第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(本)階段練習(xí)2

華東理工大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育學(xué)院 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（4）（本）階段練習(xí)二

Part I Vocabulary and Structure

1.Poverty depresses most people, but in __C___ case of my father it was otherwise.A)/

B)a

C)the

D)one 2.Residents in the remote area have ____B_ about what the disease is all about, not to mention prevention and treatment.A)a little knowledge

B)little knowledge

C)few knowledges

D)a few knowledges 3.It is reported that ___C__ adopted children want to know their natural parents.A)the most B)most of

C)most

D)the most of 4.The number of people present at the concert was __A___ than expected;There are many tickets left.A)much smaller B)much more C)much larger D)many more 5.Her hair became gray __D__ the passing of the years.A)in

B)for

C)at

D)with 6.– I don’t understand why you came so late?

– Sorry, I ___D__ that you _____ you for me.A)don’t realize/are waiting

B)haven’t realized/have been waiting

C)hadn’t realized/had waited

D)didn’t realize/were waiting 7.She ought to stop;she has a headache because she __A__ too long.A)has been reading

B)had read

C)is reading

D)read 8.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ___A__ in the machines.A)be made

B)will be made

C)would be made

D)will have to be made 9.I don’t mind ___B__ the decision as long as it is not too late.A)you to delay making

B)your delaying making

C)your delaying to make

D)you to delay to make 10.The project, ___C__ by the end of 2003, will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A)accomplished

B)being accomplished

C)to be accomplished

D)having been accomplished 11.___A___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A)Believe B)Believing

C)To believe D)Believed 12.Many a man __B___ swimming in the river, but only _____ can swim across it.A)go… a few B)goes… a few C)go… few D)goes… few 13.He will tell us ___B__ he thinks of our arrangement.A)that

B)what

C)how

D)if 14.Every morning Mr.Smith takes a __D___to his office.A)20 minutes' walk

B)20 minute's walk C)20-minutes walk

D)20-minute walk 15.Never get off the bus __C___it has stopped.A)if

B)as soon as C)until

D)or 16.He never does his work __C___Mary.A)as careful as B)so careful as C)as carefully as D)carefully as 17.Everyone of them ___D__ tired and wanted a good rest.A)seems

B)is seemed

C)was seemed D)seemed 18.The girl sometimes has difficulty ___B__ what the teacher says in class.A)understand B)understanding C)to understand D)understood 19.Are you going to fix the car yourself, or are you going to have it __D___? A)fixing

B)to fix

C)fix

D)fixed 20.Only in this way ___B__ progress in your English.A)you make

B)can you make C)you be able to make

D)will you able to make 21.If only I ___C__ English like a native speaker.A)speak

B)can speak

C)could speak D)will speak 22.Three-fourths of the homework ___B__today.A)has finished

B)has been finished C)have finished

D)have been finished 23.It was because of the heavy rain last night ___A_ I didn't go home before 10 o'clock.A)that

B)when

C)which

D)how 24.Could you tell us __C___her aunt will stay here? A)that

B)what

C)how long D)where 25.Miss Wang wanted to know ___D__for the film.A)why was he late

B)why is he late C)why he is late

D)why he was late 26.What I have said only __A___ to some of you.A)applies

B)supplies

C)implies

D)complies 27.She soon __C___ French when she went to live in France.A)made up B)slowed up C)picked up

D)held up 28.It happened without my being __D___ of it.A)acquainted B)sensitive

C)aware

D)awake 29.The only __A___ to this room is along the long and dark corridor.A)access

B)outlet

C)entrance

D)exit 30.As they can't afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some __D___.A)decisions B)sides

C)directions

D)steps

31.That company doesn't take credit cards, so customers have to pay ___D___.A)dollars B)finance

C)coins

D)cash 32.One needs a good sense of ___C__ to ride a bike.A)level

B)skill

C)balance

D)ability 33.I don’t know the park, but it’s __A___ to be quite beautiful.A)said

B)told

C)spoken

D)talked 34.Mike is better than Peter ___B___ swimming.A)for

B)at

C)on

D)in 35.Jane’s dress is similar in design __C___ her sister’s.A)like

B)with

C)to

D)as Part II Use of English 1._______C_____Excuse me, how much is the jacket?____C_____ A)How are you?

B)Fine, thank you.C)Nice to meet you.D)You are very kind.8.___B_____.A)Good idea

B)I can't decide C)Yes, please

D)Yes, it's nice 10.-Could you help me with my physics, please?-_______D_____ A)No, no way.B)No, I couldn’t

C)No, I can’t.D.Sorry I can’t.I have to go to a meeting right now.Part III Reading Comprehension

Passage One Mr.and Mrs.White had two sons and three daughters．One Sunday，Mrs.White said to her husband，“The children don't have any lessons today，and you're free too．There's a new funfair（廟會(huì)）in the park．Let's all go there to play.”

Her husband said，“I want to finish some work today.”“oh, forget it．Go there and make our children happy．That's the most important work” Mrs.White said.So Mr.and Mrs.White took their children to the funfair．Mr.White was forty-five years old.But he enjoyed the funfair more than his children.He hurried from one thing to another，and ate lots of sweets.One of the children said to her mother，“Dad is just like a small child，isn't he, Mom?” Mrs.White didn't want to follow her husband around any more at that time and answered，“He is even worse than a small child，Mary，because he might spend more money than a small child.” 1.There were five children in the White family.A)T √

B)F 2.One Sunday，Mr.and Mrs.White wanted to go to a shop with their children.A)T

B)F√

3.Mr.White liked the place so much that he bought lots of sweets.A)T

B)F√

4.From the story we know Mrs.White was a little angry with Mr.White.A)T√

B)F 5.Of all the family members, Mr.White enjoyed playing there most that Sunday.A)T √

B)F

Passage Two People have been talking about health for a long time because people know the importance of it.People's understanding of health also becomes deeper with the progress in scientific research.Recently the term “health” has come to have a wider meaning than it used to.It no longer means just the absence of illness.Today, health means the well-being of your body, your mind and your relationship with other people.This new concept of health is closely related to another term－quality of life.Quality of life is the degree of overall satisfaction that a person gets from life.Why has the emphasis of health shifted from the absence of disease to a broader focus on the quality of a person's life? One reason for this has to do with the length and conditions of life that people can now expect.Medical advances have made it possible for people today to live longer, healthier lives.Imagine for a moment that you were born in the year 1900.You could have expected on average to live until about the age of 47.In contrast, if you were born in the year 1999, you could expect to live to the age of 75.6.Progress in scientific research leads to people's deeper understanding of health.A)T √

B)F 7.According to the passage, to people of today, health means absence of illness.A)T

B)F√ 8.The emphasis of health has shifted nowadays because people enjoy better conditions of living and they can live longer.A)T √

B)F 9.We can infer from the passage nowadays the emphasis of health has a broader focus because of improvements in the quality of food.A)T

B)F√

10.This passage is mainly about different understandings of the term “health”.A)T √

B)F

Passage Three We often use gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that the gestures can be understood in different ways.It is true that a smile means the same thing in any language.So does laughter or crying.Fear is another emotion that is shown in much the same way all over the world.In Chinese and in English literature, a phrase like “he went pale and began to tremble” suggests that the man is either very afraid or he has just got a very big shock.However, “he opened his eyes wide” is used to suggest anger in Chinese, whereas in English it means surprise.In Chinese, surprise can be described in phrase like “they stretched out their tongues!” “Stretching out our tongue” in English is an insulting gesture or expresses strong dislike.Even in the same culture, people differ in their ability to understand and express feelings.Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people’s faces.Other studies show that older people usually find it easier to recognize or understand body language than younger people do.11.Which of the following is true according to the passage? D

A)We can easily understand what people’s gestures mean.B)Words can be better understood by older people.C)Gestures can be understood by most people but words are not.D)It is difficult to tell what people’s gestures really mean sometimes.12.People’s facial expressions may be misunderstood in different cultures because ____D__.A)people of different sexes may understand a gesture differently

B)people speaking different languages have different facial expressions

C)people of different ages may have different interpretations

D)people from different cultures have different meanings about some facial expressions.13.From the passage, we can conclude that __A___.A)gestures can be used to express feelings

B)gestures can be more effectively used than words to express feelings

C)words are often more difficult to understand than gestures

D)gestures are used as frequently as words to express feelings 14.In the same culture, people ___D___.A)hardly ever fail to understand each other’s ideas and feelings

B)are equally intelligent even if they have different backgrounds

C)almost all have the same understanding of the same thing

D)may have different abilities to understand and express feelings 15.The best title for this passage can be __C____.A)Gestures

B)Feelings

C)Gestures and Feeling D)Culture and Understanding

Passage Four There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-range and long-term goals.Short-term goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possibly, months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.The intermediate goals build on the foundation of the short-term goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year, or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time, you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed.As you complete each step, you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow, your motivation and desire will increase.Long-term goals may be related to our dreams of the future.They might cover five years or more.Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.16.Our long-term goals mean a lot ___B____.A)if we cannot reach solid short-term goals B)if we complete the short-term goals C)if we have dreams of the future D)if we put forward some plans 17.New short-term goals are built upon__D___.A)a daily basis B)your achievement in a week C)current activities D)the goals that have been completed 18.When we complete each step of our goals, _C___.A)we will win final success B)we are overwhelmed C)we will build up our confidence to achieve success D)we should have strong desire for setting new goals 19.What is the main idea of this passage? __C___ A)Life is a dynamic thing.B)We should set up long-term goals.C)Different kinds of goals in life.D)The limitation of long-term goals.20.Which of the following statements is wrong according to the passage? __C___ A)The long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without achieving short-term goals.B)The intermediate goals build on the foundation of the short-term goals.C)Life is a static thing, thus never allowing a long-term goal to limit us.D)We should often add new short-term goals to what have been completed.Part IV Cloze The world is not only hungry;it is also thirsty for water.This may seem strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth's surface is covered with water.But about 97% of this huge amount is seawater, __B__ salt water.Man can only drink and use the other 3% of the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other __C__.And we can't even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers.Even worse, some of it has been polluted.However, as things stand today, this small amount of fresh water, which is constantly being replaced by rainfall, is still enough for us.But our need __D__ water is increasing rapidly-almost day by day.We all have to learn how to stop wasting our previous water.One of the first steps we should __A__ is to develop ways of reusing it.Experiments have already been done in this __E_, but only on a small scale.The systems that have been worked out resemble those used in spacecraft.1.A)take B)or C)sources D)for E)case 2.A)take B)or C)sources D)for E)case 3.A)take B)or C)sources D)for E)case 4.A)take B)or C)sources D)for E)case 5.A)take B)or C)sources D)for E)case

Part V Translation 1.They have been working together for three months and have come to know each other better.他們一起工作了三個(gè)月，相互之間也更了解了。

2.It was a hard job, but he did not mind.這項(xiàng)工作很艱苦，但他并不在乎。3.It's their duty to look after these young trees.他們的責(zé)任是照看這些小樹(shù)。4.She begins cooking as soon as she gets home.她每天一到家就開(kāi)始做飯。5.I'll call you as soon as I arrive.我一到就給你打電話。

6.Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have ever lived in China.李白是中國(guó)有史以來(lái)最偉大的詩(shī)人之一。

Part VI Sample Writing East or West, Home is Best 金窩，銀窩，不如自己的狗窩 What’s the best place in your heart? If I ask you where the best place is in your heart, perhaps you may say it’s Zhongnanhai, the White House or the Kremlin Palace.But I’ll tell you that it’s home rather than any one of them.Because a proverb says well that “East or west, home is best.”

