第一篇：大學(xué)英語4英語翻譯

1.人人都知道她生性驕傲。（by nature）

It is known to all that she is proud by nature.2.你只有一次機(jī)會(huì)，所以最好充分利用它?。╩ake the most of）

You’ll only get one chance,so you’d better make the most of it.3.事故導(dǎo)致兩名乘客死亡。（result in）

The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.4.有個(gè)好老師后，他的情況完全不一樣了。（make all the difference）Having a good teacher has made all the difference for him.5.供職于一家大銀行22年后，我突然失去了工作。一次裁員潮導(dǎo)致了一百多名員工失去工作，其中便有我。After twenty-two years of working for a major bank,a downing wave resulted in the elimination of over one hundred jobs,mine being one of them.6.沒有大學(xué)文憑并沒有影響到我在銀行的職業(yè)生涯，但獲得學(xué)位確實(shí)是我的平身夙愿。

Not being a graduate had never held me back in my career with the bank,but now it was a personal goal i longed to achieve.7.現(xiàn)在，我工作不再是為了“名利”，我的身心與我所關(guān)心的人緊緊地連在一起。Now ,instead of working towards materialistic things and personal glory,my heart and life are firmly linked around people i care about.8.當(dāng)我細(xì)細(xì)琢磨我的信條“變是好事，變是進(jìn)步”時(shí)，我意識(shí)到我已接受了“變”，并在充分利用“變”。

As i think about the meaning of my belief “change is good,change is progress”,i realize that i have accepted the change,and am making the most of it.1.你的女兒渴望得到你的愛，你為什么對(duì)她那么冷淡？（be hungry for）Your daughter is hungry for your love.why are you so cold to her?

2.盡管我們之間幾乎沒有什么共同之處，但你仍然是我最好的朋友。（have...in common）

Although we have little in common,you are still my best friend.3.她完全失去了控制，失聲痛哭起來。（lose one’s control）She lost all her control and burst into tears.4.我不明白到底是什么使他陷入絕望。（sink into despair）

I did not understand what on earth made him sink into despair.5.自從我被從家中帶走，并與成千上萬的其他猶太人一起被關(guān)到這里以來，我已瀕臨死亡，只能活一天算一天，活一小時(shí)算一小時(shí)。

I am almost dead, surviving from day to day, from hour to hour, ever since I was taken from my home and brought here with thousands of other Jews.6.我想把目光挪開，被一個(gè)陌生人這樣打量，我感到特別害臊，但我的視線無法從她的雙眼移開。

I want to look away, oddly ashamed for this stranger to see me like this, but I cannot tear my eyes from hers.7.一晃過了數(shù)月，噩夢(mèng)仍在繼續(xù)。但對(duì)這個(gè)小女孩的回憶支撐著我度過了那恐怖、痛苦和無望的歲月。

Months pass and the nightmare continues.But the memory of this girl sustains me through the terror, the pain, the hopelessness.8.在這充滿死亡的世界中，這個(gè)蘋果無疑表達(dá)的是生命和愛。我抬起頭時(shí)，看見那個(gè)女孩在遠(yuǎn)處消失了。

In my world of death this apple is an expression of life, of love.I glance up in time to see the girl disappearing into the distance

1.很不幸，只有20人來上我的課。（no more than）

No more than twenty people came to my class, unfortunately.2.這位知名教授專門從事兒童早期教育。（specialize in）The famous professor specialized in the education of children at an early age.3.她說她恨她的丈夫，或者大意如此的話。（to that effect）She said she hated her husband, or words to that effect.4.我們已采取了一切必要措施來糾正這些錯(cuò)誤。（remedy）

We have done whatever is necessary to remedy these mistakes.1.求職申請(qǐng)信應(yīng)該簡潔明了，長度不超過一頁。求職申請(qǐng)信還應(yīng)該清晰易讀，只需把必不可少的信息寫上即可。

The application letter should be brief, no more than one page in length.It should be easy to read and include only the necessary information.2.選擇哪種格式其實(shí)是個(gè)人喜好問題，因?yàn)橛性S多格式可供選擇。

The style you choose is really a matter of personal preference, as there are many different styles to choose from.3.假如你是未經(jīng)預(yù)先通知、自己登門求職的，那么你應(yīng)該說明如果現(xiàn)在的職位已滿，你還有意申請(qǐng)以后的工作機(jī)會(huì)。

If you are “cold calling” a company, then you should make it clear that you are applying for any current or future employment opportunities.4.面試就是你真正獲得朝思暮想職位的時(shí)機(jī)。祝你好運(yùn)!The interview, then, is where you can really get the position you've always wanted.Good luck!

1.在演藝界要達(dá)到頂峰可不容易。（make it）

It's hard to make it to the top in the show business.2.她生活中曾經(jīng)跌宕起伏，但她總能振作起來。（pull oneself together）She had her ups and downs, but she had always managed to pull herself together.3.他從來沒有乘過船。（on board）

He has never been on board a ship before.4.我無法照你的意見做，不過還得謝謝你的忠告。（nevertheless）

I can't follow your advice.Nevertheless thank you for giving it.1.當(dāng)我沖向座位時(shí)，乘客們驚恐萬狀地抬頭望著我，那是意識(shí)到自已即將死去的表情。

As I rushed toward my seat, passengers looked up at me with the nervous expressions of creatures who know they are about to die.2.我眼看要暈倒了。但看見鄰座女孩那張面孔，我又振作起來。

I was ready to faint, but when I saw the face of the girl next to me, I pulled myself together.3.在那20分鐘里，我腦海中掠過許多情感，其中之一就是驕傲。我為機(jī)上乘客個(gè)個(gè)都表現(xiàn)出色而驕傲。

Among the many feelings going through my head during those 20 minutes was pride—pride in how well everybody on board was behaving.4.當(dāng)最終叫到我的名字，要我登上另一架飛機(jī)時(shí)，我差不多是含淚和他們告別的。盡管相識(shí)時(shí)間短暫，但他們深深地打動(dòng)了我。

When my name was finally called to board my new flight, I felt almost tearful to be parting from the people whose lives had so intensely, if briefly, touched mine.1.他想長大后當(dāng)公司經(jīng)理。（grow up）

He wants to be a company manager when he grows up.2.這首歌代代相傳。（hand down）

This song is handed down from generation to generation.3.我們不得不耐著性子看完那部沉悶的電影。（sit through）We had to sit through that boring movie.4.你要不停地學(xué)習(xí)才能跟上這個(gè)忙碌的社會(huì)。（on the go）

You must keep studying to catch up with this society that is on the go.1.我這一代，即在20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代長大成人的這一代，也許是喜歡被營造各種情節(jié)的無數(shù)文字包圍的最后一代。

My generation, the generation that came of age in the 1950s and 1960s, may be the last to appreciate being surrounded by millions of words working together to create plots of every kind.2.最近，伊利諾伊州大學(xué)芝加哥分校校長的一番話證實(shí)了這個(gè)問題的存在。他說在他的大學(xué)，10%的新生只有普通小學(xué)生的閱讀水平。

Recently, the head of the University of Illinois's branch campus in Chicago reinforced the reality of such a problem in saying that 10 percent of the freshmen at his university could read no better than the average student in elementary school.3.聽音樂、看電影、看電視上的卡通片，這些活動(dòng)對(duì)文化消費(fèi)者沒有任何要求，只需到場即可。

