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      考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧

      時(shí)間:2019-05-15 04:15:32下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫寫幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧》。

      第一篇:考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧

      名師輔導(dǎo):考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧

      大多數(shù)翻譯理論都認(rèn)為,翻譯是一個(gè)原文意思的再現(xiàn)過程。這個(gè)過程可以分為兩個(gè)部分。一是原文的理解過程。二是目的語(yǔ)的組織過程。可見,翻譯的準(zhǔn)確實(shí)現(xiàn)首先取決于原文的理解。而譯文的通順表達(dá)則取決于對(duì)目的語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用技能。考研英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)是句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,準(zhǔn)確理解句子結(jié)構(gòu),以及把這些結(jié)構(gòu)之間的邏輯語(yǔ)義再重現(xiàn)出來,成為考研英語(yǔ)翻譯非常重要的部分。要把原文的邏輯語(yǔ)義真實(shí)再現(xiàn),我們要注意積累幾大英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和翻譯方法。下面,萬學(xué)海文英語(yǔ)考研輔導(dǎo)老師們就為2012年考研的同學(xué)們總結(jié)出英語(yǔ)中名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、被動(dòng)句以及否定結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯方法。

      一、名詞性從句的翻譯方法

      名詞在句子中的成分有可能是:主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、以及同位語(yǔ)。相應(yīng)地,名詞性從句有四類:主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。這四類名詞性從句翻譯過程中一般都遵循一個(gè)原則,如果翻譯成漢語(yǔ)句子比較簡(jiǎn)單,不會(huì)造成主句的失衡現(xiàn)象,就可以翻譯成從句本來應(yīng)該承擔(dān)的成分,進(jìn)行順譯;但是,如果從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,而主句較為簡(jiǎn)單,則適宜把從句單獨(dú)成句翻譯,主句中使用代詞指代這個(gè)從句。下面我們來具體看一下翻譯方法:

      1、主語(yǔ)從句:

      構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)從句的方式有下列兩種:

      (1)關(guān)聯(lián)詞或從屬連詞位于句首的從句+主句謂語(yǔ)+其他成分。

      它們一般是譯在句首,作為主從復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ)。這樣的詞有關(guān)聯(lián)詞what,which,how,why,where,who,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever及從屬連詞that,whether,if.如:

      例題1:What he told me was only half-truth.分 析:其中關(guān)聯(lián)詞可譯“…的”,放在后面。

      參考譯文:他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而已。

      例題2:Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brain of a biologist.分 析:whether可以譯成“是否,是…還是”,然后適當(dāng)安排位置。

      參考譯文:一種生物究竟是植物還是動(dòng)物,有時(shí)使生物學(xué)家頗傷腦筋。

      (2)it+謂語(yǔ)+that(whether)引導(dǎo)的從句。

      如果先譯主句,可以順譯為無人稱句。有時(shí)也可先譯從句,再譯主句。如果先譯從句,便可以在主句前加譯“這”。如:

      例題3:It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to levels anywhere near the standards.分 析:這樣的句子可以譯成無人稱句,常用來表示事實(shí),常理等。

      參考譯文:可以看出,這四種煤的總含硫量?jī)H靠預(yù)先洗選將不能降低到完全接近標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的水平。

      例題4:It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.分 析:有時(shí)為了使譯文成分完整,可以補(bǔ)充上泛指的主語(yǔ)(如人們…、大家…)。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:it is(universally)known that…大家都知道…it is believed that…人們都相信…。

      參考譯文:物體在水中比在空氣中輕,這是一種大家共有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

      2、表語(yǔ)從句:

      (1)表語(yǔ)從句是位于主句的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后面、充當(dāng)主句主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)的從句,它也是由that,what,why,how,when,where,whether等連詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的。一般來講,可以先譯主句,后譯從句。如:

      例題5:The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.分 析:先譯后面的主句,后譯前面的從句。

      參考譯文:蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。

      (2)幾種常見句型,以下逐一介紹它們的譯法。

      ★在that(this)is why…句型中,如果選擇先譯主句,后譯從句,可以譯成這就是為什么…,這就是為什么…的原因,這就是…的緣故等。如果選擇先譯從句,再譯主句,一般可以譯為…原因就在這里,…理由就在這里等。如:

      例題6:That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge。

      分 析:原句表語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng),所以此處采用了緊縮原則。

      參考譯文:所謂實(shí)踐是真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所謂實(shí)踐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識(shí)論的首先的和基本的觀點(diǎn),理由就在這個(gè)地方。

      ★在this(it)is because…句型中,一般先譯主句,再譯從句,譯成是因?yàn)椤?,這是因?yàn)椤木壒?,這是由于…的緣故。如:

      例題7:This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.參考譯文:這是由于直流電在導(dǎo)線中總沿著一個(gè)方向流動(dòng)的緣故。

      ★在this is what…句型中,如果先譯主句,后譯從句,通常譯為這就是…的內(nèi)容,這就是…的含意等。如果先譯從句,后譯主句,通常譯為…就是這個(gè)道理,…就是這個(gè)意思等。如:

      例題8:This is what we have discussed in this article.分 析:如表語(yǔ)不長(zhǎng),則可譯成這就是…的內(nèi)容等。

      參考譯文:這就是我們?cè)诒疚闹兴懻摰膬?nèi)容。

      3、賓語(yǔ)從句

      (1)用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的賓語(yǔ)從句,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,一般不需要改變它在原句中的順序。

      I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告訴他,由于那最后一個(gè)條件,我只得謝絕。

      Can you hear what I say?

      你聽得到我所講的嗎?

      I don’t know that he swam across the river.我不知道他游過了那條河。

      I don’t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游過那條河的。

      He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.他已經(jīng)通知我他們將在什么時(shí)候談?wù)撐业慕ㄗh。

      有時(shí)可加“說”字,再接下去翻譯譯英語(yǔ)原文賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容。

      Smith replied that he was sorry.斯密斯回答說,他感到遺憾。

      He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家說,決定這件事的不只是他一個(gè)人,還有其他許多人。

      (2)用it 作形式賓語(yǔ)的句子,在翻譯的時(shí)候,that所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般可按英語(yǔ)原文順序翻譯;it有時(shí)候可以不用翻譯。

      I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他們講清楚了的,他們必須在上午十時(shí)前交卷。(it沒有翻譯)

      I heard it said that he had gone abroad.聽說他已經(jīng)出國(guó)了。(it沒有翻譯)

      但有時(shí)候,也可以在譯文中將that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句提前到句子最前面翻譯。

      I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被選參加會(huì)議,感到光榮。(it沒有翻譯)

      We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打開國(guó)門,實(shí)行開放,我們認(rèn)為這是絕對(duì)必要的。(it翻譯為“這”)

      4、同位語(yǔ)從句

      同位語(yǔ)從句主要是用來對(duì)名詞作進(jìn)一步的解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。能接同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有:belief(相信),fact(事實(shí)),hope(希望),idea(想法,觀點(diǎn)),doubt(懷疑),news(新聞,消息),rumor(傳聞),conclusion(結(jié)論),evidence(證據(jù)),suggestion(建議),problem(問題),order(命令),answer(回答),decision(決定),discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn)),explanation(解釋),information(消息),knowledge(知識(shí)),law(法律),opinion(意見,觀點(diǎn)),truth(真理,事實(shí)),promise(承諾),report(報(bào)告),thought(思想),statement(聲明),rule(規(guī)定),possibility(可能)等。

      (1)一般來說,同位語(yǔ)從句可以直接翻譯在主句后面。

      He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中國(guó)來訪問。

      There is a possibility that he is a spy.有可能他是一個(gè)間諜。

      (2)有時(shí)候在翻譯同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可以將其放在所修飾的名詞前面,相當(dāng)于前置的修飾語(yǔ),但不一定使用定語(yǔ)的標(biāo)志詞“的”。這種情況下,同位語(yǔ)從句都是比較簡(jiǎn)單。

      We know the fact that bodies possess weight.我們都知道物體具有重量這一事實(shí)。

      The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.關(guān)于他被捕的傳聞是沒有根據(jù)的。

      (3)增加“即”(或者“以為”)這樣的詞來連接,或用冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)直接分開主句和同位語(yǔ)從句。

      But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational.但這卻絲毫改變不了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),即從實(shí)用的觀點(diǎn)來看,他們今天仍是不合理的。

      We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.我們已經(jīng)得出這樣的結(jié)論:實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

      Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.不久前,科學(xué)家們獲得一個(gè)令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)——可以把這種廢物變成塑料。

      二、形容詞性從句(定語(yǔ)從句)的翻譯方法

      1.前置法:把定語(yǔ)從句翻譯到所修飾的先行詞前面,可以用“的”來連接。

      He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet。

      沒有吃過苦的人不知道什么是甜。

      Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore。

      太空和海洋是科學(xué)家們努力探索的新領(lǐng)域。

      His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence。

      他那富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉寂。

      2.后置法:把定語(yǔ)從句翻譯在所修飾的先行詞后面,翻譯為并列分句。

      (1)重復(fù)先行詞。

      I told the story to John, who told it to his brother。

      他把這件事告訴了約翰,約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。

      We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged。

      在我們對(duì)特別委員會(huì)表示滿意,特別委員會(huì)的工作應(yīng)該受到鼓勵(lì)。

      You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect。

      你們的先輩在天文學(xué)研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你們現(xiàn)在則在這一方面獲得了更大的成就。

      Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。

      他雖然經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,但很有進(jìn)取心和創(chuàng)造力,而這正是在這一領(lǐng)域獲得成功的關(guān)鍵。

      (2)省略先行詞。

      ceived the letter that announced the death of your uncle。

      是他接到那封信,說你的叔叔去世了。

      They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased。

      他們制定出一種新方案,采用之后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到提高。

      3.融合法:把定語(yǔ)從句和它所修飾的先行詞結(jié)合在一起翻譯。

      There is a man downstairs who wants to see you。

      樓下有人要見你。

      In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention。

      在我們工廠里,許多人對(duì)這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明很感興趣。

      We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity。

      我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個(gè)部件都有一些國(guó)籍標(biāo)志

      She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere。

      她在銀行里的存款足以使她到處受到歡迎

      4.狀譯法

      (1)譯成表示“時(shí)間”的分句

      A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。

      司機(jī)在開車時(shí),不許和人談話,也不能走神。

      (2)譯成表示“原因”的分句

      He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable。

      他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太講話,因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在異常無禮,令人厭煩。