That’s why? Because home is the port of our soul and the only one place that we are looking forward to going for the whole life.Because I think home means all to me and anybody else.It’s home where we can go whenever we are hurt or tired.It is also home where we can enjoy the feelings of parents, brothers and sisters.It’s home that that fights against wind or rain whether in the day time or at night.In a word, whatever we do and wherever we go, home is the best place that we can go forever.How to Overcome Difficulties in My English Studies 如何克服英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的困難

English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English.The following is my way to overcome the difficulties in English studies.First, remember 20 new words every day, and never give up.Second, go over grammar points I have learnt in English class regularly.Third, read an English article in China Daily every day.Fourth,write an English articles every week to improve my writing level.These above are what I have done to overcome my difficulties.

第二篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)3本科階段練習(xí)3

階段練習(xí)----3

I.Grammar Points(網(wǎng)絡(luò)統(tǒng)考語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)梳理----虛擬語(yǔ)氣；定語(yǔ)從句；狀語(yǔ)從句；賓語(yǔ)從句;非謂語(yǔ))

1.If the whole program __D___ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A.was not plannedB.were not planned

C.would not be plannedD.had not been planned

2.Isn’t it about the time you __A___ to do morning exercises?

A.beganB.beginC.should beginD.have begun

3.I’m very grateful to you for what you’ve given me and _D___ you have done for me.A.whichB.thatC.all whatD.all that

4.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I __C__ of hunger.A.would be diedB.would dieC.would have diedD.will die

5.This article deals with the natural phenomenon which _B___ most interesting to everyone.A.areB.isC.they areD.it is

6.He’s determined to finish the job __B__ long it takes.A.no matterB.howeverC.whereverD.whatever

7.Though Jane is satisfied with her success, she wonders __D___ will happen to her private life.A.howB.whoC.thatD.what

8.TOEFL is a test for students ___A__ native language is not English.A.whoseB.of whomC.thatD.which

9.We desire that the tour leader _A___ us immediately of any changes in plan.A.informB.informsC.informedD.has informed

10.These two areas are similar __D___ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A.to thatB.besides thatC.except thatD.in that

11.Scientists say it may be five or ten years __B__ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A.sinceB.beforeC.afterD.when

12.This is a very difficult operation.It’s essential that you __C__ for emergency.A.be preparedB.would prepareC.be preparedD.must be prepared

13.Most insurance agents would rather you __C__ anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.A.don’t doB.would not doC.didn’t doD.do not

14.Her suntanned face suggested that she __A__ in excellent health.A.beB.isC.wasD.were

15.___B__ evidence that language acquiring ability must be stimulated.A.It beingB.There isC.It isD.There being

16.Mary didn’t have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _B___ for the exam.A.to prepareB.preparingC.to be preparedD.being prepared

17.That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D___ the police.A.called inB.calling inC.call inD.to call in

18.The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.A.objected to havingB.objected to have

C.were objected to haveD.were objected to having

19.Having been asked to speak at the convention __D___.A.some notes were prepared for Dr.SmithB.the convention members were pleased to hear Dr.SmithC.some notes were prepared by Dr.SmithD.Dr.Smith prepared some notes

20.Ever since the Smiths moves to the suburbs a year ago, they __C__ better health.A.could have enjoyedB.had enjoyedC.have been enjoyingD.are enjoyingII.課文單句理解與翻譯（Unit 5）

21.One of the most successful, influential and beloved woman in American history, Eleanor Roosevelt once said that she had one regret: she wished she had been prettier.作為歷史上最成功、最富影響力、最受愛(ài)戴的女性之一，艾琳娜羅斯福曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，她有一個(gè)遺憾：她希望自己長(zhǎng)得更漂亮些。

22.We are all too aware of our physical imperfections.我們都清楚意識(shí)到自己身體上的不完美之處。

23.Why do we care so much about how we look?

我們?yōu)槭裁催@樣關(guān)心自己的長(zhǎng)相？

24.In addition to exercises, women and men both rely on cosmetics and advanced technology to enhance their beauty – often with even more serious consequences.除了鍛煉，男人女人都依賴化妝品與先進(jìn)技術(shù)提升自己的美麗，往往帶來(lái)更為嚴(yán)重的后果。

25．Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.美麗比任何介紹信都更具推薦價(jià)值。

26.Attractive applicants have a better chance of getting jobs, and of receiving higher salaries.有吸引力的求職者有更大的機(jī)會(huì)獲得工作與高新。

27.Teachers give higher evaluations to the work of attractive children and have higher expectations of them.老師給漂亮孩子的學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)估更好，對(duì)他們的期望值也更高。

28.Attractive people in need are more likely to receive help from strangers.外表有吸引力的人需要困境時(shí)，更可能獲得陌生人的幫助。

29.It is not surprising that physical attractiveness is of overwhelming importance to us.外表的吸引力對(duì)我們至關(guān)重要，這一點(diǎn)毫無(wú)令人奇怪。

30.Every period of history has its own standards of what is beautiful。

歷史上的每個(gè)時(shí)期都有自己的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

III.Reading Comprehension

Passage One

Computer people talk about the need for people to become computer-literate.But not all experts agree this is a good idea.One pioneer, in particular, who disagrees is David Tebbut, the founder of Computertown UK.Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not seethat way.He says that Computertwon UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them people-literate.David Tebutt thinks Computertowns are most successful when tied to a computer club but he insists there is an important difference between the two.The clubs are for people who have some computer knowledge already.This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computers for them to experiment on, with experts to encourage

them and answer any questions they have.They are not told what to do, they find out.The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be able to answer all questions people ask.People don’t have to learn computer terms, but the experts have to explain in plain language.The computers are becoming people-literate.31.Which of the following is David Debutt’s idea on the relationship between people and

computers? A

A)Computer learning should be made easier.B)There should be more computer clubs for experts.C)People should work harder to master computer use.D)Computers should be made cheaper so that people can afford them.32.We can infer from the text that “computer-literate” means __D___.A)being able to afford a computer

B)being able to write computer programs

C)working with the computer and finding out its value

D)understanding the computer and knowing how to use it ]

33.The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to the idea that Conputertowns _B_.A)help to set up more computer clubs

B)bring people to learn to use computers

C)bring more experts to work together

D)help to sell computers to the public

34.David Debutt started Computertwon UK with the purpose of __B___.A)making better use of computer experts

B)improving computer programs

C)increasing computer sales

D)popularizing computers

35.When computers are people-literate, ___B___.A)everybody can afford buy one

B)everybody, old and young, can use it easily

C)they will be too expensive for ordinary people to afford

D)only experts know how to operate a computer

Passage Two

A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man — the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands.While the leader in business or industry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the common laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.This attitude toward manual（體力的）labor is now still seen many aspects of American life.One is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously（豪華地）furnished and in which there is every evidence of the fact the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children;yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of something quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the nearby bakery.On the contrary, the hostess usually takes

pride in careful preparation of special dishes.A professional may talk about washing the car, digging in his flowerbeds, painting the house.His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing.The son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.36.From paragraph 1, we know that in America ___D____.A.people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man

B.people can always rise to the top through their own efforts

C.college professors win great respect from common workers

D.people feel painful to mention their fathers as labors

37.According to the passage, the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly because ___B____.A.servants in American are hard to getB.she takes pride in what she can do herself

C.she can hardly afford servantsD.It is easy to prepare a meal with canned food

38.The expression “wait on table” in the second paragraph means “____D___”.A.work in a furniture shopB.keep accounts for a bar

C.wait to lay the tableD.serve customers in a restaurant

39.The author’s attitude towards manual（體力的）labor is ___A____.A.positiveB.negativeC.humorous

40.Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage?C

A.A Respectable Self-made Family.C.Characteristics of American Culture.D.critical B.American Attitude toward Manual Labor.D.The Development of Manual Labor.Passage Three

Australians and New Zealanders are famous for their love of the outdoors.They like to do as much as possible out in the sunshine, and this includes eating!

In the southern hemisphere, it's now early spring and many people are looking forward to warmer weather when they can enjoy barbeques(BBQs)with their friends and family.Almost every family has a unit to cook BBQ, whether it's a big modern one or a small well-used one.But whatever kind of BBQ unit you use, it means the same thing— delicious grilled food(燒烤食品)!

