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      高口翻譯第十講長(zhǎng)句的譯法(漢譯英)

      時(shí)間:2019-05-15 08:32:46下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫(xiě)寫(xiě)幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《高口翻譯第十講長(zhǎng)句的譯法(漢譯英)》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫(xiě)寫(xiě)幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《高口翻譯第十講長(zhǎng)句的譯法(漢譯英)》。

      第一篇:高口翻譯第十講長(zhǎng)句的譯法(漢譯英)

      蘇州昂立教育 Suzhou Only

      Interpretation

      翻譯第十講 長(zhǎng)句的譯法(漢譯英)

      1.使用分詞

      ? 與此同時(shí),香港,新加坡的地產(chǎn)大鱷已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在中國(guó)如火如荼地做起了時(shí)尚廣場(chǎng),而大陸地地產(chǎn)商還在忙著建房子。

      ? 靳羽西標(biāo)志性的一抹紅唇,一襲黑衣,與設(shè)計(jì)師普拉達(dá)則偏愛(ài)跳躍鮮艷的橘色和紫色,形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。

      ? 市長(zhǎng)號(hào)召與會(huì)成員一起為城市的發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn),隨后,副市長(zhǎng)也號(hào)召來(lái)賓們一起為城市的發(fā)展獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策。

      2.使用同一動(dòng)詞

      ? 那次晚會(huì),夏洛特被一名男士迷的神魂顛倒,以至于丟失了一條珍貴的項(xiàng)鏈。

      ? 在實(shí)施行動(dòng)之前,歐盟將查明現(xiàn)存的文化遺跡的數(shù)量,指出那些保護(hù)力度不夠的措施,并說(shuō)明那些管理?xiàng)l例應(yīng)該被納入國(guó)家法律。

      ? 我們?cè)跄懿桓袊@學(xué)院構(gòu)思者的睿智,怎能不欽佩辦學(xué)決策者的遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn),怎能不感念艱辛創(chuàng)業(yè)者的奉獻(xiàn),又怎能不贊美后來(lái)者的貢獻(xiàn)。

      3.使用同位語(yǔ)從句

      ? 布諾在歡迎致辭時(shí)說(shuō),中國(guó)有望取代日本,成為全球最大的奢侈品消費(fèi)國(guó)。

      ? 王晶利用她在市場(chǎng)信息部學(xué)習(xí)到的知識(shí),對(duì)中國(guó)的酒類市場(chǎng)做出分析,這樣一來(lái),他得以站在潮流的前沿.Mary高級(jí)口譯10 到蘇州昂立,學(xué)優(yōu)質(zhì)口譯 1 蘇州昂立教育 Suzhou Only

      Interpretation

      ? 當(dāng)《新聞周刊》雜志電話采訪首批趕赴災(zāi)區(qū)的商場(chǎng)員工劉林時(shí),他作了以上的開(kāi)場(chǎng)白。

      4.使用定語(yǔ)從句

      ? 對(duì)女性而言,這一時(shí)代充滿了機(jī)遇,社會(huì)開(kāi)始追求多元化,女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)日益獲得認(rèn)可。

      ? 我們游程的最后一站是五彩灣,聽(tīng)朋友說(shuō)很棒,但需要在晚霞時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)才能一攬勝景。

      ? 在經(jīng)歷48小時(shí)的連軸奮戰(zhàn)后,賽事進(jìn)入最高潮,來(lái)自全球頂尖大學(xué)的19名參賽者,他們的任務(wù)是為一家上海公司所面臨的公關(guān)危機(jī)提供一個(gè)最佳解決方案。篇章翻譯:

      Lucrative bonuses and international travel were once the main attractions for prospective employees, but companies no longer mention glitz.Their new selling points are sandwiches with the boss, opportunities for advancement, flexible working hours and more holiday time.Another shift comes from companies’ attempts to reconcile their desire to cut costs now with their need for talent later.One solution, popular in many industries, is to offer deferred start dates to new hires, giving them six months or a year to travel or do public service.Because of the slowdown in recruiting, colleges and business schools are going on the offensive.Some have set up networks to help place students with firms run by alumni.Some schools have come to terms with the idea that finding full-time work for all graduates might be unrealistic and are creating new schemes to find temporary placements for graduating MBAs.The Johnson School of Business at Cornell, for example, has set up a programme that links MBAs with short-term projects over the summer.This way, students can at least get a foot in the door.環(huán)保詞匯:Mary高級(jí)口譯10 到蘇州昂立,學(xué)優(yōu)質(zhì)口譯 1 蘇州昂立教育 Suzhou Only

      Interpretation

      堅(jiān)持環(huán)境保護(hù)基本國(guó)策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection污染者負(fù)擔(dān)的政策 “the-polluters-pay” policy強(qiáng)化環(huán)境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management環(huán)保執(zhí)法檢查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time生態(tài)示范區(qū) eco-demonstration region;environment-friendly region國(guó)家級(jí)生態(tài)示范區(qū)(珠海)Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region國(guó)家級(jí)園林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City工業(yè)固體廢物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性廢料積存 accumulation of radioactive waste有機(jī)污染物 organic pollutants 三廢綜合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes(waste water, waste gas, solid waste)城市垃圾無(wú)害化處理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋場(chǎng) refuse landfill垃圾焚化廠 refuse incinerator防止過(guò)度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率

      Mary高級(jí)口譯10 3

      deforestation rate水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤鹽堿化 soil alkalization生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè) environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture水資源保護(hù)區(qū) water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization 造林工程 afforestation project綠化面積 afforested areas;greening space森林覆蓋率 forest coverage防風(fēng)林 wind breaks 防沙林 sand breaks速生林 fast-growing trees 降低資源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation開(kāi)發(fā)可再生資源 develop renewable resources環(huán)保產(chǎn)品 environment-friendly products自然保護(hù)區(qū) nature reserve野生動(dòng)植物 wild fauna and flora保護(hù)生存環(huán)境 conserve natural habitats瀕危野生動(dòng)物 endangered wildlife珍稀瀕危物種繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center美化環(huán)境 landscaping design for environmental purposes環(huán)境惡化 environmental degradation溫飽型農(nóng)業(yè) subsistence agriculture空氣污染濃度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空氣污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution工業(yè)粉塵排放 industrial dust discharge煙塵排放 soot emissions礦物燃料(煤、石油、天然氣)fossil fuels: coal, oil, and

