第一篇：大學英語四級翻譯三部曲

新東方在線 [004km.cn ]網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂電子教材系列

大學英語四級翻譯三部曲

自2013年12月起，全國大學英語四、六級考試委員會將對四、六級考試的試卷結(jié)構(gòu)和測試題型作局部調(diào)整，其中取消了原題型中的綜合部分，并將原來的單句漢譯英調(diào)整為段落漢譯英，占考試比例的15%。新四級考試大綱規(guī)定翻譯內(nèi)容涉及中國的歷史、文化、經(jīng)濟、社會發(fā)展等，長度為140-160個漢字。主要是考察學生運用漢譯英基本的理論與技巧，在30分鐘內(nèi)將要求譯出的部分譯完，譯文要求忠實原文，語言表達通順流暢。

一、翻譯的標準：

1.譯文應(yīng)該完整地再現(xiàn)原文內(nèi)容

2.譯文的風格、筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文性質(zhì)相同

3.譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢自然

二、翻譯三部曲：

1.通讀并透徹理解原文漢語句子，確定語法成分和句型。

考生不應(yīng)該將漢語部分直接翻譯成英語，而是要首先閱讀整個段落，確定要求翻譯的句子在整個英語段落中的語法成分和句型結(jié)構(gòu)。

確定語法成分以后，考生要有意識地審查時態(tài)，要特別注意句中的時間狀語，并對照段落的時態(tài)。在翻譯中常見時態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時等。此外，還應(yīng)該根據(jù)漢語意思推斷出題人想考查的語法或詞匯項目，避免將漢語詞匯逐個機械地翻譯成英語的情況。

例如：中國剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史，在明朝和清朝時期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特別流行。

分析：前半句話應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時，而后半句則應(yīng)該用一般過去時，因為講的明清時代的事情。漢語中一般會省略主語，在翻譯英語時一定要將省略的主語補充上。再有英語中的逗號與中文的逗號意義不同，因此譯成英語時要慎用逗號。

譯文：Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1，500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.2.付諸筆墨，保證拼寫無誤

經(jīng)過仔細的斟酌以后，真正的翻譯工作就變得簡單得多，但對很多考生來說單詞的拼寫是一大難題，因此考生應(yīng)該在確保關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)無誤的前提下盡量選用自己有把握的單詞和短語。

例如：人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境。新東方在線 [004km.cn ]網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂電子教材系列

分析：考生在翻譯“美化居家環(huán)境”時，不會翻譯“美化”，可以選擇自己會的短語“make sth.beautiful”。

譯文1：People often make their homes beautiful with paper cuttings.譯文2：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.3.重新審視，確認句法合理

在檢查的時候，考生應(yīng)該確認自己翻譯的內(nèi)容與其他句子共同構(gòu)成了一個語法正確達意清晰的句子。在這一階段，考生還應(yīng)該重點檢查時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)、拼寫、大小寫、標點符號、冠詞和代詞的使用以及主謂一致的等問題。

三、翻譯的應(yīng)試技巧：

1.恰當選詞

在漢譯英題型中，考生應(yīng)注意恰當詞語的選擇。首先要盡量避免過于籠統(tǒng)的詞語，選用其下義詞或更確切的詞語。

2.中英文句式之間的對應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)換

有些中文句子結(jié)構(gòu)與含義可以對應(yīng)英文中的某些句型。若考生可以恰當使用這些句型，可達到事半功倍的效果。

3.語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

通常中文中的主語過于寬泛的時候，如“人們”，“別人”“這”等等，都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成英文的被動語態(tài)，省略原來的主語。

例如：現(xiàn)在必須采取措施來保護環(huán)境。

譯文：Measures should be adopted(taken)to protect the environment.4.詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換

1)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

例如：改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護。(“擁護”是名詞)

譯文：The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.(“support”是動詞)

2)動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞 新東方在線 [004km.cn ]網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂電子教材系列

例如：他善于觀察。(“觀察”是動詞)

譯文：He is a good observer.(“observer”是名詞)

3)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞

例如：這件事成功的可能性很小。(“可能性”是名詞)

譯文：It is unlikely to succeed.(“unlikely”是形容詞)

4)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞

例如：在這緊張的時刻他感到非常緊張。(“緊張的”是形容詞)

譯文：The intensity of the moment filled his mind with intensity.(“intensity”是名詞)

考生要把一段中文翻譯成語言通順的英語，不僅需要考生的單詞量和單詞拼寫能力，而且語法也很重要了。因此，考生在準備四級翻譯時除了注意相關(guān)詞匯和短語的積累外，還應(yīng)該注重基本語法的知識的積累。

第二篇：大學英語四級翻譯技巧

英語四級六級、三級考試翻譯技巧

句子翻譯的常用技巧

英語和漢語是兩種差異比較大的語言，英語重形合，漢語重 意合。有人把英語句子比喻為“樹木叢生、干枝糾纏的樹林”，脈絡(luò)難析，主次難辨，而把漢語句子比喻為“枝干分明的竹林”，脈絡(luò)清晰，主次易辨。翻譯時，根 據(jù)表達習慣，英語、漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時需要進行相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。英漢語復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間的時間順序和邏輯順序也不完全一致，因此，翻譯時，也時常需要根 據(jù)表達習慣，對句序進行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。恒星英語學習網(wǎng)現(xiàn)代翻譯理論認為，句子是最重要的翻譯單位。大學英語四級考試中的翻譯題型也是以句子翻譯為主。考生如果能夠熟練掌握句子翻譯的基本方法，那么對于處理四級考試中的句子翻譯題必將是如虎添翼。本期著重介紹常用的句子翻譯方法：正反、反正表達法，分句、合句法。

正反、反正表達法

由于民族文化和思維方式不同，英漢兩種語言在表達同一概念時所采用的方式就有所不同。在表達否定概念時，英語和漢語使用的詞匯、語法、語言邏輯就有很大的差 異。漢語中有些詞、短語或者句子是從反面表達的，而譯成英語時則需要從正面進行表達，如例

1、例

2、例3。反之，漢語中有些從正面表達的詞、短語或者句 子，譯成英語時需要從反面進行表達，如例

4、例

5、例6。此外，漢語還有一些特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，如雙重否定（例7）、否定轉(zhuǎn)移（例8）在譯成英語時也需要引起我們的注意。

I.漢語從反面表達，譯文從正面表達

例1：他提出的論據(jù)相當不充實。

譯文：The argument he put forward is pretty thin.（詞）

例2：我們確信，年輕一代將不會辜負我們的信任。

譯文：We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.（短語）例3：他七十歲了，可是并不顯老。

譯文：He was 70，but he carried his years lightly.（句子）

II.漢語從正面表達，譯文從反面表達

例4：他這個人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。

譯文：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.（詞）

例5：調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地顯示病人死于心臟病。

譯文：The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.（短語）例6：這類舉動遲早會被人發(fā)覺的。恒星英語學習網(wǎng)

