you will cross a divide between east and west that once seemed unbridgeable.Enlargement is the greatest force for peace on the European continent.The hope of further enlargement in years to come promises to build other bridges of cooperation and understanding — including between the West and Islam, and between peoples who have fought each other in bloody wars.As time goes by, the continent is also experiencing an enlargement of what it means to be European.I look forward to the day when Europe rejoices as much in diversity within States as it does in diversity between them.Many of your societies are already very diverse.But all of your societies — and many others around the world too — will become more diverse in the decades to come.This is the inevitable result of the movement of people across international borders.That movement is not going to stop.As an international community, we need to manage the movement of people across borders far better than we do —not just for the sake of those who move, but for the sake of the countries they leave behind, those they travel through, and those they migrate to.People migrate today for the same reasons that tens of millions of Europeans once left your shores — they flee war or oppression, or they leave in search of a better life in a new hand.第四章

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Those who are forced out of their homes — the refugees who flee in fear for their safety — are our collective legal and moral responsibility.We have an agreed legal framework for their protection — the 1951 Refugee Convention.However, when refugees cannot seek asylum because of offshore barriers, or are detained for excessive periods in unsatisfactory conditions, or are refused entry because of restrictive interpretations of the Convention, the asylum system is broken, and the promise of the Convention is broken, too.Your asylum system needs the resources to process claims fairly, quickly and openly, so that refugees are protected and solutions found for them.European States need to move towards a system of joint processing and sharing of responsibilities.Along with others, the EU must also help strengthen the capacity of poor countries to provide protection and solutions for refugees.After all, seven out of 10 refugees seek refuge in developing countries, where resources are far more stretched and human rights standards more uneven.If we ignore this fact, there is a missing link in our approach to refugees — as Professor Gil Loescher — he‘s here with us — one of the survivors of Baghdad — has rightly pointed out.Don‘t get me wrong.I do not pretend that migration is without problems.Immigrants bring to their host communities different cultures and customs, different languages and religions.This is a source of enrichment, but it can be a source of discomfort, and even of division and alienation.The challenge of integration is real.Almost every large new immigrant group has been reviled to some degree in the early days of its establishment.The experience of some migrants today is reminiscent of the hostility that Huguenots once faced in England, as did Germans, Italians and Irish in the United States, and Chinese in Australia.But the longer perspective is almost always far more positive.(Excerpt from UN former Secretary-General Kofi Annan‘s address to the European Parliament upon receipt of the Andrei Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in Brussels on January 29,2004)(二)漢譯英/C-E 第一篇/Passage 1 相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions 國(guó)際譯聯(lián)

International Federation of Translators(FIT)中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)

Translators Association of China(TAC)第18屆世界翻譯大會(huì)

The XVIII FIT World Congress 有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái)，不亦樂乎?

How happy we are to meet friends from afar.四川5·12汶川大地震

the earthquake in China‘s Sichuan Province on May 12 國(guó)際譯聯(lián)亞洲翻譯家論壇

the FIT Asian Translators Forum 聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)58 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

4-3.mp3

劉習(xí)良會(huì)長(zhǎng)在第18屆世界翻譯大會(huì)開幕式上的講話

三年前，在芬蘭坦佩雷市，國(guó)際譯聯(lián)宣布中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)為第18屆世界翻譯大會(huì)的主辦組織，中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)從芬蘭翻譯協(xié)會(huì)手中接過(guò)了國(guó)際譯聯(lián)會(huì)旗。這將是首次在亞洲也是在中國(guó)舉辦的世界翻譯界的盛會(huì)。我們深深感到，我們接過(guò)來(lái)的不僅僅是信任與榮譽(yù)，更是沉甸甸的責(zé)任。

為了做好東道主，中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)申辦成功后，立即開始著手為第三年的大會(huì)做準(zhǔn)備。在大會(huì)組委會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，從國(guó)內(nèi)外的宣傳，到1500多篇學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要的評(píng)審，到會(huì)務(wù)細(xì)節(jié)的落實(shí)，到資金的籌措，我們盡了最大的努力。今天，我們高興地迎來(lái)了來(lái)自70多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的1500余名與會(huì)者。中國(guó)2000多年前的著名教育家孔子曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)?:有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái)，不亦樂乎??我們衷心希望，國(guó)際翻譯界的同仁們通過(guò)這次大會(huì)互相交流，互相促進(jìn)，增進(jìn)彼此之間的友誼。在大會(huì)籌備過(guò)程中，我們就感受到了這種友誼。四川5·12汶川大地震后，國(guó)際譯聯(lián)以及芬蘭、挪威、黎巴嫩、阿聯(lián)酋、日本、加拿大、尼日利亞、阿爾巴尼亞等國(guó)的翻譯工作者紛紛來(lái)函表示慰問，對(duì)此我們深表感謝。

中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)自1987年加入國(guó)際譯聯(lián)以后，一直積極參與國(guó)際譯界的活動(dòng)，其多名代表先后當(dāng)選國(guó)際譯聯(lián)理事。1995年，中國(guó)譯協(xié)發(fā)起組織了首屆國(guó)際譯聯(lián)亞洲翻譯家論壇，迄今已經(jīng)舉辦5屆，成為亞洲翻譯界最重要的活動(dòng)之一。過(guò)去三年，在籌辦第18屆世界翻譯大會(huì)期間，中國(guó)譯協(xié)廣泛與國(guó)際翻譯組織和機(jī)構(gòu)建立了聯(lián)系，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了溝通與合作。我們深切地感覺到，既然翻譯工作是不同文化之間的橋梁，翻譯工作者首先必須加強(qiáng)交流與溝通。我們知道，要切實(shí)提高全世界翻譯工作者的地位，保障翻譯工作者的權(quán)益，我們還有很多的工作要做。我們?cè)敢馀c熱心翻譯事業(yè)的相關(guān)組織機(jī)構(gòu)和廣大翻譯工作者一起，認(rèn)可。

在世界翻譯大會(huì)籌備過(guò)程中，聯(lián)合國(guó)和聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織等國(guó)內(nèi)外眾多機(jī)構(gòu)和組織給予了高度關(guān)注，中國(guó)政府和上海市政府給予了大力支持，北京元培世紀(jì)翻譯有限公司和上海東方翻譯中心等業(yè)界企業(yè)給予了熱情贊助。我謹(jǐn)在此對(duì)他們表示真誠(chéng)的感謝。我也代表中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)感謝所有前來(lái)參加大會(huì)的同仁們，正是你們的到來(lái)讓會(huì)議變得精彩。

愿4天的會(huì)議讓大家不虛此行，祝國(guó)際翻譯界大家庭三年一次的聚會(huì)圓滿成功！

劉習(xí)良

中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng) 在國(guó)際譯聯(lián)的旗臶下共同努力，讓翻譯工作得到應(yīng)有的尊重，讓翻譯的價(jià)值得到普遍的第二篇/Passage 2 相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions 英國(guó)皇家國(guó)際問題研究所

Chatham House 治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，兼容并蓄

rigorous scholarship and inclusiveness

第四章

禮儀講話口譯

外交部長(zhǎng)

Foreign Minister 改革開放

reform and opening-up 外交政策

foreign policy

經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和區(qū)域一體化

economic globalization and regional integration 局部沖突和熱點(diǎn)問題

local conflicts and hotspot issues 全球經(jīng)濟(jì)失衡

global economic imbalance 互利共贏的開放戰(zhàn)略

win-win strategy of opening-up 全方位、多層次

multi-faceted and multi-tiered 經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦

economic and trade frictions 建立和諧世界

build a harmonious world 相互借鑒，求同存異

learn from each other, expand common ground

同聲相應(yīng)，同氣相投

4-4.mp3

while shelving differences

Things that accord in tone vibrate together.Things that have affinity in their inmost natures seek one another.中歐攜手

共創(chuàng)未來(lái)

楊潔篪外長(zhǎng)在英國(guó)皇家國(guó)際問題研究所的演講

2007年12月5日，倫敦

尊敬的尼布利特所長(zhǎng)，女士們、先生們、朋友們：

感謝尼布利特所長(zhǎng)熱情洋溢的致詞。英國(guó)皇家國(guó)際問題研究所是世界知名的國(guó)際問題研究機(jī)構(gòu)，以治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、兼容并蓄著稱，匯集了許多國(guó)際著名學(xué)者和研究人員，在國(guó)際關(guān)系研究領(lǐng)域提出了不少新思想、新理念。我非常高興有機(jī)會(huì)在英國(guó)皇家國(guó)際問題研究所與在座的朋友交流思想、暢談合作。

這是我就任外長(zhǎng)后首次正式訪問歐洲和英國(guó)，但歐洲和英國(guó)對(duì)我并不陌生。早在30多年前，我就曾以一名學(xué)生的身份來(lái)到英國(guó)求學(xué)。30多年過(guò)去了，國(guó)際形勢(shì)發(fā)生了復(fù)雜深刻的變化，中國(guó)和歐洲各自的情況以及相互的關(guān)系也發(fā)生了巨大變化。特別是中國(guó)改革開放近30年來(lái)取得了舉世矚目的成就，引起世界廣泛關(guān)注。外界普遍關(guān)心，中國(guó)外交政策今后走向如何？中國(guó)發(fā)展將給世界帶來(lái)什么樣的影響？

今天，我想主要就中國(guó)外交政策的重點(diǎn)以及中國(guó)發(fā)展將給中歐關(guān)系帶來(lái)什么樣的影響等問題與大家分享看法。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

當(dāng)今世界正處于大變革、大調(diào)整之中，出現(xiàn)了不少新情況和新特點(diǎn)。一方面，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和區(qū)域一體化深入發(fā)展，國(guó)與國(guó)之間聯(lián)系日益緊密，相互依存不斷加深，各國(guó)利 60 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

益交融，休戚與共。求和平、謀發(fā)展、促合作已經(jīng)成為不可阻擋的時(shí)代潮流。另一方面，世界仍然很不安定。局部沖突和熱點(diǎn)問題此起彼伏，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)失衡加劇，南北差距拉大，傳統(tǒng)安全威脅和非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅相互交織，世界和平與發(fā)展面臨諸多難題和挑戰(zhàn)。在這樣的形勢(shì)下，如何更好地適應(yīng)國(guó)際形式的變化，有效應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)，維護(hù)世界和平，促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展成為各國(guó)面臨的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。

前不久，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨召開了第十七次代表大會(huì)。這是在國(guó)際形勢(shì)深刻變化、中國(guó)改革發(fā)展進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵階段背景下召開的一次重要會(huì)議。會(huì)議為今后一個(gè)時(shí)期中國(guó)外交工作指明了方向。我認(rèn)為，會(huì)議主要向外界傳達(dá)了三個(gè)重要信息。

第一，中國(guó)將始終不渝走和平發(fā)展的道路。這一戰(zhàn)略抉擇的核心思想，就是通過(guò)維護(hù)世界和平來(lái)發(fā)展自己，又通過(guò)自身的發(fā)展來(lái)促進(jìn)世界和平。這是對(duì)中華民族熱愛和平傳統(tǒng)的繼承與發(fā)揚(yáng)，是發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的本質(zhì)要求，也是中國(guó)獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策的應(yīng)有之義，不僅符合中國(guó)人民的根本利益，也順應(yīng)了人類進(jìn)步的時(shí)代潮流。

有人認(rèn)為，在人類發(fā)展史上，沒有哪個(gè)大國(guó)的崛起是通過(guò)和平手段實(shí)現(xiàn)的，因此對(duì)中國(guó)的和平發(fā)展道路也產(chǎn)生了疑慮。事實(shí)上，這種擔(dān)憂是沒有必要的。在相互依存的全球化時(shí)代，中國(guó)的發(fā)展離不開世界，世界的發(fā)展同樣離不開中國(guó)。各國(guó)只有在持久和平中才能實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)發(fā)展，只有在共同發(fā)展中才能共享和平。

和平發(fā)展道路指明了中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展的途徑和方式。中國(guó)政府決心將中國(guó)人民的根本利益與各國(guó)人民的共同利益結(jié)合起來(lái)，將本國(guó)的對(duì)外政策主張與各國(guó)人民的進(jìn)步意愿結(jié)合起來(lái)，以合作謀和平，以合作解爭(zhēng)端。中國(guó)將努力實(shí)現(xiàn)和平的發(fā)展、開放的發(fā)展、合作的發(fā)展、和諧的發(fā)展。

第二，中國(guó)將始終不渝奉行互利共贏的開放戰(zhàn)略。改革開放使中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了從封閉半封閉到全面開放的偉大歷史轉(zhuǎn)折，形成了全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的對(duì)外開放格局，在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、安全等方面與國(guó)際社會(huì)建立起前所未有的廣泛、深入聯(lián)系。