The most popular foods to barbeque are sausages, steaks, fish, and garlic bread.Kids love to toast marshmallows on sticks for dessert too.The outside of the marshmallow becomes crisp while the inside melts.It's yummy!Of course, you need to eat vegetables too and there are always different kinds of salads to eat with your grilled meat.The great thing about BBQs is you can take them anywhere.They are easy to carry so you can have a BBQ party at the beach, in a park, in your backyard or wherever you like.But remember to be careful using fire!Americans also like BBQs and in summer they often have outdoor BBQ parties in beautiful parks and backyard BBQs with their neighbors.41.This passage may be found in a ___D__.A.history bookB.science fiction

C.horror novelD.travel magazine

42.Australians and New Zealanders usually have outdoor BBQs __C___.A.during winter timeB.in restaurants

C.with friends and familyD.without vegetables

43.The underlined word “unit” probably means __B___.A.houseB.equipmentC.foodD.style

44.Which of the following may NOT be one of the BBQ food?C

A.Meat.B.Vegetables.C.Fruits.D.Mashmallows.45.What is the last paragraph mainly about ?A

A.People can enjoy BBQs everywhere.B.We can frill all kinds of food.C.BBQs can be dangerous.Passage Four

The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modern traffic and modern communication means.Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems.One of the biggest is pollution.To pollute mean to make things dirty.Pollution comes in many ways.We see it, smell it, drink it and even hear it.Man has been polluting the earth.The more people, the more pollution.Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so many people.When the land was used up or the river was dirty in a place, men moved to another place.But this is no longer true.Man is now slowly polluting the whole world.Air pollution is still the most serious.It’s bad to all living things in the world, but it is not only one kind of pollution.Water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water.Noise pollution makes us become angry more easily.Many countries are making rules to fight pollution.They stop the people from burning coal in houses and factories in the city, and from blowing dirty smoke into the air.The pollution of SO2 is now the most dangerous problem of air pollution.It is caused by heavy traffic.It is sure that if there are fewer people driving, there will be less air pollution.The earth is our home.We must take care of it.That means keeping the land, water and air clean.And we must keep careful of the rise in pollution at the same time.46.Our world is becoming much smaller ______B_____.A.because the earth is being polluted day and night.B.thanks to scientific and technological development.C.because of the rise in pollution

D.because the earth is blown away by the wind every year.47.Thousands of years ago, life was ____D______ it is today.A.much easier thanB.as easy asC.as hard asD.much harder than

48.Pollution comes in many ways.We can even hear it.Here “it” means ____C____.A.water pollutionB.air pollutionC.noise pollutionD.rubbish

49.Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because ____A_____.A.it’s bad to all living things in the world.B.it makes us because angry more easily.C.it has made our rivers and lakes dirty.D.it makes much noise.50.The pollution of SO2 is now the most dangerous problem of air pollution.It is caused by heavy ____C____.A.burning rubbishB.smokers

C.trafficD.waste air from the factory

IV.完型填空

Did you sleep well last night? Maybe many people will answer: No.In fact, in the world about one in three people do not have good sleep.you say you do not have good sleep, it means waking early and not getting back to sleep, often interrupted short period of sleep, or hoursD.BBQs are very expensive.of wakefulness.You get tired, worried, and anxious.Your memory and ability to remember things will be.Then what should you do when you have the trouble? Do not worry about it too much.First, let’s see whether you can sleep yourself.The ways are as follows:

First,Bthat your bedroom isn’t too cold or too hot.Keep it dark and quiet.Second, check your lifestyle: Do not drink tea, coffee, cola or chocolate four hours before.Drink less liquid so that you can have no or fewer visits to the toilet.Set your body clock well by getting up and going to bed at the fixed time every day.You

take any daytime naps.Develop a relaxing bedtime habit.Read orAmusic, then take a warm bath.If you really can not sleep, try some bread, ricemilk.They will help you fall asleep.Go for a daily walk.Natural light help you to put your body clock into correct habit,do exercise outdoors if you can.Forget the worries of the day.Write down any worries, thoughts or questions before you go to bed.With these written down, you will haveDto think about and your sleep will become easier.51.A.When

52.A.might

53.A.affected

55.A.sleeping

56.A.won’t

57.A.listen to

58.A.and

59.A.neither

60.A.harderB.In case B.mayC.IfC.mustD.As D.should D.endangered D.look into D.falling asleep D.had better not D.see D.on D.however D.less B.damagedB.make sureB.going to sleep B.wouldn’t better B.listenB.orB.butB.fewerC.destroyedC.watch outC.going to bed C.had betterC.hearC.withC.soC.more54.A.determined

V．閱讀課文Unit 6精讀課文，完型填空（單詞首次母已給出）

You want to have a lot of friends but you don't want to put up too much effort in maintaining the friendship? That seems a bit contradictory at first is the only way that you could probably thing about a virtual friendship is that it’s ethereal by nature, and thus can be as real or unreal asdifficulty.Yknow who is on the other end, and you can be anyone you want without really being you.it now possible to befriend, fall in love with, break up with a person all without physically meeting? The answer to that question seems to be in the positive.

第三篇：行政管理學(xué)(本)階段練習(xí)二

行政管理學(xué)（本）課程階段練習(xí)

（二）一、名詞解釋（每個(gè)5分，共15分）

1、政府職能：我國(guó)行政管理主體行使國(guó)家行政權(quán)力，依法對(duì)國(guó)家事務(wù)、社會(huì)公共事務(wù)和機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部事務(wù)進(jìn)行管理所發(fā)揮的基本職責(zé)、功能和作用，其所確立的是政府“管什么”的問(wèn)題。

2、公共政策是指政策主體為解決所面臨的一些社會(huì)問(wèn)題，在特定的價(jià)值觀念的指引之下，為協(xié)調(diào)和穩(wěn)定各方社會(huì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系而采取的一系列公共管理活動(dòng)。

3、行政執(zhí)行特指以國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)為主體的多元社會(huì)組織，為了落實(shí)和實(shí)施國(guó)家意志、國(guó)家目標(biāo)，依法貫徹法律、法規(guī)、公共政策的諸活動(dòng)的總稱。

二、單項(xiàng)選擇題：（每題1分，共15分，每小題給出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有一項(xiàng)是正確答案）

1、政府干預(yù)的政府職能模式興起于（B）

A、資本主義自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期B、20世紀(jì)20年代末到30年代初經(jīng)濟(jì)大危機(jī)時(shí)期

C、傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)主義計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制時(shí)期D、20世紀(jì)80年代

2、提倡“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”政府的是（A）

A、布坎南B、庇古C、凱恩斯D、亞當(dāng)·斯密

3、公平與效率的關(guān)系主要涉及的是（C）

A、政府的政治職能B、政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)職能C、政府的社會(huì)職能D、政府的文化職能

4、下列哪項(xiàng)不是政府的社會(huì)職能？（A）

A、指導(dǎo)和規(guī)范文化市場(chǎng)建設(shè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展

B、建立和完善涵蓋養(yǎng)老、失業(yè)、醫(yī)療等各種保險(xiǎn)在內(nèi)的社會(huì)保障制度

C、制定政策措施，促進(jìn)健全有效的就業(yè)服務(wù)體系

D、擬定醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生和體育事業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，改革醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體育管理體制

5、也稱為常規(guī)性決策或例行性決策的是（B）

A、經(jīng)驗(yàn)決策B、程序化決策C、非程序化決策D、定性決策

6、在不確定的條件下，決策結(jié)果無(wú)法進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和估算的決策是指（C）

A、確定型決策B、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策C、非確定型決策D、戰(zhàn)術(shù)決策

7、被認(rèn)為是在行政決策中運(yùn)用得最為普遍的一種方法是（B）

A、理性綜合決策B、漸進(jìn)式?jīng)Q策C、混合掃描決策D、精英決策

8、行政執(zhí)行的前提和依據(jù)是（C）

A、行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)B、行政組織C、行政決策D、行政監(jiān)督

9、下列哪項(xiàng)不是影響行政執(zhí)行的行政決策自身的因素（D）

A、決策目標(biāo)要有可行性與可操作性B、決策要有普遍性

C、決策要有穩(wěn)定性D、目標(biāo)群體對(duì)行政決策的認(rèn)同度

10、根據(jù)被執(zhí)行對(duì)象在行政執(zhí)行前后的變化值之差，來(lái)衡量行政執(zhí)行的影響程度，這是（D）

A、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量法 B、案例比較法C、對(duì)象比較法D、歷史比較法

11、行政控制過(guò)程最為關(guān)鍵的環(huán)節(jié)是（D）

A、確定控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)B、衡量成效C、財(cái)務(wù)控制D、糾正偏差

12、政府部門委托私人公司代理清運(yùn)城市垃圾的行為屬于（A）

A、簽約外包B、市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作C、政府販?zhǔn)厶囟ǚ?wù)D、經(jīng)營(yíng)特許權(quán)

13、行政執(zhí)行的主體是（A）

A、行政組織B、社會(huì)團(tuán)體C、民眾D、人大代表

14、事先控制、事中控制和事后控制是根據(jù)（D）

A、控制的范圍劃分B、控制的組織機(jī)構(gòu)劃分C、控制的方式劃分D、控制的時(shí)序劃分

15、最基本的決策分類是（D）

A、定性決策和定量決策B、程序化決策和非程序化決策

C、經(jīng)驗(yàn)決策和科學(xué)決策D、個(gè)人決策和群體決策

三、多項(xiàng)選擇題：（下列每題至少有兩個(gè)正確答案，每題1分，共10分）

1、西方國(guó)家大致先后產(chǎn)生了三種典型的政府職能模式是（BCD）

A、“中心人”政府 B、“道德人”政府 C、“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”政府 D、“守夜人”政府

2、我國(guó)政府職能越位表現(xiàn)在（ABCD）

A、政府職能與市場(chǎng)功能不分B、政府組織與企業(yè)組織不分

C、政府組織與事業(yè)組織不分D、政府組織與社會(huì)中介組織不分

3、政府治理的社會(huì)化手段包括：（CD）

A、管制與放松管制B、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)C、社區(qū)治理D、公眾參與及聽(tīng)證會(huì)

4、公共政策的功能主要體現(xiàn)在（ABCD）

A、引導(dǎo)功能B、管制功能C、分配功能D、調(diào)控功能

5、按公共政策的制定過(guò)程劃分（ABC）

A、黨的政策B、法律性政策C、行政性政策D、基本政策

6、科學(xué)的公共行政政策制定過(guò)程包括（ABCD）

A、提出問(wèn)題，確定目標(biāo)B、擬定涉及方案C、優(yōu)選方案D、試點(diǎn)實(shí)施，修正完善政策

7、行政執(zhí)行的實(shí)施階段的工作內(nèi)容主要包括（ABC）

A、建立強(qiáng)有力的指揮中心B、善于做好協(xié)調(diào)工作

C、通過(guò)行政控制及時(shí)糾偏D、行政評(píng)估

8、國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者在主流上將政府治理工具分為（ABC）

A、市場(chǎng)化工具B、工商管理技術(shù)C、社會(huì)化手段D、社會(huì)管制

9、、公共行政管理與企業(yè)管理的相似之處有：（ABC）

A、管理對(duì)象與方法相似B、管理組織及其運(yùn)作類同

C、都強(qiáng)調(diào)行政效率與服務(wù)品質(zhì)的提高D、都必須服務(wù)于公共利益

10、政府職能涉及的主要關(guān)系有（ABC）

A、國(guó)家與社會(huì)的關(guān)系B、政府與市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系

C、公平與效率的關(guān)系D、企業(yè)與民眾的關(guān)系

四、簡(jiǎn)答題：（每題7分，共35分）

1、簡(jiǎn)述公共政策的功能。

答: 公共政策的功能主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：1）、引導(dǎo)功能。2）、管制功能。3）、調(diào)控功能。4）、分配功能。