第三篇：大學英語四級翻譯作文

1． 中國酒文化 Chinese Wine Culture

中國人在7000年以前就開始用谷物釀酒。總的來說，不管是古代還是現(xiàn)代，酒都和中國文化息息相關(guān)。長久以來，中國的酒文化在人們生活中一直扮演著重要的角色。我們的祖先在寫詩時以酒助興，在宴會中和親朋好友敬酒。作為一種文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴會、送別晚宴、婚禮慶典等。

Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago.Generally speaking，wine has a close connection with culture in China in both ancient and modern times.Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese people''s life for a long time.Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry, or to make a toast（敬酒）to their relatives and friends during a feast（宴會）.Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable（不可分割的）part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell（送別）dinner, wedding, and so on..2.中國書法Chinese Calligraphy

中國書法歷史悠久，它不僅是漢字的傳統(tǒng)書寫形式，也是體現(xiàn)自我修養(yǎng)和自我表達的藝術(shù)。作者的內(nèi)心世界通過美妙的字體得以體現(xiàn)。書法在中國藝術(shù)中擁有舉足輕重的地位，因為它影響到了其它的中國藝術(shù)形式，比如古典詩歌、雕塑、傳統(tǒng)音樂及舞蹈、建筑及手工藝品。作為傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)瑰寶，中國書法被全世界人民所喜愛，且越來越受到歡迎。

Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression.Inner world of the writer could be reflected with the help of beautiful Chinese script.Chinese calligraphy plays an important role in Chinese art, for it has influenced other Chinese artistic forms like classical poetry, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.As a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy is enjoyed by people throughout the world and is becoming more and more popular.3。中國山水畫Landscape Painting

山水畫一直以來都被譽為中國繪畫的最高境界。它品味高端，很受歡迎。一般意義上，中國山水畫被認為是書法、繪畫及詩歌的結(jié)合或延伸。漢語“山水”這個詞由“山”和“水”兩個漢字組成，且與道教的哲學思想相聯(lián)系，它強調(diào)的是人與自然的和諧。中國畫家描繪的并不總是真實的世界，他們呈現(xiàn)的是自己想象出來的風景，這些風景不再只是對眼前世界的描繪，而是畫家內(nèi)在思想的寫照。因此，人們認為欣賞山水畫除了可以很好地了解畫家的內(nèi)心世界之外，還可以凈化自己的靈魂。

Landscape painting is traditionally considered as the highest form of Chinese painting styles.It is very popular and is associated with refined scholarly taste.Chinese Landscape painting in general is seen as a combination or extension of calligraphy, painting, and poetry.The Chinese term for “l(fā)andscape” is made up of two characters meaning “mountains and water”.It is linked with the philosophy of Daoism, which emphasizes harmony with the natural world.Chinese artists do not usually paint real place but imaginary landscape which is no longer about the description of the visible world, but a means of conveying the inner mind.People therefore believe that looking at landscape painting is a good way to realize the artist’s inner heart as well as a way to purify their souls.4。中國戲曲 Chinese Opera

在中國，戲曲是一種很流行的戲劇形式，一般來說，可以追溯到唐朝時期，當時的皇帝唐玄宗創(chuàng)立了“梨園”。如今，許多外國人也很喜歡中國的戲曲。最吸引他們的則是戲曲的獨有風格—畫臉譜，它不僅是戲曲中的一大亮點，同時還要求獨特的繪畫技藝。每個演員臉上夸張的扮相代表其扮演角色的性格和命運。熟知戲曲的觀眾通過觀察演員的臉譜和服裝就可以知道角色背后的故事。通常，紅色臉譜代表忠誠與勇敢;黑色代表兇猛;黃色和白色代表口是心非;金色和銀色代表神秘。7對于中國人，特別是老年人，欣賞戲曲是他們的一大樂趣。

Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China.In general, it dates back to the Tang Dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong, who founded the “Pear Garden”.Now Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreign people.What appeals foreigners most might be the distinctive style of facial make-up, which is one of the highlights and requires distinctive techniques of painting.Exaggerated designs are painted on each performer''''''''s face to symbolize a character''''''''s personality, and fate.Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes.Generally, a red face represents loyalty and bravery;a black face, rough;yellow and white faces, duplicity;and golden and silver faces, mystery.For Chinese, especially older folks, to listen to opera is a real pleasure.5。京劇 Peking Opera

京劇是中國的一種傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)。它是中國戲曲的一種，誕生于于1790年四大徽班(Four Great Anhui Troupes)入京表演的時候。19世紀中期得到快速發(fā)展，到清朝達到全盛階段。京劇被看成是中國的文化瑰寶之一。雖然它被稱為京劇，但是它的起源地卻是中國的安徽省和湖北省。京劇起初是一種宮廷表演藝術(shù)，而后才慢慢普及到民間。在數(shù)百年前，京劇作為一種新的戲曲形式，無論在哪里進行表演，都飽受歡迎。而在現(xiàn)代社會中，包括京劇在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)戲曲卻不大能被年輕人接受，面臨著巨大的生存危機。

Peking opera is a traditional art in China.It is a kind of Chinese opera which was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790, arose in the mid-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty.Peking opera is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei.Peking opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later.Hundreds of years ago, as a new drama form, wherever it was performed, it would be warmly welcomed..Unfortunately, in the modern world, traditional operas including Peking Opera have to face the existential crisis, because they are not easily accepted by younger generations.6。昆曲Kunqu Opera

昆曲是中國古老戲曲中的一種，起源于江蘇昆山，擁有600多年的歷史。它是連接過去與現(xiàn)在，中國與世界的紐帶，對現(xiàn)今中國的戲曲形式，包括川劇與京劇在內(nèi)，都產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。昆曲蘊含了各種意象美，從音樂、舞蹈到詩歌，人們的精神世界甚至中國人的靈魂，都有所體現(xiàn)。正因為如此，昆曲在過去廣受歡迎，也成了中國文化遺產(chǎn)中最珍貴的部分。但是現(xiàn)在，昆曲不僅面臨著來自大眾流行文化的挑戰(zhàn)，而且年輕人也對其缺乏興趣。只有進行適當?shù)谋Ｗo，昆曲才能擁有美好的未來。

Kunqu Opera, which originated in the Kunshan region of Jiangsu province, is one of China’s classical operas with a history of more than 600 years.Kunqu Opera serves as a link between past and present, China and the world.It has exerted a dominant influence on recent forms of opera in China, including the Sichuan and Beijing operas.Kunqu Opera embraced every imaginable beauty, from music and dance, to poetry and people’s spirit world and even very soul of the Chinese nation, so that Kunqu Opera was so popular in the past and became the most valuable parts of China’s cultural heritage.But now, Kunqu Opera is facing competition from mass culture and a lack of interest amongst the young.It can only have a bright future when it is protected in a proper way.7．唐詩Poems of the Tang Dynasty

唐代，是中國古典詩歌的鼎盛時期，在不到300年的時間里，涌現(xiàn)出了許多著名的詩人和詩作。清朝時編輯的《全唐詩》(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收錄2200多位詩人創(chuàng)作的48900多首詩歌。這些詩歌讓人們深入了解到當時社會生活的各個方面。中國人很喜歡唐詩，就連小孩子也能背出幾首，如李白的《靜夜思》(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的《春夜喜雨》(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐詩不僅是中國古代文學史上最光輝的一頁，而且也是人類文化史中的一個奇跡。