對(duì)于中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)擁有13億人口的發(fā)展中大國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，要發(fā)展起來(lái)，就要依靠自己的力量，也離不開積極參與國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作，積極學(xué)習(xí)、借鑒其他國(guó)家的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)?；厥字袊?guó)29年改革開放歷程，中國(guó)的發(fā)展不僅使本國(guó)人民走上了富裕安康道路，而且為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人類文明進(jìn)步做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)，并已成為本地區(qū)乃至世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的重要引擎。過(guò)去30年間，中國(guó)年均進(jìn)口增速達(dá)15%以上，已經(jīng)成為世界第三大進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)和亞洲第一大進(jìn)口市場(chǎng)。中國(guó)的產(chǎn)品也為世界各國(guó)的消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)了實(shí)惠。隨著中國(guó)的發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)規(guī)模、對(duì)外投資等必將進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定和繁榮作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。

中國(guó)的對(duì)外開放是全面、互利、雙贏的。在這一進(jìn)程中，中國(guó)沒有也不會(huì)以犧牲他國(guó)利益為代價(jià)，而是積極尋求與所有國(guó)家開展互利、互補(bǔ)、互助和互惠的合作。中國(guó)將在實(shí)現(xiàn)本國(guó)發(fā)展的同時(shí)，兼顧其他國(guó)家的正當(dāng)關(guān)切，妥善處理與其他國(guó)家的經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦，繼續(xù)按照通行的國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則，擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入，改善外貿(mào)結(jié)構(gòu)，緩解貿(mào)易不平衡矛盾，在更大范圍、更廣領(lǐng)域和更高層次上參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，參與國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

第三，中國(guó)將努力推動(dòng)建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。和諧世界思想的提出，凝聚了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的精髓，向世界傳遞了中國(guó)在快速發(fā)展壯大的過(guò)程中，渴望和平發(fā)展、第四章

禮儀講話口譯

愿做負(fù)責(zé)任大國(guó)，并希望與其他各國(guó)共建持久和平、共同繁榮世界的強(qiáng)烈信息。推動(dòng)建設(shè)和諧世界，是中國(guó)堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路的必然要求，是中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展的重要條件。

中國(guó)致力于同各國(guó)在政治上相互尊重、平等協(xié)商、和諧相處，尊重各國(guó)人民自主選擇社會(huì)制度和發(fā)展道路的權(quán)利，堅(jiān)持各國(guó)平等參與國(guó)際事務(wù)，共同推進(jìn)國(guó)際關(guān)系民主化；在經(jīng)濟(jì)上互相合作、優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，共同推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化進(jìn)程朝著均衡、普惠、共贏方向發(fā)展；在文化上相互借鑒、求同存異，尊重世界多樣性，共同促進(jìn)人類文明繁榮進(jìn)步；在安全上相互信任、加強(qiáng)合作，堅(jiān)持用和平方式而不是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)手段解決國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端，共同維護(hù)世界和平穩(wěn)定；在環(huán)保上相互幫助、協(xié)力推進(jìn)，共同呵護(hù)人類賴以生存的地球家園。

和諧世界是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的理想，實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)將是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期復(fù)雜的過(guò)程，也是各國(guó)合力應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)、不斷尋求共識(shí)、擴(kuò)大共同利益的過(guò)程，是不同文明、文化之間相互對(duì)話、相互借鑒、共同發(fā)展繁榮的過(guò)程。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

新世紀(jì)人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存，機(jī)遇大于挑戰(zhàn)。中歐、中英之間有著廣泛共同利益，面臨著共同挑戰(zhàn)，承擔(dān)著共同責(zé)任。這需要我們共享機(jī)遇，共促和平，共謀發(fā)展，共迎挑戰(zhàn)。

中國(guó)有句古話，叫做?同聲相應(yīng)，同氣相投?，意思是：意見相同的人互相響應(yīng)，志趣相投的人自然結(jié)合在一起。貴國(guó)著名詩(shī)人塞繆爾·約翰遜這樣勉勵(lì)我們：?積極地去創(chuàng)造并抓住那些我們觸手可及的好機(jī)會(huì)，這是人生最大的藝術(shù)。?

讓中歐、中英攜起手來(lái)，為中歐、中英關(guān)系和整個(gè)世界更加美好的明天而努力。

謝謝大家！

參考譯文/Reference Version(一)英譯漢/E-C 第一篇/Passage 1

4-1 畢德主席在第18屆世界翻譯大會(huì)開幕式上的講話

我很高興地告訴各位，第18屆世界翻譯大會(huì)的召開無(wú)疑將成為一次向世界展示我們行業(yè)及其學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)采的重要事件。我們中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)的同仁調(diào)集了必要的人力和財(cái)力資源，出色地保證了本次大會(huì)如期召開。會(huì)議組織者不僅要與北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)爭(zhēng)輝，還要面對(duì)重大政治事件和自然災(zāi)害的挑戰(zhàn)。我謹(jǐn)代表國(guó)際譯聯(lián)，向我們的中國(guó)同仁為全球翻譯界所做的這一切表示由衷的感謝。

國(guó)際譯聯(lián)創(chuàng)建于1953年，時(shí)值第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后的第八年，創(chuàng)始成員協(xié)會(huì)分別來(lái)自法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利、挪威、土耳其和丹麥。正如大家所看到的，曾經(jīng)的敵人和朋友 62 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

為翻譯行業(yè)的發(fā)展走到了一起，還有什么能比這更好地說(shuō)明翻譯工作的非政治性呢？

國(guó)際譯聯(lián)的開創(chuàng)者們?cè)谄ぐ枴じヌm克斯·卡耶的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，創(chuàng)建伊始就效仿聯(lián)合國(guó)和聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的目標(biāo)和管理結(jié)構(gòu)。1976年，國(guó)際譯聯(lián)參與起草了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織在內(nèi)羅畢通過(guò)的《為翻譯工作者和譯作提供法律保障并切實(shí)提高翻譯工作者地位建議書》，充分彰顯了國(guó)際譯聯(lián)的國(guó)際地位。經(jīng)過(guò)多年的發(fā)展，國(guó)際譯聯(lián)已經(jīng)逐漸發(fā)展成為全世界60多個(gè)國(guó)家，近40萬(wàn)名口譯、筆譯工作者的代表。

一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象是，國(guó)際譯聯(lián)在迎接50周年華誕之際，改變了以歐洲為中心的慣例，將秘書處永久性地遷移到了加拿大的蒙特利爾市。

毫無(wú)疑問，國(guó)際譯聯(lián)的創(chuàng)始人也會(huì)對(duì)今天全球翻譯界在中國(guó)美麗的城市——上海歡聚一堂而感到高興。這是國(guó)際譯聯(lián)第一次在亞洲舉辦世界翻譯大會(huì)，我希望此次會(huì)議能夠激勵(lì)我們?cè)诶∶乐?、非洲和近東地區(qū)的成員，爭(zhēng)取以后也能在他們的國(guó)家舉辦世界翻譯大會(huì)。

我反復(fù)說(shuō)過(guò)，雖然翻譯人員大多在本地、本國(guó)工作，但需要具備國(guó)際視野，因?yàn)槲覀兊男袠I(yè)也將不可避免地走向全球化。因此，國(guó)家和區(qū)域級(jí)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)需要評(píng)估國(guó)際質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及作為行業(yè)基石的學(xué)科建設(shè)方面的進(jìn)展對(duì)本地區(qū)翻譯行業(yè)的沖擊，以及作為本學(xué)科基石的翻譯教學(xué)的發(fā)展情況。這一點(diǎn)已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越重要。

我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，要代表和維護(hù)本地區(qū)和本國(guó)的行業(yè)利益和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，最好的方式就是積極地參與國(guó)際上代表這些利益的唯一組織——國(guó)際譯聯(lián)。今天到會(huì)的代表無(wú)疑都作出了這一選擇。

我真誠(chéng)地希望大家在今后的工作中順心，在本次會(huì)議上與其他同行建立的友誼得以保持和發(fā)展，同時(shí)也希望在接下來(lái)的幾天里，充分了解大會(huì)所提供的豐富的行業(yè)和教育信息。

最后，衷心地感謝中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì)的同仁，同時(shí)也感謝上海市對(duì)本次大會(huì)的支持。

畢德

國(guó)際譯聯(lián)主席

2008年8月

第二篇/Passage 2

4-2：前聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)安南在歐洲議會(huì)接受安德烈·薩哈羅夫思想自由獎(jiǎng)時(shí)的講話 女士們、先生們：

你們將崇高的榮譽(yù)授予我的朋友和同事塞爾希奧·比埃拉·德海洛以及為世界和平事業(yè)獻(xiàn)身的其他許多聯(lián)合國(guó)的工作人員，讓我深受感動(dòng)。接受安德烈·薩哈羅夫獎(jiǎng)，緬懷他們，讓我倍感自豪。

這個(gè)思想自由獎(jiǎng)不僅僅是他們?yōu)楹推绞聵I(yè)獻(xiàn)出生命所應(yīng)得的表彰。這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)還令人欣慰地證明了他們是怎樣的人。8月19日在巴格達(dá)殉職的男女勇士中有聯(lián)合國(guó)的工作人員及其他人員，他們都是自由之魂，是自由的思考者，是人類與和平的衛(wèi)士。

早些時(shí)候，我和考克斯議長(zhǎng)慰問了那次襲擊事件中的幾名幸存者以及死傷者家屬。他們現(xiàn)在也和我們一道坐在會(huì)議廳里。我感謝他們今天出席這個(gè)頒獎(jiǎng)典禮，我也是以他們的名義接受這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。我也要感謝您，考克斯議長(zhǎng)，還要感謝歐洲議會(huì)的議員們，感謝你們 第四章

禮儀講話口譯

邀請(qǐng)這些身份特殊的人來(lái)共享這一時(shí)刻。此舉有力地說(shuō)明了歐盟與聯(lián)合國(guó)的團(tuán)結(jié)一致。

像在爆炸事件中幸免于難的許多人一樣，聯(lián)合國(guó)也深受創(chuàng)傷。但我們現(xiàn)在的決心比以往任何時(shí)候都要堅(jiān)定，我們珍視與像你們這樣的朋友的團(tuán)結(jié)。今天上午，你們以實(shí)際行動(dòng)表達(dá)了自己的決心，通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)決議，旨在加強(qiáng)歐盟對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)的政治和財(cái)政支持。

歐洲在其漫長(zhǎng)的歷史中，經(jīng)受過(guò)太多的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、暴政和苦難。但是歐洲人走過(guò)了那段歷史，取而代之的是一個(gè)充滿希望的未來(lái)。你們通過(guò)推行多邊主義來(lái)謀求和平。今天，歐盟已成為一盞照亮容忍、人權(quán)和國(guó)際合作的明燈。

今年5月1日以后，這盞燈的光芒將更加耀眼。當(dāng)歐盟擴(kuò)大到25個(gè)成員國(guó)的時(shí)候，跨過(guò)了一度被認(rèn)為不可逾越的東西歐鴻溝。歐盟的擴(kuò)大是歐洲大陸上最強(qiáng)大的和平推動(dòng)力。

歐盟在今后幾年里的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，將在其他各方之間架起合作與理解的橋梁，包括西方國(guó)家與伊斯蘭國(guó)家之間、血腥戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中敵對(duì)雙方的人民之間。隨著時(shí)間的推移，對(duì)歐洲人的定義也在逐漸擴(kuò)大。我期望有一天歐洲將會(huì)為國(guó)家內(nèi)部的多樣化而歡呼，就像它現(xiàn)在為歐洲各國(guó)之間的多樣化而歡呼一樣。

許多歐洲國(guó)家的社會(huì)都已高度多樣化。但是所有的歐洲社會(huì)以及世界各地許多其他社會(huì)，將在未來(lái)幾十年里變得更加多樣化。這是人員跨國(guó)流動(dòng)的必然結(jié)果。這種人員的流動(dòng)不會(huì)停止。作為國(guó)際社會(huì)，我們需要比現(xiàn)在更好地管理人員的跨界流動(dòng)，這不僅是為了流動(dòng)人員本身，也是為了他們離開的國(guó)家、他們途經(jīng)的國(guó)家以及他們遷往的國(guó)家。

今天人們遷徙的理由仍同以前數(shù)以千萬(wàn)計(jì)的歐洲人離開歐洲的理由一樣——逃離戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或壓迫，或在新的土地上尋求更美好的生活。幫助被迫背井離鄉(xiāng)的人們——幫助那些因生命受到威脅而外逃的難民——是我們?cè)诜珊偷懒x方面需要共同承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。我們已經(jīng)訂立了旨在保護(hù)他們的法律框架，這就是1951年《難民公約》。

