第一篇：國際貿(mào)易理論習題集

《國際貿(mào)易理論》練習題第一章國際貿(mào)易概述 一單項選擇

1、能夠比較確切地反映一國對外貿(mào)易實際規(guī)模，便于各個時期進行比較的是（D）指標。

A貿(mào)易順差 B對外貿(mào)易額 C對外貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu) D對外貿(mào)易量

2、海島國家，如英國、日本，也常用（D）來表示對外貿(mào)易。A國外貿(mào)易 B外國貿(mào)易 C商業(yè)貿(mào)易 D海外貿(mào)易

3、一國在其境內(nèi)設(shè)有自由港和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)時，其關(guān)境（B）A 大于國境 B 小于國境 C 等于國境 D 與國境無關(guān)

4、一國關(guān)境與其國境相比（D)

A關(guān)境可以小于國境 B關(guān)境可以大于國境 C關(guān)境可以等于國境 D以上都對

5、以貨物通過關(guān)境為標準統(tǒng)計的進出口標準稱為（D）A有形貿(mào)易

B無形貿(mào)易

C總貿(mào)易

D專門貿(mào)易

6、轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易又稱（A）

A間接貿(mào)易

B進口貿(mào)易

C出口貿(mào)易

D對外貿(mào)易

7、貿(mào)易順差是指（A）

A．出口總額大于進口總額

B．進口總額大于出口總額 C．國際收支為正

D．國際收支為負 元，這—年該國貿(mào)易依存度為(C)。

A．出口貿(mào)易依存度力16.6%

B．進口貿(mào)易依存度為20% C．對外貿(mào)易依存度為36.6%

D．對外貿(mào)易依存度為16.6%

9．能指明一國出口貨物和服務(wù)的去向與進口貨物和服務(wù)的來源，并能反映出一國與其他國家或國家集團之間經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易聯(lián)系程度的指標是：（B）

A、對外貿(mào)易方向

B、國際貿(mào)易地理方向

C、對外貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)

D、國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)

10、當一定時期內(nèi)一國進口總額超過出口總額時，稱為（B）

A貿(mào)易順差

B貿(mào)易逆差

C貿(mào)易失衡

D貿(mào)易平衡

11、在世界貿(mào)易中，（A）國家是世界貿(mào)易的主體，是各國主要市場。

A發(fā)達資本主義

B發(fā)展中

C不發(fā)達資本主義

D轉(zhuǎn)型

12、通常所說的國際貿(mào)易額是單指（B）而言。

A世界進口總額

B

世界出口總額

C世界進出口總額

D世界進口差額

13、一個單位的出口商品可以換回多少個進口商品，即出口價格與進口價格之間的比率是（B）

A貿(mào)易依存度

B貿(mào)易條件

C貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)

D貿(mào)易比率

14、具體商品的進出口屬于（A）

A有形貿(mào)易

B無形貿(mào)易

C進出口貿(mào)易

D商品貿(mào)易

15、當貨物運輸?shù)倪^程中經(jīng)過第三國的國境，對第三國來說這種貿(mào)易是（C）

A進口貿(mào)易

B出口貿(mào)易

C過境貿(mào)易

D轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

二、多項選擇題

1、當進口總額超過出口總額時，可稱之為(B C E)

A.貿(mào)易順差

B.貿(mào)易逆差

C.貿(mào)易赤字

D.出超

E.入超

2、反映國際貿(mào)易地理方向的指標有（A B）

A.一國的出口額占世界出口總額的比重 B.一國的進口額占世界進口總額的比重

8、某國1988年國民生產(chǎn)總值為1 200億美元，同年該國出口貿(mào)易為240億美元，進口貿(mào)易額為200億美

C.各國的制成品出口額占世界出口總額的比重 D.各國的制成品進口額占世界進口總額的比重 E.各國的進出口總量占世界進出口總量的比重

3、按貨物移動方向不同，國際貿(mào)易可分為（BCD）

A.直接貿(mào)易

B.進口貿(mào)易

C.出口貿(mào)易

D.過境貿(mào)易

E.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

4、某國在1992年貿(mào)易規(guī)模為：出口380億美元，進口312億美元，這一年該國貿(mào)易狀況為(ABE)。

A．順差68億美元

B．凈出口68億美元

C．入超68億美元

D．凈進68億美元 E．貿(mào)易總額692億美元

5、按貿(mào)易是否有第三國參加，國際貿(mào)易可分為（ADE）

A.直接貿(mào)易

B.進口貿(mào)易

C.出口貿(mào)易

D.間接貿(mào)易

E.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

6、下列屬于無形貿(mào)易是（BCDE）

A服裝貿(mào)易

B技術(shù)服務(wù)

C勞務(wù)輸出

D運輸

E保險

7、按參加國的情況國際貿(mào)易可分為（CD）

A單方貿(mào)易

B多方貿(mào)易

C雙邊貿(mào)易

D多邊貿(mào)易

E單邊貿(mào)易

8、對外貿(mào)易依存度的指標包括（ABC）

A外貿(mào)總依存度

B出口依存度

C進口依存度

D進口比例

E出口比例

9、關(guān)于貿(mào)易條件的說法正確的有（ABC）

A又稱交換比價

B又稱貿(mào)易比價

C其值大于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

10、補償貿(mào)易的方式有（ABC）

Ａ返銷

Ｂ互購

Ｃ部分補償

Ｄ以貨換貨

Ｅ協(xié)作生產(chǎn)