The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years.Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets.These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period.Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc.Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.8。唐詩Poems of the Tang Dynasty

唐代，是中國古典詩歌的鼎盛時期，在不到300年的時間里，涌現(xiàn)出了許多著名的詩人和詩作。清朝時編輯的《全唐詩》(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收錄2200多位詩人創(chuàng)作的48900多首詩歌。這些詩歌讓人們深入了解到當時社會生活的各個方面。中國人很喜歡唐詩，就連小孩子也能背出幾首，如李白的《靜夜思》(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的《春夜喜雨》(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐詩不僅是中國古代文學史上最光輝的一頁，而且也是人類文化史中的一個奇跡。

The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years.Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets.These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period.Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc.Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.9。長城The Great Wall

長城，作為中國的象征之一，不僅是中國的奇跡，也是整個世界的奇跡。它始建于春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國后，連結(jié)了各段長城以抵御外敵入侵?，F(xiàn)存的長城遺跡主要為建于14世紀的明長城。長城有著兩千多年的歷史，于1987年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)如今，長城仍是世界上最受歡迎的景點之一。

As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world.The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.After the unification of China, the first Emperor of Qin linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies.The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century, called Ming Great Wall.With a long history of more than 2,000 years, the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987.Until now, the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.10。故宮The Imperial Palace

故宮又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面積72萬平方米。它擁有眾多的庭院，四面有高墻和護城河保護。明清兩代的皇帝和他們的家眷以及數(shù)百名宮女、太監(jiān)曾在這里居住。紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能進入。在1924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宮后，故宮于1925年變成了故宮博物院并對外開放。

Standing/Lying in the center of Beijing, the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, covers an area of 720,000 square meters.It consists of dozens of courtyards and is protected by high walls and a moat on all four sides.The emperors of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, lived here with their families and hundreds of court ladies and palace eunuchs.The Forbidden City was completed in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, which was not accessible to the common people.The Palace was converted into a museum in 1925 and has been open to the public after the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was driven out of the Palace in 1924.We often keep hearing such a saying, “Never give up.” It can be an inspiring term and expression of determination.One who trust it will try to reach his aim no matter how many times he fails.As for me, determining to succeed is a valuable quality to own.Consequently, I am convinced that we should never give up halfway.One reason is that provided that we abandon too easily, we could hardly realize anything.It is usual for us to fail in our first attempt at something new, so we shouldn’t feel depressed and should try once more.In addition, if we always give up easily when we fail, we will not be able to obtain new skills.Another reason we should never abandon is that we can learn a lesson from our errors.If we do not try once again, the lesson we have gotten is squandered（浪費）.At last, we should never give up in that as we try our best to realize our goals, we are becoming more confident, and this confidence can grant（授予，給）us succeed in other fields（領(lǐng)域）of daily life.In a word, it is essential（必要的）that we do not give up when struggling for our targets.Whether we succeed at last or not, we will learn something, and what we know will help us to become better, more confident.Furthermore（此外）, if we give up halfway, we have no opportunities of achieving our goals, but if we keep trying, there is always a chance that we will succeed in the future.【參考譯文】

我們經(jīng)常不斷地聽到這樣一句說法，“不要放棄”。它是一個令人鼓舞而又充滿決心的說法。相信此話的人無論失敗多少次都會竭盡全力去實現(xiàn)自己的目標。我認為，下定決心去取得成功是我們具備的一個寶貴的品質(zhì)。因此，我堅信我不應(yīng)該半途而廢。

其中原因之一是如果我們輕言放棄，那么我們不可能實現(xiàn)任何事情。在我們首次償試新事物失敗的話這是很常見的事，因此我們不應(yīng)該感到沮喪，而是應(yīng)該重振其鼓再次償試。此外，如果我們一失敗就輕言放棄，那就不可能獲得新的技能。不應(yīng)該放棄的另外一個原因是我們可以從失敗當中吸取教訓(xùn)。如果我們不去再次償試，我們得到的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)也沒有用武之地。最后，不該放棄的又一個原因是當我們盡力去實現(xiàn)目標時，我們會變得更加自信，這種自信能夠讓我們在生活的其它領(lǐng)域獲得成功。

總之，當我們?yōu)槟繕硕吨T努力時，不去輕言放棄是非常重要的。不管最終我們是否會成功，我們總會學到一些東西。掌握的這些內(nèi)容會幫助我們變得更好，更自信。此外，如果我們半途而廢了，我們就沒有機會去實現(xiàn)目標，但是如果我們不斷償試，那將來我們一定會有機會取得成功

Uncivilized Tourists（不文明游客）

Recently, there is a popular saying: the world is so large that I want to have a look!As more and more people travel around during their holidays, tourists have brought large sum of（大量的）money to the local people.However, too many tourists also bring some problems to the local life.The most serious problem is the pollution caused by the uncivilized tourists.It’s reported that there were thousands of tons of（許多的）rubbish left after the flag-raising ceremony（升旗儀式）on Oct.1st.The uncivilized tourists left their rubbish wherever they go, polluting the local environment.Another problem is the traffic jam（交通阻塞）caused by so many tourists.Tourist can promote the economic development of the local areas, but the pollution caused by those uncivilized tourists has brought severe（嚴峻的）problems.The local tourist authority should set up relative（相關(guān)的）laws to protect the environment of the local areas, and every tourist obey（遵守）the laws and help to（有助于）make the places of tourist more beautiful!We Shouldn't Totally Turn to the Internet

Nowadays, Internet has become an indispensable（不可缺少的）part in our life, and we use it for various purposes, such as searching useful information and chatting online.However, now more and more people turn to the Internet for help whenever they have trouble in finding solutions to their problems, and this phenomenon has aroused（喚醒）the public's attention.Relying on the Internet to solve all our difficulties can have bad impacts（影響）on us.On one hand, since we can always settle the troubles by searching solutions online, we can become very lazy and don't bother to think up answers by ourselves, which can hinder（阻礙）the development of creative thinking.On the other hand, the answers online may be inaccurate or wrong.If we use them without thinking the credibility（正確性）of them, we may make serious mistakes someday.As far as I'm concerned, we shouldn't completely depend on the Internet to settle problems.When we come across some difficulties, we’d better try our best to find possible solutions.If we make great efforts and still can't come up with an answer, then we can surf online to search solutions.But we should question the correctness of these answers before we adopt（采納）them.