但是，如果難民在離岸后遇到障礙而無(wú)法尋求庇護(hù)，或在惡劣的條件下被關(guān)押過(guò)久，或因?qū)Α豆s》作限制性解釋而被拒絕入境，庇護(hù)體系就會(huì)被破壞，《公約》的允諾也會(huì)遭到背棄。你們的庇護(hù)體系需要足夠的資源來(lái)公正、訓(xùn)誡、公開地處理難民的申請(qǐng)，從而使他們得到保護(hù)，使問題得到解決。歐洲各國(guó)應(yīng)當(dāng)努力尋求共同處理問題并分擔(dān)責(zé)任的機(jī)制。

歐盟還必須同其他各方一道，幫助窮國(guó)加強(qiáng)他們保護(hù)難民和解決難民問題的能力。畢竟，10位難民中會(huì)有7位到發(fā)展中國(guó)家去尋求庇護(hù)，而發(fā)展中國(guó)家的資源更加緊張，人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更加參差不齊。假如我們無(wú)視這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，我們?cè)谔幚黼y民問題的方法上就存在著欠缺。吉爾·勒舍爾教授就曾正確地指出過(guò)這一點(diǎn)，他在巴格達(dá)爆炸中幸免于難。今天也來(lái)到了我們的會(huì)場(chǎng)。

不要曲解我的意思，我不敢說(shuō)移民沒有問題。移民給他們前往的國(guó)家?guī)チ瞬煌奈幕惋L(fēng)俗、不同的語(yǔ)言和宗教。這是豐富、充實(shí)地區(qū)文化的源泉，但也會(huì)造成不安定，甚至是隔閡和疏遠(yuǎn)。如何使移民融入當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)是實(shí)實(shí)在在的挑戰(zhàn)。

幾乎每一個(gè)大的新移民群體在其建立初期都會(huì)受到一定程度的排斥。今天，一些遷徙者的經(jīng)歷讓人想起了胡格諾派教徒在英格蘭，德國(guó)人、意大利人和愛爾蘭人在美國(guó)，以及中國(guó)人在澳大利亞曾面對(duì)的敵視態(tài)度，但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看是積極的。

——節(jié)選自前聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)安南在歐洲議會(huì)接受安德烈·薩哈羅夫思想自由獎(jiǎng)時(shí)的講話，2004年1月29日，布魯塞爾

新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

(二)漢譯英/C-E 第一篇/Passage 1

4-3 Speech of President Liu Xiliang at the Opening Ceremony of the 18th FIT World Congress The 17th FIT World Congress, held in Tampere, Finland, voted for Shanghai, China, as the venue for the 18th FIT World Congress in 2008, with Translators Association of China(TAC)as its host.This is the first time in its history that FIT decides to host a congress in Asia.Accepting the FIT flag from our Finnish colleagues, we felt both a great honor and a heavy responsibility.TAC began preparations for the event immediately after the Tampere Congress.Under the leadership of the local organizing committee of the Congress, we have put all our efforts into promoting the Congress at home and abroad, assessing the 1,500-plus abstracts submitted, arranging financing for the Congress and making logistical arrangements.Now, we are happy to welcome the more than 1,500 participants from over 70 countries and regions to the Congress.The ancient Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius said, ―How happy we are to meet friends from afar.‖ We sincerely hope that this Congress will facilitate communication and exchanges among our translator and interpreter colleagues worldwide, and increase our friendship.Such friendship was felt during the preparation for this Congress.After the devastating earthquake in China‘s Sichuan Province on May 12, we received letters of condolences from the FIT and our colleagues from Finland, Norway, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, Japan, Canada, Nigeria, Albania and more.We appreciate your kind concerns very much.Since TAC joined FIT in 1987, it has actively participated in international translation activities, and a number of its representatives have been elected Council Members of FIT.In 1995 TAC hosted the first FIT Asian Translators Forum.So far, the forum has been held five times in different countries and regions in Asia, and has become one of the most important regional activities in the translation field.In preparation for the Congress over the past three years, TAC has made wide contacts with translation organizations and institutions around the world, and increased its communication and coordination with them.We have the strong feeling that, as a bridge connecting different cultures, we translators and interpreters should first of all increase communications and exchanges among ourselves.We all know that a great deal needs to be done to enhance the status of translators and to uphold their intellectual and material interests.Under the guidance of FIT, we will work closely with other translation organizations and language workers to promote the recognition of translation as a profession, and further public appreciation of the value of translation.第四章

禮儀講話口譯

Many domestic and international organizations, including the United Nations and UNESCO, have paid great attention to the Congress in the preparation process.The Chinese government and Shanghai Municipality have supported the event, and many enterprises, institutions and individuals, including the Beijing Yuanpei Century Translation Co.Ltd and the Shanghai Oriental Translation Center, have generously sponsored the Congress.I wish to express our sincere gratitude for their support.I would also like to thank, on behalf of the Translators Association of China, all Congress participants for coming to the event.I sincerely believe that this four-day gathering of the international translation community will be crowned with success.Liu Xiliang

President of Translators Association of China

August 2008 第二篇/Passage 2

4-4 Work Together to Build a Common Future Speech by Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi at the Royal Institute of International Affairs London, December 5, 2007(excerpted)Dr.Niblett, Ladies and gentlemen, Let me begin my thanking Dr.Niblett for his kind words.Chatham House is a prestigious institute well-known for its rigorous scholarship and inclusiveness.You have here many eminent scholars and research fellows, whose keen insight in international affairs is most impressive.I am delighted to have the opportunity to come here and exchange views with you.This is my first official visit to the United Kingdom and to Europe as China‘s Foreign Minister.But the UK and Europe are not new to me.I first came to the UK as a student more than 30 years ago.Time flies.Looking back at these 30 odd years, we cannot but marvel at the profound changes that have taken place in the world, China and Europe included.Relations between China and Europe have also come a long way.China‘s achievements in reform and opening-up, in particular, have attracted global attention.I have friends overseas who have asked me time and again: Given China‘s fast growth, what direction will you follow in foreign policy? What does China‘s development mean for the rest of the world? Today, I want to focus on the main themes of China‘s foreign policy and the implications of China‘s development for its relations with Europe.Ladies and gentlemen!The world today is undergoing major changes and readjustments.With deepening economic globalization and regional integration, countries are becoming increasingly interdependent and 66 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

their interests are more closely intertwined.To pursue peace, development and cooperation constitute an irresistible trend of the times.However, the world is far from tranquil.Local conflicts and hotspot issues flare up one after another.Global economic imbalance is aggravating.North-South gap is widening.And non-traditional security threats have emerged on top of traditional security threats.How can we effectively confront challenges under the new international situation and better safeguard world peace and promote common development? This is a serious question that all of us have to address.As you may know, the Communist Party of China held its 17th National Congress not long ago.This was an important meeting held at a time when China‘s reform and development have entered a crucial phase.In terms of foreign affairs, the meeting made a review of China‘s diplomacy for the past five years and set out future foreign policy objectives in light of the new international situation.There are three main messages coming out of the congress, namely, peaceful development, win-win opening-up, and building a harmonious world.I will address each of these.First, China will unswervingly pursue the path of peaceful development.This is our strategic choice and its essence is that we seek to develop ourselves in a peaceful international environment and contribute to the cause of world peace through our own development.It is a choice consistent with the peace-loving tradition of the Chinese nation and the need for building socialism with distinctive Chinese features.As an integral part of China‘s independent foreign policy of peace, it not only serves the fundamental interests of the Chinese people but also conforms to the trend of human progress.Some people have some misgivings about the development of China.Their argument is that the rise of major powers in the past has never been peaceful.These misgivings, in my view, are unfounded.In an era of globalization and interdependence, China cannot develop itself in isolation from the world and the development of the world cannot be realized without China.Countries can only achieve sustained development in an environment of enduring peace and fully share the benefit of peace through common development.China‘s peaceful development is conductive to the fundamental interests of the Chinese people as well as the common interests of people of other countries, and China‘s foreign policy objectives are consistent with the call for progress of people of the whole world.We stand for cooperation as the way to resolve disputes and achieve peace and development.In short, we are committed to peaceful, open and harmonious development.Second, China will unswervingly follow a win-win strategy of opening-up.Reform and opening-up have transformed China from a closed or semi-closed society to one that fully embraces the world.A multi-faceted and multi-tiered opening-up pattern has taken shape in China.Our interaction with other countries in the political, economic, cultural, security and other fields have never been as extensive and close as they are today.第四章

禮儀講話口譯

To achieve development in China, a big developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, we have to rely mainly on our own effort.But we also have to get actively involved in international economic and trade cooperation and learn from the experience of other countries.Reform and opening-up have not only benefited the Chinese people, but also contributed significantly to world economic growth and the cause of progress of mankind.China is now a major engine driving the economic growth of Asia and beyond.In the past three decades, China‘s imports have been growing by an average rate of 15 percent, making China the third largest importer in the world and biggest one in Asia.China‘s exports have also brought benefits to consumers around the world.The size of China‘s market and overseas investment will get bigger as the country continues to develop, enabling China to make even greater contribution to stability and prosperity of the world economy.China‘s opening-up is comprehensive and mutually beneficial.China does not pursue opening-up at the expense of the interests of other countries.Instead, our opening-up is based on mutual benefit, mutual complementarity and mutual assistance.While seeking its own development, China will make efforts to accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries.We will properly manage economic and trade frictions with other countries, increase market access, optimize foreign trade structure and ease trade imbalances in accordance with international trade rules.We will be more actively engaged in economic globalization and international economic and technological cooperation and competition.Third, China will remain firmly committed to building a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.The concept of building a harmonious world is deeply rooted in China‘s cultural tradition.It gives full expression to our desire for peace, our commitment to be a responsible member of the international community, and our willingness to work with other countries to achieve peace and prosperity.It also serves our cause of peaceful development.China observes the following principles in developing relations with other countries: Politically, all countries should respect each other, settle differences through consultations on an equal footing and live together in amity.The right of all countries to choose their own social system and development path should be respected.All countries have the right to equal participation in international affairs and should work together to promote democracy in international relations.Economically, we should cooperate with each other, draw on each other‘s strengths and make joint efforts to ensure balanced progress of economic globalization so that it can benefit all.Culturally, we should learn from each other, expand common ground while shelving differences, respect diversity, and advance the progress of human civilization through a common endeavor.In the area of security, we should build mutual trust, strengthen cooperation, settle international disputes by peaceful means, and work together to safeguard world peace and stability.On environmental issues, we should help and cooperate with each other and take good care of the Earth, the only home of mankind.68 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

A harmonious world is a long-term goal that requires persistent and painstaking efforts.It will be a process in which countries work together to meet challenges, build consensus and expand common interests.It will also be a process in which different civilizations and cultures interact with one another, draw upon one another‘s strengths and achieve common development and prosperity.Ladies and gentlemen, Mankind faces both opportunities and challenges for development in the new century.And I believe there are more opportunities than challenges.There exist broad common interests between China and Europe and between China and the UK.The common challenges we face and the common responsibilities we carry require us to work together to meet the challenges, promote peace, and pursue development.I wish to conclude my remarks with two quotations.From China, it‘s an old saying: Things that accord in tone vibrate together.Things that have affinity in their inmost natures seek one another.From Britain, it‘s a famous line from the great poet Samuel Johnson: To improve the golden moment of opportunity, and catch the good that is within our reach, is the great art of life.Let us, China, the UK, and Europe in general, join hands and work together for an even brighter future of our relations and an even better world.Thank you.第五章

商 務(wù) 口 譯

Business and Trade

一、熱身閱讀材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 1.Amway Products—Value for Money New customers are occasionally surprised at the price of AMWAY products.Some people expect products offered by direct sale to be low-priced, inferior copies of the goods they can buy in stores.Amway has never built its business on that concept.From its beginning in the late 1950s, Amway‘s focus has been on quality products that deliver exceptional performance at competitive prices.This commitment to quality is reflected in the intensive research and development that goes into AMWAY products.What other company can boast:

·A development and manufacturing facility more than a mile(1.6 km)long ·Organic farms in two hemispheres ·Research partnerships with leading international universities ·Facilities to replicate the water quality in countries around the world ·A list of parents related to products for everything from water treatment to hair repair Despite this huge investment in product development, AMWAY products, in general, are price-competitive and good value for the money.Research shows that some products are less expensive than their counterparts, others are more expensive, and most are competitively priced.Products that are more expensive usually have greater features and benefits over competitive products.Many products, such as L.O.C.TM Multi-Purpose Cleaner, are highly concentrated, meaning a single purchase lasts longer.On a cost-per-use basis, these products are priced very competitively.Product is delivered directly to the consumer and backed by a Satisfaction Guarantee.2.New Digital Talking Book A model for a new digital talking book that could take the place of the cassette-based players in use today was made known to the public October 21 by the library of National Library Service for the Blind.The book-like model is called a Dook(digital book)by its designer Lachezar Tsvetanov, a 23-year-old student of industrial design at the University of Bridgeport, Connecticut.70 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

Tsvetanov, who won $5,000 for the design in an Industrial Designers competition in June, said he wanted the player to resemble a book because ― a high percentage of talking-book readers are older.And young people who use the Dook will feel they don‘t stand out in a crowd because it looks like a book‖.The Dook has no moving parts and reads a book using a digital card.It resembles an open book with two thick pages divided by a metal string;buttons along the edge allow for page-turning, bookmarks, and searching.Its sound system will benefit older readers who cannot read Braille.課文詞語(yǔ)/Words and Expressions from the Text Amway product

安利產(chǎn)品 organic farm

有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng) water treatment

水處理 Satisfaction Guarantee

顧客服務(wù)保證 Braille

布萊葉盲文，點(diǎn)字法

第二篇/Passage 2 Foreign-Capital Enterprises I‘d like to take this opportunity to introduce China‘s laws and regulations concerning foreign-capital enterprises.To expand economic cooperation and technological exchanges with foreign countries and promote the development of China‘s national economy, the People‘s Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individuals to set up enterprises with foreign capital in China and protects the legitimate rights and interests of such enterprises.Foreign-capital enterprises shall be established in such a manner as to help the development of China‘s national economy.The State shall encourage the establishment of export-oriented and technologically advanced foreign-capital enterprises.The investments of foreign investors in China, the profits they earn and their other lawful rights and interests are protected by Chinese laws.The application to establish a foreign-capital enterprise shall be submitted for examination and approval to the department under the State Council which is in charge of foreign economic relations and trade, or to another agency authorized by the State Council.After an application for the establishment of a foreign-capital enterprise has been approved, the foreign investor shall, within 30 days from the date of receiving a certificate of approval, apply to the industry and commerce administrative authorities for registration and obtain a business license.A foreign-capital enterprise that meets the requirements for being a legal entity under Chinese law shall acquire the status of a Chinese legal entity, in accordance with the law.第五章

商務(wù)口譯

A foreign-capital enterprise shall make investments in China within the period approved by the authorities in charge of examination and approval.If it fails to do so, the industry and commerce administrative authorities may cancel its business license.In the event of separation, merger or other major changes, a foreign-capital enterprise shall report to and seek approval from the authorities in charge of examination and approval, and register the change with industry and commerce administrative authorities.When employing Chinese workers and staff, a foreign-capital enterprise shall sign contracts with them according to law, which shall clearly prescribe matters concerning employment, dismissal, remuneration, welfare benefits, labor protection and labor insurance, etc.Workers and staff of foreign-capital enterprises may organize trade unions in accordance with the law to conduct trade union activities and protect their lawful rights and interests.Foreign-capital enterprises shall provide necessary conditions for the activities of the trade unions in their respective enterprises.A foreign-capital enterprise must set up account books in China, conduct independent accounting, submit the accounting statements as required and accept supervision by the financial and tax authorities.Foreign-capital enterprises shall pay taxes in accordance with relevant state provision, and may enjoy preferential treatment for tax reduction or exemption.An enterprise that reinvests its profits in China after paying income tax may, in accordance with relevant state provisions, apply for a refund of the portion of the income tax already paid on the reinvested amount.The foreign investor may remit abroad profits that are lawfully earned from a foreign-capital enterprise, as well as other lawful earnings and any funds remaining after the enterprise is liquidated.Foreign employees in a foreign-capital enterprise may remit abroad their wages, salaries and other legitimate income after the payment of individual income tax in accordance with the law.When terminating its operation, a foreign-capital enterprise shall promptly issue a public notice and proceed with liquidation in accordance with legal procedures.At the termination, the foreign-capital enterprise shall nullify its registration with the industry and commerce administrative authorities and hand in its business license for cancellation.Thank you for your attention.課文詞語(yǔ)/Words and Expressions from the Text foreign-capital enterprise

外資企業(yè)

laws and regulations

法律法規(guī) legitimate rights and interests

合法權(quán)益 State Council

國(guó)務(wù)院

legal entity

法人

新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

industry and commerce administrative authorities

工商行政管理機(jī)關(guān) remuneration

酬勞；賠償 cancel business license

吊銷營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照 set up account books

設(shè)置會(huì)計(jì)賬簿

submit the accounting statements

報(bào)送會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表 financial and tax authorities

財(cái)政稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān) preferential treatment for tax reduction or exemption 減免稅優(yōu)惠待遇 pay income tax

繳納所得稅 apply for a refund

申請(qǐng)退稅 remit abroad profits

把利潤(rùn)匯寄國(guó)外 liquidate

清理，清算(破產(chǎn)企業(yè))terminate the operation

終止經(jīng)營(yíng) nullify the registration

取消注冊(cè)

二、口譯實(shí)踐/Interpretation Practice 聽譯下列課文/Listen to the Following Passages and Interpret Them.第一篇/Passage 1

相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions cardboard

硬紙板 wrapper

包裝紙 fix up

確定 discount

折扣 cosmetics

化妝品 ink-transfer printing machine

5-1.Ordering Wrappers H: Hello, can I speak to Mr.Lewis, please? L: Yes, speaking.H: This is Barbara Hopkins from Cornelle.We did some business with you a while back.Perhaps you know about us.We produce frozen cakes and I‘m responsible for marketing.L: Oh, yes.How can we help you? H: Well, I‘d like some information about prices.L: I see.I‘ll just write down the details.What exactly are you interested in?

油墨轉(zhuǎn)色彩打印機(jī)

[The marketing manager of a food company phones a printing company.] 第五章

商務(wù)口譯

H: You used to supply us with cardboard display wrappers, standard size.Could you let me have a firm quote for 250,000 of those? L: Okay.H: We‘d also like quote for 1000 four-colour 2m×1m posters and 500 1.5m×4m display stands, also in four-colour.L: Mm, good.H: Would it be possible to send details by the end of the week in writing? We‘ve had problems with our usual supplier and we want to get fixed up as soon as possible.L: That shouldn‘t be a problem.I‘ll get some samples and price lists in the post.H: Fine.And could I also have quotes for the same quantity of wrappers if we order again in six months and then again in 12 months? I assume you will be able to give me a good discount on this size of order? L: Yes, I should think we‘ll be able to organize something.You‘re based in London, aren‘t you? H: Yes.L: Well, I‘ve got to be in London on Monday.Would you like me to call in and we could discuss any design features…

5-2.Ordering a Printing Machine(A member of the Production Department of Elite rings the Sales Department of IMM.)Jim: Jim Reeves speaking.Mary: My name is Mary Rogers from Elite.I don‘t know if you‘ve heard of us.Jim: Yes, I think so.You produce cosmetics, don‘t you? Mary: That‘s right.Jim: How can we help you? Mary: We‘re looking for a replacement for one of our ink-transfer printing machines.We‘ve just introduced a new range of fragrances and our present machine doesn‘t seem to be coping with the design changes.Jim: Which of our machines were you thinking of? Mary: Well, I‘m not quite sure which one will suit our specific requirements best.Jim: Ah.You said the machine you‘ve got wasn‘t coping with design changes.Mary: Yes, we‘ve got problems printing on the bottle caps.The new ones are triangular shaped, but we also produce other geometric shapes, so we need a machine which will give us more flexibility and allow us to print on just about any shape.Jim: I see.And what are the caps made of? Mary: They‘re normally plastic and sometimes glass for the more expensive range.So obviously any machine must be capable of printing on fragile materials.74 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

Jim: Ah, and what kind of speed does your present model have? Mary: Speed isn‘t really a factor.The one we‘ve got produces 1000 impressions a minute, which is really quite adequate for our needs, but what we do need is an easy set-up procedure, so that we can handle short runs of our different product lines.Jim: Right.Any other special requirements? Mary: Ah, yes.There is one other thing.For some of our lines, we need multi-coulour printing.So we‘ve really got to have a facility for both single and multi-colour printing.Jim: Yes, I think we‘ve got just what you‘re looking for.Our model 50 LK is the smallest machine in our printing range, but it seems to fit all your requirements.Would you like me to send you a brochure? Mary: Yes, could you get it in the post for me today? Jim: Yes, no problem.第二篇/Passage 2

相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions 就??作簡(jiǎn)單介紹

旱冰鞋

有好的銷路

交貨保證

在利潤(rùn)空間很小的情況下做生意

雙方做出讓步

give a briefing on roller-skates catch the market a guarantee of delivery operate on small margins meet each other half way 在??方面卡殼

get stuck over

價(jià) 格 談 判

(中國(guó)出口商黃女士(H)正在跟一外國(guó)參展商渡邊(W)先生談判，經(jīng)過(guò)一番簡(jiǎn)單介紹他們最近研發(fā)的ET牌塑膠旱冰鞋，他們開始了價(jià)格的談判。)H:

好吧，讓我們開始切入正題。渡邊先生，我向您介紹一下我們最近推出的ET牌塑膠旱冰鞋在玩具制造方面的新概念吧。您的面前是該產(chǎn)品的樣品以及目錄。它們是冰鞋技術(shù)方面的新突破，使用既耐用又輕便的塑膠原料制成，受到兒童及其父母的喜愛，我相信它們會(huì)有很好的銷路。

W: 這些旱冰鞋看著挺不錯(cuò)，但是價(jià)格太高了。

H: 渡邊先生，請(qǐng)問你對(duì)我們哪個(gè)系列的產(chǎn)品尤其感興趣呢？

W: 我對(duì)之前提過(guò)的那個(gè)系列感興趣，但是我想聽聽您關(guān)于它們的價(jià)格以及折扣。H: 旱冰鞋標(biāo)簽上的價(jià)格是50美元一雙，我們報(bào)45美元。您認(rèn)為如何？ W: 那離我想要的價(jià)格太遠(yuǎn)了。H: 43美元如何？

第五章

商務(wù)口譯

W: 我還價(jià)30美元一雙。

H: 那太少了。我讓步到40美元一雙。

W: 好吧，您已經(jīng)做出讓步，那我也讓一點(diǎn)，我提高到35美元。我不會(huì)再加了。這樣可以接受嗎？

H: 好的。我同意。

W: 我們談?wù)務(wù)劭鄣膯栴}吧。

H: 我當(dāng)然很樂意談?wù)劭鄣膯栴}。但是你們想訂多少呢？ W: 挺多的。你們給1000雙的訂單折扣是多少？ H: 那個(gè)數(shù)量的話，渡邊先生，我們打9折。W: 9折！

H: 請(qǐng)讓我說(shuō)完。除了打9折，我們還保證兩個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)貨。

W: 肯定要兩個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)貨，否則我們也不會(huì)感興趣。我們圣誕節(jié)之前就要收到。我要重申一點(diǎn)，我希望比你說(shuō)的再低的折扣。

H: 如果您承諾訂2000雙的話，我們可以給更低點(diǎn)的折扣。W: 有多低呢？

H: 如果是2000雙的話，我們可以打8折。

W: 9折，8折。我都厭煩了。您在鬧著玩呢。我們要更低的折扣。我會(huì)訂很多，我們的利潤(rùn)空間很小。

H: 如果要更低的折扣，您訂的數(shù)量要足夠大才行。

W: 我們?cè)谵D(zhuǎn)圈子呢。難道2000雙數(shù)量還不夠大嗎？除非您愿意做出讓步，否則我們談不出什么結(jié)果。

H: 渡邊先生，不要讓我們都卡在價(jià)格上好嗎？我們雙方都做出讓步：你訂2500雙，我們打7.5折。這樣行了吧？

W: 這還差不多。H: 那好。

參考譯文/Reference Version 第一篇/Passage 1 1.訂購(gòu)包裝材料

(食品公司的營(yíng)銷經(jīng)理給印刷公司打電話。)霍普金斯：你好，我想找一下劉易斯先生。劉易斯：我就是。

霍普金斯：我是科內(nèi)爾食品公司的芭芭拉·霍普金斯。我們不久以前有過(guò)業(yè)務(wù)來(lái)往，你可能知道我們公司生產(chǎn)冷凍蛋糕，我負(fù)責(zé)采購(gòu)。