      到蘇州昂立,學(xué)優(yōu)質(zhì)口譯 蘇州昂立教育 Suzhou Only

      Interpretation

      natural gas清潔能源 clean energy汽車尾氣排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾氣凈化器 exhaust purifier無(wú)鉛汽油 lead-free gasoline天然氣汽車 gas-fueled vehicles電動(dòng)汽車 cell-driven vehicles;battery cars小排量汽車 small-displacement(engine)vehicles溫室效應(yīng) greenhouse effect工業(yè)廢水處理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents城市污水處理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中處理廠 centralized treatment plant 工業(yè)固體廢物 industrial solid wastes 白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性廢料積存 accumulation of radioactive waste 有機(jī)污染物 organic pollutants 氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged 鉛、鎘、六價(jià)鉻 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium 城市垃圾無(wú)害化處理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋場(chǎng) refuse landfill 垃圾焚化廠 refuse incinerator 防止過(guò)度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation Mary高級(jí)口譯10 4

      森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation 水土流失 water and soil erosion 土壤鹽堿化 soil alkalization 農(nóng)藥殘留 pesticide residue

      水土保持 conservation of water and soil 生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè) environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture 水資源保護(hù)區(qū) water resource conservation zone

      海水淡化 sea water desalinization 保護(hù)珊瑚礁、紅樹(shù)林和漁業(yè)資源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource

      綠化祖國(guó) turn the country green 全民義務(wù)植樹(shù)日 National Tree-Planting Day

      造林工程 afforestation project 綠化面積 afforested areas;greening space

      森林覆蓋率 forest coverage 防風(fēng)林 wind breaks(防沙林 sand breaks)

      速生林 fast-growing trees

      降低資源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation

      到蘇州昂立,學(xué)優(yōu)質(zhì)口譯

      第二篇:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法

      英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法

      對(duì)于每一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子的口譯, 并不只是使用一種口譯方法, 而是多種口譯方法的綜合運(yùn)用, 這在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的口譯中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。長(zhǎng)句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)極為頻繁, 因此也就成為研究生入學(xué)考試的重點(diǎn), 通過(guò)對(duì)近年來(lái)試題的分析我們可以看出, 所考查的絕大多數(shù)劃線的部分都是長(zhǎng)句。在口譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 首先,不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理,因?yàn)椋瑹o(wú)論是多么復(fù)雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu), 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系, 再按照漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。

      一、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析

      一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面:(1)修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2)并列成分多;(3)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:

      (1)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

      (2)找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

      (3)分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。

      (4)分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。

      (5)注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。

      (6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。

      下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:

      例1.behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。

      (2)該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child;where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli;在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種口譯方法, 就可以把該句口譯成漢語(yǔ)為:

      行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。

      例2.for a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析:(1)該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。

      (2)該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。

      (3)句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home.綜合上述口譯方法,這個(gè)句子我們可以口譯為:

      譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

      二、長(zhǎng)句的口譯

      英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 口譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的口譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。

      (1)順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序口譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:

      例1.even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: a.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí);b.電仍在為我們工作;c.幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱;d.加熱水;e.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句口譯成:

      即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

      例2.but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is realized that…”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: a.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到;b.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的;c.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;d.將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的口譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就口譯為:

      可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō), 經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。

      下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:

      例3.prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。

      例4.this method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”

      這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”

      例5.it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后, 這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái), 我們開(kāi)始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性, 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好, 最終以我們對(duì)人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對(duì)死去的, 無(wú)論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。

      例6.if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng), 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志, 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。

      (2)逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始口譯。例如:

      例1.aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: a.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);b.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;c.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;e.鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句口譯成:

      鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

      例2.it therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成, “……變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: a.……變的越來(lái)越重要;b.如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì);c.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 口譯成:

      因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。

      下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:

      例3.it is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。

      例4.they(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。

      例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人, 正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。

      例6.such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。

      例7.insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。

      (3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 口譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如:

      例1.the number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被口譯成:

      沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。

      這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:

      大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。

      例2.television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此長(zhǎng)句中, 有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, 這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在口譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為:

      人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。

      下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:

      例3.all they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.他們所必須做的只是按一下開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)關(guān)一開(kāi), 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下。

      例4.although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。

      (4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在口譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種口譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文口譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。例如:

      例1.people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: a: 人們不敢出門(mén);b: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;c: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無(wú)能為力。在這三層含義中, b表示讓步, c表示原因, 而a則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:

      盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門(mén), 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o(wú)能為力。

      下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子:

      例2.modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍, 特別是教科書(shū)來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書(shū)中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話, 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書(shū)中的內(nèi)容重新修改。

      例3.taking his cue from ibsen`s a doll`s house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。

      例4.up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門(mén)以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。

      第三篇:英語(yǔ)四級(jí)翻譯輔導(dǎo):英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法技巧

      英語(yǔ)四級(jí)翻譯輔導(dǎo):英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法技巧

      長(zhǎng)句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)極為頻繁, 因此也就成為研究生入學(xué)考試的重點(diǎn), 通過(guò)對(duì)近年來(lái)試題的分析我們可以看出,所考查的絕大多數(shù)劃線的部分都是長(zhǎng)句。

      在翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí),首先,不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理,因?yàn)?,無(wú)論是多么復(fù)雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu),找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系, 再按照漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。

      一、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析

      一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面:(1)修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2)并列成分多;(3)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:

      (1)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

      (2)找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

      (3)分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ),它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。

      (4)分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。

      (5)注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。

      (6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。

      下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:

      例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。

      (2)該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child;where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli;在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)為: 行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。

      例2.For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement

      elsewhere.(85年考題)

      分析:(1)該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more ? to do sth than to do sth else.是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。