第四篇：2016大學英語四級 翻譯練習

世界貿(mào)易組織成立于1995年1月1日，目的是確保一個穩(wěn)定的全球和貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟環(huán)境。在當今世界上的190多個國家中，世界貿(mào)易組織的成員國(member country)有158個。在處理國家之間的貿(mào)易規(guī)則方面，世界貿(mào)易組織是唯一的全球性國際組織。世貿(mào)組織的事務(wù)應(yīng)該引起我們的關(guān)注，因為世貿(mào)組織制定的規(guī)則對我們國家的經(jīng)濟和國民生活都有一定的影響。The WTO(World Trade Organization),established on January 1, 1995, aims to ensure a stable trade and economic world environment.The WTO is an association of 158 member countries, of more than 190 countries in the world today.The WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.The business of the WTO should be of interest to us because the rules that are being decided therein have an impact on our national economy, and peoples lives.2 奧運會是國際性的體育盛會(sporting events)，體育項目種類繁多，分為夏冬兩季，均是每4年舉辦一次。最初有記載的奧運會于公元前776年在希臘的奧林匹亞(Olympia)舉行。奧運會是最大的媒體活動之一。2000年悉尼奧運會上，有超過1.6萬名播音員和新聞記者參與報道。據(jù)估計，有38億觀眾通過電視收看了此屆盛會。然而，奧運會的發(fā)展也是奧運會面臨的一個大問題。

The Olympic Games are an international multisport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events.The summer and winter games are each held every four years.The original Olympic Games were first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece.The Olympics are one of the largest media events.In Sydney in 2000 there were more than 16 000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television.However, the development of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today.3 《三國演義》由羅貫中創(chuàng)作于14世紀，是一部中國歷史題材小說。小說以漢朝末年和三國時期的歷史演變?yōu)楸尘?，敘述了在這個動蕩(turbulent)時期發(fā)生的一系列重大事情。整個故事情節(jié)從公元168年開始一直到公元280年領(lǐng)土統(tǒng)一(reunification)時結(jié)束。小說篇幅長達80萬字，分為120個章節(jié)，共描述了1 191個人物角色，堪稱中國文學史上四大經(jīng)典小說之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800 000 words, 1 191 characters, and 120 chapters.4 秧歌舞(Yangko)是中國漢族的一種傳統(tǒng)民間舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝(costume)，他們的表演動作有力而迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼(gong)鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上觀看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同時他們也樂在其中。The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces.Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick.During holidays such as lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside.In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers mostly enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.5 中國人喜歡在一起吃飯，這個傳統(tǒng)可以追溯到很久之前。這反映出中國人喜歡團圓、不愿分離的觀念——圓桌、圓盤、圓碗都象征著團圓和美滿。盤子通常放在桌子的中央,這樣坐在桌子面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一鍋熱湯尤其可以增加和諧、團圓的氣氛。朋友們也喜歡在一起吃飯、生活。最近一位美國漢學家(Sinologist)的著作認為，中國人的集體觀念(collective tradition)就是從一同吃飯發(fā)展而來的。

Chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back a long time ago.It reflects the Chinese notion of union versus division—round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize union and perfection.Dishes are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them.A hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and union.Friends also like to eat and live together.A recent book by an American Sinologist held that the Chinese collective tradition developed out of the practice of eating together.6 川劇(Sichuan Opera)就像四川火鍋以及其他的名菜一樣動人、豐富。變臉(Face Changing)是川劇中的一大亮點。據(jù)說古人在他們的臉上作畫，[JP2]以便趕走野生動物。川劇吸收了這一古老的技藝并將其升華為一門藝術(shù)。變臉是一門神奇的藝術(shù)。演員在不到20秒的時間內(nèi)要換十多次臉譜。通過舉手、擺袖或搖頭，演員使用不同的臉譜來表現(xiàn)不同的情緒，并通過看得見摸得著的臉譜表達出看不見摸不著的感情。

Sichuan Opera(Chuan Ju), like hotpot and other famous Sichuan dishes, is exciting and rich.Face Changing is the highlight of Sichuan Opera.It is said that ancient people painted their faces to drive away wild animals.Sichuan Opera absorbs this ancient skill and perfects it into an art.Face Changing is a magical art.Actors change more than 10 masks in less than 20 seconds.By raising the hand, swinging a sleeve or tossing the head, an actor uses different masks to show different emotions, expressing invisible and intangible feelings through visible and tangible masks.7 長城作為世界上最偉大的奇觀之一，是古代中國在不同時期為抵御北方游牧民族（nomadic tribe）侵襲而修筑的規(guī)模浩大的軍事工程的統(tǒng)稱。如同巨龍一般，長城自東向西綿延8 800多公里。距今已有2 000多年歷史的萬里長城很多地方已經(jīng)變成了廢墟，但是它仍然是世界上最具吸引力的地方。1987年，長城被聯(lián)合國教科文組織（UNESCO）列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders in the world, is the general name of a series of largescale military constructions during different periods in ancient China, hoped for the defense against the invasion of nomadic tribes from the north.Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall stretches over 8 800 kilometers from east to west of China.With a history of more than 2 000 years, many sections of the Great Wall have been in ruins now.However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world.In 1987, the Great Wall was listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.8 光棍節(jié)，又稱“雙十一”，最初是由大學生發(fā)起的單身人士的情人節(jié)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)從最初的慶祝單身變成了中國人的一個網(wǎng)購狂歡節(jié)。過去六年里，中國的電商（ecommerce）巨頭們開始利用這一商機，通過打折促銷吸引顧客，提高銷售收入。天貓(Tmall.com)雙十一一天的銷售額從2009年的5 000萬飆升至2013年的350億。郵政部門（the State Post Bureau）表示由于準備充分，盡管訂單增加，快遞業(yè)務(wù)仍然運行正常。

Singles Day, also named the Double 11 Day, which originated with college students as an alternative to Valentines Day for single people, now has transformed its original function as a day of celebration for the great unloved into a day of crazy online shopping for the Chinese people.Over the past six years, Singles Day has been taken advantage of by Chinese ecommerce giants by offering discounts and launching sales campaigns on that day to attract customers and boost sales income.Sales at Tmall.com on Singles Day have snowballed from 50 million yuan in 2009 to 35 billion yuan in 2013.The State Post Bureau said that thanks to adequate preparation, express deliveries were running on schedule despite the increase in orders.9 對于中國人來說，“面子”十分重要，它指的是一個人根源于自尊的名譽觀。大部分中國人都認為，有面子是最重要的事情之一，丟面子則會帶來巨大的痛苦。因此，人們必須了解并遵守面子規(guī)則，如果違反就會受到嚴厲的懲罰。然而，有時候一個人丟面子不僅僅是因為他們的行為不符合社會的要求，還可能是由于別人的行為沒有符合他個人的期待。

Face is immensely important for the Chinese.It can be defined as a notion of ones reputation rooted in selfesteem.Most of the Chinese people believe that to have face is one of the most valued things, while to lose face is a cause of great anguish.Thus, people are expected to know and abide by the rules of face and are penalized harshly if they break them.However, sometimes a person could lose face not only because of his failure to match up to societys obligations on him, but also from the failure of others to act in accordance with his expectations of them.武術(shù)在我國源遠流長，是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶(gem)。我們知道，一個民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn)不僅僅屬于一個民族，它會逐漸傳播到世界的其他地方而成為人類的共同財富。為了更好地推廣武術(shù)，使其與奧運項目接軌，中國武協(xié)和國際武聯(lián)(the Chinese Wushu Association and the International Wushu Federation)做了艱苦卓絕的工作?，F(xiàn)在武術(shù)已被列為一種與保齡球(bowling)和國際標準舞(international standard dance)有同等地位的奧運表演項目。