To listen to a record, to sit through a movie, to watch cartoons on television—these activities all require nothing of the cultural consumer, save his mere presence.4.處于一個(gè)任何東西都可用完就扔掉的時(shí)代，一本被珍藏并反復(fù)閱讀的書最終不過是舊時(shí)代的古物，在高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)代幾無立足之處了。

Ultimately, in an age when everything seems to be disposable, the book one keeps and reads time and again is nothing more than a primitive item from the past with little or no place in a society that is always on the go.1.她羞怯地看了他一眼。（give sb.a look）She gave him a shy look.2.看上去好像全鎮(zhèn)的人都來看這場戲了。（seem like）it seemed like the whole town had come to the show.3.如果你想這樣做，你就是如履薄冰了。（be/skate on thin ice）If you try that, you'll really be on thin ice.4.我不得不克制住自己，沒把壞消息告訴他。（restrain from）I had to restrain myself from telling him the bad news.1.我說：“我會(huì)想念你的?！钡沉宋乙谎劬碗x開了房間。

I say, “I'm going to miss you,” and she gives me one of her looks and leaves the room.2.她那張?jiān)?jīng)坦誠、信賴的面孔現(xiàn)在變得幾乎帶有敵意了。

Her face, once so open and trusting, is almost hostile now.3.有人說你和孩子的關(guān)系越密切，她就越需要擺脫這種關(guān)系，以確立自己在這個(gè)世界上的身份。

Some say the tighter your bond with your child, the greater her need to break away, to establish her own identity in the world.4.你女兒會(huì)回到你身邊的。這不過是她正在經(jīng)歷的一個(gè)階段而已。

Your daughter will come back to you.This is just a phase she's going through.1.這些便宜的包也很好，何必非買那個(gè)貴的。（make sense）

It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive bag when those cheap ones are just as good.2.我們還是把事實(shí)真相告訴她吧，她遲早會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。（sooner or later）We'd better tell her the truth.She'll find it out sooner or later.3.英語老師建議我從中級(jí)課程開始學(xué)習(xí)。（intermediate）

My English teacher suggested that I start with the intermediate course.4.這處房產(chǎn)已經(jīng)易主。（ownership）This estate is under new ownership.1.不管房子多么小或多么寒酸，英國人總是把他們的家看成是這個(gè)世界上屬于自己的一個(gè)小角落。

No matter how small or humble the home, a British person considers the place where they live to be their own little corner of the world.2.因此，絕大多數(shù)人與銀行協(xié)商貸款，稱為抵押貸款。這種貸款在一段較長時(shí)期內(nèi)（通常是25年）分期償還。

So, most people negotiate a loan, called a mortgage, with a bank.This loan is then paid back in regular installments over a long period of time—often twenty-five years.3.雖然英國人口增長不快，但每年修建的房屋和公寓難以滿足需求。因此，房屋價(jià)格上漲。

Even though Britain's population is not growing very fast, the number of new houses and flats built every year is not quite enough to meet the demand.Consequently, prices rise.4.英國人的房屋所有權(quán)的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是“賣舊房買新房”的愿望，這讓其他國家的許多人迷惑不解。

Another feature of British home ownership, which is puzzling to many people from other countries, is the desire to “trade up”.1.關(guān)于你的求職申請(qǐng)，我們會(huì)在三天之后給你答復(fù)。（in regard to）

In regard to your application for a position, we will give you an answer in three days.2.外資占這家工廠總投資的30%。（make up）Foreign investment makes up 30 percent of the factory's total investment.3.并非所有努力都會(huì)帶來成功，但我們還是要盡力。（result in）

Not all efforts will result in success, but we still have to try our best.4.改掉抽煙的壞習(xí)慣并不容易，可這是你唯一的選擇。（get rid of）

It's not easy to get rid of the bad habit of smoking, but this is your only choice.1.你得改改口音，否則升到高級(jí)管理職位的機(jī)會(huì)不大。

Either you improve your accent or your chances of getting promoted to senior management won't be good.2.盡管心情復(fù)雜，他還是雇了一位語音老師來幫助自己。

Despite mixed feelings, he hired a speech coach to help him out.3.語音教師和許多其他專業(yè)人士認(rèn)為，一些美國人對(duì)說話帶有口音的人帶有偏見。

Speech coaches and many other professionals say that some Americans have a prejudice against those who speak with an accent.4.但接連上了一段時(shí)間的課之后，他的發(fā)音提高了78%，自信心也增加了，這對(duì)他很有利。他承認(rèn)他早就應(yīng)該這樣做了。

But following the long procession of lessons, he improved by 78 percent, received a healthy injection of confidence, and admits that he should have done it sooner.1.她告誡我不要過于自信。（warn against）

She warned me against being too self-confident.2.我們終于成功在望了。（in sight）Our success was in sight at last.3.他在外面淋了一天雨，結(jié)果患了重感冒。（bring on）

He was out in the rain all day and this brought on a bad cold.4.這幢房子是他的奶奶傳給他的。（pass down）

This house was passed down to him from his grandmother.1.一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為快樂屬于生物學(xué)范疇，盡管很多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為答案并非如此簡單。

Some scientists believe it to be a matter of biology, though many believe the answer cannot be wrapped up in such a neat little packet.2.同樣地，醫(yī)學(xué)研究者認(rèn)為沮喪和焦慮是由這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)失衡造成的。所以他們經(jīng)常開一些片劑給那些無法產(chǎn)生足夠此類化學(xué)物質(zhì)的病人。

Likewise, medical researchers believe that depression and anxiety are caused by an imbalance of such chemicals, and often prescribe them in tablet form to patients who cannot produce enough.3.另一方面，反對(duì)哈默理論的人指出，多種因素都有可能對(duì)研究人員的研究構(gòu)成影響，并告誡人們不要過于重視這些研究結(jié)果。

On the other hand, opponents of Hamer's theory note that any number of factors may have affected the researchers' studies, and warn against attaching great importance to these results.4.最后，雙方辯論仍在如火如荼地進(jìn)行，短期內(nèi)不會(huì)平息。Ultimately, torches still burn brightly on both sides of this debate, with no real settlement in sight.1.從他的第一部小說，我們可以看出他是極具深度和智慧的作家。(depth)From his first novel, we can see that he is a writer of great depth and wisdom.2.他們以極大的決心對(duì)付環(huán)境問題。(confront)They have confronted the problem of environment with great determination.3.我們要優(yōu)先考慮能給農(nóng)民帶來利益的項(xiàng)目。(give priority to)We should give priority to projects which can bring benefits to farmers.4.這家工廠的生產(chǎn)能力是每周200輛汽車。(capacity)This factory has a productive capacity of 200 cars a week.1.近來，最先在發(fā)達(dá)國家，然后在其他國家，人們的健康狀況取得了長足進(jìn)步，這主要?dú)w功于早期兒童傳染性疾病死亡人數(shù)的下降。

The considerable recent gains in health, first in developed countries and then in others, have resulted primarily from a reduction in the number of deaths caused by early-childhood infectious diseases.2.我們現(xiàn)在必須問自己的問題是，對(duì)于如此高的消費(fèi)、健康和環(huán)境影響水平，我們期望維持多長時(shí)間。

We must now ask ourselves how long we can expect to maintain these high levels of consumption, health, and environmental impact.3.然而，在新的世紀(jì)人類是否能夠保持健康與快樂，越來越不容樂觀。

Yet, it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain a positive outlook on our capacity to sustain healthy and happy populations in the coming century.4.我們不能把“環(huán)境健康”狹隘地看成是地方性污染問題，認(rèn)為憑借技術(shù)管理就能解決；當(dāng)面臨“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長”的競爭時(shí)，人們通常犧牲環(huán)境健康，保全經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。

We must look beyond the restricted views of “environmental health” as a problem of local population—a problem that can be solved with technical management, but one that is often compromised when “economic growth” is the competing value.