      (2)該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to ? 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。

      (3)句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home.綜合上述翻譯方法,這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為:

      譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

      二、長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

      英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí),要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。

      (1)順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:

      例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考題)

      分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: A.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí);B.電仍在為我們工作;C.幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱;D.加熱水;E.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句翻譯成:即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

      例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考題)

      分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is realized that?”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to ?結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time ?是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: A.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到;B.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的;C.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;D.將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就翻譯為:可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō),經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。

      下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:

      例3.Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。

      例4.This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”

      這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”

      例5.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后, 這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái), 我們開(kāi)始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性, 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好,最終以我們對(duì)人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對(duì)死去的, 無(wú)論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。

      例6.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng), 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志,他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。

      (2)逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始翻譯。例如:

      例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容,全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: A.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);B.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;C.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;D.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;E.鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后,這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:

      鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以,鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

      例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成, “??變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: A.??變的越來(lái)越重要;B.如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì);C.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:

      因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息,作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。

      下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:

      例3.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。

      例4.They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng),因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。

      例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人,正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。

      例6.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。

      例7.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。

      (3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子,分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如:

      例1.The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:

      沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。

      這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:

      大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。

      例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考題)

      分析: 在此長(zhǎng)句中, 有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在翻譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法,按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為:人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。

      下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:

      例3.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考題)

      他們所必須做的只是按一下開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)關(guān)一開(kāi), 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇,以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下。

      例4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。

      (4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法,而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下,一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合,主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。例如:

      例1.People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: A: 人們不敢出門(mén);B: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;C:警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無(wú)能為力。在這三層含義中, B表示讓步, C表示原因, 而A則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序,我們作如下的安排:盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門(mén), 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o(wú)能為力。

      下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子:

      例2.Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍, 特別是教科書(shū)來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書(shū)中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話, 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書(shū)中的內(nèi)容重新修改。

      例3.Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示,從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。

      例4.Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門(mén)以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。

      第四篇:關(guān)于漢譯英的譯法總結(jié)

      關(guān)于漢譯英的譯法總結(jié)

      英譯漢與漢譯英有兩個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題:增詞/減詞;詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。我們知道學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)翻譯首先要搞清英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言差異,這與中西方文化的差異有很大的關(guān)系,我們沒(méi)有太多時(shí)間去完全掌握西方的文化背景,在這里總結(jié)了一下在漢譯英時(shí)所 翻譯出來(lái)的英語(yǔ)應(yīng)具備的特點(diǎn):

      1、句式結(jié)構(gòu)為:廢話+主語(yǔ)+主要的話+廢話,所以在漢譯英時(shí),當(dāng)多個(gè)分句進(jìn)行組合時(shí)需要找出主要矛盾,次要矛盾;

      2、善用長(zhǎng)句,不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)。在進(jìn)行漢譯英是多為合譯,中文短句通過(guò)一定的介詞連詞進(jìn)行句子組合;

      3、善用連詞,英語(yǔ)為形合式語(yǔ)言,句與句之間善用連詞連接,句子多為長(zhǎng)句;

      4、善用名詞、形容詞。英文屬弱勢(shì)語(yǔ)言,善用弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞,因此漢譯英的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于找出最重要的動(dòng)詞,將中文中的強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡,一個(gè)地道的英文句子中動(dòng)詞越少越好;

      5、善用代詞。中文中善用名詞或者名詞省略,而英文中多用代詞指代;

      6、常用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):“;:-”

      7、評(píng)論性語(yǔ)句順序?yàn)橄仍u(píng)論再事實(shí);

      8、語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)為先總后分;

      9、善用表語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句,而中文善用賓語(yǔ)從句。如,我記得:the memory of….(表語(yǔ)從句);what I remembered is that…(主語(yǔ)從句)漢譯英翻譯步驟:

      1、斷句。中文句子較短,首先判斷哪些句子應(yīng)該放在一起翻譯。

      2、找動(dòng)詞(核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)。判斷句子中哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞重要,哪個(gè)不重要。

      3、找連詞(在多個(gè)分句同時(shí)存在時(shí)使用);

      4、翻譯;

      5、重讀。

      英文句式特點(diǎn):

      1.主謂搭配問(wèn)題(平衡)

      中文由于強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的某個(gè)成分主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)較短,而英文的主謂賓分配比較均勻,沒(méi)有固定的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。我們也稱中文為“非平衡性語(yǔ)言”,英文為“平衡性語(yǔ)言”。

      如,中國(guó)的海洋資源十分豐富。譯為:China is rich in marine resource.而不是譯為:China’s marine resource are very rich.2.評(píng)論與事實(shí)(先評(píng)論后事實(shí))翻譯時(shí),英文是先評(píng)論后事實(shí)。

      如,中國(guó)要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到糧食高產(chǎn)國(guó)家的水平難度較大。其中難度較大是評(píng)論,前面是事實(shí)。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)為:it will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain yield in the short period of time.如何找核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞? 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的層次性。如,我進(jìn)去看了。1找核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:進(jìn) 2找非謂語(yǔ)或從句:看 3介詞:去

      4還有動(dòng)詞則不譯 翻譯為:I came in to have a look.如,我只記得門(mén)警是瑞士的兵士,穿著黃色的制服。1核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:記得 2非謂語(yǔ)或從句:是 3介詞:穿著

      翻譯為:I remembered that the guards at the gate were swiss solder in yellow unionforms.如何判斷主次?