      (3)譯成表示“條件”的分句

      Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。

      人們極其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。

      (4)譯成表示“讓步”的分句

      He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for

      盡管他并沒有這樣的需要,他堅(jiān)持要再買一幢房子。

      (5)譯成表示“目的”的分句

      He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter。

      為了引起公眾對(duì)這一事件的注意,他想寫一篇文章。

      He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument。

      為了證明他的論點(diǎn),他正在收集確鑿的材料以。

      (6)譯成表示“結(jié)果”的分句

      They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country。

      他們企圖鎮(zhèn)壓反抗,結(jié)果反抗愈來愈烈,遍及全國(guó)。

      (7譯成表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”的分句

      She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。

      她對(duì)孩子們很有耐心,而她丈夫卻很少這樣。

      三、副詞性從句(狀語(yǔ)從句)的譯法

      英語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)從句體現(xiàn)了從句和主句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,它具體可以分為9種:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、讓步、原因、結(jié)果、目的、比較和方式狀語(yǔ)。其中,狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法,總的來說遵循三點(diǎn)主要原則:

      ①連詞能省則省,只要能把意思說清楚,盡量不使用連詞。

      ②如果條件或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句在整句中語(yǔ)氣較弱,可以把主句譯在前面,從句譯在后面。

      ③狀語(yǔ)從句的位置可以靈活變動(dòng),以便使譯文更流暢。

      ④種類的判斷主要依賴于連詞語(yǔ)義的判斷。

      下面,我們就通過幾個(gè)例子分析一下狀語(yǔ)從句在考試中出現(xiàn)的形式。

      1.While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development。

      本句中包含一個(gè)While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,formal learning是主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)是is transmitted,過去分詞selected作teachers的后置定語(yǔ),是不定式to perform this role作selected的目的狀語(yǔ);主句中,informal learning是主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)是is acquired,介詞短語(yǔ)as a natural part of a child's development作acquired的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。

      參考譯文:盡管正式的學(xué)習(xí)過程是由挑選出來?yè)?dān)當(dāng)此角色的教師來進(jìn)行的,非正式的學(xué)習(xí)過程卻是作為孩子成長(zhǎng)的自然一部分而完成的。

      2.While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is。

      該句可拆分為三大部分;(White it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict,)(it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable,)(although competition is.),第一部分是While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,第二部分是主句,第三部分是although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;第一部分的主語(yǔ)是山指代后面的that從句,實(shí)際上,While it is true that已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu),參見知識(shí)鏈接,that從句的主語(yǔ)是this competition,謂語(yǔ)是may induce,賓語(yǔ)是efforts,不定式to expand territory作efforts的后置定語(yǔ),at the expense of others作expand的狀語(yǔ);and之后的lead to是謂語(yǔ),與前面的induce并列,conflict是賓語(yǔ);主句中的主語(yǔ)是it,指代后面的that從句,該從句的主語(yǔ)是conflict,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is,表語(yǔ)是inevitable,復(fù)合形容詞war-like作conflict的定語(yǔ),among other nations作conflict的后置定語(yǔ);第三部分although從句的主語(yǔ)是competition,謂語(yǔ)是is,表語(yǔ)是inevitable,承前省略了。該句的第二部分,即主句運(yùn)用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),在翻譯時(shí)要譯為漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),這是常用的一條原則,因?yàn)橛⑽亩啾粍?dòng),漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng)。

      參考譯文:雖然這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)引發(fā)以他人利益為代價(jià)的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張行動(dòng),因此也會(huì)引發(fā)沖突,但卻不能認(rèn)為類似于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的國(guó)家間的沖突不可避免,盡管競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的。

      3.While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case。

      該句可拆分為兩部分:(While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed,)(this need not always be the case.),第一部分是While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,it是形式主語(yǔ),指代后面的that從句,While it is true that已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu),參見知識(shí)鏈接,that從句主語(yǔ)是the Internet,謂語(yǔ)是seems,不定式to be。作表語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)over the less developed作favoring的狀語(yǔ);主句比較簡(jiǎn)單,主語(yǔ)是this,指代從句內(nèi)容,謂語(yǔ)是need not always be,表語(yǔ)是the case。

      參考譯文: 盡管迄今為止互聯(lián)網(wǎng)似乎更加青睞國(guó)際社會(huì)中的發(fā)達(dá)領(lǐng)域,而非不太發(fā)達(dá)的領(lǐng)域,情形并不總是如此。

      4.There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,however lucky and robust we are。

      該句分為兩部分:(There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive,)(however lucky and robust we are。),第一部分是主句,第二部分是however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;主句中on...alive是介詞短語(yǔ),作limit的后置定語(yǔ),how引導(dǎo)的從句是介詞on的賓語(yǔ),該從句的主語(yǔ)是we,謂語(yǔ)是can hope to remain,表語(yǔ)是alive;讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是we,謂語(yǔ)是are,表語(yǔ)是lucky and robust。這句話翻譯時(shí)也要將從句提前,然后再譯主句。

      參考譯文:不管我們多么幸運(yùn),多么健壯,我們所希望的長(zhǎng)壽年齡實(shí)際上是有限度的。

      5.While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon。

      該句可拆分為兩部分:(While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western civilization,)(its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon.),第一部分是以While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,第二部分是主句;從句中,主語(yǔ)是the roots,謂語(yǔ)是lie in,of social psychology是roots的后置定語(yǔ),the intellectual...western civilization是介詞in的賓語(yǔ),of the whole western civilization是soil 的后置定語(yǔ);主句的主語(yǔ)是its present flowering,其中的its指代前面的roots,謂語(yǔ)是is recognized,不定式to be...an American phenomenon作主語(yǔ)flowering的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

      2001年英譯漢試題: 75.And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.詞的處理:

      home appliance 家用電器;result in 導(dǎo)致;psychological disorder 心理混亂;kitchen rage 廚房狂躁癥

      完整譯文:家用電器將會(huì)變得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它們會(huì)引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病—廚房狂躁癥。

      2004年英譯漢試題: 63.The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.完整譯文:這些新近被描述的語(yǔ)言與已經(jīng)得到充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區(qū)的語(yǔ)言往往差別顯著,以至于有些學(xué)者甚至指責(zé)Boas和Sapir編造材料。

      1998年英譯漢試題: 75.Odd though it sounds, cosmic infaltion is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.詞的處理:

      cosmic infaltion 宇宙膨脹說;scientifically plausible consequence 科學(xué)上可信的推論;elementary particle physics 基本粒子物理學(xué)

      完整譯文:宇宙膨脹理論雖然聽似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來一直以為這一論述是正確的。

      四、翻譯中的“否定”處理

      否定是英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都具有的一種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象,但兩者在表達(dá)否定意義的方式和手段上有很大的差異。英語(yǔ)中的否定形式很多,常見的有:(1)全部否定;(2)部分否定;(3)雙重否定;(4)形式上肯定,實(shí)際上否定;(5)形式上否定,實(shí)際上肯定;(6)否定轉(zhuǎn)移;(7)排除否定;(8)固定句型結(jié)構(gòu);等等。英譯漢時(shí),對(duì)于英語(yǔ)中的否定結(jié)構(gòu),要從否定詞本身的意義、否定詞的否定范圍、具體的語(yǔ)境等方面予以綜合考慮,否則可能造成誤解和句意翻譯的錯(cuò)誤。此外,對(duì)于某些否定結(jié)構(gòu),還可以使用正義反譯或反義正譯的方法予以處理。

      【例1】 Nor, as things are, could the actual study of science easily be separated from technology, on which it has come to depend rather intimately for materials and apparatus.(全部否定)

      【譯文】就目前的情況來看,很難把實(shí)際的科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)分開,因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)已經(jīng)非常依賴技術(shù)來獲得材料和儀器。

      【分析】本句是全部否定。Nor, neither, never等詞由于句首要倒裝,且表示對(duì)全句的全部否定,翻譯時(shí)將否定移回原位。本句中主句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),譯成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);定語(yǔ)從句很長(zhǎng),而且與原句具有某種因果關(guān)系,所以單獨(dú)翻譯;depend on的on被提前。

      【例2】 Not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates.(部分否定)

      【譯文】并不是所有進(jìn)入葉子的二氧化碳都化合為碳水化合物。

      【分析】本句是部分否定句。英語(yǔ)中,有些句型,比如:all...not, not all, every...not, not every, both...not等,都是表示部分否定,可以翻譯成“并不都......”。但是,需要注意no, none, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的是全部否定。例如:No two people think alike.(沒有兩個(gè)人的想法是一樣的。)

      【例3】 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.(雙重否定)

      【譯文】它的意義和重要性,不管無論如何強(qiáng)調(diào),都不算過分。

      【分析】本句是雙重否定句。英語(yǔ)中,兩個(gè)表示否定意義的詞用在同一句話中,實(shí)際上整句話表肯定。此外,還有一些固定的句型,比如cannot / hardly / scarcely...enough / too / over+動(dòng)詞(無論怎么......也不過分......),only too...to(非常),cannot but(不會(huì)不,一定會(huì))等表示肯定。比如:We are only too willing to do it for you.(我們非常愿意為你做這件事。)

      【例4】Time is what we want most, but what many use worst.(形肯實(shí)否)

      【譯文】我們最缺少時(shí)間,但偏偏許多人最不善于利用時(shí)間。

      【例5】 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.(形否實(shí)肯)

      【譯文】他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。

      【例6】 Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time.(否定轉(zhuǎn)移)

      【譯文】不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊張就敷衍塞責(zé)。

      【分析】否定轉(zhuǎn)移是指形式上看起來是否定某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)或主句,但實(shí)際上是否定另外的詞語(yǔ)或從句。最常見的是“主語(yǔ) + don't think + 從句(否定從句)”,“not...because / because of...(否定because / because of)”等。對(duì)于否定轉(zhuǎn)移,翻譯時(shí)要把否定轉(zhuǎn)回原位。本句中,not否定的是because從句,所以翻譯時(shí)要把not還原到because從句上。

      【例7】 As they expected to be away from the steamer only a few hours, they took enough food for one meal only and no extra clothing beyond what they stood up in.(排除否定)

      【譯文】因?yàn)樗麄児烙?jì)離開輪船只有幾個(gè)小時(shí),所以只帶了一頓飯的食物和身上穿的衣服/所以只帶了一頓飯的食物,除了身上穿的之外,沒有多帶衣服。