第二篇：21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語第四冊(cè),英語翻譯

Unit 1

1.美國人往往以從事的工作對(duì)人們進(jìn)行劃分。家庭和教育這些特點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是不太重要的。

Americans tend to define people by the jobs they have/do.Such characteristics as their family and educational backgrounds are considered less important.2.他決不妥協(xié)的個(gè)性是他再也無法容忍他的雇主，并最終遞交了辭職書的原因。His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submittedhis resignation.3.如果你真想學(xué)好英語，你就必須投入大量的時(shí)間和精力，否則你就不會(huì)有任何進(jìn)步。對(duì)于其他課程也可以這麼說。

If you really want to learn English well, you must put in a lot of time and energy, or you'll go nowhere.The same can be said of other subjects.4.有些演員的名聲靠的是他們天生的美貌，但是達(dá)斯汀.霍斯曼（Dustin Hoffman）盡管身材矮?。╯hort stature)，也還是出類拔萃，而使他與眾不同的正是他精湛的演技。

Some actorsfame is built on their innate beauty, but despite his short stature, Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that set him apart.5.他負(fù)責(zé)管理之后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它與前任（predecessor)有明顯的不同：他有干勁和激情，想出了很多新點(diǎn)子，并把工作中放在如何鼓舞我們的士氣上。

After he took charge, we discovered that there were striking differences between him and his predecessor.He had the drive and passion, came up with many new ideas, and focused his work on how to raise our morale.6.當(dāng)鄧小平宣布中國改革開放的時(shí)候，他被永遠(yuǎn)載入了史冊(cè)。盡管障礙重重它以不懈的努力為我國的現(xiàn)代化作出了永久性的貢獻(xiàn)。

Deng Xiaoping made history when he declared China's reform and opening-up policy.Despite tremendous obstacles, he made lasting contributions to our country's modernization with his unrelenting efforts.7.為什么有人擁有天才級(jí)智商卻被智商平平的但很刻苦的人丟在后面？承認(rèn)除了智商外，還有很多別的因素與一個(gè)人的成就有著很大的關(guān)系。

Why could someone with a genius IQ be left behind by a hardworking person with an average IQ? It has to be acknowledged that besides one's IQ, many other factors have much to do with one's achievements.8.這位教師真了不起，她能在教?hào)|西之前調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性。這并不是因?yàn)樗刑熨x，而是因?yàn)樗幌胫谡n堂上吸引他們的注意力。

This teacher is really remarkable in first motivating her students so she can really teach them something.It's not that she is talented, it's that she focuses completely or drawing theirfull attention in class.unit 2

1.他瞪眼看著約翰，對(duì)他拒絕合作感到憤怒。

He glared at John and was annoyed by his refusal to cooperate.2.約翰真誠的講話表達(dá)了他對(duì)那些在他處于困境時(shí)給過他慷慨幫助的人們的感激之情。

John's sincere speech shows his gratitude to the people who rendered him generous help when he was in difficulty.3.他可說是一個(gè)集郵家。他曾經(jīng)積蓄了兩年去買一張珍郵這件事便是證明。He is something of a stamp collector.The fact that once he saved up for two years to buy a rare stamp is proof of it.4.這些玫瑰的美麗怎么評(píng)價(jià)也不過分。他們以各種方式吸引住了所有的游客。The beauty of these roses could not be overstated.They took/caught all the visitorsfancy in one way or another.5.起先，他理所當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為該地區(qū)應(yīng)當(dāng)多造些公路。然而仔細(xì)計(jì)算其費(fèi)用后，他在做出最后決定前又不得不重新考慮了。

At first he took it for granted that they should build more highways in this area.Then a careful calculation of the expenditure compelled him to think twice before he made the final decision.6.每次收到我的禮物，不管多少，我的朋友比爾絕不忘記表示感謝。

Each time he receives a gift from me, no matter how small, my friend Bill never fails to acknowledge it.7.那位新聞?dòng)浾邲Q定找到那對(duì)老夫妻信中提到的年輕人。那封信贊頌了年輕人為改善他們的生活條件而付出的努力。

The journalist has decided to trace the young man referred to in the old couple's letter, which is a tribute to the young man's effort at improving their living conditions.8.雖然他厭煩了那些每天上門來吹噓其產(chǎn)品的推銷員，但他克制著沒有將他們拒之門外。

Though he was fed up with the salesmen who knocked at his door and boasted about their products every day, he refrained from slamming the door in their face.Unit 3

1.湯姆因一問題而心神不寧但又一籌莫展，直到她學(xué)會(huì)以不同策略把它解決才不心煩。

Tom was hung up on the problem but could do nothing about it until he learnt to solve it with different tactics.2.橫向思維幫助他提出了原來似乎已走進(jìn)死胡同的新理論。

Lateral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory which had seemed to reach a dead end.3.我們最新的建設(shè)計(jì)劃的框架已獲得地方政府的批準(zhǔn)。他是否會(huì)按時(shí)實(shí)施對(duì)這座沿海城市的發(fā)展具有極為重大的意義。

The framework of our latest construction plan has been affirmed by the local government.Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost significance to the development of this coastal city.4.在設(shè)法尋找一個(gè)解決問題的辦法的過程中，愛德華在思想上陷入了僵局，但后來他改變了觀察角度，以一種完全意想不到的方式解決了問題。

While trying to find a solution to the problem, Edward reached an impasse in his thinking, but later he changed his point of view and solved the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.5.昨天他的汽車幾乎是迎頭撞上了一輛卡車。如果他繼續(xù)這樣隨便開車，我確信他最后一定

會(huì)被送進(jìn)醫(yī)院的急診室。

Yesterday his car crashed into a truck almost head-on.If he does not stop driving socarelessly, I am sure he will wind up in the emergency room of a hospital.6.許多人認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)房將最終取代圖書館，想吸收新知識(shí)的學(xué)生最終將在計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)房里學(xué)習(xí)一切。

Many people believe that computer labs will eventually take over from the libraries and students who want to take in new knowledge will end up learning everything in the computer lab.7.這幅畫的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)有一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。你為什么不擦掉那幾條垂直線，把它簡化一點(diǎn)呢？

There is a flaw in the structural design of the painting.Why don't you erase the vertical lines and simplify it a little bit?