三、名詞解釋

1、國際貿(mào)易：是指不同國家（或地區(qū)）之間進行的商品交換活動。

2、對外貿(mào)易量：

從某個國家或地區(qū)的角度來看，是指該國（或地區(qū)）同別國（或地區(qū)）進行的商品交換活動。3國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)：

一國在一定時期里（如一年）各類商品在進出口貿(mào)易額中所占的比重，叫做該國的對外貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)。

4、易貨貿(mào)易：

是指兩國之間不使用貨幣而是以貨物作為償付工具的商品交換活動，即以貨換貨。

四、簡答題

1、簡述國際貿(mào)易與對外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別。

答：國際貿(mào)易與對外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別是看待問題的角度不同。國際貿(mào)易是從整個世界范圍來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的；而對外貿(mào)易是從一個國家或地區(qū)的角度來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的。

2、簡述總貿(mào)易與專門貿(mào)易的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別。

答：總貿(mào)易與專門貿(mào)易對進出口的統(tǒng)計標準不同。總貿(mào)易是以貨物經(jīng)過國境作為統(tǒng)計進出口的標準；而專門貿(mào)易是以貨物經(jīng)過關(guān)境作為統(tǒng)計進出口的標準。

3、簡述轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易與間接貿(mào)易的差異。

答：由于某些原因，商品的生產(chǎn)國與消費國不能直接進行交易，而只能通過第三國商人轉(zhuǎn)手來間接地進行買賣。對于生產(chǎn)國和消費國來說進行的是間接貿(mào)易，而對第三國來說進行的是轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易。

4、簡述過境貿(mào)易與轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易的區(qū)別。

答：過境貿(mào)易中第三國不直接參與商品的交易過程，只對過境的商品收取少量的手續(xù)費和印花稅；而轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易是由轉(zhuǎn)口商人來完成的交易，是以營利為目的的。

5、貿(mào)易差額與一國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有何關(guān)系。

答：一個國家的貿(mào)易收支是其國際收支中經(jīng)常項目的主要部分，貿(mào)易差額對一國的國際收支有著重大的影響。長期的貿(mào)易不平衡對一國國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展會產(chǎn)生一定的影響。

D其值小于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

E其值等于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

6、簡述當代國際貿(mào)易的主要特點。

答：

1、國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展速度很快

2、國際貿(mào)易集團化

3、自由貿(mào)易是世界貿(mào)易發(fā)展的主流

4、科學技術(shù)在國際貿(mào)易中的地位日益重要

5、“綠色環(huán)?！比找媸艿街匾?/p>

7、對外貿(mào)易依存度指標說明什么問題？

答：對外貿(mào)依存度反映了一國對外貿(mào)易在國民經(jīng)濟中的地位，同其它國際經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系的密切程度及該國加入國際分工、世界市場的廣度和深度。

五、論述題

1、論述對外貿(mào)易與國內(nèi)貿(mào)易的異同？

要點：國際貿(mào)易與對外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別是看待問題的角度不同。國際貿(mào)易是從整個世界范圍來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的；而對外貿(mào)易是從一個國家或地區(qū)的角度來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的.2、如何正確看待國際貿(mào)易地理方向的集中與分散？

要點：一國與某個或某幾個國家的貿(mào)易額占其對外貿(mào)易總額的比重比較高，則對外貿(mào)易地理方向比較集中；反之，則比較分散。說明對外貿(mào)易地理方向集中與分散的優(yōu)劣。

3、試述國際貿(mào)易對一國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的作用。

要點：

1、促進一國經(jīng)濟增長

2、提高各國的勞動生產(chǎn)率

3、調(diào)節(jié)各國市場的供求關(guān)系

4、促進生產(chǎn)要素的充分利用

5、優(yōu)化國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)

6、加強各國經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系

4、談?wù)劗斀裎覈鴮ν赓Q(mào)易發(fā)展的概況及特點。

六、計算題：

1、如果以2003年為基期（即2003年出口單位價格為100），2004年和2005年中國的出口價格指數(shù)分別為

105和107.8，同期出口額分別為5933.2億美元和7620億美元，請通過計算貿(mào)易量來判斷中國2004年相對于2005年出口的實際規(guī)模的變動幅度。

中國2004年的貿(mào)易量=（2004年的貿(mào)易額/以2003年為基期的出口價格指數(shù)）×100＝5933.2 ÷ 105 ×100 ＝5650.67(億美元)

要點：

1、貿(mào)易規(guī)模不斷擴大

2、貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)繼續(xù)優(yōu)化

3、貿(mào)易的商品結(jié)構(gòu)和地理方向在不斷地調(diào)整

中國2005年的貿(mào)易量=（2005年的貿(mào)易額/以2003年為基期的出口價格指數(shù)）×100＝7620 ÷ 107.8 ×100 ＝7068.65(億美元)

2005比2004出口實際規(guī)模變動幅度=（7068.65-5650.67）/5650.67×100%＝25.09% 答：中國2005年相對2004年出口的實際規(guī)模增加了25.09%。

2、以2002年為基準年，某國進出口價格指數(shù)均為100，到2006年該國出口價格上漲了9%，進口價格下降了6%，其貿(mào)易條件如何變化？

貿(mào)易條件=（出口價格指數(shù)/進口價格指數(shù)）×100=[（1+9%）/（1-6%）]×100 =116 答：貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好。