劉易斯：哦，我知道，您有什么事嗎？

新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

霍普金斯：我想了解一下貴公司的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格。

劉易斯：好吧，我來(lái)記一下，你具體對(duì)什么產(chǎn)品感興趣？

霍普金斯：我們?cè)?jīng)從您那里購(gòu)買過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的硬紙板展品包裝紙。這次我們要買25萬(wàn)張這種包裝紙，要固定報(bào)價(jià)。

劉易斯：歡迎訂購(gòu)。

霍普金斯：我們還打算訂購(gòu)1000張2×1米的4色招貼紙和500個(gè)1.5×4米的展品架，也要4色的。

劉易斯：好。

霍普金斯：您能不能在本周內(nèi)以書面形式把詳細(xì)信息發(fā)給我們，因?yàn)槲覀兏郧暗墓?yīng)商出現(xiàn)過(guò)一些問題，所以我們想盡快把事情定下來(lái)。

劉易斯：這沒有問題。我會(huì)把樣品和價(jià)格表給您寄過(guò)去。

霍普金斯：很好。另外，我們公司可以在6個(gè)月內(nèi)和下一個(gè)12個(gè)月內(nèi)再買兩批同樣數(shù)量的包裝紙的，我想貴公司對(duì)于這樣的大批量的訂貨能給予一些優(yōu)惠折扣吧？

劉易斯：是的，我會(huì)安排好的。您的公司在倫敦吧？ 霍普金斯：對(duì)。

劉易斯：我下星期一去倫敦，我可以去拜訪您嗎？我們可以面談一下設(shè)計(jì)樣式的事。2.訂購(gòu)彩色印機(jī)

(愛麗特公司生產(chǎn)部的員工致電IMM公司銷售部。)吉米：我是吉米·里夫斯，請(qǐng)講。

瑪麗：我是愛麗特公司的瑪麗·羅吉斯。不知道您是否聽說(shuō)過(guò)我們公司？ 吉米：聽說(shuō)過(guò)，你們生產(chǎn)化妝品，對(duì)嗎？ 瑪麗：對(duì)。

吉米：愿為您提供服務(wù)。

瑪麗：我們想替換我們現(xiàn)在使用的油墨轉(zhuǎn)色彩印機(jī)。因?yàn)槲覀兘鼇?lái)生產(chǎn)了一個(gè)新系列的香水，但是，我們現(xiàn)有的機(jī)器不能適應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)上的變化。

吉米：你們具體想要什么樣的機(jī)器？

瑪麗：我也不太清楚哪種機(jī)器能滿足我們的特殊需要。吉米：您剛才說(shuō)你們現(xiàn)有的機(jī)器不能適應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)變化？

瑪麗：是的，我們?cè)诓视』瘖y品瓶蓋方面出了問題，新產(chǎn)品的瓶蓋為三角形及其他形狀，因此我們需要一種靈活的、能在任何形狀的瓶蓋上彩印的機(jī)器。

吉米：我明白了，瓶蓋是什么材料做的？

瑪麗：通常是塑料的，有些高檔產(chǎn)品也使用玻璃。因此，我們所需的機(jī)器應(yīng)該能在易碎材料上彩印。

吉米：你們現(xiàn)有的機(jī)器彩印速度怎么樣？

瑪麗：印速不是問題。我們現(xiàn)有機(jī)器的印速是每分鐘1000個(gè)印次，這足夠了。但是我們要求機(jī)器裝卸簡(jiǎn)易、方便，因?yàn)槲覀儠?huì)短期用于其他形狀產(chǎn)品的印制。

第五章

商務(wù)口譯

吉米：好吧，還有其他什么特殊要求嗎？

瑪麗：還有一個(gè)要求。我們有些產(chǎn)品需要多色彩印，因此，彩印機(jī)要具備單色和多色彩印功能才行。

吉米：我們公司正好有這種機(jī)器。50LK型機(jī)是最小型的機(jī)器，而且能滿足貴公司的一切要求。要不要給您把說(shuō)明書寄去？

瑪麗：當(dāng)然好啊，能在今天就寄來(lái)嗎？ 吉米：沒問題。

第二篇/Passage 2 Engaged in a Discussion on Prices [Ms.Huang(H), a Chinese exporter, begins the negotiation session by giving Mr.Wantanabe(W), a foreign exhibitor, a briefing on their newly developed products — the ET brand plastic roller-skates.Then she and Mr.Wantanabe are engaged in a discussion on prices.] H: OK, let‘s get down to business.To begin with, Mr.Wantanabe, let me introduce to you a completely new concept in toy manufacture — our recently launched ET brand plastic roller-skates.You have the samples and catalogues in front you.They are breakthrough in roller-skates technology — with a new kind of plastic which is strong and light, and they will appeal to both the children and their parents.I am confident that they can catch the market anywhere.W: These roller-skates do look nice, but their prices are much too high.H: Which of our product lines are you particularly interested in, Mr.Wantanabe? W: I could be interested in the ones I‘ve highlighted.But I‘d like to hear what you have to say about prices and discounts.H: The tag price of these roller-skates is $50.00 a pair, but I‘ll make it $45.00 for you.What do you think? W: That‘s much more than I was prepared to pay.H: How about $43.00? W: I offer $30.00 a pair.H: That‘s too little.Well, I will come down to $40.00.W: All right.To meet you half way I go up to $35.00, but not a penny more.Is that acceptable? H: OK, it‘s agreed.W: That leads us to the question of discounts.H: I‘m certainly happy to talk about discounts.But can you indicate to me the quantity you‘d like to order? W: Fair enough.What discount would you offer on an order of say one thousand pairs? 78 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

H: For an order of that size, Mr.Wantanabe, I can give you a discount of 10%.W: Ten percent!H: Just let me finish.Yes, 10%, but with a guarantee of delivery within two months.W: Delivery must be within two months, or I am not interested.I want the goods to arrive well before the Christmas season begins.Let‘s be clear about one thing.I hope you realize I must have a larger discount than what you‘ve offered.H: Well, if you commit to by 2,000 pairs then I could consider a larger discount.W: How much larger? H: If you order 2,000 pairs I can offer you a 20% discount.W: Ten percent, twenty percent.I‘m getting tired of this.You are playing games.I‘m looking for a much larger discount.I‘m ordering in large quantities and I operate on small margins, you see? H: If you want a big discount then you must make the order a large one.W: We are going in circles.Isn‘t an order of 2,000 pairs large enough? Unless you make a concession we‘re getting nowhere.H: Mr.Wantanabe, don‘t let us get stuck over the question of price.We can meet each other halfway: You increase your order to 2,500 pairs and I increase the discount to 25%.Is that agreeable? W: Well, I suppose so.H: Good.第六章

旅游觀光口譯

Tour and Sightseeing

一、熱身閱讀材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 The Statue of Liberty standing at the entrance to New York Harbor is a gift given by the people of France to the people of the United States over one hundred years ago in recognition of the friendship of the two nations established during the American Revolution.Over the years, the Statue of Liberty has become a representative of freedom and democracy of people everywhere.To commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence, sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned by the French government to design a sculpture in 1876.The Statue was a joint effort between America and France and it was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States.However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds.In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prizefights assisted in providing needed funds.However, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer(noted for the Pulitzer Prize)opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort.Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds.Pulitzer‘s campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate.Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886.The Statue was completed in France in July 1884.In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates.The Statue arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 and was reassembled on her new pedestal in four months time.The pedestal was designed by architect Richard Morris Hunt and built on Bedloe‘s Island.The Statue‘s framework was engineered by Gustave Eiffel who later designed the famous tower in Paris, which bears his name.On October 28, 1886, in front of thousands of spectators, President Grover Cleveland dedicated the Statue of Liberty, which was officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World.Since then millions have made pilgrimage to visit her.She was a centennial gift ten years late.80 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

Over the years, Americans shortened the name of the statue.They called it the Statue of Liberty, or Miss Liberty.The care and the administration of the statue changed several times.In 1956, the name of Bedloe‘s Island was changed to Liberty Island and became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument.The statue wears a loose robe.Her right hand holds a torch — a golden light.Her left hand holds a tablet which shows the date of the American Declaration of Independence — July 4th, 1776.The statue wears a crown on her head.The crown has 7 points, each of these rays representing the light of freedom.A chain representing oppression lies broken at her feet.The height from base to torch is 151 feet.The height from the foundation of the pedestal to the torch is 305 feet.She weighs 225 tons(100 tons of copper and 125 tons structural steel).Visitors may climb into her head for a spectacular view of New York Harbor.At night the statue is floodlighted, and the lights that shine from her torch can be seen for miles.By the 1980, the statue badly needed repairs.Again people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean cooperated to raise money.In May of 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Lee Iacocca to head up a private sector effort to restore the Statue of Liberty.Fund raising began for the $87 million restoration under a public/private partnership between the National Park Service and the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc..In 1984, at the start of the Statue‘s restoration, the United Nations designated the Statue of Liberty as a World Heritage Site.On July 5, 1986 the newly restored Statue re-opened to the public during Liberty Weekend, which celebrated her centennial.Today thousands of people still visit the statue every day.They reach the statue by boat.Many people climb the 354 steps to the crown.Or they ride up to observation areas in an elevator.Or they study the story of the statue in a museum in the monument.課文詞語(yǔ)/Words and Expressions from the Text centennial

百年紀(jì)念

be commissioned(to)

受委托做某事

pedestal

(紀(jì)念碑)底座 auction

拍賣 prizefight

懸賞拳擊 secondary skeletal framework

輔助框架 editorial pages

(報(bào)紙)社論版 centennial gift

百年慶典的禮物 National Park Service

國(guó)家公園管理處

World Heritage Site

世界遺產(chǎn) restoration

修復(fù)

第六章

旅游觀光口譯

第二篇/Passage 2 Sightseeing in Beijing A Modern Look for an Ancient City

Beijing, the Capital of the People‘s Republic of China, has a history of thousands of years and previously served as the capital of the Jin(1115—1234), Yuan(1271—1368), Ming(1368—1644), and Qing(1644—1911)dynasties.Beijing has many ancient architectural complexes such as the 600-year-old Imperial Palace;the Summer Palace, which is China‘s largest imperial garden;famous institutions of higher learning such as Beijing and Qinghua Universities;and National Library of China, China‘s largest library, with a collection of paintings, calligraphy, classical books, periodicals and materials going back through the ages.Beijing today covers an area of 16,808 square kilometers, 23 times that of 50 years ago.Roads have been widened and high buildings have been built in the city.Beijing has become an international metropolis with a population of 13.82 million.The central north-south axis of Beijing was determined according to the principles of traditional architecture 700 years ago, when the city, then known as Dadu(the Great Capital)was built by Kublai Khan, the founding emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.In the 16th century, many structures were built along the 7.8-kilometer central axis, including Yongdingmen Gate, the Forbidden City, and the Drum and Bell Towers.Ten years ago, the International Olympic Sports Center and Asian Games Village were built on the northern section of the axis, which by that time had been extended to 13 kilometers.In the 1970s, Beijing‘s first Underground Railroad line was completed.When the Fuxinmen Overpass was built, Beijingers had their first look at a clover-leaf overpass.Since then, 124 overpasses have been built in Beijing, and the overpasses at Sanyuan, Siyuan, and Tianningsi compete for magnificence.The second and third ring roads have been turned into high-speed highways, and the Beijing-Shijiazhuang, Beijing-Tongzhou, Capital Airport, and Badaling Expressways have now opened to traffic.The total length of highways and expressways in Beijing has reached 3,800 kilometers.Twenty years ago, Beijing built 4.11 million square meters of housing a year, but housing was still a problem for many.Some people lived in compounds occupied by many families or in simple dwellings.Since the implementation of the reform and opening policies, great changes have taken place with each passing day.In 1981, construction began on the Great Wall Sheraton Hotel, designed by Beckert International, an American company, and during the following decade, a series of hotels, covering a total of five million square meters of ground space was completed by introducing 82 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

foreign funds and encouraging organizations and individuals to develop the service industry in Beijing.In addition to the major downtown business centers such as Wangfujing, Xidan, and Qianmen, there are 80 modern shopping centers, each having a commercial floor space of 10,000 square meters.Over the past 20 years, the municipal government of Beijing has invested 100 billion yuan in water, power, central heating, roads, and telecommunications.Beijing now has 14 satellite towns and 371 residential areas.The annual completion of housing area exceeds 15 million square meters, and the average living space per person has increased from six square meters 20 years ago to 14.85 square meters.Although Beijing has been modernized, it still retains its historical and cultural aspects.The unique features of 25 protected historical and cultural areas in Beijing have long attracted tourists from home and abroad.In and around Beijing there are 30 rivers and 26 lakes that not only supply water for the city but also serve as scenic spots.In order to protect and recreate the look of the ancient capital, a large sewage-treatment project is now under way, using an investment of 1 billion yuan, on the city‘s major rives and lakes, including the city‘s Moat, Changhe and Tongzi River, and Yuyuantan and Beihai Lakes.Some 62 percent of the Beijing area is hilly.Twenty years ago, Beijing suffered from dust pollution, but great changes have taken place since the forestation project started in and around Beijing and Tianjin in 1986.At the end of 1998, 39 percent of the urban area of Beijing was covered with trees and flowers.The green space in Beijing now averages 8.18 square meters per person, and the dust has decreased from 21 tons per square kilometer per month to 16.5 tons per square kilometer in the center of the city.The Miyun Reservoir, one of the major water supplies of Beijing, has 60.4 percent forest coverage.Some Major Places of Interest in Beijing The Great Wall