8.約翰本該在很久以前就把煙戒掉了。畢竟健康對(duì)每個(gè)人來說都是最重要的。John should have given up smoking a long time ago.After all, health is of the utmost importance to everybody.unit 4

1.學(xué)校應(yīng)避免僅按學(xué)生考試成績來判別孰優(yōu)孰劣并以此對(duì)待他們。相反，好的教育體制應(yīng)使每一位學(xué)生都能達(dá)到良好的水準(zhǔn)，成為全面發(fā)展的（well-rounded)人。

Schools should avoid deciding who is superior only in terms of students' exam results and treating them accordingly.Instead, a good educational system should enable every student to measure up to good standards as well-rounded people.2.大學(xué)生課后有問題時(shí)，往往在辦公時(shí)間之外不容易找到老師。這是由于教師繁忙的學(xué)術(shù)研

究，而不是他們對(duì)學(xué)生漠不關(guān)心。

As often as not, when college students have questions after class, their teachers are not readily available except during office hours.This is due to teachers' busy academic research, rather than their indifference to the students.3.這個(gè)班級(jí)由40名學(xué)生組成，他們中大部分按英語水平過去常被歸在中等之列。但由于這位老師從不在言辭中表露出不耐煩，學(xué)生們對(duì)他的教學(xué)方法產(chǎn)生了積極的反應(yīng)，從而沒有辜負(fù)他的期望。

This class consists of forty students, most of whom used to be labeled average in terms of English level.But as this teacher has never shown any verbal impatience, the students have reacted positively to his teaching methods and lived up to his expectations.4.在美國，教書變得越來越難了，部分原因是學(xué)生越來越多樣的種族背景以及需要另外培訓(xùn)才能掌握得更為復(fù)雜的教學(xué)技術(shù)。

Teaching is becoming increasingly demanding in the United States, due in part tothe diversity of students' racial background and the complexity of educational technologies that require additional training.5.英國人經(jīng)常被歸類為保守型，顯然這一歸類帶有成見。實(shí)際上，英國在民族特性方面與其他歐洲國家相比并沒有太大的差異性。英國人有禮貌，愛整潔，講秩序，充滿自信。

The English are, as often as not, labeled conservative.Obviously this label is

prejudiced.In reality, Britain is not very different from other European countries in terms of national characteristics.The British are polite, neat, orderly and confident.6.你的朋友對(duì)你非常真誠，你也應(yīng)該同樣以誠相待，絕不應(yīng)該欺騙他，或者帶著諷刺的口吻談?wù)撍拇煺邸?/p>

Your friend treats you sincerely, so you should respond accordingly and mustn抰 deceive him or talk about his setbacks with irony(ironically).7.有些年輕人在成長過程中有著要求獨(dú)立的強(qiáng)烈愿望。他們寧可通過自己的努力來度過生活中的困難，也不愿意帶著負(fù)罪感求助于他們的父母。

Some young people grow up with a strong desire for independence.They would rather try hard to go through life on their own than turn to their parents for help with asense of guilt.8.鄰居們惱火的原因是他們發(fā)出的噪音，但是由于他們一再保證夜間停工，從而得以完成這套公寓的裝潢。

The neighbors' irritation/annoyance was due to the noise they made.However, because of reassurances that they would stop working at night, they went through with the decoration of this apartment.Unit5

1.正如你可以想象到的，閱讀為我打開了一個(gè)新的天地并永遠(yuǎn)改變了我的人生道路。

As you can imagine, reading has opened a new world to me and changed forever the course of my life.2.他從童年起就對(duì)書籍表現(xiàn)出一種非常強(qiáng)烈的興趣。他對(duì)書籍如此迷戀，一直從不讓一天過去而不進(jìn)行一些閱讀。

He had demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books since childhood.He was so fascinated with booksthat he never let a day pass without doing some reading.3.他每次從地鐵上下班身邊都有一本想讀的書。他就這樣在過去三年中讀了近一百本書。

Every time he takes the subway to and from work, he has with him a book that he wants to read.That is the way he has read nearly a hundred books in the past three years.4.他讀中學(xué)時(shí)常在自己的房間內(nèi)讀書至深夜。每次聽到母親走近的腳步聲，他便關(guān)掉燈假裝睡著。而母親一走過，他便打開燈，重又讀起來。

When he was in high school, he used to read deep/far into the night in his own room.Each time he heard the approaching footsteps of his mother, he would turn off the light and feigned sleep.But as soon as his mother passed, he would turn on the light and begin reading again.5.幾乎沒有什么關(guān)于中國的東西是他不感到好奇的。為了滿足自己的好奇心他已決定親自到那去盡量多看一些。

There is hardly anything about China he’s not curious about.And to satisfy his curiosity he had decided to go there in person.6.我不知道是什么使得你兒子羨慕那位流行歌手并試圖事事模仿他的。你還是問問他本人好了。

I don’t know / I have little / no idea what made your son feel envy of that pop

singer and try to emulate him in everything.You might as well ask him in person.7.他從圖書館借到那本書就在走廊的燈光下飛快的把它翻了一遍。

As soon as he checked out the book from the library, he thumbed through its pages by the corridor light.8.我認(rèn)為沒有哪的人在農(nóng)村學(xué)到的比我更多。實(shí)際上，農(nóng)村的三年使我比進(jìn)某個(gè)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)得更深入細(xì)致。

I don’t think anybody ever learned more in the countryside than I did.In fact, the three years in the countryside enabled me to study far intensively than I would have if had attended some college.Unit 6

1.他生來就有殘疾，但他從不沮喪，也從未屈服于任何困難。

He was disabled form birth, but he never felt frustrated, nor did he give in to any difficulty.2.湯姆一直堅(jiān)決要求提升。當(dāng)機(jī)會(huì)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，他立即抓住了。

Tom had been holding out for the promotion.When such an opportunity showed up, he grabbed it at once.3.他對(duì)所有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試都不信任并認(rèn)為應(yīng)該有某種更好的東西來取代他們。He distrusts all standardized tests and believes that there should be something better to substitute for them.4.我的論點(diǎn)是，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)馬上對(duì)這些有爭議的問題逐個(gè)進(jìn)行調(diào)查。

My thesis is that we should carry out a survey of these controversial issues one by one right now.5.貝蒂勤勞而又可靠。她從不在困難面前退縮?？傊?，她是我們都為之感到驕傲的那種學(xué)生。

Betty is diligent and dependable.She never shies away from any difficulties.In short, she is the kind of student that we are all proud of.6.把汽油箱放在你的房間里是不明智的，因?yàn)樗鼧O易燃燒，并可能在幾分鐘之內(nèi)就將你辛辛苦苦掙來的財(cái)富付之一炬。

It is ill-advised to keep the gas tank in your home for it ignites easily and may burn up your hard-earned fortune in a few minutes.7.史密斯博士的講座等于是說，很早就顯示出高情商的孩子無論面對(duì)什么困難都會(huì)最終取得成功。

Doctor Smith’s lecture accounts to saying that a child who displays high EQ early on in life will succeed eventually in the face of all kinds of difficulties.8.由于在美國許多婚姻都以離婚告終，心理學(xué)家們建議所有家庭中的夫婦都應(yīng)更經(jīng)常的相互溝通，不要等到為時(shí)太晚時(shí)才來解決他們的問題。

Since many marriages end in divorce in the United States, psychologists have suggested that couples in all families communicate with each other more often and solve their problems before it becomes too late.Unit7

1.隨著長大，我漸漸接受了這一事實(shí)：我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)成為一名作家的夢(mèng)想。

As I grew up, I made my peace with the fact that I would never fulfill my dream of becoming a writer.2.邁克爾想了兩天還沒填出字謎游戲里那個(gè)至關(guān)重要的詞，最后只好失望的放棄。

Michael had got stuck trying to figure out the word essential to the word puzzle for two days before he threw up his hands in frustration.3.當(dāng)這位歌手發(fā)現(xiàn)市面上有自己作品的盜版時(shí)，他十分震驚，發(fā)誓絕不放過那個(gè)盜賊。

The singer was taken aback by the pirate editions of his songs in the market, and he vowed not to let the pirates off.4.感謝您購買我們的鍋爐。作為回報(bào)，我將免費(fèi)為您處理舊鍋爐。