2、政府職能定位的原則是什么？

答: 政府職能定位始終把握以下原則：一是公共性原則。二是全面性原則。三是有限性原則。四是效能原則。五是服務(wù)性原則。六是民主性原則。七是法定原則。

3、政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變的基本趨勢(shì)如何？

答: 我國(guó)政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變的基本趨勢(shì)主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。

（一）在政府職能內(nèi)容上的變化趨勢(shì)

二）政府職能管理方式上的轉(zhuǎn)變趨勢(shì)

4、試述公共政策制定的原則和過(guò)程。

答: 公共行政政策制定的原則1）、信息原則。2）、系統(tǒng)原則。3）、預(yù)測(cè)原則。4）、擇優(yōu)原則。

5）、創(chuàng)新原則。6）.、可行原則。7）、民主原則。8）、動(dòng)態(tài)性原則?？茖W(xué)的公共行政政策制定過(guò)程包括了提出問(wèn)題，確定目標(biāo)；擬定涉及方案；優(yōu)選方案；試點(diǎn)實(shí)施，修正完善政策四個(gè)階段。

5、行政執(zhí)行的原則是什么？

答: 第一，忠實(shí)于決策。第二，創(chuàng)新靈活。第五，團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作。第四，迅速有力。第三，周密計(jì)劃。

五、論述題：（15分）

試聯(lián)系實(shí)際論述影響行政執(zhí)行的因素.答: 答：要探究影響行政執(zhí)行的因素，可以從行政決策自身，行政執(zhí)行主體，行政執(zhí)行客體，以及行政執(zhí)行的環(huán)境四個(gè)方面加以分析。

一、行政決策自身因素。行政決策是行政執(zhí)行的前提和依據(jù)，在很大程度上主導(dǎo)著行政執(zhí)行的方向，所以行政決策本身的特點(diǎn)影響著行政執(zhí)行的過(guò)程。第一，決策目標(biāo)要有可行性與可操作性。第二，決策要有普遍性。第三，決策要有穩(wěn)定性。

二、行政執(zhí)行主體因素。

（一）組織機(jī)構(gòu)。組織機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)置是否合理，權(quán)責(zé)是否分明，執(zhí)行監(jiān)控機(jī)制是否健全都是影響行政執(zhí)行效果的重要因素。

（二）執(zhí)行人員。執(zhí)行人員影響政策執(zhí)行的因素有很多方面，主要的影響因素包括認(rèn)知水平、業(yè)務(wù)能力和執(zhí)行者的利益。

三、行政執(zhí)行客體因素。行政執(zhí)行的客體是行政決策直接作用和影響的對(duì)象。行

政決策能否成功與目標(biāo)群體有直接的關(guān)系，諸如目標(biāo)群體的認(rèn)同度、目標(biāo)群體的利益選擇以及目標(biāo)群體的群體結(jié)構(gòu)與規(guī)模都會(huì)影響決策的執(zhí)行效果。第一，目標(biāo)群體對(duì)行政決策的認(rèn)同度。第二，目標(biāo)群體的群體結(jié)構(gòu)與規(guī)模。第三，目標(biāo)群體的利益取向。

四、行政執(zhí)行環(huán)境因素。第一，行政執(zhí)行資源第三，政治因素與公眾意識(shí)。第二，社會(huì)態(tài)度和行為。

六、案例題：（10分）

××縣隨著農(nóng)村改革的不斷深入，農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)得到了較大的發(fā)展。然而，由于種種原因，自1990年開(kāi)始，該縣經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展速度開(kāi)始減緩。在這種情況下，縣委、縣政府為尋求農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)新的增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)，于1993年底和1994年初，帶領(lǐng)有關(guān)人員調(diào)查了全縣20個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和300個(gè)村，考察了50多個(gè)山頭和近百家農(nóng)村企業(yè)，初步分析認(rèn)為，該縣與其他丘陵、平原縣比較，具有自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)和特色--山場(chǎng)廣闊，共有山地面積366萬(wàn)畝，占總面積的72%，而且勞動(dòng)力資源豐富，消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)廣闊，如果開(kāi)發(fā)利用，辦成林業(yè)和多種經(jīng)濟(jì)基地，農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)就會(huì)有一個(gè)大發(fā)展，這是農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)一股潛在的強(qiáng)大勁流。

在此基礎(chǔ)上，他們召開(kāi)了兩個(gè)會(huì)：一是智囊研究人員、咨詢參謀人員會(huì)：二是各部門、各戰(zhàn)線的主要負(fù)責(zé)人及相關(guān)專家、學(xué)者參加的會(huì)議。通過(guò)這兩個(gè)會(huì)議，對(duì)全縣農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀、山地開(kāi)發(fā)的潛力及其可行性進(jìn)行了反復(fù)的討論和詳細(xì)的分析論證。并組織專門班子，以國(guó)土規(guī)劃和農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃成果為依據(jù)，擬定幾個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)山區(qū)的方案，供縣委、縣政府抉擇。

最后，縣委、縣政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在綜合比較各種方案的基礎(chǔ)上，作出了“開(kāi)發(fā)山地資源，興辦農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)，建立商品基地”的決策。同時(shí)又組織專門班子制訂出全縣開(kāi)發(fā)出山地資源的總體規(guī)劃，并擬定分階段實(shí)施該規(guī)劃。

決策方案制訂中，縣委、縣政府立即將方案付諸實(shí)施。一方面多渠道籌措山地開(kāi)發(fā)資金，并實(shí)行各種優(yōu)惠政策，以調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民的積極性，另一方面又組織專門人員具體管理山地開(kāi)發(fā)工作。

由于該縣決策正確、措施得力，因而在發(fā)展山區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面取得了顯著成效。

思考：

1）、某縣縣委、縣政府為什么能制定出正確的政策？

答: 根據(jù)公共政策制定的原則或程序來(lái)回答

2）、他們的成功對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)公共決策制定實(shí)現(xiàn)民主化、科學(xué)化有何啟示？

答:必須進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)查搜集信息；必須發(fā)揚(yáng)民主聽(tīng)取各方意見(jiàn)；必須選擇良好的方案；必須符合科學(xué)的決策程序；必須注意決策的可行性等等。

第四篇：文書(shū)寫(xiě)作(本)階段練習(xí)(二)

文書(shū)寫(xiě)作本科階段練習(xí)

（二）一、名詞解釋

1． 事務(wù)文書(shū)：是機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、企事業(yè)單位在處理日常事務(wù)時(shí)用來(lái)溝通信息、安排工作、總結(jié)得失、研究問(wèn)題的實(shí)用文體，是應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作的重要組成部分。

2.請(qǐng)示：是下級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)向上級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)請(qǐng)求對(duì)某項(xiàng)工作、問(wèn)題作出指示，對(duì)某項(xiàng)政策界限給予明確，對(duì)某事予以審核批準(zhǔn)時(shí)使用的一種請(qǐng)求性公文。

3.報(bào)告：按照上級(jí)部署或工作計(jì)劃，每完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，一般都要向上級(jí)寫(xiě)報(bào)告，反映工作中的基本情況、工作中取得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)、存在的問(wèn)題以及今后工作設(shè)想等，以取得上級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門的指導(dǎo)。

4.講話稿：廣義的講話稿是人們?cè)谔囟▓?chǎng)合發(fā)表講話的文稿；狹義的講話稿即一般所說(shuō)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話稿,是各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在各種會(huì)議上發(fā)表帶有宣傳、指示、總結(jié)性質(zhì)講話的文稿。

5.簡(jiǎn)報(bào)：是傳遞某方面信息的簡(jiǎn)短的內(nèi)部小報(bào)。是具有匯報(bào)性、交流性和指導(dǎo)性的簡(jiǎn)短、靈活、快捷的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)又稱“動(dòng)態(tài)”、“簡(jiǎn)訊”、“要情”、“摘報(bào)”、“工作通訊”、“情況反映”、“情況交流”、“內(nèi)部參考”等。也可以說(shuō)，簡(jiǎn)報(bào)就是簡(jiǎn)要的調(diào)查報(bào)告，簡(jiǎn)要的情況報(bào)告，簡(jiǎn)要的工作報(bào)告，簡(jiǎn)要的消息報(bào)道等。

6.經(jīng)濟(jì)文書(shū)：就是涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)容的應(yīng)用文章。常見(jiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)文書(shū)有：

1、經(jīng)濟(jì)合同和經(jīng)濟(jì)合同協(xié)議書(shū)；

2、市場(chǎng)調(diào)查報(bào)告；

3、經(jīng)濟(jì)廣告；

4、經(jīng)濟(jì)司法文書(shū)；

5、商品說(shuō)明書(shū)。

7.經(jīng)濟(jì)合同：從內(nèi)涵上看，是指平等民事主體的法人、其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織，個(gè)體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營(yíng)戶相互之間，為實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)目的，明確相互權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系而訂立的合同。從外延上看，它主要包括購(gòu)銷、建設(shè)工程承包、加工承攬、貨物運(yùn)輸、供用電、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)保管、財(cái)產(chǎn)租賃、借款、財(cái)產(chǎn)保險(xiǎn)以及其他經(jīng)濟(jì)合同。

8.價(jià)金：

9.罰則：即追究法律責(zé)任或進(jìn)行法律制裁的準(zhǔn)則。廣義的處罰，包括補(bǔ)償性的處罰(如賠償損失等)和懲罰性的處罰(如刑罰、行政處罰等)；狹義的處罰僅指后者。本文著重研究懲罰性處罰準(zhǔn)則的制定問(wèn)題，包括關(guān)于罰則的理論和實(shí)踐、制定罰則的原則和制作罰則的技術(shù)。

10.協(xié)議書(shū)： 廣義的協(xié)議書(shū)是指社會(huì)集團(tuán)或個(gè)人處理各種社會(huì)關(guān)系、事務(wù)時(shí)常 用的“契約”類文書(shū)，包括合同、議定書(shū)、條約、公約、聯(lián)合宣言、聯(lián)合聲明、條據(jù)等。狹義的協(xié)議書(shū)指國(guó)家、政黨、企業(yè)、團(tuán)體或個(gè)人就某個(gè)問(wèn)題經(jīng)過(guò)談判或共同協(xié)商，取得一致意見(jiàn)后，訂立的一種具有經(jīng)濟(jì)或其它關(guān)系的契約性文書(shū)。