Known as the fourth wonder of the world, the Great Wall runs from Shanhaiguan Pass on the shores of Bohai Bay at the east end to Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province at the west end.It rises and falls, twists and turns along the ridges of mountain chains in northern China, stretching for 12,000 li(6000km)across seven provinces.Therefore, it is known in China as the ―Ten-Thousand-Li Great Wall‖.The construction of the Wall began during the Warring States Period in the 5th century B.C.At that time, some ducal states in north China began to build defense walls in their own land in order to ward off the nomadic tribes further north.In the 3rd century B.C.when Emperor Qin Shihuang conquered all the other states and became the first emperor of a unified China, he had these walls linked up and extended.Reinforcement and renovations were carried out during 第六章

旅游觀光口譯

successive dynasties.In the Ming times(14th—17th century)the Wall underwent major repairs and became what it is today.The section best preserved and most often visited is the Great Wall at Badaling.Built solidly with regular lath stone and large-sized bricks, the Wall at Badaling is 8.5 meters high and 5.7 meters broad.Five horses or ten people can walk along it abreast.There are ramparts, embrasures, peepholes and apertures for shooting.Two-storied watchtowers were built in at 100-meter intervals.The top-story watchtowers were designed for observing enemy movements.It is estimated that some 180 million cubic meters of tamped earth and 60 million cubic meters of stone and bricks must have been used to build the Great Wall.So it was an immense engineering project to obtain, transport the building material and construct the Great Wall.Today, as the most important historical monument in China and one of the world‘s famous architectural wonders, the Great Wall attracts large number of tourists from home and abroad each year.Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen Square Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen Square is located right in front of the Imperial Palace in the center of Beijing.It is one of the largest squares in the world and its 440,000-square-meter area can accommodate half a million people at one time.To the north of the square is the magnificent Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen Gate-tower.At the south is Qianmen or ―Front Gate‖.Both these gate-towers date back to the 17th century and typify classical Chinese Architecture.Now the square is flanked by massive modern buildings, the Great Hall of the People on the west, and the Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of Chinese Revolution on the east.At the center of the square stands the Monument to the People‘s Heroes.To the south of the Monument lies Chairman Mao Memorial Hall.The bright Five-star red flag flies high on the square.On the white marble base with fine bas-reliefs and 10-meter high red walls stands the splendid double-eaves and yellow-glaze-tiled Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen Gate-tower.The gate used to be the outer entrance to the Imperial Palace.It has five archways with the central one used exclusively by the emperor.A moat named Golden Water River flows along the foot of the Gate-tower and spanned by five carved marble bridges, one for each archway.Each of the bridge is guarded by two stone lions and two towering stone pillars carved with cloud and dragon motifs.All these match perfectly and form a single unit of masterpiece of art signifying power and beauty.During the Ming(1368—1644)and Qing(1644—1911)dynasties, Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen Gate was where the emperors issued imperial edict and held grand celebrations.In modern Chinese history, many important historical events took place on Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen Square.For example, the well-known May Fourth Movement in 1919, the December Ninth Patriotic Students Movement in 1935, the grand ceremony to celebrate the founding of the People‘s Republic of China on October 1, 1949 are all associated with the name of Tian‘a(chǎn)nmen.84 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

The Summer Palace The Summer Palace is situated 15 kilometers northwest of Beijing.It is the largest and best-preserved imperial Chinese gardens.The Summer Palace is famous not only for its beautiful scenery but also for its long history.Originally, it was a natural lake formed by spring water and surrounded by a hill called the Jar Hill.In 1153, Wanyan Liang, an emperor of the Jin Period, made it an imperial palace for short stays when he was away from the capital.In the Yuan Dynasty, the lake was enlarged and became a reservoir providing water for the court and the capital.In the Ming Dynasty, the royal family had a temple built on the hill, which was named the Perfect and Quiet Temple.In 1750, in the celebration of the 60th anniversary of his mother‘s birthday, Emperor Qianlong, the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, had the Perfect and Quiet Temple rebuilt.He renamed the hill the Longevity Hill and the reconstructed garden the Clear Ripples Garden.In 1860 the garden was burned down by Anglo-French invasion forces.In 1888, when Emperor Guangxu was in reign, Dowager Cixi had it reconstructed by embezzling the navy funds under the pretext of building a navy training site, but it was never once used for that purpose.Cixi renamed it Summer Palace and made it her residence for the greater part of the year.In 1900, the palace garden was again badly damaged by the allied forces of the eight imperialist powers.It was reconstructed in 1903 and opened as a public park in 1924——13 years after the overthrow of the last imperial dynasty.The palace garden covers an area of 290 hectares, three-fourths of which is water, mainly Kunming Lake at the foot of the Longevity Hill.It has more than 3,000 halls, mansions, towers, pavilions, corridors, walkways, bridges and other structures, each having its unique style, but they all bend harmoniously with the landscape.They are many tourist attractions in the garden.The Hall of Benevolence and Longevity was where the Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu handled court affairs, received government officials and foreign diplomatic envoys.The Hall of Happiness and Longevity was where Cixi lived during her stay at the Summer Palace.One of the marvels of the Summer Palace is the Long Corridor which runs for 728 meters along the northern shore of the Kunming Lake and connects with the buildings at the southern foot of the Longevity Hill.It is the longest garden corridor in China consisting of 273 sections.On its cross-beams, the ceiling and side pillars are all paintings of historical and legendary figures, famous Chinese landscapes, flowers and birds, and there are more than 14,000 pieces of pictures in all.So it is actually an art gallery.At the west end of the long corridor is the Marble Boat.The 36-meter long ―boat‖ was carved out of a piece of huge marble.It is where Cixi relaxed in mid-summer.The first attraction on entering the park is the marble Seventeen-arch Bridge spanning the blue-green waters of the lake in a pleasant curve.All the 500 balusters along its 150-meter length are topped by more than 540 carved lions, each in a different pose.The bridgeheads are guarded 第六章

旅游觀光口譯

by pairs of legendary formidable animals.With the background of the Jade Spring Hill and the Western Hill in the distance and the Longevity Hill, the Kunming Lake and numerous graceful garden buildings, flowers and trees inside the garden, the Summer Palace has the poetic touch of a traditional Chinese painting.It is a classic example Chinese Garden-building art.The Temple of Heaven Located in southeast Beijing and built in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, the Temple of Heaven used to be the place where the emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties worshiped heaven for good harvest and performed sacrificial rituals.It is now one of the largest public parks in the capital.The Temple of Heaven covers an area of 273 hectares.It consists of three main structures on a north-south axis: the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest in the north, the Imperial Vault of Heaven in the center and the Circular Mound Altar in the south.The Temple of Heaven is mostly sky blue in color.It has two surrounding walls, both of which are round to the north and square to the south.Such a pattern symbolizes the ancient belief that the heaven is round and the earth square.The main temple, the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, is a lofty cone-shaped wooden structure joined together entirely by wooden bars, laths, rafters, and brackets without the use of iron or bronze.This brilliant example of ancient Chinese architecture measures 38 meters in height and 30 meters in diameter.Set with deep blue glazed tiles, the roof is crowned at the top with a huge golden ball.The triple-eaves of the roof are supported by 28 massive wooden pillars.The four central columns, called the ―Dragon-Well Pillar‖, represent the four seasons.Surrounding these four columns, there are 2 rings, one inside the other, of 12 columns each: the inner ring symbolizes the 12 months and the outer, the 12 divisions of day and night;the pillars of the inner and the outer rings together stand for the 24 solar terms or the 24 divisions of the solar year in the traditional Chinese calendar.It was in this hall that the emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties prayed for good harvest every year on the 15th of the first month of the lunar year.The Imperial Vault of Heaven, circular structure with deep blue glazed tiles, was used to house the memorial tablets of the ―Supreme Ruler of Heaven‖.Around it is the Echo Wall, where the acoustic effects are such that a whisper at one end of the wall can be heard at some distance at the other end.The Circular Mound Altar is a 3-tiered circular marble terrace enclosed by marble balustrades on each tier.The platform is laid with marble stones in nine concentric circles, and everything is arranged in multiples of the number 9.Everyyear on the winter solstice sacrifices were offered at the altar by the emperor who, surrounded first by the circles of the terrace and 86 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

their railings and then by the horizon, seemed to be in the center of the universe.課文詞語(yǔ)/Words and Expressions from the Text ancient architectural complexes

古建筑群 overpass

高架道路；天橋

clover-leaf overpass

四通八達(dá)的立交橋 compound

這里指北京的“四合院” sewage-treatment

污水處理 forestation

造林 moat

reinforcement

renovation

lath stone

rampart

embrasures

apertures for shooting

historical monument

accommodate

the Great Hall of the People

the Museum of Chinese History

the Military Museum of the Chinese People‘s Revolution the Monument to the People‘s Heroes

Chairman Mao Memorial Hall

double-eaves

glaze-tiled

imperial edict

the Perfect and Quiet Temple

the Longevity Hill

the Clear Ripples Garden

embezzling the navy funds

the allied forces of the eight imperialist powers

the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity

the Hall of Happiness and Longevity

the Marble Boat

the Seventeen-arch Bridge

legendary formidable animals

the Jade Spring Hill

護(hù)城河 加固 修復(fù) 條石 城墻 垛口 射擊孔 歷史名勝 容納 人民大會(huì)堂 中國(guó)歷史博物館 中國(guó)人民革命軍事博物館 人民英雄紀(jì)念碑 毛主席紀(jì)念堂

重檐的 琉璃瓦的 詔令 圓靜寺

萬(wàn)壽山

清漪園

挪用海軍軍費(fèi)

八國(guó)聯(lián)軍

仁壽殿 樂壽堂 石舫

十七孔橋

傳說(shuō)中的怪獸

玉泉山

第六章

旅游觀光口譯

the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest

祈年殿 the Imperial Vault of Heaven

皇穹宇 the Circular Mound Altar

環(huán)丘壇

wooden bars, laths, rafters and brackets

木條、板條、椽和斗拱 24 solar terms

24個(gè)節(jié)氣

solar/ lunar year

陽(yáng)歷/陰歷年 memorial tablet

牌位 the triple eaves of the roof

三重檐屋頂

Supreme Ruler of Heaven

皇天上帝

the Echo Wall

回音壁 marble balustrade

大理石欄桿 winter solstice

冬至 offer sacrifices to

祭祀

railing

欄桿；圍欄；扶手

二、口譯實(shí)踐/Interpretation Practice 聽譯下列課文/Listen to the Following Passages and Interpret Them.(一)英譯漢/E-C