Thank you for purchasing our furnace.In return we will get rid of your old one for free.5.我和蘇珊互訴了別后發(fā)生的事情，從中我得知她已經(jīng)出版了好幾本兒童讀物。Susan and I filled each other in on what had happened after we parted, from which I learned that she had had several children’s books in print.6.當(dāng)連鎖大書店的競爭逼得她的小書店歇業(yè)后，已屆中年的莉蓮不知道自己還能做些什么。

Her bookstore having been frozen out by giant chain bookstores, the middle-aged Lillian was at a loss what else she could do.7.你需要有人在旁不斷督促才會(huì)完成這一任務(wù)。

You need somebody to urge you constantly to see the task through to completion.8.因?yàn)楹ε滦陆ㄙ徫镏行臅?huì)破壞社區(qū)的寧靜，許多居民反對(duì)這一計(jì)劃。

For fear that a new shopping center would ruin the peace of the community, many residents opposed the construction plan.In recent years, it is a not-uncommon social phenomenon.It has been a hot topic for a long time.Concerning this phenomemon, it has aroused hot discussion and opinions vary from person to person.Some people are of the opinion that to some extent, it is good for the society.It has a significant impact to the society.On the contrary, other people take the opposing view that it is also likely to bring about some undesirable consequences.As far as I am concernd, every coin has two sides.It is never an exception.From my point of view, it would be a wonderful way, if we do it reasonably.It a word, we should inspire its advantages and abandon its disadvantages.

第三篇：第三單元大學(xué)英語英語翻譯

Organizing Data in a Traditional File

Environment

An effective information system provides users with timely, accurate, and relevant information.This information is stored in computer files.When the files are properly arranged and maintained, users can easily access and retrieve the information they need.傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境下的數(shù)據(jù)組織

一個(gè)高效的信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)向使用者提供及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確以及相關(guān)的信息。信息存儲(chǔ)在系統(tǒng)的文件中。正確地整理和維護(hù)文件，可以使用戶很容易地檢索到他們所需要的信息。

You can appreciate the importance of file management if you have ever written a term paper using 3×5 index cards.No matter how efficient your storage device(a metal box or a rubber band), if you organize the cards randomly your term paper will have little or no organization.如果你在撰寫學(xué)期論文時(shí)曾經(jīng)使用過3×5索引卡，你會(huì)體會(huì)到文件管理的重要性。不管你的存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備（一個(gè)金屬盒或一個(gè)皮筋）效率如何,如果你隨意地組織你的卡片,你的學(xué)期論文將會(huì)缺乏組織性

Given enough time, you could put the cards in order, but your system would be more efficient if you set up your organizational scheme early on.If your scheme is flexible enough and well documented, you can extend it to account for any changes in your viewpoint as you write your paper.如果有足夠的時(shí)間，你可以將卡片按次序放置，但是如果你早點(diǎn)創(chuàng)建你自己的組織方案，你的系統(tǒng)會(huì)做得更有效。如果你的方案足夠的靈活并且文檔也很齊全，那么在你撰寫論文時(shí)，可以利用它來說明觀點(diǎn)中的任何變化。

The same need for file organization applies to firms.Well-managed, carefully arranged files make it easy to obtain data for business decisions, whereas poorly managed files lead to chaos in information processing high costs, poor performance, and little, if any, flexibility.Despite the use of excellent hardware and software, many organizations have inefficient information systems because of poor file management.公司同樣也需要組織文件。組織良好，認(rèn)真安排的文件可以使商業(yè)決策獲取數(shù)據(jù)變得更容易，而組織混亂的文件只能導(dǎo)致信息處理紊亂、成本高、性能差并且靈活性低。盡管使用優(yōu)秀的硬件和軟件，但由于文件組織得不好，很多組織的信息系統(tǒng)的效率還是很低。

File Organization Terms and Concepts A computer system organizes data in hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases.A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle.文件組織術(shù)語及概念

計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)按層次組織數(shù)據(jù)，位、字節(jié)、數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)、記錄、文件和數(shù)據(jù)庫。位代表計(jì)算機(jī)中最小的數(shù)據(jù)單位。

A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol.A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number(such as a person’s name or age), is called a field.一組位，叫做一個(gè)字節(jié)，表示一個(gè)獨(dú)立的字，它可以是一個(gè)字母、一個(gè)數(shù)字或其它的符號(hào)。一組字組成一個(gè)詞、一組詞或一個(gè)純數(shù)字（例如一個(gè)人的名字或年齡）叫做一個(gè)字段。

A group of related fields, such as the student’s name, the course taken, the date, and the grade, comprises a record;a group of records of the same type is called a file.For instance, the student records could constitute a course file.一組相關(guān)的字段，例如學(xué)生的姓名、所選的課程、日期、年級(jí)，組成一個(gè)記錄；一組相同類型的記錄被稱為文件。例如，學(xué)生記錄可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)課程文件。

A group of related files makes up a database.The student course file could be grouped with files on student’s personal histories and financial backgrounds to create a student database.一組相關(guān)的文件組成一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫。學(xué)生課程文件可以和學(xué)生個(gè)人履歷文件、個(gè)人經(jīng)濟(jì)情況文件共同創(chuàng)建一個(gè)學(xué)生數(shù)據(jù)庫。

A record describes an entity.An entity is a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information.An order is a typical entity in a sales order file, which maintains information on a firm’s sales orders.Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity is called an attribute.一個(gè)記錄描述了一個(gè)實(shí)體。一個(gè)實(shí)體可以是一個(gè)人、一個(gè)地方、一個(gè)東西或一件事情，我們維護(hù)與它們有關(guān)的信息。銷售訂單文件提供一個(gè)公司銷售訂單信息，在銷售訂單文件中，一個(gè)訂單是一個(gè)典型的實(shí)體。

For example, order number, order date, order amount, item number, and item quantity would each be an attribute of the entity order.The specific values that these attributes can have can be found in the fields of the record describing the entity order.每個(gè)用來描述具體實(shí)體的特質(zhì)或特征的叫做屬性。例如，訂單號(hào)、訂貨日期、訂貨量、產(chǎn)品代碼和產(chǎn)品數(shù)量每一個(gè)都是實(shí)體訂單的一個(gè)屬性。這些屬性的具體取值可以在描述實(shí)體訂單的記錄中的字段里找到。

Every record in a file should contain at least one field that uniquely identifies that record so that the record can be retrieved, update, or sorted.This identifier field is called a key field.An example of a key field is the order number for the order record or an employee number or social security number for a personnel record(containing employee data such as the employees’ name, age, address, job title, and so forth).文件中的每一條記錄至少包含一個(gè)能被唯一識(shí)別的數(shù)據(jù)字段，這樣記錄可被檢索、更新或分類。這個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)字段叫做關(guān)鍵字段。舉個(gè)關(guān)鍵字段的例子,如訂單號(hào)是訂單記錄的關(guān)鍵字段，員工編號(hào)或社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)是一個(gè)個(gè)人記錄（包括員工數(shù)據(jù)，例如員工的名字、年齡、住址、工作職別等等）的關(guān)鍵字段。

Accessing Records from Computer Files

Computer systems store files on secondary storage devices.Records can be arranged in several ways on storage media, and the arrangement determines the manner in which individual records can be accessed or retrieved.從計(jì)算機(jī)文件中存取記錄

計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)將文件存儲(chǔ)在外存設(shè)備中。記錄以多種方式存放在存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)中，而且存放方式?jīng)Q定了單個(gè)記錄被存取或檢索的方式。