      答:一般來(lái)說(shuō),先發(fā)生的動(dòng)詞更加重要,而后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不是那么重要,可以把前面的動(dòng)詞翻譯為核心謂語(yǔ),后面的翻譯為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。我們把句子中最主要的動(dòng)詞作為句子的“核心謂語(yǔ)”,其次重要的是“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句”,再次重要的是“介詞”,最不重要的“不翻譯”。一.連詞的使用:

      1、句與句沒(méi)關(guān)系用and

      2、句與句并列用while。

      二.動(dòng)詞的使用原則(動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡):

      中文中的強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞在英文中常找一個(gè)弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行過(guò)渡。如,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡。

      我支持你:I give you a support.我買(mǎi)了一輛車:I made a purchase of a car.如,中國(guó)政府愿借此機(jī)會(huì)介紹中國(guó)海洋事業(yè)的發(fā)展?!敖榻B”的直接翻譯為“introduce”,而我們?cè)诜g時(shí),翻譯為“make an introduction of”,用弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞“make”來(lái)過(guò)渡,把強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞introduce變成了抽象名詞。三.代詞/物主代詞: 中文善用省略代詞,而英文的每個(gè)名詞前都需要有代詞或冠詞,所以漢譯英時(shí)一定不要忘記名詞前代詞的存在。如,出口產(chǎn)品可由合營(yíng)企業(yè)直接或與其有關(guān)的委托機(jī)構(gòu)向國(guó)外市場(chǎng)出售,也可通過(guò)中國(guó)的外資機(jī)構(gòu)出售。譯為:An equity joint venture sells its foreign products to foreign markets directly through associated agency or foreign trade agency of China.其its不要忘記。四.定語(yǔ)的處理原則:

      中文中幾乎所有定語(yǔ)都是前置的,只有一種是后置的是由“之”引起的定語(yǔ)后置。英語(yǔ)句式:

      1、詞+詞的情況下,前置多,后置少。后置的情況有:

      1形容詞+不定代詞:something important;

      2過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)可以后置:a children adopted; 3以“a”開(kāi)頭的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)后置:a cat alive。

      2、詞組或句子修飾詞時(shí)后置。五.譯人名、代詞原則

      1、譯英文姓與名之間要有.2、英文名出現(xiàn)第一次譯全稱,第二次只譯姓。

      3、總體來(lái)說(shuō),一般先使用全稱,第二次使用半稱,第三次使用代詞,第四次不譯,第五次用全稱。

      六.專有名詞:

      筆譯中即使有專有名詞,我們也要用全稱,而不是縮寫(xiě)。如,聯(lián)合國(guó),the United Nations.中國(guó)政府,the Chinese Government.七.古文的翻譯

      古文的翻譯不可直接使用中文拼音,要用解釋的方法來(lái)闡述。如,親仁善鄰,國(guó)之寶也。意思是熱愛(ài)自己的人民和對(duì)待自己的鄰居很好,這些對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)是非常珍貴的。所以翻譯為:loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.方法: 一.定主語(yǔ)

      1、中文主語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí),同時(shí)出現(xiàn)偏正短語(yǔ),則取偏作主語(yǔ)。如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的形式為有限責(zé)任公司。

      An equity joint venture takes the forms of a limited liability company.而如果譯為:the form of an equity joint venture is a limited liability company.則主賓過(guò)長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)過(guò)短。

      漢譯英時(shí),將中文的句子變成“中文的英文句式”,然后字對(duì)字翻譯。如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的資本如果轉(zhuǎn)讓必須經(jīng)過(guò)各方同意。

      轉(zhuǎn)變成:如果合營(yíng)者轉(zhuǎn)讓注冊(cè)資本,那么這件事情必須經(jīng)過(guò)合營(yíng)各方同意。

      譯為:if one side wishes to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of each party to the venture.wishes to 是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡。

      如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的有關(guān)外匯事宜應(yīng)遵照中華人民共和國(guó)外匯管理?xiàng)l例辦理。譯為:…h(huán)olds its foregin exchange transactions, according to …

      如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的一切活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵守中華人民共和國(guó)法律法令和條例的規(guī)定。

      譯為:an equity joint venture engages in all activities according to the provisions of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China.2、無(wú)主語(yǔ)句用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(或增主語(yǔ))/隱形被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

      如,鼓勵(lì)合營(yíng)企業(yè)向中國(guó)境外銷售產(chǎn)品(離動(dòng)詞最近的名詞作主語(yǔ))譯為:…is encouraged to sell its products outside China.如,19981年時(shí)聯(lián)合國(guó)確定的國(guó)際海洋年。是。。確定的,即為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如。。,但是經(jīng)過(guò)努力是完全可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。是。。可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。屬于隱形被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。譯為:but the goal can be achieved through earnest efforts.3、尋找隱藏主語(yǔ)。

      如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的總經(jīng)理副總經(jīng)理(的職務(wù))分別由合營(yíng)各方分別擔(dān)任:the positions of …are assumed by …

      找主語(yǔ)方法:由謂語(yǔ)來(lái)決定主語(yǔ)是誰(shuí)。

      4、句首主語(yǔ)過(guò)多。

      句首如果出現(xiàn)很多名詞而判斷不出主語(yǔ)時(shí),可根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)來(lái)判斷主語(yǔ)。

      如,合營(yíng)各方發(fā)生糾紛,董事會(huì)不能解決時(shí),由中國(guó)的仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)解或仲裁,也可由合營(yíng)各方協(xié)議在其他仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁。由“調(diào)解或仲裁”以及“仲裁”可知主語(yǔ)為“糾紛”。

      譯為:Disputes arising from each party to the venture, which board of directors cannot settle may be settled through arbitration or conciliation by China’s arbitration agency or through arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by each party to the venture.本句將“合營(yíng)各方發(fā)生的”譯為現(xiàn)在分詞。將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句“董事會(huì)不能解決時(shí)”譯為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句?!罢{(diào)節(jié)和仲裁”進(jìn)行了動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡,譯為“may be settled through arbitration or conciliation”.5、就近原則(把離動(dòng)詞最近的作為主語(yǔ))

      如,鼓勵(lì)合營(yíng)企業(yè)向中國(guó)境外銷售產(chǎn)品。譯為:An equity joint venture is encouraged to sell its products outside China.將合營(yíng)企業(yè)作為主語(yǔ)。如,鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)合營(yíng)者將可匯出的外匯存入中國(guó)銀行。譯為:A foreign side is encouraged to deposit its foreign exchange which was entitled to remit abroad in Bank of China.其中將外國(guó)合營(yíng)者作為主語(yǔ)?!翱蓞R出的”譯為定語(yǔ)從句。二.增詞與減詞(一般來(lái)說(shuō)漢譯英常減詞)1增減對(duì)象詞或范圍詞。