      【分析】本句是排除否定。所謂排除否定,就是指該句中有一部分是否定,有一部分是肯定。通常地,會(huì)用一些介詞或連詞等來排除掉其所引導(dǎo)或連接的部分。常見的引導(dǎo)詞有:beyond(除了)、other than(除了)、except(除了)、nothing more than(僅僅)等。該句中是用beyond引導(dǎo)的排除否定,排除掉其后的what they stood up in;由于本句前面有no,也可以看成是no和beyond的雙重否定表肯定。

      第二篇:考研英語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      考研英語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法

      主語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句 賓語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句

      限制性定語(yǔ)從句 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 條件狀語(yǔ)從句

      原因狀語(yǔ)從句 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 目的狀語(yǔ)從句

      ? 主語(yǔ)從句

      一、關(guān)聯(lián)詞或從屬連詞位于句首的從句+主句謂語(yǔ)+其他成分

      它們一般是譯在句首,作為主從復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ)。這樣的詞有關(guān)聯(lián)詞what, which, how, why, where, who, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever及從屬連詞that, whether, if.如:

      What we now will describe is how the magnetic nature of iron oxide can uniquely be exploited as a separation process utilizing a magnetic filtration system.參考譯文:現(xiàn)在我們所要介紹的是如何奇特地利用氧化鐵的磁性而提出一種使用磁力過濾系統(tǒng)的分離法。

      分析:其中關(guān)聯(lián)詞可譯為:?所。

      二、it+謂語(yǔ)+that(whether)引導(dǎo)的從句

      如果先譯主句,可以順譯為無人稱句。有時(shí)也可先譯從句,再譯主句。如果先譯從句,便可以在主句前加譯“這”。如:

      It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to levels anywhere near the standards.參考譯文:可以看出,這四種煤的總含硫量?jī)H靠預(yù)先洗選將不能降低到完全接近標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的水平。

      It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.分析:有時(shí)為了使譯文成分完整,可以補(bǔ)充上泛指的主語(yǔ)(如人們?、大家?)。

      參考譯文:物體在水中比在空氣中輕,這是一種大家共有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

      類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:it is(universally)known that?大家都知道?it is believed that?人們都相信?

      ? 表語(yǔ)從句

      一、表語(yǔ)從句是位于主句的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后面、充當(dāng)主句主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)的從句

      它也是由that, what, why, how, when, where, whether等連詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的。一般來講,可以先譯主句,后譯從句。如:

      The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.參考譯文:蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。

      The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less friction.參考譯文:滾動(dòng)軸承的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它產(chǎn)生的摩擦力較小。

      二、幾種常見句型

      1.在that(this)is why?句型中,如果選擇先譯主句,后譯從句,可以譯成這就是為什么?,這就是為什么?的原因,這就是?的緣故等。如果選擇先譯從句,再譯主句,一般可以譯為?原因就在這里,?理由就在這里等。如:

      That is why heat can melt ice, vaporize water and cause bodies to expand.參考譯文:這就是為什么熱能使冰融化,使水蒸發(fā),使物體膨脹的原因。

      That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.分析:原句表語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng),所以此處采用了緊縮原則。

      參考譯文:所謂實(shí)踐是真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所謂實(shí)踐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識(shí)論的首先的和基本的觀點(diǎn),理由就在這個(gè)地方。

      2.在this(it)is because?句型中,一般先譯主句,再譯從句,譯成是因?yàn)?,這是因?yàn)?的緣故,這是由于?的緣故。如:

      This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.參考譯文:這是由于直流電在導(dǎo)線中總沿著一個(gè)方向流動(dòng)的緣故。

      It is because a conductor carrying is surrounded by a magnetic field.參考譯文:這就是因?yàn)檩d流導(dǎo)體周圍有一磁場(chǎng)。

      在this is what?句型中,如果先譯主句,后譯從句,通常譯為這就是?的內(nèi)容,這就是?的含意等。如果先譯從句,后譯主句,通常譯為?就是這個(gè)道理,?就是這個(gè)意思等。如:

      This is what we have discussed in this article.分析:如表語(yǔ)不長(zhǎng),則可譯成這就是?的內(nèi)容等。

      參考譯文:這就是我們?cè)诒疚闹兴懻摰膬?nèi)容。

      ? 賓語(yǔ)從句

      賓語(yǔ)從句可以分為兩種:一種是動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;另一種是介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。

      一、動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

      翻譯時(shí),順序一般不變。如:

      Manure supplies what is deficient in the soil.參考譯文:肥料供給土壤所缺乏的養(yǎng)分。

      二、介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

      介詞賓語(yǔ)從句前面的介詞可能和動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞有關(guān)。翻譯時(shí),順序一般不變。如:

      Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.分析:in之后如果跟有賓語(yǔ)從句,常??勺g成原因狀語(yǔ)從句,用因?yàn)?,在于?,是因?yàn)?等詞譯出。

      參考譯文:人與獸的區(qū)別,就在于人有思維而且會(huì)說話。

      The lift component is not vertical except when the relative wind is horizontal.分析:英語(yǔ)中的介詞except, but, besides等之后如果跟有賓語(yǔ)從句,常常可譯為并列句的分句,用除?之外,除了?,此外?,只是?,但?等詞譯出。

      參考譯文:除了相對(duì)風(fēng)是水平的情況之外,升力不是垂直的。

      三、直接引語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)

      從句翻譯時(shí)引號(hào)保留,把逗號(hào)一律改為冒號(hào)。如:

      The student asked the teacher,“how many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal conditions?”

      參考譯文:這個(gè)學(xué)生問老師:“一立方英尺空氣有多重?”

      The law of conservation and transformation of energy states that energy is indestructible and the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.分析:以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句為普遍真理及一般規(guī)律時(shí),或是某一規(guī)律及定義所闡述的內(nèi)容時(shí),有時(shí)也可以在句首加冒號(hào)譯出。

      參考譯文:能量守恒和轉(zhuǎn)換定律說明:能量是不滅的,宇宙間能量的總和是不變的。

      ? 同位語(yǔ)從句

      英語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)從句是用以解釋說明前面某一名詞的內(nèi)容的,也就是將這一名詞的含義具體化,其地位和此名詞是同等的。從句常用that或whether來引導(dǎo)。同位語(yǔ)從句常用來說明fact, theory, sense, question, conclusion, news, experience, evidence, proof, condition, law, conjecture, doubt等詞的具體含義。

      翻譯此類從句時(shí),一般有兩種處理方法:一種把從句譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子,并在其前加即?,這?等詞,或在從句所修飾的名詞之后加冒號(hào)或破折號(hào);二是用的字把從句放在它所修飾的詞之前。如:

      Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.(2000年)

      結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Furthermore, it is obvious that?, and that?.這是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that clause.It是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是由連詞and連接的兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)從句:A.that the strength is?bound with?, B.and that this?rests upon the efforts?.第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句中的詞組be bound up with是與?有關(guān)聯(lián)之意;在第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句中,代詞this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,譯為效率的提高。

      參考譯文:再者,顯而易見的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān),而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。熟能生巧

      There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(1999年)

      結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是There is no agreement whether?or?.主句是There is no agreement,agreement后面緊跟了由whether引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句作同位語(yǔ);在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)refers to跟了兩個(gè)由連詞or連接的并列賓語(yǔ):A.the concepts peculiar to historical work in general;B.the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.在第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)中,形容詞詞組peculiar to historical work和介詞詞組in general作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the concepts;在第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)中同樣有形容詞詞組appropriate to?of historical inquiry作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the research techniques.參考譯文:所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段,人們對(duì)此意見不一。

      ? 定語(yǔ)從句

      定語(yǔ)從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。因此英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的譯法主要涉及限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的譯法。

      限制性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞的所指意義有著不可分割的聯(lián)系,缺少了它,作為先行詞的名詞(詞組)便不能明確表示其所指對(duì)象,根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣及對(duì)原文的忠實(shí)度,翻譯這類定語(yǔ)從句可以采用以下幾種方法:

      一、合譯法

      合譯法指把定語(yǔ)從句譯成帶的的定語(yǔ)詞組,放在被修飾詞的前面,從而將復(fù)合句譯成漢語(yǔ)單句。合譯法一般適用于結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單或具有描寫性的限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

      Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity(速度)of light did not vary.分析:定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是簡(jiǎn)單的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ)詞組。

      參考譯文:然而在任何物理學(xué)家所進(jìn)行過的精細(xì)巧妙的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這種影響:光速?zèng)]有變化。

      二、分譯法

      如果限制性定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。譯成前置的定語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)顯得太長(zhǎng)而不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣時(shí),從句一般與主句分譯,往往可以譯成后置的并列分句,也可以依據(jù)上下文譯成前置的并列分句。

      As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.分析:在這句的定語(yǔ)從句中,有現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語(yǔ),及過去分詞做后置定語(yǔ),翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ)詞組會(huì)生澀拗口。因此將從句與主句分開翻譯,單獨(dú)成句。

      參考譯文:因?yàn)閳D像的較明亮的部分比黑暗的部分或者陰影部分發(fā)射的電子更多,所以產(chǎn)生的電子圖像隨正電荷的變化強(qiáng)度,使正在描述的熒幕上的光強(qiáng)度成倍增強(qiáng)。

      三、融合法

      當(dāng)定語(yǔ)部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時(shí),可將原來的語(yǔ)序打亂,用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語(yǔ)從句重新組織,譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。

      There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction.分析:在翻譯there be句型中的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常用此方法。

      參考譯文:有些人堅(jiān)信,每張課桌上放一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)終端設(shè)備的時(shí)代即將來臨,而另一些堅(jiān)持說傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法決不會(huì)讓位于計(jì)算機(jī)教學(xué)。

      四、斷開法

      當(dāng)前置或后置都要影響上下文連貫時(shí),可以將其放在主句中間,用破折號(hào)或括號(hào)等將其與主句斷開。例如:

      The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris(星際碎片)from which Earth formed were just arriving.參考譯文:最后的一批星際碎片(地球正是由這些碎片構(gòu)成的)正降落在地球上。

      ? 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

      非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系,對(duì)先行詞不起限定的作用。就其意義來說,在句中有時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。翻譯此類句子,一般可采用以下方法:

      一、譯成獨(dú)立句

      一般來說,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句較少譯成帶的的定語(yǔ)詞組。在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)可以將從句與主句分譯,獨(dú)立成句。

      Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa, he found himself watching a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted now in wide arcs, now in small ones.分析:定語(yǔ)從句被翻譯為后置的并列分句,用人稱代詞它代替先行詞吊架燈。

      參考譯文:一次在比薩大教堂做禮拜時(shí),他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正看著一個(gè)吊燈架,它隨著氣流時(shí)而劃一個(gè)大弧,時(shí)而劃一個(gè)小弧。

      二、斷開法

      我們同樣可以用括號(hào)或破折號(hào)將非限制性從句和主句斷開。

      All commercial communication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits(地球同步軌道)。

      參考譯文:所有商業(yè)性通訊衛(wèi)星(1965年開始發(fā)射)現(xiàn)在都設(shè)計(jì)用于地球同步軌道。

      三、翻譯成有狀語(yǔ)職能的句子

      非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在語(yǔ)義上有時(shí)起狀語(yǔ)分句的作用,表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等意義。因此可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)分句。

      Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.分析:在語(yǔ)義上,定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系,因此我們將定語(yǔ)從句譯成原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

      參考譯文:火箭在太空中運(yùn)行最佳,因?yàn)樵谀莾翰淮嬖谧璧K他們運(yùn)動(dòng)的大氣。

      ? 狀語(yǔ)從句

      一、譯成相應(yīng)的表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)

      When they analyzed these rocks, they found shocked quartz grains—slivers with a particular arrangement of micro cracks believed to represent the relic left by an extraterrestrial impact.分析:when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間直接翻譯為在?的時(shí)候。

      參考譯文:在分析這些巖芯時(shí),他們發(fā)現(xiàn)沖擊石英顆?!獛в刑厥馀帕械奈⒘芽p的薄片,科學(xué)家認(rèn)為他們是外層空間來的物體與地球碰撞留下來的遺跡。

      As land developed, rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other substances from rocks and carried them to the oceans, making the ocean salty.分析:as在句中引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

      參考譯文:在陸地形成時(shí),雨水和河水溶解了巖石中的鹽和其他物質(zhì)并把它們帶入海洋,使海水變咸。

      二、根據(jù)語(yǔ)境確立譯法

      The story dated back to one night in march, 1993, when Mr.and Mrs.Shoemakers went to an observatory near San Diego, California to observe heavenly bodies till dawn.分析:根據(jù)上下文,when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句并未翻譯成?的時(shí)候,而是譯成獨(dú)立的句子。

      參考譯文:故事發(fā)生在1993年3月的一個(gè)夜晚。蘇梅克夫婦到加利福尼亞圣迭戈附近的一座天文臺(tái)去觀測(cè)天體,直到黎明。

      Something further must be done to the amplified signals before they can be sent to the transmitting antenna.分析:before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句譯為?才?使句意更為連貫。

      參考譯文:對(duì)于放大了的信號(hào),必須作進(jìn)一步的處理后,才能把它們饋送到發(fā)射天線上去。

      條件狀語(yǔ)從句可相應(yīng)譯成表示條件或表示假設(shè)的分句,例如翻譯成:如果、要是等引導(dǎo)的分句。

      Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.分析:if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句插在主句的中間,翻譯時(shí)也做了同樣的處理。

      參考譯文:今年秋天,如果一切順利的話,一只革命性新潛艇將輕輕在蒙特利海灣下水,進(jìn)行它的第一次航行。

      The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.分析:本句中的條件狀語(yǔ)由provided引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的詞組還有providing, as long as等。

      參考譯文:如果外力不超過某一限度的話,那么形變量與外力成正比。原因狀語(yǔ)從句要譯成表示原因的分句。

      You jump on the bandwagon when you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win.分析:譯文中將原句的語(yǔ)序作了前后調(diào)整,原因狀語(yǔ)前置,而主句被翻譯成表示結(jié)果的分句。

      參考譯文:如果民意調(diào)查顯示某個(gè)侯選人很可能會(huì)取勝,因此你決定支持他,你就跳上了宣傳車。

      He says computer manufacturers used to be more worried about electromagnetic interference, so they often put blocks of material inside to absorb stray signals.參考譯文:他說過去的計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)商往往更擔(dān)心電磁干擾,所以他們常常內(nèi)置一層材料來吸收雜散信號(hào)。

      ? 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

      一、譯成表示讓步的分句,如雖然?但是?,盡管?等。

      Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth,anything humans can do, Nature has already done better and in far, far less space.分析:although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句譯成雖然?但?。

      參考譯文:雖然人類是地球上最聰明的生物,人能創(chuàng)造一切,但大自然更富于創(chuàng)造性,早已創(chuàng)造出比人類創(chuàng)造的更好更小巧的東西。

      二、譯成條件句

      由no matter引導(dǎo)的從句可以譯為以不論,不管,無論等做關(guān)聯(lián)詞的條件分句。例如:

      No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.參考譯文:不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只蒼蠅,差不多每次它都飛走。

      ? 目的狀語(yǔ)從句

      一、將表示目的的從句前置

      For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.分析:原句中由so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句在譯文中放到了主句之前。

      參考譯文:例如,為了能讓學(xué)生研究這一過程,電影可以放慢演示晶體的形成過程。

      二、表示目的的從句后置

      The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, remounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.分析:句中有兩個(gè)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,在翻譯時(shí),并未直接翻譯成為了?,而是譯為這樣?,更能讓人接受。

      參考譯文:鞍座可以是固定的,這樣鋼纜可以在它上面滑動(dòng),也可以安裝在滾柱上,這樣鞍座就會(huì)隨鋼纜的移動(dòng)而移動(dòng)。

      While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年)

      結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是While there are almost as many?as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as?.while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,翻譯時(shí)可譯為盡管?但是?.as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中包含一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾one.one指代definition.definition意為定義,界定;modern practice在此意為現(xiàn)代史學(xué)實(shí)踐;conform to原意為遵照,順從,在此譯為趨向于認(rèn)為。

      參考譯文:幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定,但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。

      第三篇:考研英語(yǔ)從句翻譯加語(yǔ)法

      從句翻譯

      狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      一、將表示目的的從句前置

      For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.分析:原句中由so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句在譯文中放到了主句之前。

      參考譯文:例如,為了能讓學(xué)生研究這一過程,電影可以放慢演示晶體的形成過程。

      二、表示目的的從句后置

      The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, rmounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.分析:句中有兩個(gè)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,在翻譯時(shí),并未直接翻譯成為了?,而是譯為這樣?,更能讓人接受。

      參考譯文:鞍座可以是固定的,這樣鋼纜可以在它上面滑動(dòng),也可以安裝在滾柱上,這樣鞍座就會(huì)隨鋼纜的移動(dòng)而移動(dòng)。

      While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年)

      結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是While there are almost as many?as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as?.while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,翻譯時(shí)可譯為盡管?但是?.as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中包含一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾one.one指代definition.definition意為定義,界定;modern practice在此意為現(xiàn)代史學(xué)實(shí)踐;conform to原意為遵照,順從,在此譯為趨向于認(rèn)為。

      參考譯文:幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定,但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。

      讓步狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      一、譯成表示讓步的分句,如雖然?但是?,盡管?等。

      Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth,anything humans can do, Nature has already done better and in far, far less space.分析:although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句譯成雖然?但?。

      參考譯文:雖然人類是地球上最聰明的生物,人能創(chuàng)造一切,但大自然更富于創(chuàng)造性,早已創(chuàng)造出比人類創(chuàng)造的更好更小巧的東西。

      二、譯成條件句

      由no matter引導(dǎo)的從句可以譯為以不論,不管,無論等做關(guān)聯(lián)詞的條件分句。例如:

      No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.參考譯文:不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只蒼蠅,差不多每次它都飛走。

      非限制性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系,對(duì)先行詞不起限定的作用。就其意義來說,在句中有時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。翻譯此類句子,一般可采用以下方法:

      一、譯成獨(dú)立句

      一般來說,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句較少譯成帶的的定語(yǔ)詞組。在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)可以將從句與主句分譯,獨(dú)立成句。

      Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa, he found himself watching a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted now in wide arcs, now in small ones.分析:定語(yǔ)從句被翻譯為后置的并列分句,用人稱代詞它代替先行詞吊架燈。

      參考譯文:一次在比薩大教堂做禮拜時(shí),他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正看著一個(gè)吊燈架,它隨著氣流時(shí)而劃一個(gè)大弧,時(shí)而劃一個(gè)小弧。

      二、斷開法

      我們同樣可以用括號(hào)或破折號(hào)將非限制性從句和主句斷開。

      從句翻譯

      All commercial communication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits(地球同步軌道)。

      參考譯文:所有商業(yè)性通訊衛(wèi)星(1965年開始發(fā)射)現(xiàn)在都設(shè)計(jì)用于地球同步軌道。

      三、翻譯成有狀語(yǔ)職能的句子

      非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在語(yǔ)義上有時(shí)起狀語(yǔ)分句的作用,表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等意義。因此可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)分句。

      Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.分析:在語(yǔ)義上,定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系,因此我們將定語(yǔ)從句譯成原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

      參考譯文:火箭在太空中運(yùn)行最佳,因?yàn)樵谀莾翰淮嬖谧璧K他們運(yùn)動(dòng)的大氣。

      條件狀語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      條件狀語(yǔ)從句可相應(yīng)譯成表示條件或表示假設(shè)的分句,例如翻譯成:如果、要是等引導(dǎo)的分句。

      Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.分析:if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句插在主句的中間,翻譯時(shí)也做了同樣的處理。

      參考譯文:今年秋天,如果一切順利的話,一只革命性新潛艇將輕輕在蒙特利海灣下水,進(jìn)行它的第一次航行。

      The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.分析:本句中的條件狀語(yǔ)由provided引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的詞組還有providing, as long as等。

      參考譯文:如果外力不超過某一限度的話,那么形變量與外力成正比。

      限制性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      定語(yǔ)從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。因此英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的譯法主要涉及限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的譯法。

      限制性定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞的所指意義有著不可分割的聯(lián)系,缺少了它,作為先行詞的名詞(詞組)便不能明確表示其所指對(duì)象,根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣及對(duì)原文的忠實(shí)度,翻譯這類定語(yǔ)從句可以采用以下幾種方法:

      一、合譯法

      合譯法指把定語(yǔ)從句譯成帶的的定語(yǔ)詞組,放在被修飾詞的前面,從而將復(fù)合句譯成漢語(yǔ)單句。合譯法一般適用于結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單或具有描寫性的限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

      Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity(速度)of light did not vary.分析:定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是簡(jiǎn)單的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ)詞組。

      參考譯文:然而在任何物理學(xué)家所進(jìn)行過的精細(xì)巧妙的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這種影響:光速?zèng)]有變化。

      二、分譯法

      如果限制性定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。譯成前置的定語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)顯得太長(zhǎng)而不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣時(shí),從句一般與主句分譯,往往可以譯成后置的并列分句,也可以依據(jù)上下文譯成前置的并列分句。

      As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.分析:在這句的定語(yǔ)從句中,有現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語(yǔ),及過去分詞做后置定語(yǔ),翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ)詞組會(huì)生澀拗口。因此將從句與主句分開翻譯,單獨(dú)成句。

      參考譯文:因?yàn)閳D像的較明亮的部分比黑暗的部分或者陰影部分發(fā)射的電子更多,所以產(chǎn)生的電子圖像隨正電荷的變化強(qiáng)度,使正在描述的熒幕上的光強(qiáng)度成倍增強(qiáng)。

      從句翻譯

      三、融合法

      當(dāng)定語(yǔ)部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時(shí),可將原來的語(yǔ)序打亂,用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語(yǔ)從句重新組織,譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。

      There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction.分析:在翻譯there be句型中的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常用此方法。

      參考譯文:有些人堅(jiān)信,每張課桌上放一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)終端設(shè)備的時(shí)代即將來臨,而另一些堅(jiān)持說傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法決不會(huì)讓位于計(jì)算機(jī)教學(xué)。

      四、斷開法

      當(dāng)前置或后置都要影響上下文連貫時(shí),可以將其放在主句中間,用破折號(hào)或括號(hào)等將其與主句斷開。例如:

      The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris(星際碎片)from which Earth formed were just arriving.參考譯文:最后的一批星際碎片(地球正是由這些碎片構(gòu)成的)正降落在地球上。

      同位語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      英語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)從句是用以解釋說明前面某一名詞的內(nèi)容的,也就是將這一名詞的含義具體化,其地位和此名詞是同等的。從句常用that或whether來引導(dǎo)。同位語(yǔ)從句常用來說明fact, theory, sense, question, conclusion, news, experience, evidence, proof, condition, law, conjecture, doubt等詞的具體含義。

      翻譯此類從句時(shí),一般有兩種處理方法:一種把從句譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子,并在其前加即?,這?等詞,或在從句所修飾的名詞之后加冒號(hào)或破折號(hào);二是用的字把從句放在它所修飾的詞之前。如:

      Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.(2000年)

      結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Furthermore, it is obvious that?, and that?.這是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that clause.It是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是由連詞and連接的兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)從句:A.that the strength is?bound with?, B.and that this?rests upon the efforts?.第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句中的詞組be bound up with是與?有關(guān)聯(lián)之意;在第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句中,代詞this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,譯為效率的提高。

      參考譯文:再者,顯而易見的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān),而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。熟能生巧

      There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(1999年)

      結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是There is no agreement whether?or?.主句是There is no agreement,agreement后面緊跟了由whether引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句作同位語(yǔ);在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)refers to跟了兩個(gè)由連詞or連接的并列賓語(yǔ):A.the concepts peculiar to historical work in general;B.the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.在第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)中,形容詞詞組peculiar to historical work和介詞詞組in general作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the concepts;在第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)中同樣有形容詞詞組appropriate to?of historical inquiry作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the research techniques.參考譯文:所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段,人們對(duì)此意見不一。

      表語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      一、表語(yǔ)從句是位于主句的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后面、充當(dāng)主句主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)的從句

      它也是由that, what, why, how, when, where, whether等連詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的。一般來講,可

      從句翻譯

      以先譯主句,后譯從句。如:

      The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.參考譯文:蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。

      The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less friction.參考譯文:滾動(dòng)軸承的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它產(chǎn)生的摩擦力較小。

      二、幾種常見句型

      1.在that(this)is why?句型中,如果選擇先譯主句,后譯從句,可以譯成這就是為什么?,這就是為什么?的原因,這就是?的緣故等。如果選擇先譯從句,再譯主句,一般可以譯為?原因就在這里,?理由就在這里等。如:

      That is why heat can melt ice, vaporize water and cause bodies to expand.參考譯文:這就是為什么熱能使冰融化,使水蒸發(fā),使物體膨脹的原因。

      That is why practice is the criterion of truth and whythe standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.分析:原句表語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng),所以此處采用了緊縮原則。

      參考譯文:所謂實(shí)踐是真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所謂實(shí)踐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識(shí)論的首先的和基本的觀點(diǎn),理由就在這個(gè)地方。

      2.在this(it)is because?句型中,一般先譯主句,再譯從句,譯成是因?yàn)?,這是因?yàn)?的緣故,這是由于?的緣故。如:

      This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.參考譯文:這是由于直流電在導(dǎo)線中總沿著一個(gè)方向流動(dòng)的緣故。

      It is because a conductor carrying is surrounded by a magnetic field.參考譯文:這就是因?yàn)檩d流導(dǎo)體周圍有一磁場(chǎng)。

      在this is what?句型中,如果先譯主句,后譯從句,通常譯為這就是?的內(nèi)容,這就是?的含意等。如果先譯從句,后譯主句,通常譯為?就是這個(gè)道理,?就是這個(gè)意思等。如:

      This is what we have discussed in this article.分析:如表語(yǔ)不長(zhǎng),則可譯成這就是?的內(nèi)容等。

      參考譯文:這就是我們?cè)诒疚闹兴懻摰膬?nèi)容。

      賓語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法

      賓語(yǔ)從句可以分為兩種:一種是動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;另一種是介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。

      一、動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

      翻譯時(shí),順序一般不變。如:

      Manure supplies what is deficient in the soil.參考譯文:肥料供給土壤所缺乏的成分。

      二、介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

      介詞賓語(yǔ)從句前面的介詞可能和動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞有關(guān)。翻譯時(shí),順序一般不變。如:

      Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speaks.分析:in之后如果跟有賓語(yǔ)從句,常??勺g成原因狀語(yǔ)從句,用因?yàn)?,在于?,是因?yàn)?等詞譯出。

      參考譯文:人與獸的區(qū)別,就在于人有思維而且會(huì)說話。

      The lift component is not vertical except when the relative wind is horizontal.分析:英語(yǔ)中的介詞except, but, besides等之后如果跟有賓語(yǔ)從句,常??勺g為并列句的分句,用除?之外,除了?,此外?,只是?,但?等詞譯出。

      參考譯文:除了相對(duì)風(fēng)是水平的情況之外,升力不是垂直的。

      三、直接引語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)

      從句翻譯時(shí)引號(hào)保留,把逗號(hào)一律改為冒號(hào)。如:

      The student asked the teacher,how many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal conditions?

      參考譯文:這個(gè)學(xué)生問老師:一立方英尺空氣有多重?

      從句翻譯

      The law of conservation and transformation of energy states that energy is indestructible and the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.分析:以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句為普遍真理及一般規(guī)律時(shí),或是某一規(guī)律及定義所闡述的內(nèi)容時(shí),有時(shí)也可以在句首加冒號(hào)譯出。

      參考譯文:能量守恒和轉(zhuǎn)換定律說明:能量是不滅的,宇宙間能量的總量和是不變的。

      1。主語(yǔ):就是一個(gè)句子陳述的對(duì)象,或是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。它回答的是“誰(shuí)”“什么”的問題。如:我看書。誰(shuí)看書?“我”?!拔摇本褪沁@句子的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞充當(dāng)。(如動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞,代詞都可作主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)從句)

      2。謂語(yǔ):說明主語(yǔ)是什么,干什么,怎么樣。它回答的是主語(yǔ)“干什么,是什么”的問題。如上句中主語(yǔ)“我”干什么?“看書”?!翱磿本褪侵^語(yǔ)。

      一個(gè)句子,一般都可分成主、謂兩大部分(祈使句是省主句)。再細(xì)分又可分成謂語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞)、賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(包括賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),同位語(yǔ)等。

      如第一例中謂語(yǔ)部分可劃分成謂語(yǔ)(看)和賓語(yǔ)(書)。

      謂語(yǔ)部分中心詞一定要是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,要么是行為動(dòng)詞,要么是系動(dòng)詞,不同的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成不同的句子類型。

      句子的各種時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化都在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上變

      3。賓語(yǔ)。指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所涉及的對(duì)象,由名、代、數(shù),賓語(yǔ)從句等相當(dāng)于名詞的詞句充當(dāng),但人稱代詞要用賓格。如:還說上例。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是“看”,看什么?看“書”,“書”是動(dòng)詞“看”所涉及的對(duì)象,是“看”的賓語(yǔ)。

      需要說明的是:只有及物動(dòng)詞和介詞或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞的短語(yǔ)才可帶賓語(yǔ)。

      4。表語(yǔ)。是和系動(dòng)詞緊密相連的。在陳述句中系動(dòng)詞后面的就是表語(yǔ),這就是“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)。作表語(yǔ)的也是名詞性的詞,也可以是從句。

      5。定語(yǔ):修飾限定名字、代詞的詞,說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征等,如 a tall boy 中,tall修飾boy,tall是boy的定語(yǔ)??勺鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的有形容詞、名詞、副詞、定語(yǔ)從句、分詞等。不定代詞的定語(yǔ)一律后置。

      6。狀語(yǔ):修飾動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞甚至整句,說明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、伴隨狀況、目的等等。如:他在燈下看書?!霸跓粝隆笔菭钫Z(yǔ)。

      7。補(bǔ)語(yǔ):補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的成份,補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)的叫主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充賓語(yǔ)叫賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主語(yǔ):he;謂語(yǔ):made;賓語(yǔ):me;賓補(bǔ):laugh.補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和它補(bǔ)充說明的成份之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,這可以把它和其它成份區(qū)分開。如:上句賓語(yǔ)me和賓補(bǔ)laugh之間,laugh的動(dòng)作是me來做的。這就是一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。把這兩部分單拿出來可以成一句完整的話,即I laughed, 英語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 定語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句

      名詞從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句)