One way to organize records is sequentially.In sequential file organization, data records must be retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored.In contrast, direct or random file organization allows users to access records in any sequence they desire, without regard to actual physical order on the storage media.一種組織記錄的方式是有序的。在按順序組織的文件中，數(shù)據(jù)記錄的檢索順序必須與數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)順序相同。相反，不考慮存取介質(zhì)的物理順序，直接或隨機(jī)存取文件允許用戶以任何他們想要的順序存取文件。

Sequential file organization is the only file organization method that can be used on magnetic tape.This file organization method is no longer popular, but some organizations still use it for batch processing applications in which they access and process each record sequentially.順序文件組織是唯一的一種可以用在磁帶上的文件組織方式。這種文件組織方式已不再流行了，但是一些組織仍然使用它來進(jìn)行批處理，這些處理對(duì)每一條記錄依次進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)和處理。

A typical application using sequential files is payroll, in which all employees in a firm must be paid one by one and issued a check.Direct or random file organization is utilized with magnetic disk technology(although records can be stored sequentially on disk if desired).Most computer applications today utilize some method of direct file organization.順序文件的一個(gè)典型應(yīng)用是工資單，必須依次地對(duì)工資單中的所有公司職員支付工資和支票。直接存取或隨機(jī)存取文件組織方式可用于磁盤技術(shù)（但是，如果愿意的話，磁盤中的記錄可以按順序存儲(chǔ)）。

Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Most organizations began information processing on a small scale, automating one application at a time.Systems tended to grow independently, and not according to some grand plan.Each functional area tended to develop systems in isolation from other functional areas.Accounting, finance, manufacturing, human resources, and marketing all developed their own systems and data files.傳統(tǒng)文件環(huán)境存在的問題

大多數(shù)組織每次進(jìn)行的都是小規(guī)模的、自動(dòng)化的信息處理。系統(tǒng)越來越具有獨(dú)立性，并且不再采用大型的方案。每個(gè)功能區(qū)的開發(fā)都試圖孤立于其它模塊。會(huì)計(jì)、金融、生產(chǎn)、人力資源和銷售均開發(fā)各自的系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)文件。

Each application, of course, required its own files and its own computer program to operate.For example, the human resources functional area might have a personnel master file, a payroll file, a medical insurance file, a pension file, a mailing list file, and so forth until tens, perhaps hundreds, of files and programs existed.當(dāng)然，每個(gè)應(yīng)用都需要自己的文件和計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。例如，人力資源功能區(qū)可能需要一個(gè)人事主文件、一個(gè)工資文件、一個(gè)醫(yī)保文件、一個(gè)退休金文件、一個(gè)郵件發(fā)送清單文件等等，幾十個(gè)甚至上百個(gè)文件或程序。

In the company as a whole, this process led to multiple master files created, maintained, and operated by separate divisions or departments.就整個(gè)公司來說，這個(gè)過程會(huì)導(dǎo)致多種主要文件的創(chuàng)建、維護(hù)，并被不同的部門使用。

There are names for this situation: traditional file environment;the flat file organization(because most of the data are organized in flat files);and the data file approach(because the data and business logic are tied to specific files and related programs).By any name, the situation results in growing inefficiency and complexity.對(duì)這種情況的叫法有：傳統(tǒng)文件環(huán)境、平面文件組織（因?yàn)榇蟛糠值臄?shù)據(jù)組織在平面文件里）、數(shù)據(jù)文件方式（因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)和事務(wù)邏輯被捆綁于具體的文件和相關(guān)的程序中）。無論是哪個(gè)名字，這種環(huán)境的結(jié)果就是低效和復(fù)雜性越來越大。

As this process goes on for five or ten years, the organization is saddled with hundreds of programs and applications, with no one who knows what they do, what data they use, and who is using the data.當(dāng)這種處理方法使用了五或十年，組織已經(jīng)承載了上百個(gè)程序和應(yīng)用軟件，沒有人知道這些程序和軟件做什么，用什么數(shù)據(jù)，并且誰在使用數(shù)據(jù)。

The organization is collecting the same information in far too many files.The resulting problems are data redundancy, program-data dependence, inflexibility, poor data security, and inability to share data among applications.組織可以從多個(gè)文件中搜集同一個(gè)信息。導(dǎo)致的問題就是數(shù)據(jù)冗余、程序與數(shù)據(jù)間相依賴、非靈活性、缺乏數(shù)據(jù)安全性和應(yīng)用軟件之間無法共享數(shù)據(jù)。

Data Redundancy and Confusion

Data redundancy is the presence of duplicate data in multiple data files.Data redundancy occurs when different divisions, functional areas, and groups in an organization independently collect the same piece of information.For instance, within the commercial loans division of a bank, the marketing and credit information functions might collect the same customer information.數(shù)據(jù)冗余和混亂

數(shù)據(jù)冗余表現(xiàn)為完全一樣的數(shù)據(jù)存放在多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件中。當(dāng)一個(gè)組織中不同的部門、功能和團(tuán)體獨(dú)立地搜集相同部分信息時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生數(shù)據(jù)冗余。例如，在一個(gè)銀行的商業(yè)貸款部門里，市場和借貸信息功能可能搜集相同的客戶信息。

Because it is collected and maintained in so many different places, the same data item may have different meanings in different parts of the organization.Simple data items such as the fiscal year, employee identification, and product code can take on different meanings as programmers and analysts work in isolation on different applications.由于信息的搜集和維護(hù)是在不同的地方進(jìn)行的，所以相同的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)會(huì)在組織中不同的部分有不同的含義。當(dāng)不同的應(yīng)用軟件的程序員和分析工作是相互孤立的，簡單的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)，例如會(huì)計(jì)、員工身份證明和產(chǎn)品編碼會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不同的意思。

Program-Data Dependence

Program-data dependence is the tight relationship between data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files.Every computer program has to describe the location and nature of the data with which it works.程序與數(shù)據(jù)間相依賴

程序和數(shù)據(jù)之間的依賴是指存儲(chǔ)在文件中的數(shù)據(jù)和用來更新及維護(hù)這些文件的具體的程序間存在緊密的關(guān)系。每個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)程序都必須對(duì)它使用的數(shù)據(jù)的位置和屬性進(jìn)行描述。

In a traditional file environment, any change in data requires a change in all programs that access the data.Changes, for instance, in tax rates or ZIP-code length require changes in programs.Such programming changes may cost millions of dollars to implement in programs that require the revised data.在傳統(tǒng)文件環(huán)境中，數(shù)據(jù)的任何更改要求所有存取這一數(shù)據(jù)的程序發(fā)生改變。例如，稅率或郵政編碼長度的變化要求程序也要隨之變動(dòng)。這種對(duì)修改了數(shù)據(jù)的程序進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)上的改變可能會(huì)花費(fèi)幾百萬美元。

Lack of Flexibility

A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled reports after extensive programming efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion..缺乏靈活性

一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)文件系統(tǒng)在大量的程序設(shè)計(jì)工作后會(huì)提供常規(guī)的日程安排報(bào)告，但是它不能提供臨時(shí)的報(bào)告或及時(shí)回應(yīng)事先無法預(yù)料到的信息需求。

The information required by ad hoc requests is somewhere in the system but too expensive to retrieve.Several programmers would have to work for weeks to put together the required data items in a new file.臨時(shí)請(qǐng)求所需要的信息存儲(chǔ)在系統(tǒng)某處，但由于花費(fèi)高而無法獲取。幾個(gè)程序員需要花費(fèi)數(shù)周的時(shí)間將所需的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)放到一個(gè)新文件中。