With a long history in China, wushu is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As we all know, the excellent cultural heritage of a nation doesnt belong to the nation alone but will be spread to the rest of the world gradually to be shared by all humanity.The Chinese Wushu Association and the International Wushu Federation have been working very hard to popularize wushu and move it closer to the Olympic events.Now, wushu has been accepted as an Olympic demonstration event with the same status as bowling and international standard dance.11 旗袍(Qipao)是中國獨特的傳統(tǒng)服飾。旗袍原本是滿族(Manchu)婦女的服裝，穿在身上非常寬松，直上直下，中間沒有腰線。后來一些漢族的女性對這種服飾進行了改造，使它更加合身、性感。20世紀20年代，旗袍在上海的女學生中變得非常流行。旗袍一般是由絲綢制成，領(lǐng)口、袖口和腋襟上都繡有精細的花邊。旗袍體現(xiàn)了中國女性的端莊、溫柔和美麗。

Qipao is a unique kind of traditional Chinese attire.Originally worn by Manchu women, Qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body with no waistlines.And then some Han Chinese ladies carried out some improvements on the design, making it more fitting and sexier.When it came to the 1920s, Qipao became very popular among the girl students in Shanghai.Qipao is usually made of silk, and embroidered with delicate laces at the neckline, cuffs and edges.Qipao embodies Chinese womens modesty, softness and beauty.中國石窟(grotto)主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽龍門石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號稱中國四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動自然，將崇高美(sublimity)與世俗情(secular feeling)融為一體，把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture.In China, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance.They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind.The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, displaying the art of architecture, painting, sculptures and etc.The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become an important international cultural heritage.13 中國古典文學包括詩歌、散文、小說及詞(ci)、賦(fu)、曲(qu)等多種文體，藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。小說歷史悠久，并在明清時期達到巔峰。小說中的《三國演義》《水滸傳》《西游記》《紅樓夢》被稱為中國四大古典文學名著，至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會、民俗，是汲取古代文明精粹、處世為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。

Chinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction, and ci(new lyrics written to preexisting tunes), fu(“descriptive poems” of prosepoetry), qu(a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles.Its artistic expressions are various in techniques.Chinese fiction has a long history, reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Four classics of Chinese literature are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Pilgrimage to the West, and A Dream of Red Mansions, which have extensive and farreaching significance both on a national and international level.Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can understand traditional Chinese society and human culture, and its folklore.And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of ancient culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.14 泰山(Mount Tai)位于山東中部，占地426平方千米，最高峰“玉皇頂(the Jade Emperor Peak)”海拔約1 545米。泰山以恢宏的自然景觀著稱于世，山上點綴著寺廟、石碑和石刻(stone inscription)。身為中國五大名山之首，泰山備受佛教(Buddhism)和道教(Taoism)的推崇。中國的很多皇帝都曾到泰山敬拜天地。傳統(tǒng)觀念認為泰山是每天太陽最先升起的地方。因此為了到泰山之巔看日出，成千上萬的人午夜就開始攀登泰山。

Located in central Shandong Province, Mount Tai covers 426 square kilometers with its highest peak, the Jade Emperor Peak, reaching about 1 545 meters above sea level.Mount Tai earns a reputation for its imposing natural scenery festooned with a chain of temples, stone tablets and stone inscriptions.As the first of the “Five Great Mountains” in China, Mount Tai is revered both in Buddhism and Taoism.Many emperors in China visited it to hold the Heaven Worship ceremony.Traditional belief maintains that each day begins with the sun rising at Mount Tai, thus thousands of sun worshipers climbed it from as early as midnight in order to appreciate sunrise at its peak.中國古代四大藝術(shù)中的“畫”特指國畫。其繪畫形式是用毛筆蘸墨、顏料作畫于絹或宣紙之上，古代稱之為水墨丹青(inkpainting)。為區(qū)別于西方的油畫而稱之為中國畫，簡稱“國畫”。其題材有人物、山水、花鳥等。技法可分為工筆(fine brushwork)和寫意(freehand brushwork)。國畫的藝術(shù)特質(zhì)在于“筆墨”，強調(diào)以形寫神，畫盡意在。國畫在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中華民族的審美意識和情趣。

Painting in the four art forms in ancient China particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting.Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on spun silk or xuan paper.In ancient China, it was called inkpainting.In order to distinguish it from Western oilpaintings, the Chinese people term their works “Chinese painting”, short for traditional Chinese painting.The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers.The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and freehand brushwork.The artistic characteristics of Chinese painting lie in “the writing brush and ink”.Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter.Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning.In terms of the artistic creation, Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.16 瓷器(porcelain)是中國最為重要的手工藝品之一。中國瓷器有3 500多年的歷史，明清時期尤其繁榮。瓷器不僅可以用作日常餐具(dinnerware)、花瓶等，精美的瓷器更是常常被人們用來裝飾家居。作為高檔藝術(shù)品的象征，真品瓷器常常具有極高的藝術(shù)價值和經(jīng)濟價值，因此，常被很多人視為珍藏品。中國瓷器受到各國人民的歡迎，經(jīng)常被用作表達中外友誼的禮物。Porcelains are one of Chinas most important handicrafts.Chinese porcelains have a history of more than 3 500 years, their most prosperous period being Ming and Qing Dynasties.Porcelains can be used as daily dinnerware and vases, and delicate porcelains are even commonly used for home decorations by people.As the symbols of highend works of art, authentic porcelains are often of extremely high artistic and economic value and therefore they are often regarded as precious collections by many people.Chinese porcelains are popular with people around the world, and they are often used as presents for expressing friendship between Chinese and foreign people.17 酒是中國人生活中的重要飲品之一。中國制酒源遠流長，享譽中外。在中國最具有代表性的酒莫過于白酒(liquor)了，從某種角度上來說，中國的酒文化就是白酒文化。酒在中國人眼里更多的是一種交際的工具。酒在中國人生活中占有重要的位置，滲透于(permeate)整個中華五千年的文明史中，包括文學創(chuàng)作、娛樂、烹飪、養(yǎng)生保健等各方面。

Alcohol is one of the important drinks in Chinese peoples life.Chinese alcoholmaking has a long history and has been renowned at home and abroad.In China, no alcohol is more representative than Chinese liquor and at some point, Chinese alcohol culture is Chinese liquor culture.Alcohol is more of a communication tool in Chinese peoples eyes.Alcohol has permeated 5 000 years civilization of the whole Chinese history, which plays an important role in every aspect of Chinese peoples life, from literary creation and entertainment to cooking and health preservation.18 11月11日由四個1構(gòu)成，因此每年此日就是光棍節(jié)(Singles Day)。20世紀90年代，南京眾多大學首先開始慶祝光棍節(jié)。正如其名，這個新節(jié)日是專門為單身人士設(shè)立的。近年來，中國成為世界上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶最多的國家，而單身人士是網(wǎng)購的主力軍(main force)，許多電子商務(wù)平臺(platform)就在光棍節(jié)當天開展促銷活動以吸引中國不計其數(shù)的單身人士前來購物。目前，光棍節(jié)已成為中國人瘋狂網(wǎng)購的日子。