      如,我國(guó)先秦思想家:our Chinese thinkers in Pre-Qin days about 2000 years ago.2增減范疇詞。如,中國(guó)陸地自然資源人均占有量低于世界平均水平:China’s land resources percapita is lower than world average.將范疇詞“水平”減掉。

      如,我有五百元錢(qián)。譯為:I have five hundred yuan.如,在播種面積相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的前提下。譯為:given the relatively stable sowing area.范疇詞“前提”不譯。

      附六個(gè)經(jīng)典范疇詞:方式、方法、水平、問(wèn)題、情況、途徑。3增減動(dòng)詞。

      三.本位詞與外位語(yǔ)的譯法

      1、用…, which…

      2、用the fact that…was…。。這一切。。:前面省略部分為外位語(yǔ),后面省略部分為本位詞,中間用非限定性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯。

      四.條件狀語(yǔ)從句

      句子長(zhǎng)可以放在句末翻譯。

      如,只要1996年到2010年糧食單產(chǎn)年均遞增1%,2011年到2030年年均遞增0.7%,就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)。譯為:the predicted total output target of grain can be reached, if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield of grain is 1% from 1996 to 2010 and 0.7% from 2011 to 2030.五.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法

      倍數(shù)+as+原級(jí)+as+比較對(duì)象 倍數(shù)+比較級(jí)+than+比較對(duì)象

      第五篇:翻譯技巧 反譯法

      第八節(jié)反譯法

      由于講英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的歷史、地理、社會(huì)文化背景和生活習(xí)性與我國(guó)不同,因此 這些國(guó)家人們的思維方式和生活習(xí)性亦與我國(guó)不同。這種差別體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣 七,便產(chǎn)生了兩種語(yǔ)言各自不同的表達(dá)形式。在表示否定意義時(shí),這種差異顯得 尤為突出。有的英語(yǔ)句子形式上是否定的而實(shí)質(zhì)上是肯定的,有的形式上是肯定 的而實(shí)質(zhì)上是否定的。在翻譯某些英文句子時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)特別注意兩點(diǎn):一是英語(yǔ)里 有些從正面表達(dá)的詞語(yǔ)或句子,漢譯時(shí)可以從反面來(lái)表達(dá),即正說(shuō)反譯法;二是 英語(yǔ)里有些從反面表達(dá)的詞語(yǔ)或句子,漢譯時(shí)可從正面來(lái)表達(dá),即反說(shuō)正譯法。例如:

      (1)The kind of machine is far from being complicated.

      這種機(jī)器一點(diǎn)也不復(fù)雜。

      這個(gè)句子如果譯成“這種機(jī)器離復(fù)雜甚遠(yuǎn)”就使人感到不知所云。

      (2)He wrote three books in the first two years,a record never reached before.

      他頭兩年寫(xiě)了3本書(shū),打破了以往的記錄。

      原文從反面表達(dá),譯文從正面表達(dá)。如譯成“這是他從前從未達(dá)到的記錄” 則顯得很別扭。

      (3)I have read your articles,but,expect to meet an older woman.

      我讀過(guò)你的文章,但沒(méi)料到你這樣年輕。

      本句如譯成“我讀過(guò)你文章,但我料想會(huì)見(jiàn)到一個(gè)年紀(jì)更大的女人”則不符 合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

      從以上例中可以看出,有些句子從正面譯不順,不妨從反面譯;反面譯不 順,則不妨從正面譯,因?yàn)橥粋€(gè)概念,一個(gè)民族正著說(shuō),以為是合乎表達(dá)習(xí)慣 的,而另一個(gè)民族則認(rèn)為反著說(shuō)才順口。因此,在恰當(dāng)?shù)膱?chǎng)合靈活運(yùn)用反譯法不 失為確保譯文語(yǔ)義明晰、文從字順的有效手段。

      一、正說(shuō)反譯法

      英語(yǔ)中有些否定概念是通過(guò)含有否定意義或近似否定意義的詞來(lái)表達(dá)的。一 些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家稱這些詞為“含蓄否定詞”,另一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家則稱之為“暗指否定 詞”。英語(yǔ)中的含蓄否定詞或含蓄否定短語(yǔ)一般都要譯成漢語(yǔ)的否定詞組。

      (一)名詞

      (1、Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries.

      由于時(shí)間不夠,沒(méi)能訪問(wèn)某些國(guó)家。

      (2)All international disputes should be settled through negotiations and avoidance

      of any armed conflicts.

      一切國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端應(yīng)通過(guò)談判,而不是武裝沖突來(lái)解決。

      (3 1 There was complete absence of information on t11e oil deposit in that country.

      關(guān)于該國(guó)的石油儲(chǔ)量情況,人們毫無(wú)所知。

      (4)Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom,but the want of it always leaves

      room for.the suspicion of folly.

      盡管有禮貌并不一定標(biāo)志著此人有智慧,但是無(wú)禮貌卻總是使人懷疑其

      愚蠢。

      (5)A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs Can create

      problems.

      不注意文化差異或當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)俗可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題。

      作為名詞用的含蓄否定詞還有:defiance(不顧,無(wú)視),denial(否認(rèn),否 定),exclusion(排除),freedom(不,免除),refusal(不愿,不允許)和loss(失去)等。(二)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)

      (1)Scientists reject authority as an ultimate basis for truth·

      科學(xué)家不承認(rèn)權(quán)威是真理的最終根據(jù)。

      (2)Water is a good lubricant, if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.如果能設(shè)法使水不漏出來(lái)或蒸發(fā)掉,那么水就是一種很好的潤(rùn)滑劑。

      (3)English differ from French in having no gender for nouns.英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)不同,英語(yǔ)名詞沒(méi)有性的變化。

      (4)To preserve the fiction,he refrained from scolding his son until the guests left.為了不漏破綻,他強(qiáng)忍著不責(zé)罵自己的兒子,直到客人們離去。

      (5)An investment in the money market fund has tied up the money until the end

      of the term of the investment.