Poor Security

Because there is little control or management of data, access to and dissemination of information are virtually out of control.What limits on access exist tend to be the result of habit and tradition, as well as of the sheer difficulty of finding information.缺乏安全性

由于對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的控制和管理太少，信息的存取和傳播實(shí)際上是不被控制的?，F(xiàn)有的存取限制是由習(xí)慣和慣例所造就的，同樣也造就了尋找信息的異常艱難。

Lack of Data-Sharing and Availability

The lack of control over access to data in this confused environment does not make it easy for people to obtain information.Because pieces of information in different files and different parts of the organization cannot be related to one another, it is virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.缺乏數(shù)據(jù)共享和有效性

在這種混亂的環(huán)境里，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的存取缺乏控制使得人們很難獲取信息。因?yàn)椴煌募械男畔⒑徒M織的不同部分不能聯(lián)系起來，所以信息無法及時(shí)共享或存取。

The Database Environment Database technology can cut through many of the problems created by traditional file organization.A more rigorous definition of a database is collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and minimizing redundant data.數(shù)據(jù)庫環(huán)境

數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)可以解決很多有傳統(tǒng)文件組織方式引發(fā)的問題。對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫更嚴(yán)密的定義是通過集中數(shù)據(jù)和減少多余的數(shù)據(jù)，有效地向應(yīng)用軟件提供組織過的數(shù)據(jù)集合。

Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data are stored physically to appear to users as being stored in only one location.數(shù)據(jù)的物理存放要讓用戶覺著數(shù)據(jù)被存放在唯一的一個(gè)地方，而不是存儲(chǔ)到每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序所需的相互獨(dú)立的文件上。

A single database services multiple applications.For example, instead of a corporation storing employee data in separate information systems and separate files for personnel, payroll, and benefits, the corporation could create a single common human resources database.一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫可以為多個(gè)應(yīng)用程序提供服務(wù)。例如，將員工數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在相互獨(dú)立的信息系統(tǒng)和相互獨(dú)立的員工文件、工資文件和保險(xiǎn)金文件中的一個(gè)替代做法是，公司可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)通用的人力資源數(shù)據(jù)庫。

Database Management Systems

A database management system(DBMS)is simply the software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs.數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)

數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（DBMS）就是一個(gè)簡單的軟件，它允許一個(gè)組織集成數(shù)據(jù)、有效管理數(shù)據(jù)并且通過應(yīng)用程序提供對(duì)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的存取。

The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs and the physical data files.When the application program calls for data item such as gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the database and presents it to the application program.DBMS在應(yīng)用程序和物理數(shù)據(jù)文件間扮演接口的角色。當(dāng)應(yīng)用程序需要如工資總額的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)，DBMS在數(shù)據(jù)庫中查找這一數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)并將它提交給應(yīng)用程序。

Using traditional data files the programmer would have to define the data and then tell the computer where they were.A DBMS eliminates most of the data definition statements found in traditional programs.A database management system has three components: A data definition language A data manipulation language A data dictionary 使用傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)文件，程序員不得不定義數(shù)據(jù)并且告訴計(jì)算機(jī)它們?cè)谀莾骸Ｒ粋€(gè)DBMS會(huì)去除大部分傳統(tǒng)程序中的數(shù)據(jù)定義聲明。

一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)包含三個(gè)組成部分： 數(shù)據(jù)定義語言 數(shù)據(jù)操作語言 數(shù)據(jù)字典

The data definition language is the formal language used by programmers to specify the content and structure of the database.The data definition language defines each data element as it appears in the database before that data element is translated into the forms required by application programs.數(shù)據(jù)定義語言是程序員用來詳述數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的形式語言。在數(shù)據(jù)元素被翻譯成應(yīng)用程序所需要的形式之前，數(shù)據(jù)定義語言定義了數(shù)據(jù)庫中的每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)元素。

Most DBMS have a specialized language called a data manipulation language that is used in conjunction with some conventional third-or fourth-generation programming languages to manipulate the data in the database.This language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications.大部分DBMS有一種叫做數(shù)據(jù)操作語言的專用語言，它和傳統(tǒng)的第三代或第四代程序語言結(jié)合起來操作數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)。這種語言包括允許終端用戶和程序設(shè)計(jì)專家從數(shù)據(jù)庫中提取數(shù)據(jù)來滿足信息需求和應(yīng)用開發(fā)的命令。

The most prominent data manipulation language today is Structured Query Language, or SQL.Complex programming tasks cannot be performed efficiently with typical data manipulation languages.However, most mainframe DBMS are compatible with COBOL, FORTRAN, and other third-generation programming languages, permitting greater processing efficiency and flexibility.現(xiàn)今，最杰出的數(shù)據(jù)操作語言是結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言，或者叫SQL。使用典型的數(shù)據(jù)操作語言，復(fù)雜的編程任務(wù)無法被高效率地執(zhí)行。然而大部分中央處理機(jī)的DBMS與COBOL, FORTRAN及其他第三代編程語言相兼容，這就使得處理更高效和更靈活。

The third element of a DBMS is a data dictionary.This is an automated or manual file that stores definitions of data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical representation, ownership(who in the organization is responsible for maintaining the data), authorization, and security.Many data dictionaries can produce lists and reports of data utilization, groupings, program locations, and so on.DBMS的第三個(gè)元素是數(shù)據(jù)字典。這是一個(gè)自動(dòng)或手工的文件，存儲(chǔ)了對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)元素和數(shù)據(jù)屬性的定義，例如使用、物理表示、所有權(quán)（組織中誰負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)）、授權(quán)和安全。很多數(shù)據(jù)字典可以提供數(shù)據(jù)使用、分組、程序存儲(chǔ)位置等內(nèi)容的列表和報(bào)告。

By creating an inventory of data contained in the database, the data dictionary serves as an important data management tool.For instance, business users could consult the dictionary to find out exactly what pieces of data are maintained for the sales or marketing function or even to determine all the information maintained by the entire enterprise.由于建立了一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫中數(shù)據(jù)的清單，數(shù)據(jù)字典成為一個(gè)重要的數(shù)據(jù)管理工具。例如，商業(yè)用戶可以翻閱字典來正確地查找出用于銷售或市場功能的數(shù)據(jù)或者甚至支配整個(gè)公司的所有信息。

The dictionary could supply business users with the name, format, and specifications required to access data for reports.Technical staff could use the dictionary to determine what data elements and files must be changed if a program is changed.字典可以為商業(yè)用戶提供名字、格式和說明，以獲取報(bào)告所需數(shù)據(jù)。技術(shù)員工可以利用字典來決定如果一個(gè)程序發(fā)生了改動(dòng),那么什么樣的數(shù)據(jù)元素和文件也必須被改變。

Most data dictionaries are entirely passive;they simply report.More advanced types are active;changes in the dictionary can be automatically utilized by related programs.For instance, to change ZIP codes from five to nine digits, one could simply enter the change in the dictionary without having to modify and recompile all application programs using ZIP codes.大部分的字典是完全被動(dòng)式的；它們只不過是報(bào)告。更高類型的字典是主動(dòng)的；相關(guān)程序可自動(dòng)地使用字典中的變化。例如，將郵政編碼由五位改為九位，一個(gè)人可以簡單地在字典中記錄這一改變，不必修改和重新編譯所有使用郵政編碼的程序。