Singles Day falls on every November 11th because the date is comprised of four “ones”.It was initially celebrated at many universities in Nanjing during the 1990s.As the name indicates, this new holiday is one exclusively for people who are still living a single life.In recent years, as China has become a country with the worlds biggest population of Internet users and the single people are the main force of Chinas online spending power, many ecommerce platforms launch promotion campaigns on the day in order to attract countless single people around China to their websites.Singles Day has become a day of crazy online shopping among the Chinese now.19 隨著城市化(urbanization)進程的加快，越來越多的農(nóng)民工(migrant worker)在城市里安頓下來。他們把子女接到城里來，希望孩子能接受到更好的教育。然而，這些農(nóng)民工發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實并不像他們預(yù)期的那么美好。城市公立學校的設(shè)施和師資遠遠不能滿足大批農(nóng)民工子女的需求。幸運的是，農(nóng)民工子女的教育已成為政府議事日程上優(yōu)先處理的問題。

With the acceleration of urbanization, an increasing number of migrant workers settle down in the cities.They bring their children along with them to the cities, with the hope of their children receiving better education.However, the migrants find the reality is not as promising as theyve expected.The facilities and faculties in the urban public schools are far from enough to meet the needs of the big group of migrant children.Luckily, the education problem of the migrant children has become a priority on the governments agenda.20 杭州市擁有世界上最大的公用自行車系統(tǒng)(bike sharing system)。目前杭州市共有2 700個公用自行車租賃站點，共計66 500輛車。計劃至2020年，公共自行車的數(shù)量將增至175 000輛。租用自行車需要智能卡(smart card)，可在任意站點租車、在任意站點還車。租車騎行1小時內(nèi)免費，1小時以上則按每小時1元收費。公用自行車系統(tǒng)對緩解杭州市的交通擁堵(congestion)起到了很大的作用。

With 66 500 bikes in 2 700 renting stations in the city now, Hangzhou owns the largest bike sharing system in the world.It plans to increase to 175 000 bikes by 2020.For renting a bike, one needs a smart card.One can rent a bike and return it at any station.Bike users can ride for free for the first hour and pay 1 yuan per hour for the extra time.The system is of great help to relieve the traffic congestion in Hangzhou city.

第五篇：大學英語四級翻譯解題方法

大學英語四級漢譯英方法總結(jié)

一、漢譯英簡介

在四級新題型考試中，翻譯題所占分值為5%。由5個句子組成，要求考生將句子的一部分由中文翻譯成英文。它考查的內(nèi)容主要包括兩部分，一是意群的表達，二是句法。

漢譯英主要的考點有：固定結(jié)構(gòu)的用法、詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換、語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換、長短句之間的轉(zhuǎn)化和詞語選擇的恰當性。

二、漢譯英解題步驟

知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。若想在這一全新的題型上得高分，考生必須首先透徹地了解它的形式和要求，摸清命題人的思路，有針對性地復(fù)習、練習。大學英語四級考試的漢譯英部分包含五個句子，每句話都由一部分漢語和一部分英語構(gòu)成，要求考生將其中的漢語部分翻譯成英語，與所給英語部分構(gòu)成一個完整的句子。針對這部分題型的特點和中國學生在翻譯訓(xùn)練中常犯的錯誤，我們?yōu)榭忌贫俗龊脻h譯英的四步法。

（一）通讀全句，確定語法成分

漢譯英題型中的漢語和英語部分共同構(gòu)成了一個完整的達意單位，不能將其割裂開來。同時，由于兩種語言之間的語法結(jié)構(gòu)相去甚遠，考生不應(yīng)該將漢語部分直接翻譯成英語，而是要首先閱讀整個句子，確定要求翻譯的部分在整個英語句子中的語法成分。

例如：_____________________________________________（她目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著窗外），she told us that our friend Tom had died in the air crash．

解析：很多學生看到給出的漢語部分是一個完整的主謂句，就想當然地將其翻譯成一個英文的簡單句。但仔細研究逗號以后的英文部分我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗號沒有連接兩個分句的功能，而本句逗號后面沒有連接詞，因此劃線部分不是一個句子，而是一個狀語成分。由此可知，我們必須使用非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。可接受的答案包括：Keeping her eyes fixed out of the window；Staring out of the win-low；With her eyes fixed out the window；Her eyes fixed out of the window等。

（二）審查時態(tài)，決定表達方式

確定語法成分以后，考生要有意識地審查時態(tài)，要特別注意句中的時間狀語，并對照所給英語部分的時態(tài)。此外，還應(yīng)該根據(jù)漢語意思推斷出題人想考查的語法或詞匯項目，避免將漢語詞匯逐個機械地翻譯成英語的情況。

例如：Since we're here ________________________________（我們不如四處看看）．

解析：首先通讀全句，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Since we're here是一個條件狀語從句，意思是“既然我們在這里”，因此劃線部分應(yīng)該是主句，有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。隨后我們開始分析漢語表達，“不如（做……）”的英文表達法是may/ might as well do sth.，與“四處看看”對應(yīng)的英文短語是look around,而且全句使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。因此正確答案是we may as well look around。

（三）付諸筆墨，保證拼寫無誤

經(jīng)過仔細的斟酌以后，真正的翻譯工作就變得簡單得多，但對很多考生來說單詞的拼寫是一大難題，因此考生應(yīng)該在確保關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)無誤的前提下盡量選用自己有把握的單詞和短語。

例如：

By contrast，American parents were more likely ________________________（把孩子的成功歸因于）natural talent.解析：通過分析可知，本題考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做……”和attribute sth.to sb.／another thing“將……歸因于……”的用法，對這兩點很熟悉的考生可以不費吹灰之力就做出完美的答案，但正確地寫出attribute和success并不是件容易的事。正確答案為to attribute their children’s success to。

（四）重新審視，確認句法合理 在檢查的時候，考生應(yīng)該確認自己翻譯的部分與題目給出的英文部分共同構(gòu)成了一個語法正確達意清晰的句子。在這一階段，考生還應(yīng)該重點檢查句首字母的大寫、冠詞和代詞的使用以及主謂一致的問題。

總之，做漢譯英題目的時候，切忌盲目下筆，考生應(yīng)該在平日的練習中嚴格遵循以上四個步驟，有意識地培養(yǎng)良好的翻譯習慣。

三、實戰(zhàn)演練

下面，我們以四級新題型樣題中的翻譯題為例，說明翻譯題型的解題步驟與方法。

87.The substance does not dissolve in water _______________________(不管是否加熱).[關(guān)鍵詞]加熱――heat；不管是否――(no matter)whether… or not [連 接]heat與其邏輯主語substance之間需采用被動連接，即heat加ed。[優(yōu) 化]whether(it is)heated or not.――注意，it is可省略。[點 評]如果heated or not放在句首，whether也可以省略。88.Not only ___________________________(高), but he didn’t do a good repair job either.[關(guān)鍵詞]收費過高――overcharge, charge too much/high [連 接]句首的Not only決定了倒裝連接，下文用了過去時態(tài)，因此，這里需在he之前加did。