11.招標(biāo)書(shū)：又稱招標(biāo)通告、招標(biāo)啟事、招標(biāo)廣告，它是將招標(biāo)主要事項(xiàng)和要求公告于世，從而招使眾多的投資者前來(lái)投標(biāo)。一般都通過(guò)報(bào)刊、廣播、電視等公開(kāi)傳播媒介發(fā)表。在整個(gè)招標(biāo)過(guò)程中，它是屬于首次使用的公開(kāi)性文件，也是唯一具有周知性的文件。

12.投標(biāo)書(shū)：投標(biāo)單位按照招標(biāo)書(shū)的條件和要求，向招標(biāo)單位提交的報(bào)價(jià)并填具標(biāo)單的文書(shū)。它要求密封后郵寄或派專人送到招標(biāo)單位，故又稱標(biāo)函。它是投標(biāo)單位在充分領(lǐng)會(huì)招標(biāo)文件，進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)地考察和調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上所編制的投標(biāo)文書(shū)，是對(duì)招標(biāo)公告提出的要求的響應(yīng)和承諾，并同時(shí)提出具體的標(biāo)價(jià)及有關(guān)事項(xiàng)來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中標(biāo)。

二、簡(jiǎn)答題

1． 經(jīng)濟(jì)合同正文的重要條款有哪些？ 答：經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的條款主要包括哪如下五大內(nèi)容:

第一，標(biāo)的:標(biāo)的就是合同雙方當(dāng)事人權(quán)利義務(wù)共同指向的對(duì)象。如購(gòu)銷合同中的貨物，建設(shè)工程承包合同中的工程項(xiàng)目，借款合同中的貨幣；等等;

第二，數(shù)量和質(zhì)量；

第三，價(jià)款和酬金，就是取得標(biāo)的一方所給付對(duì)方的代價(jià)；

第四，履行的期限、地點(diǎn)和方式；

第五，違約責(zé)任。

2． 條款式合同的首部包含哪些必備要素？

答：

1、意思表示一致：說(shuō)明雙理解并同意有關(guān)交易的要素.2、具有合法的“標(biāo)的”：指具有交易價(jià)值的東西，如：現(xiàn)金、貨物、某種行為的許諾等等

3、具有明確的“協(xié)議”：盡管在特定的場(chǎng)合口頭合同也是有效的，但是雙方簽訂的書(shū)面合同是大家認(rèn)同的典型“協(xié)議”形式.4、合法的主體：意思是合同主體具有完全的行為能力人，指成年人并具有完全的意思能力.3． 協(xié)議書(shū)的種類有哪幾種？與合同有什么關(guān)系？

答：1)使用對(duì)象不同。合同常用于經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，協(xié)議書(shū)則更多用于一般工作特別是 科學(xué)研究方面。

(2)約束力不同。合同一經(jīng)（依法）簽訂，便具有法律效力；協(xié)議書(shū)除作為補(bǔ)充合同所簽訂的意見(jiàn)和實(shí)際上等于合同的具有法律效力以外，未形成最后正規(guī)文本，雙方未簽字蓋章的協(xié)議（初稿）并不具有法律效力。

(3)寬嚴(yán)不同。合同正文中每一條內(nèi)容，必須具體、明確、完善。尤其是“違約責(zé)任”，要訂得非常嚴(yán)格、準(zhǔn)確，以免發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議糾紛。協(xié)議書(shū)的不少條款，則可訂得原則一些，寬泛一些，允許有一定的機(jī)動(dòng)性。

上述區(qū)別，寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)予注意。應(yīng)根據(jù)事項(xiàng)性質(zhì)，正確選用合同或者協(xié)議書(shū)。協(xié)議書(shū)的結(jié)構(gòu)與合同相同。

（1)協(xié)議書(shū)常常是作為正式合同的基礎(chǔ)。合同往往不是談判、協(xié)商一次就可簽訂的，雙方常常要經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)地磋商后，對(duì)合同的基本條款才逐步一致、明確。為了肯定初步商談的結(jié)果，雙方常先簽訂協(xié)議書(shū)，便于進(jìn)一步洽談。這時(shí)的協(xié)議書(shū)，內(nèi)容尚待完整詳盡，主要作用在于“備忘”，不具有法律效力。

(2)協(xié)議書(shū)有時(shí)作為合同的補(bǔ)充。在履行合同中，雙方如感到合同有修改補(bǔ)充的必要，可經(jīng)過(guò)洽談協(xié)商，把一致的意見(jiàn)用協(xié)議的形式寫(xiě)下來(lái)，作為合同補(bǔ)充。這時(shí)協(xié)議書(shū)已成為合同的組成部分，與原合同具有同等的效力。

（3）協(xié)議書(shū)有時(shí)等于合同。對(duì)一些難以確定隸屬于國(guó)家規(guī)定的合同種類的事項(xiàng)，雙方當(dāng)事人經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)商，簽訂了“協(xié)議書(shū)”，后來(lái)也未再簽訂合同，雙方均按“協(xié)議書(shū)”上的內(nèi)容履行義務(wù)和權(quán)利，這時(shí)“協(xié)議書(shū)”實(shí)質(zhì)上就是合同，具有合同的同等效力。

4．廣告的創(chuàng)意應(yīng)注意哪幾個(gè)方面？ 答:

1、廣告創(chuàng)意要立意新穎而奇特，但不得離譜

2、廣告創(chuàng)意要帶有藝術(shù)性，但并不是純粹的藝術(shù)

3、廣告創(chuàng)意應(yīng)該突出主題，不要喧賓奪主

4、廣告創(chuàng)意要表現(xiàn)文化精華，而不能污染文化 5．投標(biāo)書(shū)的特點(diǎn)是什么？

答：（1）針對(duì)性（2）求實(shí)性（3）合約性 6.市場(chǎng)調(diào)查報(bào)告正文的主體一般寫(xiě)什么內(nèi)容？ 答：一是按調(diào)查順序逐點(diǎn)來(lái)寫(xiě)；

二是按人和事的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和變化過(guò)程來(lái)寫(xiě)，以體現(xiàn)其規(guī)律性； 三是將兩種事物加以對(duì)比，以顯示其優(yōu)劣，找出其差異性； 四是按內(nèi)容的特點(diǎn)分門別類逐一敘述。7.項(xiàng)目可行性報(bào)告的特點(diǎn)是什么？ 答：預(yù)見(jiàn)性、公正性、可靠性、科學(xué)性

三、材料改錯(cuò)題

（一）將下面這篇材料修改正確

××研究所關(guān)于增加辦公室編制、經(jīng)費(fèi)和解決辦公用車的請(qǐng)示

××××：

我所辦公室自××年×月成立以來(lái)，在有關(guān)部門的大力支持下，工作進(jìn)展順利，但目前仍存在一些較為實(shí)際而又急需解決的困難。

第一，我所在辦公室編制甚少，現(xiàn)編制4人，除兩名正、副主任外，只有兩名工作人員，又因本部門工作需經(jīng)常外出調(diào)查，故工作不能很好地開(kāi)展。

第二，經(jīng)濟(jì)嚴(yán)重不足。由于我所轄地目前有5個(gè)腫瘤高發(fā)區(qū)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，需要我們組織人、財(cái)、物力調(diào)查發(fā)病原因及有關(guān)數(shù)字，但包干的經(jīng)費(fèi)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠所需開(kāi)支的資金。有些工作，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)不足，已陷入癱瘓狀態(tài)。

第三，出車難問(wèn)題。由于交通工具不便，人少經(jīng)費(fèi)緊張，我們需要批給一輛臥車和司機(jī)。

以上請(qǐng)示報(bào)告，請(qǐng)批復(fù)。

××研究所

二〇〇六年×月×日 答：

××研究所關(guān)于增加辦公室編制的請(qǐng)示

××××：

我所辦公室自××年×月成立以來(lái)，在有關(guān)部門的大力支持下，工作進(jìn)展基本順利，但目前仍存在一些較為實(shí)際而又急需解決的困難。

我所在辦公室編制甚少，現(xiàn)編制4人，除兩名正、副主任外，只有兩名工作人員，又因本部門工作需經(jīng)常外出調(diào)查，故人員編制不夠。

以上請(qǐng)示報(bào)告，請(qǐng)批復(fù)。

××研究所

二〇〇六年×月×日

（二）指出下列公文的錯(cuò)誤，并加以改正。

XX隊(duì)關(guān)于請(qǐng)求更新設(shè)備的請(qǐng)示報(bào)告

X發(fā)[ 2009]3號(hào)

公司黨委、王副經(jīng)理、資產(chǎn)部：

當(dāng)前我們公司形勢(shì)一片大好。全公司干部職工正在以愛(ài)崗敬業(yè)的實(shí)際行動(dòng)投身到企業(yè)的改革發(fā)展建設(shè)中去。形勢(shì)喜人也逼人。在這種情況下，我們更要保持清醒頭腦，既要愛(ài)護(hù)群眾的積極性，也要維護(hù)好生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，以便企業(yè)有更大的發(fā)展后勁。為此我們才呈送以下這份請(qǐng)示報(bào)告。

我們隊(duì)現(xiàn)在使用的XX設(shè)備是上個(gè)世紀(jì)XX年代購(gòu)買的。當(dāng)時(shí)那可真稱得上是一套先進(jìn)設(shè)備。使用起來(lái)得心應(yīng)手，為我們隊(duì)創(chuàng)造了很好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，立下了汗馬功勞?？墒请S著時(shí)間的推移，歲月的流流逝，再好的設(shè)備也會(huì)老化。現(xiàn)在我們這套設(shè)備工藝已經(jīng)落后。特別是其中的幾個(gè)重要部件已經(jīng)大修過(guò)幾次，到了難已再修的程度。繼續(xù)使用極易出現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)事故。為此，我們請(qǐng)求公司為我們隊(duì)更新XX設(shè)備。大約需要人民幣XXX萬(wàn)元。

借此機(jī)會(huì)我們順便匯報(bào)一下我隊(duì)生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的完成情況。第一季度超額完成任務(wù)，第二季度也做到時(shí)間過(guò)半任務(wù)完成過(guò)半。請(qǐng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)放心，我們決不會(huì)因?yàn)樵O(shè)備問(wèn)題而影響任務(wù)的完成。我們可以充分發(fā)揮另幾套后買的設(shè)備的作用。

以上請(qǐng)示報(bào)告，妥否請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)。

XX隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)XXX 2009年7月 答：

XX隊(duì)關(guān)于更新設(shè)備的請(qǐng)示

X發(fā)[2009]3號(hào)