6-1.mp3

相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions falls

wonder

illuminate

churning

hydroelectric plant

divert

treaty

slide

tumble

ledge

瀑布 奇跡 照亮(波浪)翻騰的 水力發(fā)電廠 轉(zhuǎn)移；轉(zhuǎn)向 條約 山崩；土崩 滾下

巖架，巖脊，巖石突出部

erosion

腐蝕；侵蝕

It is the one and the only wonder which does not require a description by early historians and poets.It is the one and only wonder that does not need speculations concerning its 88 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

appearance, size and shape.It is the oldest, yet it is the only surviving of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.It is the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt.The tradition of pyramid building started in ancient Egypt as a sophistication of the idea of a mastaba or ―platform‖ covering the royal tomb.Later, several stacked mastabas were used.Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of King Zoser(Djoser)at Saqqara by the famous Egyptian architect, Imhotep, illustrated this connection.Pyramid building was at its height from the fourth through the sixth Dynasties.Scores of them have been discovered.However, the largest and most famous of all the pyramids should be the pyramids at Giza, which consist of three pyramids.The well-known one is the Great Pyramid at Giza built by King Khufu.When it was built, the Great Pyramid stood over 146 meters.Over the years, it lost 10 meters off its top and today it is 136 meters in height.Before 19th century A.D.it ranked as the tallest structure on earth.The Pyramid‘s base covers an area over 5.2 hectares and the sloping angle of its sides is 51 degrees and 52 minutes.Each side is carefully oriented with one of the cardinal points of the compass, that is, north, south, east and west.The horizontal cross section of the Pyramid is square at any level.The structure of the Great Pyramid consists of 2.3 million blocks of stone.The average weight is over two tons a piece, with the heaviest weighing 15 tons each.How the ancient Egyptians moved these huge stones is still not sure.Several theories have been proposed.One theory involves the construction of a straight or spiral ramp that was raised as the construction proceeded.This ramp coated with mud and water, eased the displacement of the stone blocks pushed into place.A second theory suggests that the blocks were placed by using long levers with a short angled foot.No matter what has been said, it proves to be hard in ancient time.The Greek historian Herodotus reported in the fifth century B.C.that his Egyptian guides told him that 100,000 men mere employed for three mouths a year for twenty years to build the Great Pyramid.Together with the Great Pyramid are two other pyramids at Giza.One is the Pyramid of Khafra, Khufu‘s son.This one is 3 meters lower, but more complete and wonderful.The twenty-meter high Sphinx stands aside, attracting the eyes of tourists.It is said that except the claws, the Sphinx is made out of only one piece of natural rock.The other pyramid is for Khafra‘s son, Menkaure.It has been suggested that there are enough blocks in the three pyramids to build a 3-meter high, 0.3-meter thick wall around France.The area covered by the Great Pyramids can accommodate St Peter‘s in Rome, the Cathedrals of Florence and Milan, and Westminster and St Paul‘s in London combined.Throughout their history, the Pyramids of Giza have stimulated human imagination.They were referred to as ―The Granaries of Joseph‖ and ―the Mountains of Pharaoh‖.When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, his pride was expressed through his famous quote: ―Soldiers!From the top of these Pyramids, 40 centuries are looking at us.‖

第六章

旅游觀光口譯

Today, the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx have fascinated people from all over the world ——tourists, mathematicians and archeologists come to visit and explore them.(二)漢譯英/C-E

6-2.mp3

相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related Words and Expressions 兵馬俑

考古探測(cè)

試掘

軍陣

穿著戰(zhàn)袍、打著綁腿

前鋒

主力部隊(duì)

后衛(wèi)

兩翼

戰(zhàn)車

挽馬

鎧甲

衛(wèi)戍部隊(duì)

步兵

騎兵

青銅武器

長(zhǎng)兵器

劍、矛、戈、戟

弩、箭、簇

銅錫合金

稀有金屬

經(jīng)過(guò)鉻處理

防腐防銹

冶金技術(shù)

單轅車

前乘室

后乘室

華麗富貴

鑄、焊、鉚

鑲、刻

terra-cotta warriors and horses Archeological exploration test excavation

battle array / battle formation wear battle tunics and puttee vanguard main body rear guard flank guard chariot drafting horse armor garrison army

foot solider / infantry man cavalryman bronze weapons long shaft-weapon

sward, spear, dagger-ax, halberd crossbow, arrow, arrowhead an alloy of copper and tin rare metal

coated with chromium prevent corrosion and rust metallurgical technique single-shaft chariot the front compartment the rear compartment luxurious and graceful casting, welding, riveting embedding, chiseling 90 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

秦始皇兵馬俑是當(dāng)?shù)卮迕?974年3月在田里打井時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的。經(jīng)考古學(xué)家探測(cè)，認(rèn)定為秦代兵馬俑坑。后經(jīng)勘探和試掘，共發(fā)現(xiàn)三處兵馬俑坑，按發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間把它們分別定名為兵馬俑一號(hào)、二號(hào)、三號(hào)坑。三個(gè)坑總面積為22 780平方米。

這一發(fā)現(xiàn)震驚中外。為了保護(hù)這些罕見的歷史文物，1975年，國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)在一號(hào)坑原址上建一座占地16 300平方米的博物館。1979年國(guó)慶節(jié)，博物館正式對(duì)外開放。此后，兵馬俑3號(hào)坑、2號(hào)坑展廳和銅車馬館也陸續(xù)建成，并對(duì)外開放?，F(xiàn)在，秦始皇兵馬俑博物館被列為中國(guó)十大名勝之一，被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

一號(hào)坑呈長(zhǎng)方形，東西長(zhǎng)230米，南北寬62米，深5米，面積16 620平方米。一號(hào)坑內(nèi)的兵馬俑完全按當(dāng)時(shí)的實(shí)戰(zhàn)軍陣排列?？拥赖臇|端長(zhǎng)廊里站立著三排武士俑，每排70，共210件。這些武士身著戰(zhàn)袍，腳打繃腿，手持弓弩，面向東方，是整個(gè)軍陣的前鋒部隊(duì)。其后是十道土夯的隔墻隔成的11個(gè)過(guò)道，里面排列著步兵與車兵相間的38路縱隊(duì)。兵俑全部身穿盔甲，手持長(zhǎng)兵器。他們是整個(gè)軍陣的主力部隊(duì)。另外，在主力部隊(duì)的南北和西頭，分別有一排武士俑，他們都面朝外，分別是主力部隊(duì)的左后翼和后衛(wèi)部隊(duì)。在試掘的960平方米范圍內(nèi)，出土武士俑500多個(gè)，戰(zhàn)車4輛，挽馬24匹。據(jù)測(cè)量，一號(hào)坑共有兵馬俑6000多件。

二號(hào)坑呈曲尺形，面積6000平方米，是一個(gè)由四個(gè)獨(dú)立的單元、四個(gè)不同的兵種編制而成的混合軍陣。第一單元是由334個(gè)弩兵組成的小方陣。第二單元是由64乘戰(zhàn)車組成的方陣。每乘戰(zhàn)車有三個(gè)軍士。第三單元是由19乘戰(zhàn)車和100個(gè)兵俑組成的方陣。第四單元是由6乘戰(zhàn)車、124個(gè)騎兵和鞍馬組成的方陣。四個(gè)單元既是一個(gè)互相緊密相連的大軍陣，多件。

三號(hào)呈凹字形，面積520平方米，僅有4馬1車和68尊陶俑。三號(hào)坑內(nèi)的兵俑是環(huán)繞周壁面對(duì)面夾道排列。他們手持一種專門用于儀仗的無(wú)刃長(zhǎng)兵器。同時(shí)，坑內(nèi)還發(fā)現(xiàn)有用于戰(zhàn)前占卜和祈禱的動(dòng)物骨頭和鹿角殘跡。因此，考古學(xué)家認(rèn)為3號(hào)坑可能是整個(gè)軍陣的指揮部。

三個(gè)坑呈?品?字形排列，形成一個(gè)龐大的軍事場(chǎng)面：8000 兵馬，浩浩蕩蕩，待命征戰(zhàn)，顯示出一幅氣勢(shì)磅礴、雄偉壯觀的動(dòng)人場(chǎng)面。這是秦始皇為自己所造的一支守陵的衛(wèi)戍部隊(duì)。

三個(gè)坑內(nèi)的陶俑都仿真人塑造，全身彩繪。兵俑的隊(duì)列布局按將軍、武官、武士等不同級(jí)別和步兵、車兵、騎兵等不同兵種有序排列，他們?nèi)菝哺鳟?，個(gè)個(gè)神態(tài)逼真、栩栩如生，顯示了中國(guó)古代雕塑藝術(shù)的高超技藝和民族風(fēng)格。

除了數(shù)以千計(jì)的兵馬俑外，三個(gè)坑內(nèi)出土了數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的各種青銅武器，主要有刀、劍、矛、戈、戟、弓、箭、弩、簇。特別引人注目的是一把青銅劍，雖在地下埋藏了2000多年，仍不生銹，至今光亮如新，鋒利無(wú)比，一次能劃透20張紙。經(jīng)檢測(cè)，這把劍為銅、錫合金，并含有十多種稀有金屬，表面經(jīng)過(guò)鉻的處理，能防銹防腐。這表明2000多年前中國(guó)的鑄造工藝和冶金技術(shù)已達(dá)到驚人的高度。又是四個(gè)獨(dú)立的、靈活機(jī)動(dòng)的、能攻能守的小軍陣。據(jù)估計(jì)，二號(hào)坑可出土兵馬俑1500

第六章

旅游觀光口譯

1980年12月，考古工作者在秦始皇陵西側(cè)20米處發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩組大型彩繪銅車馬，更是給博物館增添了新的光彩。根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)順序，把這兩組銅車馬分別命名為一號(hào)和二號(hào)車。兩組銅車均為單轅車，各配四匹馬。一號(hào)車為?高車?，馭手和乘車的人均站立車上。二號(hào)車叫?安車?，分前后兩乘室，中間相隔。馭手坐前乘室，主人坐后乘室。后乘室前面及左右兩側(cè)各有一車窗，后面留門，可能是供秦始皇靈魂出游時(shí)乘坐的。銅車馬為真人、真馬二分之一大小，由3400多個(gè)零件組成，并有1720件金銀飾品，顯得華麗富貴。據(jù)初步研究，銅車馬的制造采用了鑄、焊、鉚、鑲、刻等多種工藝。

銅車馬的制作工藝高超，造型藝術(shù)逼真，是我國(guó)歷史上最早、制作最精美的青銅珍品，也是世界考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大青銅器，證明秦代的工藝已經(jīng)達(dá)到了很高的水平。

參考譯文/Reference Version(二)漢譯英/C-E Emperor Qin Shihuang‘s Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses were discovered accidentally in March 1974 when the local farmers were digging a well in the fields.Archeologists believed that the terra-cotta warriors and horses were from the Qin Dynasty.After many explorations and test excavation, three pits have been discovered, covering an area of 22,780 square meters.This discovery created a world sensation.In order to protect these rare historical relics, in 1975, the State Council granted permission to construct a 16,300-square-meter museum over the site of Pit No.1.The museum was officially open to the public on the National Day, October 1, 1979.Later, exhibition halls housing Pit No.3, No.2 and the Bronze Chariots and Horses were built and open to the public in succession.The Museum and the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang have been listed as one of the country‘s ten great historical sites and designated by the UNESCO as a World Culture Heritage Site.Pit No.1 is rectangular in shape.It is 230 meters from east to west, 62 meters from north to south, 5 meters deep, and covers an area of 16,620 square meters.Warriors and horses in this pit are arranged in a practical battle array.In the long corridor at the east end of the pit stand three rows of terra-cotta warriors, 70 in each, 210 in all.Armed with bows and arrows, the soldiers are wearing battle tunics and puttees, and facing east.They are regarded as the vanguard of the battle formation.These are followed by 38 columns of troops, consisting of infantrymen and charioteers that are arranged in 11 corridors separated by 10 earth-rammed walls.The warriors all wear armors and carry long-shaft weapons.They make up the main body of the battle formation.Furthermore, at the north, south, and west end, there is one row of terra-cotta warriors respectively, all facing outward.They are the flanks and rear guards of the entire battle formation.From the 960 square meters testing trenches, some 500 warriors, 4 chariots, and 24 drafting horses have been unearthed.According to the density, 6,000 pieces in all can be excavated from 92 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

Pit No.1.Pit No.2 is ―L‖-shaped, covering an area of 6,000 square meters.It is actually a mixed battle formation consisting of military forces in four separate arrays.The first array is composed of 334 archers, the second of 64 chariots with three warriors on each.The third array includes 19 chariots and 100 warriors.The fourth array consists of 6 chariots, 124 cavalrymen and saddled horses.Together, the four arrays constitute a large battle formation, closely connected with one another.At the same time, each of the four arrays is an independent division, flexible and capable of both attacking and defending.It is estimated that altogether 1,500 pieces are expected to be excavated from Pit No.2.Pit No.3 is ―U‖-shaped, taking up 520 square meters with only 4 terra-cotta horses, one chariot and 68 armored warriors discovered.Warriors here stand in two rows, opposite to each other along the wall.They carry a kind of long weapon, which has no blades and are believed to be used by the guards of honor.Remains of animal bones and deer horns probably used for sacrificial offerings and war praying are found in this pit.So archeologists believe it is the headquarters of the underground army.The three pits are arranged in a triangle and form an enormous battle array, consisting of 8,000 warriors and horses.Vast and powerful, they give us a grand view of a mighty army in full battle array.They are the garrison army molded to guard Emperor Qin Shihuang tomb.All the pottery figures were modeled life-size and were originally all color-painted.The warriors in the formation are arranged in accordance with their ranks—generals, officers and soldiers, and their functions—foot soldiers, charioteers and cavalrymen.The warriors vary from one another in feature and facial expressions, looking lifelike and vivid.They reveal the high artistic skill and national style of the group sculpture of ancient China.Together with the warriors and horses are thousands of bronze weapons, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, crossbows, arrows and arrowheads.The most eye-catching among the weapons is a bronze sword.Though buried under ground for over two thousand years, the sword is rustproof, still bright and sharp, and it can cut through 20 sheets of paper piled together.Technical examination reveals that the sword has been cast of an alloy of copper and tin.It also contains more than ten other rare metals.The surface was coated with chromium that has prevented corrosion and rust.This shows that 2,000 years ago China‘s technique of casting and metallurgy reached an amazingly high level.In December 1980, archeologists discovered two teams of color-painted bronze chariots 20 meters to the west of Qin Shihuang‘s mausoleum.This has added more splendors to the museum.They are listed as No.1 and No.2 chariot respectively according to the order of their discovery.Both chariots are single-shaft and drafted by four horses.No.1 chariot was named High Chariot.The charioteers and the passengers all stood in it.No.2 was named Security Chariot, which has two cabins;the front compartment is for the charioteer and the rear one is for the emperor.The 第六章