第二章、國際分工與世界市場

一.單項選擇題：

1、國際分工形成的階段是在（D）世紀時期。

A.11-12

B.14-15

C.16-18

D.18-19

2、國際分工產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)是（D）。

A.自然條件

B.人口規(guī)模

C.資本的國際化

D.國家的出現(xiàn) 3、各國的（A）決定著其在國際分工中的地位。

A.生產(chǎn)力水平

B.市場規(guī)模

C.自然條件

D.社會制度

4、在資本原始積累時期，國際分工主要是在（D）之間進行的。A.發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家

B.發(fā)達國家與發(fā)達國家 C.發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)展中國家

D.宗主國與殖民地

5、以自由競爭為特征的世界市場是（B）

A.封閉市場

B.自由市場

C.壟斷市場

D.北美市場

6、幾個發(fā)達國家進行專業(yè)化協(xié)作，聯(lián)合生產(chǎn)，這是（A）國際分工

A.水平型

B.垂直型

C.混合型

D.交叉型

7、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不同的國家之間的縱向分工是一種（A）

A．垂直型分工

B水平型分工

C混合型分工

D三大產(chǎn)業(yè)分工

8、絕對利益論和相對利益論都是一種主張（A）的傳統(tǒng)理論。

A.自由貿(mào)易 B.保護貿(mào)易 C.國家干預 D.國家干預與自由放任相結(jié)合

9、絕對利益論提出的國際分工基礎(chǔ)是各國間（B）的差異。

A.比較成本 B.絕對成本 C.要素稟賦 D.要素組合比例

10、在相對利益論中，國與國之間進行分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國（A）的差異。

A.產(chǎn)品比較優(yōu)勢 B.產(chǎn)品壟斷優(yōu)勢 C.產(chǎn)品密集程度 D.產(chǎn)品保護程

11、赫克歇爾——俄林提出（D）學說。

A.絕對成本

B.比較成本

C.動態(tài)比較成本

D.要素稟賦

12、根據(jù)比較利益論假定A、B兩國生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本分別為100和90人勞動一年，生產(chǎn)Y產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本分別為120和80人勞動一年，則（C）

A.B國同時生產(chǎn)X、Y 產(chǎn)品，A國不生產(chǎn)

B.A國生產(chǎn)Y 產(chǎn)品，B國生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品

C.A國生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品，B國生產(chǎn)Y產(chǎn)品

D.A國同時生產(chǎn)X、Y 產(chǎn)品，B國不生產(chǎn)

13、里昂惕夫反論說明了什么之間存在的矛盾（C）。

A.絕對利益論，相對利益論

B.相對利益論，要素稟賦論

C.實踐的驗證結(jié)果，要素稟賦論理論結(jié)論

D.實踐的驗證結(jié)果，相對利益論理論結(jié)論

14、在當代的國際分工格局中（C）

A發(fā)達國家之間的分工占主要地位

B發(fā)展中國家之間的分工占主要地位

C發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)達國家之間的分工占主要地位

D發(fā)展中國家內(nèi)部的分工占主要地位

15、國際市場價格由于受到供求關(guān)系的影響，總是圍繞著：(D)A國內(nèi)價值上下波動

B國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)價格上下波動

C個別價值上下波動

D國際生產(chǎn)價格上下波動

二、多選題：

1、按照參加國際分工的各國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平狀況，國際分工可分為：(ABD)

A垂直型分工

B水平型分工

C國際三次產(chǎn)業(yè)分工

D混合型分工

E技術(shù)分工

2、隨著國際分工的發(fā)展，國際商品結(jié)構(gòu)與各國的進出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)不斷發(fā)生變化，表現(xiàn)在（ABCD）

A工業(yè)制成品在國際貿(mào)易中的比重上升

B發(fā)展中國家出口產(chǎn)品的工業(yè)制成品增長 C中間性機械產(chǎn)品的比重提高

D服務(wù)貿(mào)易迅速發(fā)展

E貨物貿(mào)易比重上升

3、自然條件是國際分工產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，這種條件包括（BCDE）

A人口分布

B地理地質(zhì)條件

C氣候

D自然資源狀況

E國土面積（AC）。

A.各國要素稟賦的差異

B.各國規(guī)模經(jīng)濟程度差異

C.各國要素組合比例不同

D.各國貿(mào)易政策不同

E產(chǎn)品價格

5、若德國和英國在同一勞動時間內(nèi)分別生產(chǎn)8碼毛呢，15碼麻布和10碼毛呢，20碼麻布，那么，基于比較利益原則的分工格局為（BC）。

4、要素稟賦論認為，在國與國之間勞動生產(chǎn)率相同的條件下，形成各國間比較成本差異的原因有

A.英國生產(chǎn)并出口毛呢

B.英國生產(chǎn)并出口麻布

C.德國生產(chǎn)并出口毛呢

D.德國生產(chǎn)并出口麻布

E兩種產(chǎn)品都由德國生產(chǎn)并出口

6、對于“里昂惕夫之迷”的解釋，其中有代表性的觀點包括（BCE）

A． 決對成本說

B． 技術(shù)差距說

C．要素價格均等化說

D． 勞動熟練說

E． 人力資本說

7． 世界市場中有固定組織形式的國際貿(mào)易市場包括（ABCD E）

A．商品交易所

B拍賣

C博覽會

D展覽會

E集市

8、國際市場價格根據(jù)商品交易中的競爭狀況，有世界“封閉市場”價格和世界“自由市場”價格之分，在“封閉市場”價格中又可分為（ABCD）

A 調(diào)撥價格

B壟斷價格

C區(qū)域性貿(mào)易集團內(nèi)的價格

D商品協(xié)定下的協(xié)定價格

E國際價格

9、影響國際分工的因素有（ABC）

A社會生產(chǎn)力

B自然條件

C政治、文化因素

D人口因素

E地理因素

10、穆勒的相互需求論的觀點包括（ABDE）

A國際供求關(guān)系決定商品的國際價值

B國際價值是國際商品交換的比例

C需求決定于國際供給

D供給決定于國際需求

E一國的商品需求是另一國的供給

三、名詞解釋：

1、世界市場：

是世界各國交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、科技的場所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過國際分工聯(lián)系起 來的各個國家內(nèi)部及各國之間的市場綜合組成。