公司資產(chǎn)部：

我們隊(duì)現(xiàn)在使用的XX設(shè)備是上個(gè)世紀(jì)XX年代購(gòu)買的?，F(xiàn)在這套設(shè)備工藝已經(jīng)落后。特別是其中的幾個(gè)重要部件已經(jīng)大修過(guò)幾次，到了難已再修的程度。繼續(xù)使用極易出現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)事故。為此，我們請(qǐng)求公司為我們隊(duì)更新XX設(shè)備。大約需要人民幣XXX萬(wàn)元。

以上請(qǐng)示，妥否請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)。

XX隊(duì) 2009年7月

（三）指出下列公文的錯(cuò)誤，并加以改正。

關(guān)于增撥基建經(jīng)費(fèi)的函

省財(cái)政廳：

首先，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我們向貴廳致以親切的問(wèn)候，對(duì)貴廳多年來(lái)對(duì)我們的支持和合作，表示衷心的感謝。此次來(lái)函主要商量以下問(wèn)題：

經(jīng)有關(guān)部門批準(zhǔn)，我局正在建造一幢辦公大樓，該項(xiàng)工程得到了省政府的支持，在省政府的批復(fù)下，貴廳已經(jīng)撥給我局1000萬(wàn)，此項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)已專款專用。目前工程尚在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中。但是由于建筑材料漲價(jià)等原因，原預(yù)算資金缺口較大，懇請(qǐng)貴廳再次撥給資金不足部分，以免影響辦公大樓竣工，從而影響我局的正常工作。

特此請(qǐng)示，請(qǐng)批準(zhǔn)！

XX省建設(shè)廳

2004.5.25 答：

關(guān)于增撥基建經(jīng)費(fèi)的函

省財(cái)政廳：

此次來(lái)函主要商量以下問(wèn)題：

經(jīng)有關(guān)部門批準(zhǔn)，我局正在建造一幢辦公大樓，該項(xiàng)工程得到了省政府的支持，在省政府的批復(fù)下，貴廳已經(jīng)撥給我局1000萬(wàn)，此項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)已?？顚Ｓ谩Ｄ壳肮こ躺性谶M(jìn)行當(dāng)中。但是由于建筑材料漲價(jià)等原因，原預(yù)算資金缺口較大，懇請(qǐng)貴廳再次撥給資金不足部分，再次向貴廳申請(qǐng)××萬(wàn)元。

請(qǐng)予支持，盼早日函復(fù)

XX省建設(shè)

二零一四月五月二十五日

（四）指出下文的錯(cuò)誤，并加以改正。

2003學(xué)年我的個(gè)人總結(jié)

炎日當(dāng)空，天上沒(méi)有一絲云彩，火辣辣的太陽(yáng)簡(jiǎn)直叫人不敢出門，空中沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)風(fēng)，只有知了在樹(shù)上不停地叫著，好像在說(shuō)：?放假啦，放假啦?。又一學(xué)年過(guò)去了，我應(yīng)該利用暑假對(duì)這一學(xué)年的學(xué)習(xí)情況做一些總結(jié)，以迎接新學(xué)年的到來(lái)。

在這一學(xué)年里，我學(xué)習(xí)了成本會(huì)計(jì)、管理會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)原理、經(jīng)濟(jì)法、計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用、外貿(mào)會(huì)計(jì)、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)、應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作、體育、職業(yè)道德、概率論等課。其中成本會(huì)計(jì)82，管理會(huì)計(jì)86，審計(jì)原理80，經(jīng)濟(jì)法89，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用90，外貿(mào)會(huì)計(jì)90，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)72，應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作68，體育85，職業(yè)道德是優(yōu)，概率論是中。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，成績(jī)還是可以的，在班上屬中等水平。其中，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用、職業(yè)道德和外貿(mào)會(huì)計(jì)成績(jī)好些優(yōu)秀，而大學(xué)英語(yǔ)、概率論和應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作成績(jī)差些，不夠理想。下一學(xué)期，我要繼續(xù)努力，爭(zhēng)取取得更好的成績(jī)，最好都在80分以上，這樣就可以獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，減輕家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，更可以在擇業(yè)時(shí)增加自 7 己的實(shí)力。

文秘一（1）班 ××× 答：

2004學(xué)年個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)

炎日當(dāng)空，天上沒(méi)有一絲云彩，火辣辣的太陽(yáng)簡(jiǎn)直叫人不敢出門，空中沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)風(fēng)，只有知了在樹(shù)上不停地叫著，好像在說(shuō)：?放假啦，放假啦?。又一學(xué)年過(guò)去了，我應(yīng)該利用暑假對(duì)這一學(xué)年的學(xué)習(xí)情況做一些總結(jié)，以迎接新學(xué)年的到來(lái)。

在這一學(xué)年里，我學(xué)習(xí)了成本會(huì)計(jì)、管理會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)原理、經(jīng)濟(jì)法、計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用、外貿(mào)會(huì)計(jì)、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)、應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作、體育、職業(yè)道德、概率論等課。其中成本會(huì)計(jì)82，管理會(huì)計(jì)86，審計(jì)原理80，經(jīng)濟(jì)法89，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用90，外貿(mào)會(huì)計(jì)90，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)72，應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作68，體育85，職業(yè)道德是優(yōu)，概率論是中。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，成績(jī)還是可以的，在班上屬中等水平。其中，計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用、職業(yè)道德和外貿(mào)會(huì)計(jì)成績(jī)好些優(yōu)秀，而大學(xué)英語(yǔ)、概率論和應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作成績(jī)差些，不夠理想。下一學(xué)期，我要繼續(xù)努力，爭(zhēng)取取得更好的成績(jī)，最好都在80分以上，這樣就可以獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，減輕家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，更可以在擇業(yè)時(shí)增加自己的實(shí)力。

文秘一（1）班 ×××

XXXX年X月X日

四、材料寫(xiě)作題

（一）根據(jù)下面的情況，寫(xiě)一份借款合同。借款合同的內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括借款種類、幣種、用途、數(shù)額、利率、期限和還款方式等條款。

盛大制藥廠（甲方）在2004年因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大，資金周轉(zhuǎn)上遇到了暫時(shí)的困難，向吳興市工商銀行（乙方）借款人民幣3000萬(wàn)，借期為一年，自2004年6月1日起至2005年5月31日止，利率按中國(guó)人民銀行規(guī)定的一年貸款利率支付，并由臺(tái)生家具公司（丙方）提供擔(dān)保。借款人（甲方）保證按合同約定的 用途使用借款，借款到期時(shí)準(zhǔn)時(shí)歸還本息，如果在借款期間發(fā)生了足以影響合同履行的事項(xiàng)，借款人保證向貸款銀行（乙方）如實(shí)告知。吳興市工商銀行（乙方）保證按約定的日期、數(shù)額提供借款。雙方還商定如果發(fā)生糾紛，就通過(guò)友好協(xié)商加以解決，協(xié)商不成可向吳興市仲裁委員會(huì)提請(qǐng)仲裁或向吳興市法院提起起訴。

答：借款合同

借款方：盛大制藥廠（簡(jiǎn)稱甲方）

地址：×××

貸款方：吳興市工商銀行（簡(jiǎn)稱乙方）

地址：×××

甲方在2004年因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大，資金周轉(zhuǎn)上遇到了暫時(shí)的困難，提出向乙方借款，經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商，簽訂本合同，以共同遵守：

（一）借款金額：人民幣叁仟萬(wàn)整。

（二）借款期限：自2004年6月1日起至2005年5月31日，借期一年。

（三）利息：利率按中國(guó)人民銀行規(guī)定的一年貸款利率支付。

（四）履約方式：甲方保證按合同約定的用途使用借款，借款到期時(shí)準(zhǔn)時(shí)歸還本息，如果在借款期間發(fā)生了足以影響合同履行的事項(xiàng)，借款人保證向乙方如實(shí)告知。乙方保證按約定的日期、數(shù)額提供借款。

（五）解決爭(zhēng)議的辦法：如果發(fā)生糾紛，雙方通過(guò)友好協(xié)商加以解決，協(xié)商不成可向吳興市仲裁委員會(huì)提請(qǐng)仲裁或向吳興市法院提起起訴。

（六）本合同自簽訂之日起生效，雙方均不得有任何改動(dòng)。

（七）本合同一式兩份，雙方各執(zhí)一份。

盛大制藥廠（公章）

法人代表：（簽字）

吳興市工商銀行（公章）

法人代表：（簽字）

2004年5月×日

（二）閱讀下面的廣告，然后回答問(wèn)題

電視廣告：喜樂(lè)飲料

（畫(huà)面）富麗堂皇的王宮，一小國(guó)王在寶座上喝著飲料，幾個(gè)侍臣端著各種飲料。背景映出?好吃國(guó)的故事?。

音樂(lè)聲起。

小國(guó)王：?這是本王最愛(ài)喝的乳酸飲料，誰(shuí)能找到更好的乳酸飲料，我就把王位讓給他。?

（侍臣依次呈上各種飲料）

小國(guó)王：?這個(gè)不對(duì)，這個(gè)也不是。?

（一老神仙，手持喜樂(lè)飲料，飄飄然從天而降至王宮）

老神仙：?‘喜樂(lè)’具有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和幫助消化的功能，就連天上的神仙也難喝到呢。?

小國(guó)王：?喜樂(lè)！沒(méi)想到吧。?