旅游觀光口譯

rear compartment has a window on both sides as well as in the front and a door at the back.It is said that the chariots are used to hold the emperor‘s soul for inspection.The chariots and horses are half life-size, consisting of more than 3,400 component parts and 1,720 pieces of gold and silver decorations and ornaments.They are luxurious and graceful.Test studies have revealed that the making of the bronze chariots and horses involve such techniques as casting, welding, riveting, embedding, and chiseling.The bronze chariots and horses were manufactured with high technology and modeled vividly.They are the earliest and most exquisite bronze treasures made in Chinese history and the largest bronze ware ever discovered in the history of world archaeology.They prove that the technique of chariot manufacture during the Qin period was undoubtedly advanced.第七章

現(xiàn)代教育口譯

Modern Education

一、熱身閱讀材料/Warming-up Reading Material 第一篇/Passage 1 For centuries, Oxford has been at Britain‘s intellectual heart, perhaps the most prestigious among Europe‘s many ancient universities.It lies only 50 miles from London, close to the centers of power—Parliament and the Law Courts.Oxford has attracted students and scholars from all over the world.They have gone on to achieve the highest positions in their own countries in politics, administration, science and the arts.Alumni include numerous eminent scientists, literary figures and such overseas politicians as American President Bill Clinton, Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and the Philippines‘ President Gloria Arroyo.Its civic origins go back to the Middle Ages.At that time, Oxford was a small town built on a mound of gravel between two deep rivers, the Thames and the Cherwell, at a place where oxen could ford the waters.As a place of learning Oxford‘s beginnings are equally distant.Legend has it that Alfred laid its foundations at the end of the ninth century.By the 12th century scholars were teaching in the town and their renown had spread to the Continent, particularly to the Sorbonne in Paris, the Europe‘s greatest center of learning.A group of English scholars left the French capital in 1167 to settle in Oxford and the place became a magnet for students and teachers from all over Britain.Today Oxford is a large, teeming city, but the cluster of ancient university buildings in the center—colleges, libraries, museums and administrative blocks—has remained largely untouched.While most old universities have modernized radically to accommodate their growing populations, Oxford has managed to expand while still preserving its traditional collegiate structure.The 36 existing colleges, varying from the older houses to the newest such as Green, are independent, self-governing institutions operating under the umbrella of the University of Oxford.Few positions in academia are grander than being head of an Oxford college.Usually it is the culmination of an outstanding career and a reward for decades of public service.The post requires the combined talents of diplomat, administrator and academic.As Sir Roger Bannister, former Master of Pembroke College says: ―Heading an Oxford college was a new challenge, you should recognize the needs and aspirations of the students and help to realize them.The three-year period students spend at Oxford is the most important of their lives;it shapes their future careers;the friendships they form will last for ever.‖

第七章

現(xiàn)代教育口譯

Everyyear in Oxford, among thousands of applicants, only a few hundred are chosen by each college through an increasingly competitive process.Once accepted, the undergraduates benefit from a range of traditional privileges.The most notable and the rarest of these is the one-to-one tutorial, at which a student presents his or her work to the tutor.The relationship of profound respect and trust that can develop between teacher and pupil over three years can be as lasting as it is academically rewarding.Years after students have left they return to their tutors for advice and guidance.Parallel to their academic work, students can cultivate their particular talents and interests by joining a vast range of societies.Many of Britain‘s finest actors, actresses and theatre directors started their careers at the Oxford University Dramatic Society.The Oxford Union(short for the Oxford University Debating Society)has been a breeding ground for the country‘s political leaders and celebrated barristers.Debate topics there vary from politics, philosophy, religion and ethics to less lofty subjects.The list of famous politicians who cut their professional teeth here is endless, such as the British Prime Ministers Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher, and the Prime Minister of other countries as well.Another famous institution is the Oxford University Boat Club, founded in 1839.Each college has its own team of rowers, and the best among them are chosen to form the Oxford squad.Although boating is not usually a spectator sport, millions watch the annual duel between Oxford and Cambridge on television and tens of thousands more line the banks of the Thames.Oxford has a rich musical life, too.Students who play an instrument are encouraged to develop their talents.Some form pop and rock music groups, playing at parties and dances, while others create classical music ensembles.The best musicians are invited to join the Oxford University Orchestra.So generations of students, scholars and teachers come and go, each adding a layer to the university‘s rich, exalted history as Oxford shines everlasting.相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)/Related words and expressions alumna

alumnus

alumni

civic origin

Sorbonne

teeming city

academia

culmination of an outstanding career

barrister

one-to-one tutorial

女校友 男校友 校友(復(fù)數(shù))城市的起源

(巴黎)索本神學(xué)院，巴黎大學(xué)的前身 繁忙的城市 學(xué)術(shù)界 杰出事業(yè)的頂峰 律師 一帶一導(dǎo)師制 96 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

academically rewarding

breeding ground

cut their professional teeth

classical music ensemble

rich, exalted history

學(xué)術(shù)上受益 溫床

開始他們的職業(yè)生涯 古典樂團(tuán)

豐富而聲譽(yù)高的歷史

第二篇/Passage 2 Should Universities Charge More to Subsidize the Poor? Renowned Chinese economist Mao Yushi has recently caused a sensation after delivering a controversial speech in Guangzhou, southern Guangdong Province.Addressing an education forum, Mao said that only 10 percent-20 percent of college students are poverty-stricken, and if Chinese universities lower the threshold by future cutting tuition fees, those who receive the most benefit are the rich, who then pay less for higher education.The best solution, proposed by Mao, is to raise school fees and offer more scholarships and loans to poor students.Other elite economists, including Professor Zhang Weiying, Dean of the Guanghua School of Management under Peking University, known as China‘s Wharton Business School, and Tang Min, Chief Economist with the Asian Development Bank mission in China, share Mao‘s opinion.They believe Chinese universities are generally suffering from shortages of funds due to rising education costs and too low tuition fees.If students are charged more for higher education, universities would be relieved from their current financial difficulties and would be able to offer more scholarship and aid to poor students via the newly raised funds.Take a college that annually recruits 4,000 students for example.If each student is charged 10,000 yuan($1,163)annually, doubling the previous charge of 5,000 yuan($581), its total revenues would amount to 20 million yuan($2.33 million), which would enable the college to assist more poor students in the form of scholarships.Those opposed to Mao‘s proposal, argued that in effect expenditures on higher education accounts for about 20 percent of a nation‘s per-capita gross domestic product(GDP).But that level for China has reached nearly 60 percent-70 percent.Results of a survey carried out by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences reveal that, college tuition fees have risen 25 times than those of 20 years ago, maintaining a growth rate five times more than income increases over the corresponding period.This has led to fears that another further price hike will make education even more inaccessible.But Mao‘s supporters contended that the root cause for university difficulties lies in a deficient assistance and scholarship system.To assist inadequate state budgets, they say, universities should be allowed to control their own income by raising tuition fees.It is suggested that a unified standard on collecting tuition fees or a policy concerning 第七章

現(xiàn)代教育口譯

education allowances will help hedge inflating costs faced by most public colleges.Conversely others believe that, under market rules, the only solution is to expand supplies of education resources to balance price, rather than increasing additional government expenditures.If more resources are available, market demands will naturally cease with lower commodity prices.Rich support poor Wang Dongjing(21st Century Business Herald): Many believe that to maintain tuition fees at a comparatively low level is favorable to poor college students.In fact, it is not absolute.When several farsighted scholars proposed raising college fees years ago, it ignited hot debates.People in education circles argued that an undifferentiated standard of college tuition fees for both the rich and the poor is actually more beneficial to students from rich families, who are equally compensated by public funds.As we know, in the Western world, private education is very expensive, but if poor students perform well in their exams, they are eligible to be funded by scholarships.In contrast, China‘s public education is too large in scale to be fully covered by public funds.Maybe we could allow the well-known Tsinghua or Peking universities to float tuition fees, through which limited financial resources would be able to focus on public education.Cao Yueping(The Beijing News): In the energy sector, when prices for raw materials rise, price hikes of refined oil or electricity are foreseeable based on demand and supply changes.Both in the fields of education and the economy, it is suggested that disadvantaged groups be subsidized by hedging risks caused by such price hikes.Poor students could be lifted from heavy financial burdens by receiving more scholarships and loans, like the policy which compensates public transportation systems for the costs generated by soaring oil prices.Under market rules, general price increases are inevitable, but the question is how to stabilize social order and balance wealth distribution by implementing subsidies to the poor and strengthening welfare programs.Zhang Tianwei(Beijing Youth Daily): The average level of tuition fees for Chinese university students has reached as high as 5,000 yuan($581)per year;for popular majors, however, students have to pay nearly 10,000 yuan($1,163)for one-year studies.Yet universities cannot make ends meet as a result of rising teaching costs, and most students in fact now enjoy ―invisible‖ subsidies sponsored by state or other social funds.Mao Yushi, who is keen to enhance assistance in the form of scholarships and loans to poor students through transferred public funds, hopes that the ―invisible‖ subsidies would soon be cancelled.In the United States, where higher education is widespread, total expenses for top universities average at around $40,000 each year, including tuition and boarding fees.This is way above the means of poorer students, but those with ability can be partially sponsored or get full scholarships.But it is preconditioned by devising a scientifically designed appraisal mechanism, under 98 新編實(shí)用英語(yǔ)口譯教程

which rich families must pay what they can afford;while poor-but-bright students will be financially subsidized.To raise tuition fees in haste based on an unverified assumption is very likely to fail, in addition to challenges from scarce public funds and loose internal governance.It is a concern that students from average families will face growing difficulties when it comes to affording college life.Despite this, it‘s still unreasonable to conclude that the mode of ―high tuition fees, high scholarships and loans,‖ proposed by Mao and other economists, is completely impractical.In fact, the biggest obstacle for implementing this proposal is the failure of the government and universities in setting up necessary institutional guarantees.It‘s a public thing Wei Zhiming(The Beijing News): In economics, education is defined as a quasipublic good because of its social benefits.Also it is a category of investment in human resources and is vital to the future of an individual or a nation.The government may raise funds through mandatory taxation, besides social donations and tuition fees, as major financial sources for colleges and universities.In Western countries, both private and public colleges survive on donations and supplementary tuition fees.But in China, most universities, excluding several top-notched colleges, are incapable of raising enough funds to finance daily expenses.As a result, universities are trapped in a dilemma.On one hand, they are desperately short of funds.On the other hand, they need to develop themselves to meet growing social demands.Some of them, therefore, have to sell land, make loans, raise tuition fees, or draw sponsors to survive increasingly furious market competition.It‘s clear that the fund shortages facing China‘s tertiary institutions are largely due to inadequate state and social investment.This problem cannot be solved by any individual university through means such as increasing tuition fees.Guo Zhichun(Beijing Youth Daily): The rich will have to pay more tuition fees to aid the poor.It is not yet mentioned how to ensure that these extra payments are used efficiently.The Geely Holding Group, a Zhejiang-based car maker, has recently donated 50 million yuan($5.81 million)to assist 1,000 poor students.At the same time, it allocated another 2 million yuan($232,558)to identify every applicant and confirm that the money was properly used.The so-called preferential policy to poor students by raising tuition fees also risks their chances for admission.Xiong Bingqi(Oriental Morning Post): Pursuant to relevant government stipulations, universities should spend no less than 5 percent of regular income on reimbursement of student loans and living allowances to poor students.But for most privately-funded colleges, where the amount of tuition fees has doubled that of public schools, poor students can not enjoy free education, or receive assistance from scholarships and loans.