2、國際分工：

是指超越了國家界限的專業(yè)化勞動分工，是社會分工的延伸和發(fā)展。

3、絕對成本論

認為國際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國商品之間存在絕對成本差異。

4、壟斷價格

是指在世界市場具有一定壟斷地位的跨國公司，利用其經(jīng)濟力量和市場控制力量所決定的價格

四、簡答題

1、國際分工分成哪幾個階段？

答：國際分工的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是一個漫長的歷史過程，是社會生產(chǎn)力不斷發(fā)展提高的必然產(chǎn)物。國際分工的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)歷了萌芽、形成、發(fā)展與深化四個階段

2、簡述世界市場的含義及其分類構(gòu)成。

答：世界市場是世界各國交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、科技的場所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過國際分工聯(lián)系起來的各個國家內(nèi)部及各國之間的市場綜合組成。世界市場是由各種類型的國家、訂約人、商品和勞務(wù)、國際食品生產(chǎn)與銷售渠道、國際生產(chǎn)運輸與信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和各種市場組織機構(gòu)構(gòu)成。

3、影響國際分工發(fā)展的因素有哪些？

答：

1、社會生產(chǎn)力是國際分工形成和發(fā)展的決定因素；

2、自然條件對國際分工有一定的影響；

3、政治、文化等因素也會制約著國際分工的發(fā)展；

4、國際分工的性質(zhì)受國際生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的制約。

4、為什么說社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展是國際分工形成和發(fā)展的決定因素？

答：因為一國的社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平高，技術(shù)水平也就高，而技術(shù)水平?jīng)Q定了一國在分工中的位置。生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平高的國家在國際分工中就處于領(lǐng)先的位置。

5、在亞當.斯密的絕對利益論中，對外貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的原因主要表現(xiàn)在哪些方面？

答：

1、國際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國商品之間存在絕對成本差異

2、以絕對優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品去進行貿(mào)易，能使各國的資源、勞動力和資本得到最有效的利用，將會大大地提高勞動生產(chǎn)率和增加各國的物質(zhì)福利。

6、絕對利益論和比較利益論在闡述國際貿(mào)易分工格局的決定方面有何不同

答：絕對利益論強調(diào)國際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國商品之間存在絕對成本差異，而比較成本論強調(diào)各國按生產(chǎn)力比較差異和生產(chǎn)成本比較差異進行分工和交換。

7.大衛(wèi).李嘉圖的比較利益論是在什么樣的背景下產(chǎn)生的？

答：在斯密的絕對成本論無法解釋幾乎所有產(chǎn)品都處于絕對優(yōu)勢的發(fā)達國家與幾乎所有產(chǎn)品都處于絕對劣勢的經(jīng)濟不發(fā)達國家之間仍然存在貿(mào)易現(xiàn)象時，李嘉圖提出了比較利益論。

五、論述題

1． 試述國際分工對國際貿(mào)易的影響。

要點：

1、國際分工的發(fā)展與國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展速度成同方向變化

2、國際分工導致國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了較大的變化

3、國際分工極大地影響著國際貿(mào)易的地區(qū)分布和地理流向

4、國際分工使各國對外貿(mào)易依存度不同程度地提高

2．試述世界市場形成的特點。

要點：世界市場的萌芽和初步形成時期的特點 世界市場的迅速擴大時期的特點

世界市場的最終形成時期的特點

3． 試述當代世界市場的基本特征。

要點：

1、參與世界市場競爭的國家和地區(qū)增多，世界市場在動蕩中不斷擴大

2、世界市場在全方位開放的同時，集團化趨勢在發(fā)發(fā)展

3、國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易、合作方式的多樣化

4、世界市場以價格競爭為主轉(zhuǎn)向以非價格競爭為主

4、對里昂惕夫反論加以評述。

要點：里昂惕夫反論是西方國際貿(mào)易理論發(fā)展史上的一個重大轉(zhuǎn)折點，它引發(fā)了人們對二戰(zhàn)后國際貿(mào)易新現(xiàn)象、新問題的深入探索，使當代國際貿(mào)易理論的研究更接近現(xiàn)實，補充了生產(chǎn)要素稟賦理論。

六、計算題分析

1．假設(shè)有甲、乙兩國生產(chǎn)小麥和布匹，在國際分工前各國的投入產(chǎn)出如下：

小麥

布匹

勞動投入量 產(chǎn)出量 勞動投入量 產(chǎn)出量

甲 15

120

乙 10

120

問：甲、乙兩國分別在哪種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)上具有絕對優(yōu)勢？

要點：甲國在生產(chǎn)布匹上有絕對優(yōu)勢，乙國在生產(chǎn)小麥上有絕對優(yōu)勢。

2．在古典貿(mào)易模型中，假設(shè)A國有120名勞動力，B國有50名勞動力，如果生產(chǎn)棉 花的話，A國的人均產(chǎn)量是2噸，B國也是2噸；要是生產(chǎn)大米的話，A國的人均產(chǎn)量是10噸，B國則是16噸。分析兩國中哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對優(yōu)勢？哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢？