（1）根據(jù)這則廣告，請(qǐng)談?wù)勀阍鯓涌创龔V告的創(chuàng)造性和真實(shí)性。（2）請(qǐng)你給“喜樂(lè)飲料”寫(xiě)一份對(duì)話體廣告。

3．請(qǐng)你將這段時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)《應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作》課程的學(xué)習(xí)情況寫(xiě)一篇總結(jié)。要求：格式完整、正確，語(yǔ)言流暢，字?jǐn)?shù)不少于600字。文中需用真名時(shí)要用×××代替。

感受應(yīng)用文的魅力

能上應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作這門課程，也是一個(gè)機(jī)緣巧合，以前對(duì)應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作這門課程的第一影響就是：“不就是教人謝謝作文么，高考都經(jīng)歷過(guò)了，還有什么類型的作文不會(huì)寫(xiě)”。然而學(xué)完這門課后，我為自己的無(wú)知而羞愧，為自己的狂妄而慚愧。

在學(xué)完這門課程后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了這和我平時(shí)見(jiàn)到的文學(xué)作品有很大的區(qū)別。文學(xué)作品供人欣賞，其價(jià)值在于審美，它以美感人，以美育人，通過(guò)豐富.透明的藝術(shù)形象使人在歡愉中不知不覺(jué)達(dá)到感染教育的效果。而應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作則不然，它主要是為了解決實(shí)際中的問(wèn)題，具有很高的價(jià)值性與直接實(shí)用性。并且它不需要過(guò)多華麗辭藻的修飾，只需要簡(jiǎn)明扼要地按照規(guī)范寫(xiě)成文章即可。因此這讓我找到了自信，讓我下定決心要認(rèn)真上好每一堂應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作課程。掌握好每一種應(yīng)用文所需要理解和記住的要點(diǎn)。

學(xué)完后我發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中的應(yīng)用文有一些這樣的特點(diǎn)：

一、應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作時(shí)是一種“非我”的心態(tài)。

生活中，一般文體的寫(xiě)作往往是站在“自我”的角度，表達(dá)自己，或者抒發(fā)自己的情感、闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)，亦或者按照自己的理解去說(shuō)明，即使新聞、紀(jì)實(shí)文學(xué)之類的文體，也往往是以作者自己的視野，去所觀、所思、所感，再進(jìn)而付諸筆端。然而，應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作一般是要站在某一群體、某一組織、某一集團(tuán)的位置上，它所傳達(dá)的是被代表的單位的發(fā)出的信息，接受者也往往是集團(tuán)性質(zhì)的或者眾多個(gè)體的。所以在寫(xiě)作時(shí)一般不要總想著自己，而要多考慮文中所代表的單位的立場(chǎng)，因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)的是“非我”，而非“自我”。

比如：給領(lǐng)導(dǎo)草擬文件，一定弄清楚他的意圖，不然急急忙忙去寫(xiě)，接著恐怕要經(jīng)歷多次“返工”的痛苦經(jīng)歷。因?yàn)槟闶墙o領(lǐng)導(dǎo)寫(xiě)的，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)又是從單位和自己的行政思想出發(fā)來(lái)共同完成這份文件。再比如寫(xiě)請(qǐng)示、公函、報(bào)告、簡(jiǎn)報(bào)等，一定要弄清楚本單位與所發(fā)的單位之間的關(guān)系，如隸屬關(guān)系、行政級(jí)別關(guān)系、業(yè)務(wù)工作關(guān)系等等，據(jù)此才能采取合適的文體，在文中使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)氣和措辭，這樣才能作到文如其事、恰如其分。否則可能一個(gè)細(xì)小的疏忽，可能會(huì)釀成大錯(cuò)。在課上三位老師舉了很多例子，正說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)，應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作所站的角度的重要性。

二、應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作—— “死板”而不乏“靈活”的寫(xiě)作。無(wú)論是公文、專用文件、規(guī)章制度和日常應(yīng)用文，人們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)期的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，一些格式和要求約定俗成，甚至一些公文的格式政府部門有明確的規(guī)定，因此，我們應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作時(shí)往往不能亂來(lái)，必須遵守規(guī)則。這不同于文學(xué)創(chuàng)作，個(gè)人可以有較大的發(fā)揮空間，無(wú)論在形式還是內(nèi)容上，都可以打破陳規(guī)，不斷創(chuàng)新。且不可對(duì)規(guī)則置若罔聞，否則會(huì)造成寫(xiě)作上的失敗。

但這并不是說(shuō)，應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作就沒(méi)有我們可以發(fā)揮的空間了，我認(rèn)為除了形式上的較多的約束外，在內(nèi)容上除了注意一些語(yǔ)氣的東西，這里面還是有一定的空間去馳騁的，當(dāng)然畢竟應(yīng)用文不是其他的文學(xué)作品，有那么多可以發(fā)揮的地方，還是以實(shí)用為上。

應(yīng)用文的寫(xiě)作格式和要求，具體不同的文體不盡相同，像我們這些“草根”初學(xué)者不免眼花繚亂，不勝其煩，對(duì)于這些規(guī)則，我覺(jué)得靠死記硬背是不行的，因?yàn)榧词顾烙涀?，也往往不能靈活應(yīng)用。最好的方法是找來(lái)一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范文去看，對(duì)照規(guī)則去看，多想想為什么這樣，最好能理解這樣要求的合理性，當(dāng)然對(duì)于一些習(xí)慣性的東西，記住就是了。然后，可以不看規(guī)則去寫(xiě)一兩篇相同文體的，在 對(duì)照規(guī)則和范文去檢查。我覺(jué)得在反復(fù)實(shí)踐中去理解記憶比較好。在課上，三位老師給我們一些有問(wèn)題的材料，去挑錯(cuò)，這也是個(gè)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的教學(xué)方法，有利于我們快速掌握應(yīng)用文的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)。

三、應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作的“樸實(shí)”文風(fēng)

我們很多人包括我自己，都喜歡文辭華美、韻味雋永的文學(xué)作品，因?yàn)檫@些作品往往能給我們帶來(lái)極大的藝術(shù)享受和精神愉悅，但應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作不太追求辭藻的華麗，它的文風(fēng)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)就要樸實(shí)無(wú)華一些，基本上很少在詞句上粉飾雕琢。我們很多同學(xué)，特別是原來(lái)文學(xué)功底較深的，往往有唯美主義的傾向，總喜歡寫(xiě)東西寫(xiě)得很藝術(shù)化，文中使用大量的修辭手法，什么比喻、夸張、擬人等等，堆砌許多優(yōu)美的詞句和典故。如果這樣來(lái)寫(xiě)小說(shuō)、詩(shī)歌、散文，只要使用適時(shí)適地，自然是很好的。但應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作追求一個(gè)“實(shí)”字，應(yīng)用文不是供人們把玩鑒賞的藝術(shù)品，它和人們的社會(huì)生活結(jié)合得非常緊密，它是一種應(yīng)用文體，是為了實(shí)際工作、實(shí)際生活而使用，是傳遞交流信息、商洽處理問(wèn)題的一種工具。因此，寫(xiě)應(yīng)用文時(shí)一定要避免那種不合適的文風(fēng)。切記洗盡鉛華、天然雕飾也是一種好的文風(fēng)。

但是不是應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)出來(lái)都是給人一種干巴巴、讀來(lái)索然無(wú)味的感覺(jué)？我認(rèn)為，既然文章總是要讓人來(lái)讀的，包括應(yīng)用文也是要有相關(guān)的人員去閱讀，那么不可避免就要考慮人的閱讀心理，要有某種趣味性，讓人愿意讀下來(lái)。所以在符合規(guī)定的格式和要求下，盡量把內(nèi)容寫(xiě)得生動(dòng)有趣些，是必不可少的。

四、應(yīng)用文的“單義性”

許多文學(xué)作品寓意深刻、內(nèi)涵豐富，不同的讀者在閱讀的過(guò)程中，根據(jù)自己的心理感受和理解去詮釋其中的意義，這樣同樣的一部作品，可能有不同甚至是大相徑庭的理解。應(yīng)用文一定要避免這種“多義性”，意義一定要明確，避免產(chǎn)生歧義，給不同的閱讀者有這樣那樣的解釋，否則，會(huì)造成工作中的極大混亂，比如制定的規(guī)章制度，在用詞上用了一些摸棱兩可的詞匯，給人理解上有不同的說(shuō)法，就會(huì)在執(zhí)行規(guī)章制度的過(guò)程中，造成麻煩。再比如一些待簽訂的合同，一定要逐字逐句地檢查有無(wú)漏洞，反復(fù)斟酌，有無(wú)邏輯錯(cuò)誤和未考慮到的情況，否則一個(gè)很小的紕漏，會(huì)帶來(lái)極大的損失，在這方面的教訓(xùn)是很慘痛的。寫(xiě)應(yīng)用文時(shí)一定要注意表述上的準(zhǔn)確性，避免詞不達(dá)意。

總之：《應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作》這門課程是一門既學(xué)理論知識(shí)又要掌握寫(xiě)作技法的一門理論與實(shí)踐結(jié)合的課程，通過(guò)三位各有各自獨(dú)特風(fēng)格的老師的詳細(xì)講解讓我們既全面掌握各類文體的寫(xiě)作知識(shí)，了解其特點(diǎn)、作用、寫(xiě)作要求，更重要的是具備寫(xiě)作能力，能寫(xiě)出各類各種規(guī)范的應(yīng)用文章，這對(duì)我們這些初學(xué)者而言是非常有價(jià)值的。

4．xx市xx局辦公室擬編發(fā)一份簡(jiǎn)報(bào)，題為《轉(zhuǎn)變機(jī)關(guān)職能，大力發(fā)展第三產(chǎn) 12 業(yè)》，編發(fā)時(shí)間為200X年X月X日，編號(hào)為第4期，報(bào)送省XX局、市委、市府、市經(jīng)委，印發(fā)各縣市XX局，本局各科室、各直屬單位，共印140份。請(qǐng)根據(jù)上述內(nèi)容和簡(jiǎn)報(bào)的格式畫(huà)出報(bào)頭、正文和報(bào)尾。答：

××局工作簡(jiǎn)報(bào)

第4期

××市××局辦公室 200×年×月×日

轉(zhuǎn)變機(jī)關(guān)職能，大力發(fā)展第三產(chǎn)業(yè)

××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。（正文）

報(bào)送：省XX局，市委，市府，市經(jīng)委

印發(fā)：各縣市XX局，本局各科室、各直屬單位

（共印140份）

第五篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)本4

階段練習(xí)----

4I．Grammar points(網(wǎng)絡(luò)統(tǒng)考語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)梳理-----非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))

1.The professor walked out of the classroom, deeply _satisfied__(satisfy)with the performance

of his students.2.He was excited to see his paper(論文)__published_(publish).3.I seem to smell something _burning__(burn).1.The police had a hard time _keeping__(keep)the traffic _moving__(move).2.Mother had the washing machine _running__(run)for hours.3.I won’t have anything _said__(say)against my friends.4.My sister had her fingernails _painted__(paint)before _going__(go)to the dance party.5.The teacher got all the students _to listen__(listen)to her attentively.6.The work accident set all the officials concerned _thinking__(think)seriously about safety

regulations.7._Trying__(try)to make himself _understood__(understand), he explained the problem in

great detail.8.__Having received_(receive)her son’s letter, she felt a great weight _taken__(take)off her

mind.9._Stepping__(step)into the classroom, the teacher found all the students _gone__(go).10.When _visiting__(visit)a strange city, I would like to have an experienced guide _show__

(show)me around.11.When _put__(put)into Chinese, almost all of the English prepositions(介詞)sound like

verbs.12._Surrounded__(Surround)by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but _to

surrender__(surrender).13._Having finished preparing__(finish)___(prepare)the test paper, the teacher went on __to

read_(read)the students’ essays.14._Not wanting__(not want)to hear his job performance _discussed__(discuss)at the meeting,he refused _to attend__(attend)the meeting.15.Is there any hope of _obtaining__(obtain)a quiet room? I just can’t stand _sleeping__(sleep)

with such noise.16.Though _not knowing_(not know)anything about it, he tried _fixing__(fix)the computer

himself.17.The concert usually takes place at the People’s Square, with the audience __seated__(seat)on

the ground.II．課文單句理解與翻譯（Unit 6）

21.You want to have a lot of friends but you don't want to put up too much effort in maintaining the friendship?