      投資于貨幣市場(chǎng)的資金在投資期滿之前是不能動(dòng)用的。

      類似的動(dòng)詞還有refuse(不愿,不肯,無(wú)法),lack(缺乏,沒(méi)有),defy(不

      服從,不遵守,不讓),forbid(不許),stop(不準(zhǔn))和ignore(不理,不肯考慮)等。

      (三)形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)

      (1)My younger brother would be the last man to say such things.

      我弟弟決不可能說(shuō)這種話。

      (2)They were watching the fluid situation with concern.

      他們關(guān)切地注視著動(dòng)蕩不安的局面。(3)It is said that it is only a marginal agreement.

      據(jù)說(shuō).那只不過(guò)是一個(gè)無(wú)關(guān)宏旨的協(xié)議。

      (4)These official documents shall form an integral part of this contract.

      這些正式文件是合同不可分割的組成部分。

      (5)These elements are shielded SO that they are free from the influence of

      magnetic field.

      這些元件已加屏蔽,因此不受磁場(chǎng)的影響。

      類似的形容詞及其短語(yǔ)還有:absent(不在,不到),awkward(不熟練,不 靈活,使用起來(lái)不方便),bad(令人不愉快的,不受歡迎的,不舒服的),blind(看不到,不注意),dead(無(wú)生命的,無(wú)感覺(jué)的,不毛的),difficult(不容易 的),:foreign to(不適合的,與??無(wú)關(guān)),short of(不夠)和poor(不好的,不幸的)等。

      (四)介詞或介詞詞組

      (1)That kind of thing is very extraordinary.It seems against nature.不過(guò)那種事情很不尋常,似乎不符合自然規(guī)律。

      (2)These planes were held back to protect our home inlands instead of being used

      where they were badly needed.

      這些飛機(jī)被留在后方保衛(wèi)后方本島,未用于其他急需的地方。(3)It was beyond your power to sign such a contract.

      你無(wú)權(quán)簽訂這種合同。

      (4)It is generally believed that the men who are habitually behind time are as

      habitually behind success.

      人們普遍相信,習(xí)慣不準(zhǔn)時(shí)的人通常也不會(huì)成功。

      (5)Only one of us has ever gone to live in the village and he was back in town

      within five months.

      我們中只有一個(gè)人真正在鄉(xiāng)村生活過(guò),不過(guò)這個(gè)人待了不到5個(gè)月就返回了城里。(五)副詞

      (1)Slowly the old man pulled the letter out of the envelope,and unfolded it.

      這位老人不慌不忙地從信封里抽出信紙,然后打了開(kāi)來(lái)。

      (2)The officers and soldiers blazed away until they had no ammunition left.

      官兵們連續(xù)不斷地射擊,直到用盡所有的子彈。

      (3)The subversion attempts of the enemy proved predictably futile.

      不出所料,敵人的顛覆活動(dòng)證明毫無(wú)效果。

      (4)Time is what we want most,but what many use worst·

      時(shí)間是我們最缺少的,但許多人卻最不善于利用時(shí)間。

      (5)So far,experts have had about the same degree of success as stock—market

      forecasters,which is to say they do badly.

      到目前為止,匯率預(yù)測(cè)專家的成功率與股票市場(chǎng)上的預(yù)測(cè)者大體一樣,這就是說(shuō)他們做得不好。(六)連接詞及其短語(yǔ)

      (1)He is too careful not to have noticed it.

      他那么小心,不會(huì)不注意到這一點(diǎn)的。

      (2)Unless English team improves their game,they are going to lose the match.如果英格蘭隊(duì)不改進(jìn)打法,就會(huì)榆掉這場(chǎng)比賽。

      (3)The old lady would rather be buried with her money under a mountain of rock

      than trust another bank.

      老太太寧可和她的錢(qián)一起被葬入石山下,也不再相信任何一家銀行了。(4)Until he spoke I had not realized he was foreign.

      他要是不說(shuō)話,我還一直不知道他是外國(guó)人。(七)某些固定短語(yǔ)

      (1)The restaurant was anything but satisfactory.

      這家餐館太不讓人滿意了。

      (2)Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with

      dignity.

      雙方認(rèn)為,那個(gè)和平建議他們可以接受,而又不失體面。(3)1 was at a loss to understand what she alluded to.

      我無(wú)法領(lǐng)會(huì)她談話中的所指。(4)The escaped criminal is still at large.

      逃犯仍未捉拿歸案。

      (5)The islanders in this small country found themselves far from ready to fight the war.

      這個(gè)小國(guó)的島民們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有做好作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。

      (6)There are many energy sources in store.The problem has been to use the

      energy at a reasonable cost.

      有許多能源尚未開(kāi)發(fā)。問(wèn)題在于要以一個(gè)合理的代價(jià)利用這些能源。(八)句子

      (1)Let me watch you at it again.

      再讓我逮著,可饒不了你。

      (2)If it worked once,it Can work twice.

      一次得手,再次不愁。

      (3)It’S human nature to want something better.

      人總是不滿足于現(xiàn)狀。

      (4)We are wiser than to believe such stories.

      我們還不至于蠢到竟然相信這種謊言。

      (5)Her grandfather is already 80,but he carries his years lightly

      她祖父已80歲了,可是并不顯老。

      (九)某些含有否定意義的諺語(yǔ)和警句

      英語(yǔ)中有些諺語(yǔ)和警句翻成漢語(yǔ)時(shí),也可采用正說(shuō)反譯法,盡可能用簡(jiǎn)練的 漢語(yǔ)或相應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如:

      (1)Seeing is believing.

      百聞不如一見(jiàn)。

      (2)Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.

      寧為雞頭,不為牛后。

      (3)Let sleeping dog lie.

      莫惹事生非。

      (4)Bite off more than one Can chew·

      貪多嚼不爛。

      (5)Call a spade a spade.