要點：A國生產(chǎn)大米有絕對優(yōu)勢，B國生產(chǎn)大米有比較優(yōu)勢。

5、世界市場上商品的相對性過剩和結(jié)構(gòu)性的供給不足并存

2、非關(guān)稅壁壘比關(guān)稅更能直接達到限制進口的目的

3、非關(guān)稅壁壘比關(guān)稅更具有隱蔽性和歧視性

2、技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的主要措施及應(yīng)對策略的分析

要點：（1）嚴格、繁雜的技術(shù)法規(guī)和技術(shù)標準

（2）衛(wèi)生檢疫標準

（3）復雜的合格評定程序（4）嚴格的商品包裝和標簽規(guī)則（5）信息技術(shù)壁壘

3、試論述非關(guān)稅壁壘不斷強化的原因與對策。

要點：

1、分清非關(guān)稅壁壘各種措施的性質(zhì)

2、應(yīng)付進口配額的辦法

3、提高科技水平

4、增強與貿(mào)易伙伴國家的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系

5、完善外貿(mào)管理制度

4、論述關(guān)稅壁壘與非關(guān)稅壁壘對國際貿(mào)易的影響

要點：從對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的速度上、范圍上以及對發(fā)展中國家的貿(mào)易影響上加以討論。

六、計算題

1、美國進口鎢砂5000磅，單價200美元，征收40%的從價稅或每磅征收60美元的從量稅，試計算征收的稅額并選擇征稅的方式。

從價稅=200×5000×40%=40（萬美元）從量稅=60×5000=30（萬美元）答：選擇從價稅。

2、日本進口手表300只，單價5，000日元，每只征收從價稅15％，并加征從量稅150日元。計算應(yīng)征收的稅額。

應(yīng)征收的稅額=5000×300×15%+150×300=27（萬日元）答：應(yīng)征收的稅額27萬日元。

第五章鼓勵出口和出口管制措施

一、單選題

1、買方信貸是指(B)A.出口方銀行向本國出口商提供的貸款 B.出口方銀行向外國進口商提供的貸款

C.進口方銀行向外國出口商提供的貸款

D.進口方銀行向本國進口商提供的貸款

2、買方信貸是為了促進商品的出口，是一種約束性貸款，其貸款必須用于（C）

A進口商品

B出口商品

C購買債權(quán)國的商品

D購買債務(wù)國的商品

3、賣方信貸是指(A)

A.出口方銀行向本國出口商提供的貸款 B.出口方銀行向外國進口商提供的貸款 C.進口方銀行向外國出口商提供的貸款 D.進口方銀行向本國進口商提供的貸款

4、賣方信貸是一種向進口商提供（D）的方式

A短期貸款

B中期貸款

C長期貸款

D延期付款

5、出口信貸國家擔保制為政治風險提供擔保的金額一般為合同金額的（A）

A、80%—95%

B、70%—85%

C、75%—90%

D、80%—90%

6、出口信貸國家擔保制的擔保期限可分為短期、中期和長期，其短期的期限為（A）A半年左右

B一年

C一年左右

D二年

7、出口直接補貼的形式是（D)A.提供給廠商比其在國內(nèi)銷售貨物時更優(yōu)惠的運費 B.退還或減免出口商品的直接稅 C.超額退還間接稅

D.給予廠商現(xiàn)金補貼

8、出口補貼問題是貿(mào)易談判的長期話題，在烏拉圭回合任何產(chǎn)品禁止使用出口補貼，（B）除外。

A工業(yè)品

B農(nóng)產(chǎn)品

C半制成品

D制成品

9、關(guān)于掠奪性傾銷，下列說法中正確的是（C）

A．以傾銷方式在國外時常拋售“剩余貨物”

B．長期以低于國內(nèi)市場上的價格在國外市場上出售商品

C．通過傾銷排擠競爭者后再提高價格

D．對進口國損害相對較小

10、出口企業(yè)以低于國內(nèi)市場價格，甚至低于商品生產(chǎn)成本的價格，在國外市場拋售商品，打擊競爭對手以占領(lǐng)市場的行為，稱為（D）

A出口配額

B出口國家壟斷

C出口行政組織措施

D商品傾銷

二、多選題

1、在出口信貸中，按照借貸關(guān)系可劃分為（DE)

A長期信貸

B 短期信貸

C中期信貸

D賣方信貸

E 買方信貸

2、買方信貸的是向（BC）提供貸款

A 出口商

B進口商

C進口方銀行

D出口方銀行

E商業(yè)銀行

3、出口信貸國家擔保制的擔保項目主要包括（AB）

A 政治風險

B經(jīng)濟風險

C商業(yè)風險

D市場風險

E經(jīng)營風險

4、間接補貼是政府對某些出口商品給予財政上的優(yōu)惠等措施，主要包括（ABCD）A 減免或退還有關(guān)的國內(nèi)稅

B 暫時免稅進口

C 退還進口關(guān)稅

D免出口稅

E 免運費

5、按傾銷的具體目的將商品傾銷可分為（ABC）

A持續(xù)性傾銷

B掠奪性傾銷

C偶然性傾銷

D暫時性傾銷

E永久性傾銷

6、外匯傾銷對出口的促進作用受到多因素的制約，出現(xiàn)下列情況作用被抵消的是（ABC）A 國內(nèi)價格上漲

B 進口國同等程度貶值貨幣

C進口國征報復性關(guān)稅

D 調(diào)整生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)