      定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯

      * 無論是限制性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)是處理為前置定語(yǔ)還是后置定語(yǔ),要視具體情況而定;有些定語(yǔ)從句和主句存在著狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系,翻譯時(shí)更要靈活對(duì)待。* It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes.* It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.* 大意是說:這就是情感主義者稱之為對(duì)于理想愛情的渴望,簡(jiǎn)單說來,就是女人必須在有了丈夫和孩子之后才能感到滿足。

      * who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句who deal in very big words 用來修飾sentimentalists(情感主義者)

      從句翻譯

      * whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句on whom they may center affections用來修飾husbands and children * which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes用來修飾affections * 一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼,稱之為對(duì)于理想愛情的渴望。換言之,他們認(rèn)為女人的情感平時(shí)只能零星發(fā)泄,必須有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起來有了歸宿,自己才能得到滿足。前置法:

      * 如果定語(yǔ)從句較短,限制能力較強(qiáng),一般我們將此類定語(yǔ)從句譯成帶“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組,放在被修飾的先行詞的前面。

      * Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.* We found a restaurant where the food was excellent.* There are other techniques that might help you with your English studying.* 那些為了人們的事業(yè)而犧牲自己的人是真正的歷史英雄。* 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一家菜肴非常好的餐館。* 還有另外一些能幫你學(xué)英語(yǔ)的方法。后置法:

      * 如果定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。譯成前置的定語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)顯得太長(zhǎng)而不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣時(shí),我們往往把定語(yǔ)從句與主句分譯,譯成后置的并列分句。

      * Christmas music is loved by all who hear and sing it everywhere.* I know a lot of students who want to be teachers in the future.* They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.* 圣誕樂曲為大家所喜愛,人們每年都在欣賞和演唱。* 我認(rèn)識(shí)很多學(xué)生,他們都想將來做老師。

      * 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力,這個(gè)理想是買個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛的,而且過去許多中國(guó)人為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。

      * He gave me a book which I kept to this day.* Stratford is the native place of Shakespeare that I have longed for.* He received a letter that announced the death of his father.* Our records show that a large group of young people, about 95% of them boys, are computer freaks who live for nothing but the machine * 他曾送我一本書,我保存至今。

      * 斯特拉特福德是莎士比亞的故鄉(xiāng),是我向往的地方。* 他收到一封信,說他父親去世了。

      * 我們的記錄表明,很多年輕人,其中95%是男孩,成了電腦迷。電腦成了生活的唯一。溶合法:

      * 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時(shí),可將原來的語(yǔ)序打亂,用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語(yǔ)從句重新組織,譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。* There is a man down stairs who wants to see you.* Thousands of red, beautiful roses that blossom almost at the same time make the park the great resort of people in spring.* 樓下有人要見你。

      * 春天,公園里成千上萬朵嬌艷的紅玫瑰幾乎同時(shí)盛開,讓人流連忘返。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

      * He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he didn’t like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.從句翻譯

      * It seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other * Metals are very strong and can be made into any required shapes, which makes it possible to be widely used in industry.* All the while, George Bush, who ultimately benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator.* Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。

      * He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.* The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these flowers, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.* World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.具有狀語(yǔ)職能的定語(yǔ)從句

      * 有些定語(yǔ)從句在邏輯上相當(dāng)于讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)功能,這時(shí)可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)分句。

      * A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。* 司機(jī)在開車時(shí),不許和人談話,也不能走神。(表時(shí)間)

      * Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。

      * 人們極其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。(表?xiàng)l件)* He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for * 盡管他并沒有這樣的需要,他堅(jiān)持要再買一幢房子。(表讓步)

      * She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。* 她對(duì)孩子們很有耐心,而她丈夫卻很少這樣。(表轉(zhuǎn)折)* As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.* 如你所知,我們正處在一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的市場(chǎng)中,不得不將價(jià)格降到了最低限度。

      * He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.* 他想寫一篇文章,以便能引起公眾對(duì)這件事的關(guān)注。

      * The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.* 大使只宴請(qǐng)了幾個(gè)人,因?yàn)樗叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)?,聽聽他們的意見。同位語(yǔ)從句

      * ①同位語(yǔ)從句就是跟在名詞后面,表達(dá)具體內(nèi)容、起解釋說明作用的從句。that是其最常見的引導(dǎo)詞,不能省略。

      * ②注意下列名詞后面可接同位語(yǔ)從句:hope(希望), fact(事實(shí)), news(消息), problem(問題), conclusion(結(jié)論), rumor(流言), agreement(同意,協(xié)議), belief(信仰), concept(觀念,概念), idea(想法), question(問題), suggestion(提議), thought(想法), conviction(確信,定罪), doubt(懷疑), decision(決定,決心), assumption(假定,設(shè)想), evidence(跡象,證據(jù)),等。

      1.如果同位語(yǔ)從句較短,我們可以考慮把它放在先行詞之前

      * But the idea/ that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.【意群直譯】但是這種觀點(diǎn)/記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律/立足于對(duì)新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解

      從句翻譯

      * 【全句整合】但是“新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀羁痰乩斫夥伞边@種觀點(diǎn)立足于對(duì)新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解。

      * 【解析】that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句,that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen就是idea的具體內(nèi)容,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“??這一觀點(diǎn)”。正是由于同位語(yǔ)從句的使用,使得這句話的主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),這句話的主干應(yīng)當(dāng)是the idea rests on an understanding.2.如果同位語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng),放在先行詞之前對(duì)其解釋會(huì)使整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)失去平衡,我們把它譯成后置的并列分句。

      * In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.* 譯文 在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,傳媒集團(tuán)越來越成功:這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

      3.通過詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法,將引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。

      * On the other hand,/ he did not accept/ as well founded/ the charge made by some of his critics/ that, while he was a good observer,/ he had no power of reasoning.* 【意群直譯】另一方面/他不接受/缺乏根據(jù)/他的一些批評(píng)家的指責(zé)/盡管他是個(gè)好觀察家/他不具備推理能力

      * 【全句整合】另一方面,某些人批評(píng)他雖然善于觀察,卻不具備推理能力,而他認(rèn)為這種說法也是缺乏根據(jù)的。

      * 這里的名詞charge是“指控”的意思,轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞即為“某些人批評(píng)他雖然善于觀察,卻不具備推理能力??”。同位語(yǔ)從句翻譯練習(xí)

      * He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.* 他表示希望再到中國(guó)來訪問。

      * An obedient son, I had accepted my father’s decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.* 作為一個(gè)孝順的兒子,我接受了父親的決定去當(dāng)醫(yī)生,雖然我對(duì)這樣的前途毫無興趣。* It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.遲延應(yīng)由他負(fù)責(zé),這個(gè)事實(shí)是改變不了的

      * They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender.* 對(duì)于他寧愿自殺也不投降的這種假設(shè),他們是很懷疑的。

      * But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.* 但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下,我們不得不正視這樣一個(gè)事實(shí):我們的前景并不妙。

      * And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.* 而且總有這種可能性——一個(gè)小小的電火花,可能會(huì)意外地繞過了最為精心設(shè)計(jì)的路線。* These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.*

      這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者都是些活生生的例子,證明疾病預(yù)防措施是有效的,我們可以應(yīng)付由年紀(jì)增長(zhǎng)而自然帶來的健康問題。狀語(yǔ)從句:時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 * 1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

      *

      ①引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after等。

      從句翻譯

      *

      ②注意as, when, while的用法區(qū)別。as強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間上的“一先一后”,“同一時(shí)間”,或“隨著”之義;when則強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)特定的時(shí)間;while表示的時(shí)間不是一點(diǎn),而是一段。試比較以下三個(gè)句子中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:

      * As the time went on, the weather got worse.* When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring.* Strike while the iron is hot.* Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.* There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.* 就在一批又一批科學(xué)家極力要使我們意識(shí)到全球氣候變暖這一越來越大的威脅時(shí),今天出現(xiàn)了令人不安的類似情況。

      * However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.* 但是,把兩只猴子分別放在相鄰的兩個(gè)房間里,使它們彼此能夠看見對(duì)方用石頭所換回的東西,這時(shí)它們的行為變得截然不同了。

      * People sometimes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it.* 人們有時(shí)希望別人感激他們,盡管他們沒有權(quán)利要求別人這么做 原因狀語(yǔ)從句

      * 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞或復(fù)合連詞有because, since, as, for the reason that, in that等,其中because表示原因的語(yǔ)氣最重,as和since所表示的原因則常常是人們知道的。試比較以下兩個(gè)句子:

      * 1.Because they lived on the edge of the Persian Empire, they were ruled by the king of Persia.* 2.Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.* 在上述兩個(gè)句子中,Because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句表示一種直接的原因,而Since/As則表示一種人們所知的顯而易見的事實(shí)。1.譯成表示原因的分句

      * Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.* 由于我們對(duì)年輕人所做的首要工作在于使他們能夠在生活中彼此相融,因此我們不禁要考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。

      * The Republic made a fuss about because they might get something out of it.* 共和黨人對(duì)此小題大做,以便從中漁利。

      * Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.* 譯文 雖然有不少令人擔(dān)憂的新聞報(bào)道,但消費(fèi)者們說他們并沒有感到絕望,因?yàn)樗麄兊膫€(gè)人財(cái)富仍然保持良好。條件狀語(yǔ)從句

      * ①條件狀語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果不), suppose(假設(shè),假定), in case(that)(如果,假使;以防萬一), in the event(that)(萬一,倘若)等。*

      ②兩種條件句:

      * a.真實(shí)條件句,表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的或可能會(huì)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件,用直陳語(yǔ)氣。例如: * If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.* b.非真實(shí)條件句,表示非現(xiàn)實(shí)的或不大可能會(huì)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件,常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:

      從句翻譯

      * If I were you, I would leave now.(該句包含了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,且因?yàn)槭欠钦鎸?shí)條件句因此用were表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。)

      * At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says.* Cartwright說,不管怎么說,如果做的夢(mèng)并不會(huì)使我們睡不好或不會(huì)讓我們總是從驚恐中醒來,那就無需注意它。

      * But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay.*

      但是,可別想把舊習(xí)慣統(tǒng)統(tǒng)消滅,那只是白費(fèi)心機(jī)。因?yàn)?,一旦那些程序路徑被植入大腦,將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)留在其中。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

      * ①讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有:although, though, even if, in spite of the fact, whereas, while, for all(that)等。

      * ②注意even if與even though的區(qū)別:even if意為“即使”,表述的內(nèi)容不一定為即成事實(shí);even though則表示“盡管”,即盡管有什么樣的事實(shí)存在。試比較以下兩個(gè)句子: *

      Even though he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.(他知道這個(gè)秘密。)*

      Even if he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.*(不確定他是否知道這個(gè)秘密。)

      * While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.* 在與年輕人的接觸中我們?nèi)菀缀鲆曌约旱男袨閷?duì)他們的性情所產(chǎn)生的影響,但仍比不上與成年人打交道時(shí)那樣容易。

      * Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.* 盡管在19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化和專門化已經(jīng)在英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界充分展開,但其影響直到20世紀(jì)才全面表現(xiàn)出來。

      * No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.* 不管你多么小心地把手伸向一只蒼蠅,差不多每次它都飛走。(轉(zhuǎn)譯為條件)目的狀語(yǔ)從句

      * ①目的狀語(yǔ)從句可由下列引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo):so that, so, in order that, in case, lest等。*

      ②lest和in case表示的目的是一種帶有否定意義的目的,意為“以防”。例如: * He cut the remark out of the final program lest it should offend the listeners.We should start early so that we might get there before noon.* The murderer ran way as fast as he could so that he might not be caught red-handed.* They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s eye view of the city.英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯

      * Has the letter been mailed? “信被寄了沒有?”“信寄了沒有?”

      * Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed.* A.電視是一種手段,通過這種手段這些感受被引發(fā)和傳遞。* B.電視是引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受的手段之一。

      * 變被動(dòng)為主動(dòng) 保持原來的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 變被動(dòng)為主動(dòng) * 直接省略‘被’” 直接變主語(yǔ)為賓語(yǔ) 增加泛指施動(dòng)者

      * 直接譯為無主句 譯為‘把’字結(jié)構(gòu) 保持原來的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

      從句翻譯

      * 直接譯成‘被’字結(jié)構(gòu) 保持被動(dòng),選擇表述

      * In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century.* B.在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中,其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革,延續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)之久才完成。

      * On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.改譯:B.總的來說,能夠得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度的把握的,但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件:能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和另一個(gè)與他比較的孩子的態(tài)度相同;并且他沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子所具有的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被懲罰。* But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.(2006年第49題)

      * 【詞義推敲】“moral code” “道德準(zhǔn)則” /“道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”;govern 支配;dedicate one‘s energies to 致力于;“conduct” 行為

      *

      但是,普通科學(xué)家的首要任務(wù)并非考慮支配其行為的道德規(guī)范,正如人們不指望商人致力于探究商業(yè)行為規(guī)范。譯成漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句

      * The whole country was armed in a few days.只用了幾天,全國(guó)就武裝起來了。

      * The sense of inferiority that he has acquired in his childhood has never been totally eradicated.* 他在孩提時(shí)代留下的自卑感,還沒有完全消除。

      * By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.* 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí),這個(gè)組織救了800多人,但這是以200多個(gè)比利時(shí)人和法國(guó)人的生命為代價(jià)的。

      * Mr.Smith cannot be deterred from his plan.沒有人能夠阻止史密斯先生實(shí)施他的計(jì)劃。

      * He was educated at Zhejiang University.他是在浙大接受教育的。* The ship was destined to London.這艘船是開往倫敦的?!癐t” 作形式主語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句

      * It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 * It is said that 據(jù)說 It is supposed that 據(jù)推測(cè) * It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸張的說

      * It must be admitted that 必須承認(rèn) It must be pointed out that 必須指出

      * It is asserted that 有人主張 It is believed that 有人相信 * It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為 It is well-known that 大家知道、眾所周之

      * It will be said that 有人會(huì)說 It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說過 譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句

      * We would be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.* 我們可能被出入機(jī)場(chǎng)的敵人飛機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。

      * But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that community had

      從句翻譯

      been captured by Nazi police and put into a concentration camp.* 但是,不久以后他們聽說,那個(gè)社區(qū)的所有人都被納粹警察抓了起來,并關(guān)進(jìn)了集中營(yíng)。* I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn’t let me finish.* 我開始解釋,我干不好是因?yàn)槲业难坨R被拿走了,可她都不讓我講完。* I closed my eyes and said to myself, “I am not a number.My name will be remembered as an anti-Nazi writer, and I have done more harm to your system than you can ever do to me.I am not a number.”

      * 我閉上眼睛想,“我不是個(gè)號(hào)碼。我的名字將作為一個(gè)反納粹的作家而被銘記。我給你們的制度造成的損害已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過你們加在我身上的。我不是個(gè)號(hào)碼?!?* They were given a hearty welcome.他們受到熱烈歡迎。* He was controlled by the gang.他受到了這個(gè)團(tuán)伙的控制。

      * Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.* 我們的外交政策受到全世界人們的支持。

      * I was seized with the sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.* 我想到了這座古城再第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)得到幸免而現(xiàn)狀卻要遭到即將來臨的**的破壞,內(nèi)心感到悲傷。

      * I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.* 我為這些話所深深感動(dòng),后來我就把它們寫在了圣誕卡片上。

      * Once you are employed by this company, you will be sent overseas.* 一旦你被這個(gè)公司所錄取,你將被派往海外。

      * By evening, the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off streets by an eight o’clock curfew

      * 傍晚時(shí)分,占領(lǐng)以告完成。八點(diǎn)鐘開始的宵禁把人們從街道趕走。

      * The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.* 大火使這座著名的旅館幾乎全部毀滅。

      * Most letters from his wife were read to him by the nurse in the hospital.* 他的妻子給他的信,大多數(shù)是由醫(yī)院里的護(hù)士念給他聽的。

      * And the astonishing thing is that this most dangerous operation was organized by a young attractive girl.* 令人驚奇的是,這個(gè)極其危險(xiǎn)的行動(dòng)是由一個(gè)年青貌美的姑娘組織的。

      英語(yǔ)難句和長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

      * Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” * 譯文: 在一個(gè)重要時(shí)刻他打開了《圣經(jīng)》,告訴父親說,他看見的第一行字將會(huì)決定他的命運(yùn),于是他讀到了這些神奇的字眼:“離開他們,勿觸摸不凈之物,我就是你的上帝,而你是我的子民?!?——這一剎那,性的迷惑、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的挫折以及宗教希望全都涌入腦中。理解長(zhǎng)難句

      1.找出全句的主干,從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

      ① 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞

      ② 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞或帶介詞的不及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)

      ③ 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)

      從句翻譯

      ④ 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)

      ⑤ 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

      * 2.找出句中除主干外的所有謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞

      * 3.分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能

      * 4.注意主干被分隔開來的情況,分析分隔成分的作用。

      * 5.注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配,尤其是固定詞組或搭配被句子其他成分分隔開的時(shí)候。試?yán)斫忾L(zhǎng)難句:

      * Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.按原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的順序翻譯

      * Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,/ computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,/ relaxation will be in front of smell-television,/ and digital age will have arrived.* 【意群直譯】?jī)和瘜⑴c裝有個(gè)性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍/具有內(nèi)置個(gè)性的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具/休閑將在氣味電視機(jī)前/數(shù)字化時(shí)代就來到了

      * 【全句整合】?jī)和瘜⑴c裝有個(gè)性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具,人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑,到那時(shí),數(shù)字化時(shí)代就來到了。* Furthermore, it is obvious that/ the strength of a country’s economy/ is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,/ and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.* 【意群直譯】再者,顯而易見的是/一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力/直接與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率聯(lián)系/而這則有賴于各種科學(xué)家和技術(shù)專家的努力

      * 【全句整合】再者,顯而易見的是,一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān),而效率的提高則有賴于各種科學(xué)家和技術(shù)專家的努力。

      * Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence/ that these creatures preserve the health of game/ by killing the physically weak,/ or that they prey only on “worthless” species.* 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯文】生物學(xué)家曾經(jīng)一度動(dòng)輒援引如下證據(jù),說掠食者靠獵殺體弱的動(dòng)物維持了整個(gè)獵物群的健康,或者說它們捕食的只是一些“無價(jià)值”的獵物而已。按照漢語(yǔ)的邏輯順序翻譯

      * Creating a “European identity”/ that respects the different cultures and traditions/ which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent/ is no easy task/ and demands a strategic choice.* 【意群直譯】創(chuàng)造一個(gè)“歐洲品牌”/尊重不同文化和傳統(tǒng)/組成舊大陸聯(lián)系纖維/不是一項(xiàng)容易的任務(wù)/并且需要戰(zhàn)略性的選擇

      * 【全句整合】不同的文化和傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織成一體,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造出一種尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲品牌”絕非易事,需要人們做出戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。

      * We are thus led to distinguish,/ within the broad educational process/ which we have been so far considering,/ a more formal kind of education/ — that of direct tuition or schooling.* 【意群直譯】我們因此會(huì)試圖區(qū)分/在廣義的教育過程中/我們迄今為止一直在思考的/一種更為正規(guī)的教育/——那就是直接的指導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育

      * 【全句整合】到此為止,我們一直在思考廣義的教育過程,而現(xiàn)在,我們由此不得不試圖

      從句翻譯

      找出一種更為正規(guī)的教育,即直接的指導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育。抽詞拆譯

      * 即將句子中某個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)抽出來,另行翻譯。英語(yǔ)中的一些詞結(jié)合了兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的語(yǔ)義成分,而漢語(yǔ)中沒有一個(gè)單獨(dú)的詞可以完全表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵。這些詞按原文的結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯不好處理,這時(shí)如將這個(gè)詞譯成句子就能更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原意,譯文也比較通順。

      * Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,/ and only more gradually still was this effect considered/ as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.* 【意群直譯】慢慢地這種機(jī)構(gòu)的副產(chǎn)品才被注意到/在更漫長(zhǎng)的過程中這一作用才被認(rèn)為/作為這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)必須要做的一個(gè)事情

      * 【高分譯文】社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)的這種副產(chǎn)品只是慢慢地才為人認(rèn)識(shí)的,而把這一作用看做為該機(jī)構(gòu)必須要做到的事情,人們花的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。* 【意群劃分】Scientists jumped to the rescue/ with some distinctly shaky evidence/ to the effect that insects would eat us up/ if birds failed to control them.* 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯文】科學(xué)家們急忙趕來救援,不過他們的理由著實(shí)有些牽強(qiáng),大意是說:如果沒有鳥兒來制約昆蟲,昆蟲就會(huì)把我們?nèi)祟惓缘簟>毩?xí)