你想擁有很多朋友，但又不想花太大力氣維持友情，是吧？

22.I studied English literature when I was in university.我在大學(xué)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)英國(guó)文學(xué)。

23.Books, newspapers, letters-that's how people communicated and kept in touch.書(shū)籍、報(bào)紙、信函 – 那就是當(dāng)時(shí)人們交流與保持聯(lián)系的方式。

24.That is the basis of a virtual friendship: the writings between two people, or between a group

of people.那就是虛擬優(yōu)異的基礎(chǔ)：兩個(gè)人或者一組人之間的文字。

25.With the Internet, it seems that the strength of the written word has returned.隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，文字的力量又回來(lái)了。

26.In the era of cyberspace, is it now possible to befriend, fall in love with, break up with a person all without physically meeting?

在虛擬空間時(shí)代，不用面對(duì)面就可以交友、戀愛(ài)、分手嗎？

27.Personally, while writing is a medium that allows me to express myself best, it’s not necessarily a medium that I prefer.在我看來(lái)，盡管文字是允許我進(jìn)行最佳自我表達(dá)的方式，但這種方式未必是我偏愛(ài)的。

28.It’s also because of this element that written communication can be easily abused.也正是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)因素，書(shū)面交流很容易被濫用。

29.Deception is possible when there is very little real reason to be honest.當(dāng)沒(méi)有什么真正的理由保持誠(chéng)實(shí)，欺騙是可能發(fā)生的。

30.The answer to that question seems to be in the positive.對(duì)那個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案似乎是肯定的。

III．Reading Comprehension

Passage One

I recently turned fifty, which is young for a tree, middle life for an elephant, ancient for a sportsman.Fifty is a nice number for the states in the US or for a national speed limit, but it is not a number that I was prepared to have hung on me, fifty is supposed to be my father’s age, but now I am stuck with this number and everything it means.A few days ago, a friend tried to cheer me up by saying, ―Fifty is what forty used to be.‖ He had made an inspirational point.Am I over the hill? People keep telling me that the hill has been moved, and I keep telling them that the high-jump bar has dropped from the six feet I onceeasily cleared to the four feet that is impossible for me now.―You’re not getting older, you’re getting better,‖ says Dr.Brothers.This, however, is the kind of doctor who inspires a second opinion.And so, as I approach the day when I can’t even jump over the tennis net, I am moved to share some thoughts on aging with you.Getting older is obviously a better change than the one that brings you eulogies(悼詞).Most of my first fifty years have been golden ones, so I’ll settle for what is ahead being as good as what has gone by.I find myself moving toward what is ahead with a curious blend of both fighting and accepting my aging, hoping that the philosopher was right when he said, ―Old is always fifteen years from now.‖

31.The author seems to tell us in Paragraph I that ___B____.A)time alone will tellB)time goes by quickly

C)his father should be fifty years oldD)fifty is an extraordinary number

32.When the author turned fifty, people around him ___A_____.A)tried to comfort himB)got inspiration from him

C)were friendlier with himD)found him a failure

33.The author considers his fifty years of life __C____.A)peacefulB)ordinaryC)satisfactoryD)regretful

34.From the passage we learnt that the author must be __C____ when he was young.A)an successful businessmanB)a distinguished tennis player

C)an excellent high jumperD)an experienced coach

35.The author intends to convey the message that ____D_____.A)the old should led a simple life

B)the old should take more exercise

C)the old fill themselves with curiosity

D)the old should face the fact of aging positively

Passage Two

What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology.With the help of new medicine, the human body will last a very long time.Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and war.Today’s leading killers, such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories.In discussion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days.But the change in medicine can be real technological event of our times.How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death.Cells are the basic units of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever.But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine.Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs.The medicine, made up of the basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on – in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic condition of human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.36.According to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by __A___.A)diseases and agingB)accidents and war

C)accidents and agingD)heart disease and war

37.In the author’s opinion, today’s most important advance in technology lies in __A___.A)medicineB)the InternetC)brain cellsD)human organs

38.Humans may live longer in the future because ___D__.A)heart disease will be far away from us

B)human brains can decide the final death

C)the basic materials of cells will last forever

D)human organs can be repaired by new medicines

39.According to the passage, the scientists used to believe that basic units of living things _______B______.A)were heart organs

B)could not last more than 120 years

C)were brain cells

D)controlled our life span

40.We can learn from the passage that __C___.A)human life will not last more than 120 years in the future

B)humans have to take medicine to build new skin cells now

C)much needs to be done before humans can have a longer life

D)we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells

Passage Three

When Mrs.Joseph Jones died recently in Vienna, Austria, people asked the obvious question, ―Why did she live to be 107?‖ answers were provided by a survey conducted among 148 Viennese men and women who reached the age of 100.somewhat surprising was the fact that the majority had lived most of their lives in cities.In spite of the city’s image as an unhealthy place, city living often provides benefits that country living can lack.One factor seems to be important to the longevity of those interviewed.This factor is exercise.In the cities it is often faster to walk around short distances than to wait for a bus.Even taking public transportation often requires some walking.Smaller apartment houses have no elevators, and so people must climb stairs.City people can usually walk to local supermarkets.Since parking spaces are hard to find, there is often no alternative to walking.On the other hand, those who live in the country and suburbs do not have to walk every day.in fact, the opposite is true.To go to school, work, or almost anywhere else, they must ride in cars.41．The Vienna survey may help to explain __C___.a)the complaints of people in apartment houses

b)the cause of Mrs.Jones death

c)the longevity of people like Mrs.Jones.d)the image of cities in general

42.The purpose of the second paragraph is to list some __B___.A)benefits of walking

B)occasions for walking in city life

C)comments made by city people

D)problems of city living

43.To reach the third floor of a building, it would probably be most healthful __B___.A)to take the elevatorB)to walk up the stairs

C)to ride in a carD)to find an alternative to walking

44.People who live in the country probably do more driving than walking because __A___.A)they don’t live near business area

B)they don’t need the exercise

C)they never have parking problems

D)they can’t afford to take a bus

45.A conclusion that can be drawn from this passage is that _D____.A)air pollution is not seriousB)anyone can live to be 107

C)country people should move to the city

D)walking is a healthful exercise

Passage Four

Change—or the ability to adapt oneself to a changing environment is essential to evolution.The farmer whose land is required for housing or industry must adapt himself.He can move to another place and master the problems peculiar to it;he can change his occupation, perhaps after a period of training;or he can starve to death.A nation, which cannot adapt its trade or defense requirements to meet world conditions, faces economic or military disaster.Nothing is fixed and permanently stable.There must be movement forward, which is progress of a sort, or movement backward, which is decay and deterioration.In this context(環(huán)境), tradition can be a force for good or for evil.As long as it offers a guide, it helps the ignorant and the uninformed to take a step forward and, thereby, to adapt themselves to changed circumstances.Tradition, or custom, can guide the hunter as effectively as it can influence the nervous hostess.But if we make an idol(偶像)of tradition, it ceases(停止)to become a guide and becomes an obstacle lying on the path of change and progress.If we insist on trying to plot the future by the past, we clearly handicap(阻礙)ourselves and invite failure.The better course is to adapt the help which tradition can give but, realizing that it necessarily has its roots in the past, to be well aware of its limitations in a changing world.46.The ability mentioned by the writer is the ability __B___.A)to work in the changing world

B)to fit oneself to a changing environment

C)to keep a nation’s tradition

D)to live a happy life in the world

47．How is the example of the farmer relevant to the author’s comments on tradition?B

A)The farmer is greatly influenced by tradition.B)The farmer is mentioned as an example of need for people to be adaptable.C)The farmer may not have to undergo a period of training.D)The farmer would rather starve to death than leave his land.48.In Line 1 of Paragraph 2, ―this context‖ refers to __D__.A)decay and deteriorationB)movement forward

C)traditionD)a changing world

49.If people make an idol of tradition, __C___.A)it helps people move forward

B)it becomes a guide

C)it ceases to become a guide

D)it can not influence people

50.The obstacle ―lying on the path of change‖ is __B___.A)the attitude of accepting tradition as guide only

B)excessive(過(guò)度)devotion to tradition without realizing its limitations

C)future events unable to be predicted

D)an excessive desire for change without considering experiences

IV.用適當(dāng)形式填空

Section A：從“while, when, whereas, as, since”中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空

51.Their country has plenty of oil, _while__ ours has none.52.__When__the speaker sat down, the applause(掌聲)was terrific.53._As__ the years passed, he became more and more absorbed in his work.54._Since__ she entered the school, she has been keeping a diary.55.She replied, __as_ she took the gift, that she would always cherish(珍愛(ài))it.56.They got married __while_ still at college.57._When__ he comes across a new word in reading, he always look it up in the dictionary.58._As__ was expected, Tom failed in the math exam.59.Mary went to church, dressed _as__ she always did in a dark overcoat.60.__While_ I understand what you said, I can’t agree with you.Section B：用be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，注意數(shù)與時(shí)態(tài)

61.Government __are_(be)believed to differ strikingly from business in that government _is_(be)

characterized by its absolute control of power.62.The new machinery in our factory _was__(be)introduced from Germany.63.A series of road accidents _was_(be)being reported recently.64.According to a recent report, the species of Giant Pandas _is_(be)in danger of extinction(滅

絕).65.The car dealer informed me that a good set of tires _was_(be)supposed to last at least twenty

thousand miles, which _were__(be)a long distance.V．閱讀課文Unit 6精讀課文，完型填空（單詞首次母已給出）

depressives naturally and find ways to recover our true selves.I u sed 67to use my sense ofon the role of cheerleader, morale officer, and head of the Joke Department.It is something we t end 71to do: accept responsibility for doing the impossible, to f ill 72gaping wholes in our souls.the meds and therapy have kicked in.I can be myself again, though it has been so long that I have forgotten 75what my real self looks like.The search is on.