[優(yōu) 化](Not only)did he charge me too much/high, / did he overcharge me, …。[點 評]如果未能想出用overcharge/charge too much表示“收費過高”，也可以將其含義“化解”掉，用ask for too much來表達，答案可以是did he ask me for too much。

他

向

我收

費

過

89.Your losses in trade this year are nothing ___________________________(與我的相比).[關(guān)鍵詞]相比――compare(with), in comparison with；我的――mine, my losses [連 接]compare與其邏輯主語Your losses之間需采用被動連接。[優(yōu) 化]…in comparison with mine或compared with mine。

[點 評]此處最好用介詞詞組，如果用compared with mine，則放在句首更合適。90.On average, it is said, visitors spend only ___________________________(一半的錢)in a day in Leeds as in London.[關(guān)鍵詞]一半――half；錢――money

[連 接]注意后文的as，此處需用一比較連接詞as，并在as后需增添一形容詞或副詞。

[優(yōu) 化]… half as much money。

[點 評]這里因為前文有spend，這里可以省略money；此處如果先把“一半”的意思撇開，更易“化解”原文，即先譯出“一天里在利茲和在倫敦花同樣多的錢”，spend as much(money)in a day in Leeds as in London，然后將“(只有)一半”加進去，這樣來看(only)half只能放在as much前。

91.By contrast, American mothers were more likely _______________________________(把孩子的成功歸因于)natural talent.[關(guān)鍵詞]孩子的成功――children’s success / success of the children；把……歸因于――attribute… to / owe… to [連 接]上文的were more likely后需接to。

[優(yōu) 化]to attribute their children’s success / success of their children to…。[點 評]“把……歸因于”也可以化解為“相信……的原因是……”，即believe that their children’s success is due to…/ the main factor for their children’s success is。

四、實用漢譯英技巧

四級考試對翻譯的要求并不高，只是要求考生用所學過的內(nèi)容，運用一定的翻譯技巧，將中文含義用英文順暢地表達出來，也就是只做到“信”、“達”、“雅”這三個翻譯標準的前兩項就已基本符合要求。

（一）恰當選詞

在中譯英題型中，考生應(yīng)注意恰當詞語的選擇。首先要盡量避免過于籠統(tǒng)的詞語，選用其下義詞或更確切的詞語。例如：He is a good man.就不如He is a kind-hearted man.確切。而“他養(yǎng)了一條牧羊犬”譯為“He raised a dog “，就不如“He raised a shepherd dog.”準確。此外，還要注意近義詞之間的選擇。例如”He runs very fast.”，和“He gave us a quick answer.”。

（二）中英文句式之間的對應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)換

有些中文句子結(jié)構(gòu)與含義可以對應(yīng)英文中的某些句型。若考生可以恰當使用這些句型，可達到事半功倍的效果。這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常出現(xiàn)在大學英語課本每一課的課后練習中，如：“只有在海洋中我們才能發(fā)現(xiàn)鯨魚”譯為“Only in the ocean can we find whales.”

（三）語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

中譯英經(jīng)常會涉及語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

人們讓我們相信，得到心里渴望的東西是件很容易的事。

We have been assured that achieving our heart's desires would be a piece of cake．

通常中文中的主語過于寬泛的時候，如“人們”，“別人”“這”等等，都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成英文的被動語態(tài)，省略原來的主語。

（四）詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換指的是中英文之間詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換，如在中文里是名詞，到了英文句子中就變成了動詞。這里主要提示四種情況。

1）名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

例如：查理的夢想是將來成為一個偵探。（“夢想”是名詞）

譯為：Charlie dreams of becoming a detective in the future.（“dream “是動詞）

2）動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞

例如：用害怕這個詞來描述可能會更準確。（“描述”是動詞）

譯為：Afraid would be a more accurate description.（” description“是名詞）3）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞

例如：吉姆成功的可能性很小。（“可能性”是名詞）

譯為：It is almost unlikely/impossible for Jim to succeed.（“unlikely”和“impossible“都是形容詞）

4）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞

例如：在這緊張的時刻他感到非常緊張。（“緊張的”是形容詞）譯為：

The intensity of the moment filled his mind with intensity.（” intensity“是名詞）

此外，在翻譯過程中，還需要注意的就是，中文句子通常比較短小，逗號使用較多，且逗號可連續(xù)使用。而英文中則經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)由并列結(jié)構(gòu)和主從結(jié)構(gòu)所構(gòu)成的長句，逗號不可以隨意使用。這時需要注意所譯英文句子不要因中文影響而出現(xiàn)殘句或粘連句。例如：“我收到了?！弊g成“I have received.”就是殘句，應(yīng)為“I have received it.”。將“瑪麗五年前住在舊金山，在那兒她寫了三本小說?！弊g成”Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago，there she wrote three novels.”就是粘連句，應(yīng)該是“Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago，and there she wrote three novels．”

五、考點預(yù)測

漢譯英題型對考生英語語言基礎(chǔ)的要求固然很高，但并非無規(guī)律可循。在加強記憶重點詞匯和短語的基礎(chǔ)上，考生在動筆翻譯以前一定要明確該題目考查的語言點，這樣才能夠做出最接近標準答案的譯文，避免失分。這里總結(jié)了漢譯英題型中最可能出現(xiàn)的重點句型和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，供考生參考。

（一）重點句型預(yù)測 1）It is＋形容詞＋that 例如：it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知識在我們的一生中扮演著一個重要的角色。2）It is＋形容詞＋to do/ doing 例如：She had said what it was necessary to say.她已經(jīng)說了一切有必要說的話。

3）祈使句／名詞＋and/ or 例如：Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.努力工作，你就能實現(xiàn)自己的目標。4）as＋many/ much＋名詞＋as 例如：It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in London.據(jù)說，游客每天在利茲的花銷僅為在倫敦的一半。5）倍數(shù)詞＋as＋形容詞＋as 例如：The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.這個水庫的面積是十年前三倍。

6)倍數(shù)詞+ more +名詞／形容詞十than 例如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.吸煙對人體健康的危害極大，每年死于吸煙的人比死于車禍的人多七倍。

7）（not）as/ so...as（和……（不）一樣）例如：The environmental problems are not as serious as they suggested in their report.環(huán)境問題沒有他們在報告中說得那么嚴重。8）no more...than（與……一樣不）

例如：She is no more fit to be a manager than a schoolgirl would be.匕個女學生固然不宜當經(jīng)理，她也同樣不宜。

9）Nothing is more...than（沒有比……更……的；……是最……的）例如：Nothing is more important than to receive education.沒有比接受教育更重要的事。

10）感官動詞＋of＋名詞

例如：They hurriedly escaped into a cave that smelt of terror.他們倉皇地逃人一個充滿恐怖氣氛的山洞。

11）without/ not so much as（甚至沒有）例如：Disappointed with her husband，Mary left home without so much as looking back at him．出于對丈夫的失望，瑪麗離開了家，甚至都沒有回頭看他一眼。

12）may/ might as well（…as）（與其……還不如……）

例如：One may as well not know a thing at all as know but imperfectly.與其一知半解還不如徹底蒙在鼓里。