In an ideal database environment, the data in the database are defined only once and used for all applications whose data reside in the database, thereby eliminating data redundancy and inconsistency.Application programs, which are written using a combination of the data manipulation language of the DBMS and a conventional programming language, request data elements from the database.在一個(gè)理想的數(shù)據(jù)庫環(huán)境里，數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)只被定義一次就可以被所有的應(yīng)用軟件使用，因此可以消除數(shù)據(jù)的冗余和不一致性。結(jié)合DBMS的數(shù)據(jù)操作語言和常規(guī)程序語言編寫的應(yīng)用程序需要數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)元素。

Data elements called for by the application programs are found and delivered by the DBMS.The programmer does not have to specify in detail how or where the data are to be found.應(yīng)用程序需要的數(shù)據(jù)元素可由DBMS查找和傳遞。程序員不必詳述查找數(shù)據(jù)的位置和方式。

Use of a DBMS can reduce program-data dependence along with program development and maintenance costs.Access and availability of information can be increased because users and programmers can perform ad hoc queries of data in the database.The DBMS allows the organization to centrally manage data, utilization, and security.使用DBMS除了減少程序的開發(fā)和維護(hù)費(fèi)用，還可以減少程序和數(shù)據(jù)間的依賴。由于用戶和程序員可以對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行隨機(jī)查詢，信息的可獲性和可用性得到提高。DBMS允許組織集中管理數(shù)據(jù)、應(yīng)用和安全。

New Words(1)New Words(2)New Words(3)New Words(4)New Words(5)New Words(6)Phrases(1)Phrases(2)Abbreviations Questions for Discussion Why do we need file organization? How to access records from computer files? Which problems exist in the traditional file environment? What is DBMS? How does DBMS resolve problems in the traditional file environment? Translation for Reference

第四篇：大學(xué)英語翻譯

1．會(huì)上有人建議任命一個(gè)十一人委員會(huì)來制定新章程 It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of 11 be appointed to make a newconstitution.2．這些青年科學(xué)家通過現(xiàn)場觀察，獲得了研究工作所需的第一手資料 By making on-the-spot observation, the young scientist obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work.3．他很可能會(huì)因視力不好而被拒收入伍 It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight.4．委員會(huì)成員在新機(jī)場最佳選址這一問題上持有不同意見 The committee members have conflictingopinions as to the best location of the new airport.5.亨利創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)品在許多方面比他兄弟的要好 Henry’s works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother’s.6.我們產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)步提高在很大程度上是由于設(shè)備有所改迚 The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment.7.吉姆本想按照自己的判斷行亊，但他沒有這樣做，因?yàn)樽鳛檐娙怂梅拿?令 Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didn’t because as a soldier he had to obey the order.8.如果讓我來決定我們是要一個(gè)沒有自行車的城市呢，還是要一個(gè)沒有汽車的 城市，我會(huì)毫不猶豫地選擇后者 Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a city without bikes or one without cars.I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.1.她在當(dāng)?shù)匾患毅y行找到一份出納員的工作，但不久因不稱職而被解雇了。She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.2.很明顯是他的年輕助手在經(jīng)營這家書店。It is obviously/clearly his youngassistant who is runningthe bookstore.3.這項(xiàng)建議在會(huì)上一宣布，她就站起來提出異議。No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.4.比爾已向哈佛大學(xué)申請(qǐng)助教職位，但他得到它的可能性很小。Bill has applied to Harvard University for a teaching assistantship, but his chances of gettingit are slim.5.由于缺乏資金，他們正在想辦法吸引外資。Being short of funds, they are tryingto attract foreign capital.6.這個(gè)房間有股霉味，一定是好久沒人住了。The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a longtime.7.就業(yè)余愛好而言，珍妮和她妹妹幾乎沒有什么共同之處。As far as hobbies are concerned, Jane and her sister have little in common.8.不言而喻，青年人的教育對(duì)于一個(gè)國家的未來是至關(guān)重要的。It is self-evident that the education of the youngis vital to the future of a country.1.那小女孩跑的太快，身體一下失去平衡，跌倒了。The little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell over/down.2.他致力于研究工作的精神給我留下

第五篇：大學(xué)英語翻譯

六單元

1)Before I went off to university, my grandfather gave me a few words of wisdom which impressed me deeply.在我上大學(xué)之前，祖父對(duì)我說的那幾句充滿智慧的話給我留下了深刻的印象

2)Never tell my parents about my injuries and I’ll be very grateful to you(for it).千萬別把我的傷勢告訴我的父母，我會(huì)很感激你的3)At the meeting some of our colleagues put forward sensible suggestions about improving our working environment.我們有幾個(gè)同事在會(huì)上提出了改進(jìn)工作環(huán)境了合理建議

4)The management has/have agreed to grant the workers a 10% pay rise in response to union pressure.迫于社會(huì)的壓力，資方同意給工人增加10%的工資

5)It was very thoughtful of the hostess to give the house a thorough cleaning before we arrived.女主人考慮得很周到，在我們來之前把房子打掃得干干凈凈

八單元

1)Without his personal file, an applicant can hardly expect to get/ be employed as a teacher.沒有個(gè)人檔案，求職者很難指望當(dāng)老師

2)With enough ice, we would be able to chill the drinks.有了足夠的冰，我們就能冰這些飲料了

3)In my humble opinion, reading us the most pleasant way to spend one’s leisure.依我愚見，閱讀是打發(fā)閑暇的最悅?cè)说姆绞?4)Some people said it was simply a miracle that the American athlete Michael Phelps won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.有人說，美國運(yùn)動(dòng)員邁克爾菲爾普斯在2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)上贏得把塊金牌簡直是個(gè)奇跡

5)The washing machine has broken down, so we have to wash our clothes by hand.洗衣機(jī)壞了，我們只能用手洗衣服了

一單元

1)It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.背離傳統(tǒng)需要極大的勇氣

2)Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold

enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.湯姆過去很靦腆，但這次卻非常勇敢能再大庭廣眾面前上臺(tái)表演 3)Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.很多教育家認(rèn)為從小培養(yǎng)小孩子的創(chuàng)新精神是很可取的4)Assuming(that)this painting is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 假設(shè)那幅畫確實(shí)是名作，你覺得值得購買嗎

5)If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.如果這些數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)上時(shí)站得住腳的，那它將會(huì)幫助我們認(rèn)識(shí)正在調(diào)查的問題

二單元

1)The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.該公司否認(rèn)其捐款有商業(yè)目的2)Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.每當(dāng)他生氣的時(shí)候，他說話就有一點(diǎn)結(jié)巴

3)Education is the most cherished tradition in our family.That's why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.教育是我們家庭最看重的傳統(tǒng)，這就是為什們我父母從不帶我們到昂貴的飯店吃飯，卻送我到最好的私立學(xué)校上學(xué)

4)Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.手術(shù)康復(fù)后不久，他失業(yè)了，因此經(jīng)歷了人生的有一個(gè)困難階段 5)contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.與我們富裕的鄰居相比，我們的父母就相當(dāng)窮了，但是他們總是努力滿足我們最起碼的需求

四單元

1)Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.研究表明，笑能夠帶來許多健康上的好處

2)A slow Internet connection speed is really annoying.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接速度慢的讓人心煩

3)As the law stands, helping someone commit suicide is a crime.法律規(guī)定，幫助他人自殺是犯罪

4)In her report, Mary tries to interpret the data from a completely different angle.瑪麗在她的報(bào)告中試圖從一個(gè)完全不同的角度來解釋這些數(shù)據(jù) 5)Sue is a girl of great talent.Her amazing memory sets her apart from her classmates.蘇是一個(gè)很有天分的女孩。她那驚人的記憶力使她在同班同學(xué)中顯得格外突出