E 減少進口

7、經(jīng)濟特區(qū)的基本形式有（ABCDE）

A 貿(mào)易型經(jīng)濟特區(qū)

B工業(yè)型經(jīng)濟特區(qū)

C 保稅區(qū)

D自由邊境區(qū)

E 過境區(qū)

8、出口管制的形式主要有（AB）

A單邊出口管制

B多邊出口管制

C自動出口管制

D共同出口管制

E國別出口管制

9、屬于對外貿(mào)易管理的經(jīng)濟杠桿調(diào)控措施的是（BCDE）A 貨幣政策

B 價格

C 稅收

D信貸

E 匯率

10、對外貿(mào)易管理的主要行政措施有（ACE）

A進出口配額管理

B 進出口價格管理

C 進出口許可證管理

D進出口生產(chǎn)管理

E 對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營權(quán)管理

三、名詞解釋題

1、出口信貸

是指出口國為了鼓勵商品出口，加強本國商品在國際市場上的競爭能力，通過銀行對本國出口廠商或外國進口廠商提供的貸款。

2、出口信貸國家擔保制

是出口國政府為了擴大出口，對于本國出口廠商或銀行向國外進口廠商或銀行提供的信貸，由國家設(shè)立的專門機構(gòu)出面擔保。

3、外匯傾銷

就是利用本國貨幣對外貶值來擴大出口。

4、多邊出口管制

四、簡述題

1、簡述買方信貸與賣方信貸的異同。

相同：都是為了鼓勵出口而提高信貸，放貸者都是出口方銀行。

不同：貸款對象不同，買方信貸對象是進口國的商人和銀行，其風險較??；賣方信貸的對象是出口商，風險較大。

2、為什么出口信貸國家擔保制可以起到促進出口的作用。

當外國債務(wù)人由于政治或經(jīng)濟原因拒絕付款時，國家擔保機構(gòu)即按照承保的數(shù)額給予補償，降低了出口商的風險。這是出口國政府為鼓勵出口而較為常用的一種手段。

3、簡述政府在促進出口中的作用。

1、設(shè)立機構(gòu)研制出口戰(zhàn)略

2、建立商業(yè)情報網(wǎng)

3、組織國際貿(mào)易中心和貿(mào)易展覽會

4、組織貿(mào)易代表團互訪

5、組織出口商的評優(yōu)評獎活動

4、商品傾銷有哪幾種？判斷商品傾銷的條件是什么？

答：傾銷可分為：偶然性傾銷；間歇性或掠奪性傾銷；持續(xù)性傾銷。

條件：(1)進口國生產(chǎn)同類產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)是否受到低價沖擊，以使其市場份額明顯減少；(2)進口國同類企業(yè)的利潤水平是否明顯降低；(3)是否威脅進口國新興工業(yè)的建立。

5、外匯傾銷發(fā)揮作用的條件是什么？

（1）、貨幣貶值遲早會引起國內(nèi)價格的上漲，當國內(nèi)價格上漲的程度趕上或超過貨幣對外貶值的程度時，外匯傾銷的條件也就不存在了；（2）如果其他國家也實行同幅度的貨幣貶值或采取提高關(guān)稅等其他報復性的措施，外匯傾銷的作用也將被抵消；

6、各國的經(jīng)濟特區(qū)有何共同點？

1、目的相同

2、投資環(huán)境開放

3、具有一定的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

4、具有良好的社會經(jīng)濟條件

5、有良好的自然條件

7、出口限制的具體措施一般有哪些？

1、國家專營

2、征收出口稅

3、實行出口許可證制

4、實行出口配額制

5、出口禁運

五、論述題

1、聯(lián)系實際論述建立經(jīng)濟特區(qū)的作用。

要點

1、促進對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，2、鼓勵轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易和出口加工貿(mào)易，3、繁榮本地區(qū)和鄰近地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟，4、增加本國的財政收入和外匯收入。

2、聯(lián)系實際論出口管制的利與弊。

要點：利：可以維護本國或國家集團的政治利益與安全，限制某些短期 和重要物資的外流，保護本國文化藝術(shù)遺產(chǎn)。

弊:助長了國內(nèi)壟斷集團，限制了貿(mào)易自由化的進程。

3、聯(lián)系實際談?wù)勀銓ι唐穬A銷的認識。

要點（1）存在傾銷事實

（2）存在損害國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的事實（3）傾銷與損害之間有因果關(guān)系

4論述一國貨幣貶值對進出口的作用。

要點：這種手段也能起到限制進口的作用。因為，本幣對外幣貶值，出口商用外幣表示的價格就會下降，從而提高了商品的競爭能力，有利于擴大出口。

1、根據(jù)重商主義的觀點一國必須保持貿(mào)易順差在兩國模型中是否可能為什么? 思路：在兩國模型中一國的貿(mào)易順差等于另一國的貿(mào)易逆差不可能出現(xiàn)兩國都順差的情況 重商主義貿(mào)易順差的目標必有一國無法實現(xiàn)。