      * There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.* 最令女主人失望的是,她花了許多心神或費(fèi)用來招待客人,可是這位客人只顧津津有味地與她的丈夫論政治,談生意,絲毫也沒有注意到咖啡的濃香、糕點(diǎn)的松軟或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè),而這些卻可能是她最感興趣、最為自豪的。

      * He was puzzled that I didn’t want what was obviously a “step” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.* 所有美國(guó)人受的教育都是要在長(zhǎng)大成人后去追求金錢和權(quán)力,而我卻放著明擺著的“階梯”不上,他對(duì)此大為不解。

      * The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.* 醫(yī)療用品生產(chǎn)廠家的廢棄物污染了紐約地區(qū)的海濱。時(shí)值盛夏,一些濱海浴場(chǎng)已經(jīng)關(guān)閉,趕走了大批的度假者,而那些尚未關(guān)閉的濱海浴場(chǎng)也門口羅雀。污染使得整個(gè)海濱區(qū)的商業(yè)蒙受了巨大損失。

      * One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.* 有些人天生臉上就有或大或小的缺陷,但令人欣慰的是,這些人中有相當(dāng)一部分人并沒有讓這些缺陷擾亂了他們的生活,他們甚至還主動(dòng)去幫助其他有類似問題的人。

      第四篇:2018年考研英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯技巧總結(jié)

      凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

      2018年考研英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯技巧總結(jié)

      被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中的使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多,在英語(yǔ)中極為重要。考研中常常涉及到這個(gè)問題。一般說來,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者,不必說出執(zhí)行者或的執(zhí)行者含糊不清時(shí),多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

      主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的對(duì)比:

      翻譯時(shí)有以下幾種翻譯方法:

      ①譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句:使用“被、受、遭、讓、給、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、為??所”等詞。

      ②增加主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)作的實(shí)際發(fā)出者,或虛擬發(fā)出者。

      ③譯成漢語(yǔ)無主句

      另外還有一些常用被動(dòng)句型的習(xí)慣譯法,需要平時(shí)積累,比如:

      It is hoped that...希望??,有人希望??

      It is assumed that...假設(shè)??,假定??

      It is claimed that...據(jù)說??,有人主張??

      It is believed that...有人想信??,大家相信??

      It is reported that...據(jù)報(bào)道??,據(jù)通報(bào)??

      It is considered that...人們認(rèn)為??,據(jù)估計(jì)??

      It is said that...據(jù)說??,有人說??

      【真題例句】

      It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.【解析】

      It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.主句:it is imagined,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),而that引導(dǎo)的that the operations...compared with these processes和that they have to...special training是并列的主語(yǔ)從句,為真正的主語(yǔ)。原文中有三個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)is imagined,be compared和be required,譯成漢語(yǔ)都變成了主動(dòng)表達(dá):“認(rèn)為”、“相比”和“掌握”。具體為:

      (1)It is imagined by many此處是“It+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+that”形式的處理,譯為“很多人認(rèn)為”。

      (2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,此處所用的是譯成漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句的處理方法,并保存原文主語(yǔ)譯為“普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與這些思維過程(科學(xué)家的思維過程)相比”。

      (3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training此處所

      凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

      用的是譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的處理方法,譯為“認(rèn)為這些思維過程是必須由某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握”。

      【參考譯文】

      許多人以為,普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與這些思維過程(科學(xué)家的思維過程)相比,認(rèn)為這些思維過程是必須由某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。綜上就是小編給大家提供的高分技巧,技巧就是牢固的知識(shí)點(diǎn)和強(qiáng)悍的答題思路,預(yù)祝所有考生2018考研有個(gè)好成績(jī)。

      2頁(yè)共2頁(yè)

      第五篇:2018年考研翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)備考技巧

      凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

      2018年考研翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)備考技巧

      下面是翻譯碩士學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)18黃金法則,這不僅能提高你的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力,更有助于提高你對(duì)其他科目學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知水平,廢話不多說了,快來看看吧。

      1.What is language for? Some people seem to think it is for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words--the longer the words the better.That’s wrong.Language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication.語(yǔ)言到底是用來干什么的呢?一些人認(rèn)為它是用來操練語(yǔ)法規(guī)則和學(xué)習(xí)一大堆單詞——而且單詞越長(zhǎng)越好。這個(gè)想法是錯(cuò)誤的。語(yǔ)言是用來交換思想,進(jìn)行交流溝通的!

      2.The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible.學(xué)習(xí)一門語(yǔ)言的方法就是要盡量多地練習(xí)說。

      3.A great man once said it is necessary to dill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become.一位偉人曾說,反復(fù)操練是非常必要的,你越多的將所學(xué)到的東西運(yùn)用到實(shí)際生活中,他們就變的越自然。

      4.Listening and imitating should always go together.Use the LIP method!Listen-Imitate-Practice!

      聽和模仿一定要同時(shí)做,使用“LIP”方法:聽、模仿、操練!

      5.Use all your senses to learn English.You must hear English, read English, touch English, smell English, and taste

      English.Feel English with your heart.Immerse yourself in this language.Begin to think in English.運(yùn)用一切感官學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。你必須聽英語(yǔ)、說英語(yǔ)、觸摸英語(yǔ)、聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ),還要嘗嘗英語(yǔ)的味道。用心去感受英語(yǔ)。讓自己沉浸在這門語(yǔ)言當(dāng)中。學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)思考。

      6.Relax!Be patient and enjoy yourself.Learning foreign languages is just a piece of cake.

      凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

      放輕松!要有耐心,并且享受英語(yǔ)帶來的樂趣!學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)只不過是小菜一碟。

      7.Rome wasn’t built in a day.Work harder and practice more.Your hardworking will be rewarded by God one day.God is equal to everyone!

      冰凍三尺,非一日之寒。更加努力的學(xué)習(xí),更加勤奮的操練,你所付出的一切將會(huì)得到上帝的報(bào)答,上帝是公平的。

      8.Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly.Keep a small English dictionary with you at all time.When you see a new word, look it up.Think about the word--use it.in your mind, in a sentence.經(jīng)常使用字典和語(yǔ)法指南。隨身攜帶一本小英文字典,當(dāng)你看到一個(gè)新字時(shí)就去查閱它,思考這個(gè)字——然后學(xué)著去用它,在你的心中,在一個(gè)句子里。

      9.Try to think in English whenever possible.When you see something, think of the English word of it;

      then think about the word in a sentence.一有機(jī)會(huì)就努力去用英文來思考??吹侥呈聲r(shí),想想它的英文單詞;然后把它用到一個(gè)句子中去。

      10.Practice tenses as much as possible.When you learn a new verb, learn its various forms.A thousand words will not leave so an deep impression as one deed.盡可能多的操練時(shí)態(tài)。學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候,要學(xué)習(xí)它的各種形態(tài)。千言萬語(yǔ)不如一個(gè)行動(dòng)

      11.I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language.When you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language.我想學(xué)習(xí)和了解更多關(guān)于語(yǔ)言背后的文化知識(shí),當(dāng)你理解了文化背景,你就能更好地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言。

      12.Keep an English journal.Try to write a few sentences about your day and then blurt them out as many times as

      possible before you go to sleep.This will teach you to “think” in English.This habit will also 2頁(yè)共2頁(yè)

      凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

      help you live a move organized and fruitful life.Besides, you will score higher on your composition exams!

      堅(jiān)持寫英語(yǔ)日記。寫幾個(gè)句子描述一下你的一天,然后在睡覺前盡可能多地大聲操練。這個(gè)方法可以教會(huì)你用英語(yǔ)“思考”。這個(gè)習(xí)慣還可以幫助你生活得更有條理、更有成效。此外,考試時(shí)作文你也可以拿更高的分!

      13.Choose materials that interest you!Reading about things that you like will naturally make learning more enjoyable

      and efficient.Everything is easier if you enjoy doing it!

      選擇讓你感興趣的資料!閱讀你喜歡的東西自然會(huì)使學(xué)習(xí)變得更愉快、更有效。你喜歡做,事情就會(huì)更容易!

      14.Make your friends proud by teaching them some English sentences.You can become an excellent teacher through

      tutoring your friends.Teaching is a great way to learn!Also remember, learning English can make people happier, feel younger and live longer!

      教你的朋友們英語(yǔ),讓他們感到驕傲。教朋友的過程中你會(huì)成為一名出色的老師。教學(xué)是學(xué)習(xí)的極好途徑!別忘了,英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)讓人更快樂、更年輕、活得更長(zhǎng)久!

      15.Don’t be afraid to ask for help.The more times you ask for help, the more powerful your English will become.Never hesitate to ask!Learn as much as you can from as many different people as you can!An eager student will always find a teacher!

      不要害怕尋求幫助。你請(qǐng)求別入幫越多的忙,你的英語(yǔ)就會(huì)越厲害。不要猶豫,盡管發(fā)問!盡可能從不同的人身上學(xué)到更多的東西!求知欲強(qiáng)的學(xué)生總是會(huì)找到老師!

      16.Keep English constantly in your mind by listening, speaking of reading every day!Constant exposure will make it

      much easier to master this language.If you review only once a week, you will have a hard time remembering what you’ve learned.每天聽,每天說,每天讀,讓英語(yǔ)時(shí)刻留在你腦中!持續(xù)的接觸會(huì)讓你更容易掌握這門語(yǔ)言。如果你只是一個(gè)星期復(fù)習(xí)一回,要記住你學(xué)的東西就太難了。

      17.Keep a positive attitude about English.If you think of English as a burden, it will be one!3頁(yè)共3頁(yè)

      凱程考研,為學(xué)員服務(wù),為學(xué)生引路!

      If you think of English as

      fun and exciting, you will practice more often and make progress more quickly!

      學(xué)英語(yǔ)要有積極的態(tài)度。如果你認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)是個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān),它就是個(gè)負(fù)擔(dān)!如果你認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)有趣又刺激,你就會(huì)更經(jīng)常地練習(xí),進(jìn)步得更快!

      18.Learning any language takes a lot of effort, but never give up.We will hew out of the mountain of despair a stone

      of hope!

      世上沒有什么難事,只是看你做還是不做,不管其他如果你能吧翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)18黃金法則牢記心中,那么英語(yǔ)對(duì)于你來說就是

      下載考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧word格式文檔
      下載考研英語(yǔ)主要從句四大翻譯技巧.doc
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