      直言不諱。

      (6)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

      雙鳥(niǎo)在林不如一鳥(niǎo)在手。

      二、反說(shuō)正譯法

      反說(shuō)正譯法指的是將英語(yǔ)中有些與not等否定詞連用的詞語(yǔ)或帶有否定詞綴 的詞語(yǔ)譯成漢語(yǔ)的肯定形式。這樣做有時(shí)是為了將原文中某些否定形式所具有的 肯定含義清楚地表達(dá)出來(lái);在另外一些時(shí)候也許是為了將譯文組織得更加自然流 暢。當(dāng)然,也常??赡軆煞N目的兼而有之。(一)名詞

      (1)It was said that someone had sown discord among us.據(jù)說(shuō)有人在我們中間挑撥離間。

      (2)The dishonesty of the government officials was exposed by the newspaper.政府官員們的欺詐行為在報(bào)紙上披露了出來(lái)。(3)A look of disbelief replaced the smile on her face.

      懷疑的神色取代了她臉上的微笑。

      (4)He manifested a strong dislike for his mother’s job.

      他對(duì)他母親的工作表示出強(qiáng)烈的厭惡情緒。(5)These slums ale a disgrace to the city government.這些貧民窟是市政府的恥辱。

      (6)They were puzzled by the sudden disappearance of their guide.他們向?qū)У耐蝗皇й櫴顾麄兏械嚼Щ蟛唤狻?/p>

      (7)There has been serious disagreement between the two countries over this

      question.

      關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間存在著嚴(yán)重分歧。(二)動(dòng)詞

      (1)T}le employer could dismiss any employee who had ever displeased him·

      雇主可以解雇任何曾得罪過(guò)他的雇員。(2)How he longed to unsay his tactless words!

      他多么希望收回他那些不得體的話啊!(3)The mother gently disengaged her hand from that of her sleeping daughter·

      母親小心翼翼地從熟睡的女兒手里抽出自己的手。

      (4)We are now unprovided with the techniques necessary for the manufactoring of

      rags into paper.

      我們目前缺乏用破布造紙所需的技術(shù)。

      (5)The thief jumped over a neighboring garden wail and disappeared among the crowds.

      這個(gè)小偷從鄰居的花園墻頭上翻了出去,在人群中消失了。(三)形容詞

      (1)This kind of bird is unusual winter visitors to America.這種鳥(niǎo)冬季很少到美國(guó)來(lái)。

      (2)It was inconsiderate of her to mention the matter in his hearing.她實(shí)在輕率,競(jìng)當(dāng)著他的面談?wù)摯耸隆?3)All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物館內(nèi)一切展品禁止觸摸。

      (4)APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have to seek to be open

      rather than closed in its approach.

      亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織必須一視同仁,而且態(tài)度上必須是開(kāi)放的,而不是封閉的。(5)Peter was an indecisive sort of person and could not be a good leader.彼得這人優(yōu)柔寡斷,當(dāng)不了好領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。(四)副詞

      (1)The show was,unfortunately,one of the dullest we have ever seen.可惜的是,這次演出是我們所看過(guò)的最乏味的演出。(2)She carelessly glanced through the note and got away.她馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。(3)All things invariably divide into two.

      事物都是一分為二的。

      (4)“I don't know if I ought to have come,”he said breathlessly,grasping Sandy’s arm.

      “我不知道我該不該來(lái)”,他氣喘吁吁地說(shuō),一把抓住了桑迪的胳膊。(5)Johnson believed that the Minister of Education had in fact dishonorably

      resigned from office.

      約翰遜認(rèn)為該教育部長(zhǎng)辭職實(shí)際上是很丟面子的。(五)短語(yǔ)

      (1)His escape was nothing short of being miraculous·

      他的脫險(xiǎn)可以說(shuō)是個(gè)奇跡。

      (2)The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of lung cancer.調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地說(shuō)明,人死于肺癌。

      (3)It would be foolish,not to say mad,to sell your house.你要賣房子真蠢,簡(jiǎn)直是瘋了。(4)There is nothing like mineral water to quench one’s thirst.

      礦泉水是解渴的最好飲料。

      (5)She meant to help,no doubt,but in fact she has been a hindrance.

      她的的確確是想幫忙的,可實(shí)際上卻成了累贅。(6)The enemy’s spies were not going to lose sight of us.

      敵人的密探一直在監(jiān)視我們的行蹤。

      (7)A11 men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the

      army during the War.

      所有18歲至45歲的男子統(tǒng)統(tǒng)要在戰(zhàn)時(shí)服役。(六)句子

      (1)For many years there was no closeness between the two countries.

      兩國(guó)關(guān)系曾疏遠(yuǎn)了很多年。

      (2)The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.

      這些事件引起了我們的注意。

      (3)The United Nations Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes which the

      people of the world set on it.

      到目前為止,聯(lián)合國(guó)辜負(fù)了世界人民寄予的希望。

      (4)A book may be compared to your neighbor;if it be good,it cannot last too

      long;if bad,you cannot get rid of it too early.

      書(shū)好比鄰居,如果是本好書(shū),相伴得越久越好;如果是本壞書(shū),越早擺脫掉越好。(5)Knowledge about the most powerful computers man has ever developed is too

      valuable not to share.

      人類已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出功率極大的計(jì)算機(jī),這方面的知識(shí)極為寶貴,應(yīng)為人類共享。

      三、英語(yǔ)中的雙重否定旬

      英語(yǔ)中的雙重否定句,除了有時(shí)可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的雙重否定句外,一般說(shuō)來(lái)應(yīng) 譯成肯定句。不過(guò),它是一種特殊的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。以have to(不得不)為例,兩個(gè) “不”字去掉以后意思不變,但語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)度就差多了。例如:

      (1)There is no evil without compensation.

      惡有惡報(bào)。

      (2)There is not any advantage without disadvantage.

      有一利必有一弊。

      (3)There is no grammatical rule than has no exception.

      條條語(yǔ)法規(guī)則都有例外。(也可譯為“世上沒(méi)有不例外的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則”。)

      (4)It never rains but pours.

      不雨則已.雨必傾盆。

      (5)The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of a tank

      from all oil reservoir.

      電池給電容器充電就像油罐給油箱加油一樣。

      (6)We can’t be too careful in doing this kind of experiment.