2在分析中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織WTO的利弊時有人說為了能夠打開出口市場我們不得不降 關(guān)稅進口一些外國產(chǎn)品這是我們不得不付出的代價請分析評論這種說法？ 思路：這種說法實際是重商主義認為出口有利進口受損實際上降低關(guān)稅多進口本國不具有比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品把資源用在更加有效率的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中去再出口能大大提高一國的福利，對一國來說反而是好事。下表列出了加拿大和中國生產(chǎn)1單位計算機和1單位小麥所需的勞動時間。假定生產(chǎn)計算機和小麥都只用勞動，加拿大的總勞動為600小時，中國總勞動為800小時。

計算機

小麥

中國 100小時 4小時

加拿大 60小時 3小時

1】 計算不發(fā)生貿(mào)易時各國生產(chǎn)計算機的機會成本。

中國生產(chǎn)計算機的機會成本為100/4=25，加拿大為60/3=20 棉花

大米 A國 240 100 B國 800 1200

2】 哪個國家具有生產(chǎn)計算機的比較優(yōu)勢？哪個國家具有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢？

因為加拿大生產(chǎn)計算機的機會成本比中國低，所以加拿大具有生產(chǎn)者計算機的比較優(yōu)勢，中國就具有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢。

3】 如果給定世界價格是1單位計算機交換22單位的小麥，加拿大參與貿(mào)易可以從每單位的進口中節(jié)省多少勞動時間？中國可以從每單位進口中節(jié)省多少勞動時間？如果給定世界價格是1單位計算機交換24單位的小麥，加拿大和中國分別可以從進口每單位的貨物中節(jié)省多少勞動時間？

如果各國按照比較優(yōu)勢生產(chǎn)和出口，加拿大進口小麥出口計算機，中國進口計算機出口小麥。加拿大進口一單位小麥需要出口1/22單位計算機，折合成勞動時間來算，生產(chǎn)一單位小麥本國要用3小時，但生產(chǎn)1/22單位計算機本國要用60/22小時勞動，所以加拿大進口一單位小麥相當于用60/22小時的勞動換回本國3小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了3-60/22=3/11小時的勞動時間。中國進口一單位計算機需要出口22單位小麥，相當于用22*4=88小時勞動換回本國需用100小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了100-88=12小時。

如果世界價格是1單位計算機交換24單位的小麥，則相當于用60/24小時的勞動換回本國3小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了3-60/24=1/2小時的勞動時間。中國進口一單位計算機需要出口24單位小麥，相當于用24*4=96

小時的勞動換回本國需用100小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了100-96=4小時的勞動時間。

4】在自由貿(mào)易的情況下，各國應(yīng)生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品，數(shù)量是多少？整個世界的福利水平是提高還是降低了？試用圖分析。（以效用水平來衡量福利水平）加拿大應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)計算機，數(shù)量為600/60=10單位；中國應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)小麥，數(shù)量為800/4=200單位。中國的福利水平從U01上升到U11，加拿大的福利水平從U02上升到U12，整個世界福利水平上升了。

4、在古典貿(mào)易模型中，假設(shè)A國有120名勞動力，B國有50名勞動力，如果 生產(chǎn)棉花的話，A國的人均產(chǎn)量是2噸，B國也是2噸；要是生產(chǎn)大米的話，A國的人均產(chǎn)量是10噸，B國則是16噸。畫出兩國的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線并分析兩國中哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對優(yōu)勢？哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢？

思路：B國由于每人能生產(chǎn)16噸大米，而A國每人僅生產(chǎn)10噸大米，所以B 國具有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對優(yōu)勢。從兩國生產(chǎn)可能性曲線看出A國生產(chǎn)大米的機會成本為0.2，而B國為0.125，所以B國生產(chǎn)大米的機會成本或相對成本低于A國，B國生產(chǎn)大米具有比較優(yōu)勢。

5、兩種產(chǎn)品多個國家的情況。下表給出了4個國家生產(chǎn)1單位大米和小麥的 勞動投入量。

美國 法國 中國 泰國 大米 2 5 9 8 小麥 0.5 2 3 6

已知國際市場均衡的大米相對價格為2，則按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則，各國的貿(mào)易模式如何？當國際市場對大米需求增加導致大米的相對價格上升至3.5，各國貿(mào)易模式會受到影響嗎？如果有，怎樣變化？

思路：各國大米的相對成本按照從低到高排列依次為美國4，中國3,法國2.5, 泰國4/3, 國際市場均衡的大米相對價格為2,介于法國和泰國之間,所以按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則,泰國出口大米進口小麥,美國、中國和法國出口小麥進口大米。當大米的國際價格上升到3.5時,就只有美國出口小麥進口大米,其它國家出口大米進口小麥。

6、兩個國家多種產(chǎn)品的情況。下表給出了兩國生產(chǎn)四種產(chǎn)品所需的單位勞動 時間。

芯片 香蕉 單放機 汽車 美國 25 5 10 50 菲律賓 100 1 20 250

如果美國工資是＄10/小時，菲律賓的工資水平是＄3/小時，兩國發(fā)生貿(mào)易，按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則，各應(yīng)生產(chǎn)和出口什么產(chǎn)品？如果美國的工資上升為＄11/小時，貿(mào)易模式會受影響嗎？

思路：美國生產(chǎn)這四種產(chǎn)品的相對勞動生產(chǎn)率從高到低為汽車5,芯片4，單放 機2,香蕉0.2, 而同時美國的相對工資為10/3，介于芯片和單放機之間，按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則，美國應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口汽車和芯片，進口單放機和香蕉；菲律賓應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口單放機和香蕉，進口汽車和芯片。如果美國的工資上升為$11/小時，美國的相對工資還是介于芯片和單放機之間，所以貿(mào)易模式不會受影響。