13）too.～to.二（太……而不能……；極其地）例如：It was not too bright of them to settle in an area where earthquakes frequently occur.他們選擇在地震多發(fā)的地區(qū)定居，這可不是個明智的決定。14）only to find/ see（結(jié)果卻；沒想到會）例如：He spent almost all his money to buy the hen which was said to be able to lay gold eggs, only to find it could not lay eggs at all.為了買那只據(jù)說能下金蛋的母雞，他幾乎傾家蕩產(chǎn)，沒想到這只雞根本不會下蛋。

15）It is undoubted that/ There is no doubt that（毫無疑問，……）

例如：There is no doubt that war can be avoided if we get down to peace talk.毫無疑問，如果我們肯認真和談就能避免戰(zhàn)爭。16）rather than（而不是……）

例如：Rather than pursue money to achieve happiness，we should focus on the improvement of ourselves.我們應(yīng)該集中精力改善自我，而不是追求金錢的享樂。17）not...until（直到……才）例如：We can't release the film until we have the approval from the authority concerned.直到獲得有關(guān)當局的批準我們才能發(fā)行那部電影。18）so/ such（…）that（如此……以至于）例如：With the rumor spreading fast, their anxiety was such that they could not sleep/they became so anxious that they could not sleep.在謠言迅速散播的情況下，他們焦慮異常，無法人睡。

19）（The）chances are that（很可能……）例如：Chances are that she has already known it, and there is no need for us to keep the secret.她很可能已經(jīng)知道了，所以我們沒有必要再保守這個秘密。20）It occurred to sb.that（突然想到……）例如：It had never occurred to Cinderella she would become a princess someday.Cinderella從來沒有想到她會成為一位王妃。21）not...but...（不是……而是……）

例如：To our disappointment, the plan caused not development but destruction.讓我們失望的是，這個計劃帶來的不是進步而是破壞。22）It is taken for granted that（……被認為是理所當然的）例如：It has been taken for granted that women should take on all the housework.多年來人們一直認為女性做家務(wù)是理所當然的。23）It is/ was said that（據(jù)說）例如：it is said that man is the least biologically determined species of all because he possesses features absent in other natural species.據(jù)說人類是生物學上最難歸類的物種，因為人類擁有其他天然物種所缺乏的特性。24）When it comes to...（提及，當提到……的時候）

例如：When it comes to physics，I know nothing.談到物理學，我一無所知。25）be not much of a...（是個不太好的……）例如：Mike is not much of a teacher for he often skips from one subject to another.麥克不是個好老師，因為他總是從一個話題跳轉(zhuǎn)到另一個話題。26）As far as sb.／sth.is concerned（就……而言，在……看來）

例如：As far as I am concerned, fashion.belongs to women.在我看來，時尚是屬于女性的。

27）not only...but also（不但……而且……）

例如：Shakespeare is not only a great playwright but also a brilliant poet.莎士比亞不僅是一位偉大的劇作家而且是一位才華橫溢的詩人。

28）（n)either...（n)or...（既不……也不……；或者……或者……）例如：Liking neither the story nor the background music，he fell asleep in the cinema.他既不喜歡故事情節(jié)也不喜歡背景音樂，所以在電影院里睡著了。

29）no sooner than/ hardly when/ scarcely when（剛……就……）

例如：I had hardly opened the door when he rushed in.我剛開門他就沖進來了。30）the more…the more（越……越……）例如：The faster a country's economy develops，the slower its population grows.一個國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展越快，它的人口增長就越慢。

（二）重點語法結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測 1)虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣強調(diào)說話人的主觀愿望和假想情況。考生應(yīng)著重從以下幾方面進行復(fù)習和訓(xùn)練：一些能引起虛擬語氣的某些介詞、介詞短語和連詞，如：lest，in case，without，otherwise等；一部分表示建議、主張、命令、緊要等概念的詞語，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語從句、賓語或同位語從句往往采用“（should)子動詞原形”的虛擬形式，如：suggest, propose, command, order, request, require等；一些形容詞后面的主語從句中往往采用“（should）＋動詞原形”，如：It is necessary that，It is essential that，It is important that, It is desirable that等；省略了if的虛擬倒裝句；在would rather, wish，as if，It is time that等句型中使用適當?shù)奶摂M形式表達主觀愿望。

例如：It is necessary that ________________________________.（采取有效措施來防止環(huán)境污染）。

答案

：

effective actions

（should）be taken to prevent environmental pollution 2）時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換

英語中一共有16個時態(tài)，最常用的5個時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、一般過去時、一般將來時和現(xiàn)在完成時。

在以往的四級考試中考查最多的是將來完成時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時和完成進行時。因此在翻譯時，考生首先要抓住的就是已知信息中的時間狀語，是現(xiàn)在時間、將來時間還是過去時間、是短暫時間還是延續(xù)性時間。

例如：__________________________________（自從她上了高中），she has worked very hard.答案：Since the time she went to senior high school 3）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

英語中的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。哪些否定詞或者短語前置能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有何區(qū)別，as和so在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應(yīng)當重視的地方。

例如：________________________________（鲇魚walking fish不僅可以離開水存活）, but they can also travel short distances over land．

答案：Not only can walking fish live out of water（部分倒裝）例如：The peace talk turned out to be a failure.Then ____________________（兩國之間開始了一場惡戰(zhàn)）． 答案：began a bitter war between the two countries（全部倒裝）4）非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

一般說來，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下，逗號是不能連接兩個句子的，其中一個分句要么是非謂語形式，要么是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都作狀語，不同的是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的邏輯主語，而非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)則需要考生判斷邏輯主語和非謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系，確定使用主動語態(tài)或被動語態(tài)。

例如：________________________________（她一動不動地躺在床上），she fixed her eyes on the last leaf hanging against the blank wall．

答案：Lying in bed without any movement 5)主謂一致

這類考題靈活性大，需要根據(jù)實際情況判定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞作主語時謂語動詞多采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people，poultry，cattle, militia等；用and連接的成分表單一概念時謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如bread and butter，knife and fork等。此外還有就近原則，即主語中含有某些連詞（如as well as，besides，in addition to等）時，謂語動詞的數(shù)同第一個主語保持一致。

例如：It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes ___________________（是那里唯一有生命的物體）．

答案：were the only living creatures there 6）強調(diào)句型

強調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“It is/was...that/who...”，考生務(wù)必明確強調(diào)的部分可以是句子中除了謂語以外的任何成分，要特別注意強調(diào)句與“not until”的連用。

例如：________________________（直到失去健康）that people know the value of health.答案：It is not until they lose it 7）介詞with（without）引起的狀語結(jié)構(gòu)

介詞with與名詞或名詞結(jié)構(gòu)搭配引起的狀語可以表示對象、方式、伴隨、對照、結(jié)果、讓步等，正確地使用with能夠讓學生在漢譯英的過程中化繁為簡。

例如：______________________________________（有了這些措施），we can change our society into one in which natural resources will be fully cherished．

答案：With these measures 此外，代詞和連接詞的使用、狀語從句以及名詞性從句和形容詞性從句的用法也是考生應(yīng)該重點復(fù)習的對象。