      我們?cè)谧鲞@類實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能小心。(也可譯為“我們?cè)谧鲞@類試驗(yàn)時(shí)

      無(wú)論怎樣小心也不過(guò)分”。)(7)I 8nl not reluctant to accept your proposal.

      我非常愿意接受你的建議。(也可譯為“你的建議我并非不愿接受”。)當(dāng)然,有的英語(yǔ)雙重否定句譯為漢語(yǔ)的雙重否定句更為通順。(1)There is no story without coincidence.

      無(wú)巧不成書(shū)。

      (2)The significance of this report and importance Can never be overemphasized.

      這個(gè)報(bào)告的意義和重要性,不管怎樣強(qiáng)調(diào),也不算過(guò)分。

      四、委婉式肯定

      英語(yǔ)中的這種句子是一種迂回的表示肯定的方式,字面上看似否定,實(shí)際上 是委婉的肯定。例如:

      (1)I couldn’t feel better·

      我感覺(jué)好極了。

      (2)He can’t see you quickly enough-

      他很想盡快和你見(jiàn)面。

      (3)I couldn’t agree with you more-

      我太贊成你的看法了。

      f41 He didn’t half like the girl-

      他非常喜歡那姑娘。

      五、否定的陷阱

      英語(yǔ)中的一些否定結(jié)構(gòu)如果按字面意義理解很容易出錯(cuò),這些結(jié)構(gòu)我們稱之 為“否定的陷阱”。下面就是一些有代表性的結(jié)構(gòu)。(一)cannot?too(怎么??也不)(1)You cannot be too careful in proofreading.校對(duì)時(shí),越仔細(xì)越好。

      (2)We shall never be able to stress too much for his kindness.不管我們?cè)趺锤兄x他,都不足以報(bào)恩于萬(wàn)一。

      (3)The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated 這次大會(huì)的重要性無(wú)論怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過(guò)分。(二)not?because(并非因?yàn)??而)(1)Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.

      不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊而敷衍搪塞。

      (2)This project is not placed last because it is difficult to be put into practice

      此方案并非因?yàn)樗缓脤?shí)施而被放在最后。

      (3)The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.

      發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)并不是因?yàn)槿剂虾谋M而停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。(三)for all?(盡管??,不,說(shuō)不定)(1)You may leave at once for all I care.

      你盡可立即離去,我才不管呢。

      (2)For all we knew,the files we were supposed to fetch were already on

      their way.

      說(shuō)不定該由我們?nèi)ト〉奈募言谕局小?/p>

      (3)She seemed as fresh as ever,for all that I never saw her drink or eat.

      盡管我從未見(jiàn)到她喝點(diǎn)什么或吃點(diǎn)什么,她似乎仍然精神飽滿。(四)both?not(并非兩者??都)(1)Both the instruments are not precision ones.這兩件東西不都是精密儀器。(2)But you see,we both cannot go together.

      但是我告訴你,我們倆不能同時(shí)都走。(五)all/every?not(并非??都)(1)All towns did not look like as they do today.

      在過(guò)去,城鎮(zhèn)并不都像今天這樣個(gè)個(gè)千篇一律。(2)All that glitters is not gold.

      發(fā)光的并一定都是金子。

      (六)It be+a.+n.+that?(再??也難免)(1)It is all ill wind that blows nobody good.

      壞事未必對(duì)人人都有害處。(也可譯為“再壞的事也不是對(duì)人人都有害處”。)(2)It is a good workman that never blunders.

      智者千慮,必有一失。(也可譯為“再聰明的工匠也難免出錯(cuò)”。)(3)It is a long lane that had no end.

      路必有彎。(也可譯為“再長(zhǎng)的胡同也有盡頭”。)最后值得一提的是,在英漢翻譯過(guò)程中,反譯法的使用必須要針對(duì)具體情況 靈活掌握,切不可一概而論,機(jī)械套用。有些英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)或句子正譯、反譯皆可,兩者并無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)性差別,究竟采用何種譯法主要依據(jù)個(gè)人行文習(xí)慣或視具體的上下文而定。

      (1)We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.

      譯文l:我們同意你方條款。

      譯文2:我們對(duì)你方條款沒(méi)有異議。

      (2)Much to our regret,the packing of the landed goods is quite different from

      that you have promised.

      譯文l:十分遺憾,到貨的包裝與貴方承諾的相差很大。

      譯文2.十分遺憾,到貨的包裝與貴方承諾的大不相同。

      (3)The works of art were left intact,the money gone·

      譯文l:藝術(shù)品還在,錢(qián)卻不翼而飛。

      譯文2:藝術(shù)品原封未動(dòng),錢(qián)卻不翼而飛。

      1.將下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ),并注意將斜體部分反說(shuō)正譯。(1)The doubt was still unsolved after our repeated explanations·

      (2)We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business·

      (3)After the ship unloads at the dock,the goods will go to the container freight(4)Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon.(5)The thought of returning to our native land never deserted us at that time.

      (6)It is generally believed that there is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise.(7)The system of gas supply in the city leaves nothing to be desired.(8)The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on them.

      (9)Their undisguised effort to persecute the leaders of opposition party met with

      nationwide condemnation.

      (10)Suddenly she heard a sound behind her,and realized she was not alone in the room.2.將下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ),并注意將斜體部分正說(shuō)反譯。

      (1)While trade is good in my company,money is very tight at present.(2)The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at that time.

      (3)Charles dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the 0ld man.

      (4)In your eagerness to secure profits,you have failed to give due consideration to the sellers’ standpoints.

      (5)If the weather holds a few days,the team of the explorers will set off.

      (6)While I liked his work,I pointed out areas where improvement was possible.(7)In the event of any contingencies beyond our control,we shall not be held

      responsible for the late delivery of the goods.

      (8)In the absence of a settlement through negotiation,the case under dispute call be

      submitted to arbitration.

      (9)Cowards die many times before their death;the valiant never taste of death but

      0nce.

      (10)One of the advantages of the fibre-optic communications is freedom from direct

      effect of interfering radio transmission.

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