7、假設(shè)A、B兩國生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相同且在短期內(nèi)不變：生產(chǎn)一單位衣服需要的資本為1，需要的勞動為3；生產(chǎn)一單位食品需要的資本為2，需要的勞動為2。A國擁有160單位勞動和100單位資本；B國擁有120單位勞動和80單位資本。則

（1）哪個國家為資本充裕的國家？（2）哪種產(chǎn)品為勞動密集型產(chǎn)品？

（3）假設(shè)所有要素都充分利用，計算各國各自最多能生產(chǎn)多少服裝或多少食 品？（4）假設(shè)兩國偏好相同，兩國間進行貿(mào)易，哪個國家會出口服裝？哪個國家 出口食品？

思路：（1）由于B國的資本勞動比例高于A國，所以B國為資本充裕的國家。（2）由于衣服的勞動資本比例高于食品，所以衣服為勞動密集型產(chǎn)品。

（3）A國最多能生產(chǎn)160/3單位的衣服和50單位的食品；B國最多能生產(chǎn) 40單位的衣服和40單位的食品。

（4）根據(jù)H-O模型的結(jié)論，服裝是勞動密集型的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)由勞動充裕的國定 即A國出口，食品為資本為密集型的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)由資本充裕的國家即B國出口。

8、假設(shè)A國是個勞動力充裕的國家，以勞動力和土地兩種要素生產(chǎn)服裝和玉 米。服裝是勞動密集型產(chǎn)品，玉米是土地密集型產(chǎn)品。給定A國作為一個小國參加自由貿(mào)易。

（1）A國會出口什么產(chǎn)品？

（2）A國國內(nèi)服裝和玉米的價格會發(fā)生什么變化？

（3）假設(shè)突然有大批移民進入A國，對該國的生產(chǎn)、貿(mào)易量和福利有什么影響？請簡要說明。

（4）如果A國是個大國，上述3題的結(jié)論還會一樣嗎？ 思路：（1）A國會出口服裝。

（2）A國作為一個小國參加自由貿(mào)易后會出口服裝進口玉米，從而導致服 裝價格上升，玉米價格下降。

（3）由羅勃津斯基定理，大量移民的涌入會使該國密集使用勞動的品— —服裝的生產(chǎn)增加，同時使另一種產(chǎn)品——玉米的生產(chǎn)下降，貿(mào)量擴大，社會總體的福利也會擴大。

（4）如果A國是大國，則前兩問不變。由于大國的貿(mào)易條件會隨著進出口 量的變化而變化，第三問的結(jié)論有被大國貿(mào)易條件惡化所抵消，這種貿(mào)易條件惡化的程度取決于進出口產(chǎn)品的供需彈性。

9、設(shè)中國是汽車進口的小國，對汽車的需求和供給分別Dc = 2000-0.02P Sc = 1200 + 0.02P 并設(shè)國際市場上汽車的價格為10000，請用數(shù)字和圖形說明下列問題：

1】貿(mào)易前，中國汽車的產(chǎn)量和價格； 令Dc =Sc，得貿(mào)易前中國汽車價格為20000，產(chǎn)量為2000-0.02×20000=1600。

2】自由貿(mào)易下，中國汽車的產(chǎn)量及進口或出口量； 自由貿(mào)易下中國進口汽車，由于假設(shè)中國為汽車進口小國，則國內(nèi)汽車價格等于國際市場價格10000，汽車的需求為Dc =1800，生產(chǎn)為Sc =1400，進口量為1800-1400=400。3】自由貿(mào)易對國內(nèi)消費者、廠商和整個社會的福利影響價格

消費者福利增加a+b=1/2*(1800+1600)*10000=1.7*107

生產(chǎn)者利潤減少a=1/2*(1400+1600)*10000=1.5*107 社會福利增加b=(a+b)-a=2*106

第二篇：國際貿(mào)易理論

國際貿(mào)易額：是以貨幣表示現(xiàn)行世界市場價格計算的各國與各地區(qū)的進口總額或出口總額之和，它能夠反映某一時期內(nèi)的貿(mào)易總額。國際貿(mào)易量：是以一定時期的不變價格為標準計算的各個時期的國際貿(mào)易額，即用出口價格指數(shù)去除出口額，得出消除價格變動的近似值。

對外貿(mào)易依存度：是指一國對外貿(mào)易總額在該國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）或國民生產(chǎn)總值(GNP)中所占的比重。

貿(mào)易差額：是一國在一定時期內(nèi)出口貿(mào)易額與進口貿(mào)易額之間的差額。貿(mào)易條件：是用來衡量在一定時期內(nèi)一個國家出口相對于進口的盈利能力和貿(mào)易利益的指標

總貿(mào)易：以國境作為為標準統(tǒng)計貨物進出口的方法，凡進入國境的商品一律列為總進口，凡離開國境的商品一律列為總出口。

對外貿(mào)易地理方向：又稱對外貿(mào)易地區(qū)分布或?qū)ν赓Q(mào)易國別結(jié)構(gòu)，指一定時期內(nèi)世界各國、各地區(qū)、各國家集團在一國對外貿(mào)易中所占地位，通常以它們對該國的進出口總額占該國出進口總額的比重來表示。

轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：也稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易，是指一國或地區(qū)進口某種商品不是以消費為目的，而是將它作為商品在向別國出口的貿(mào)易活動。

垂直型國際分工：是指經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不同的國家之間的縱向分工，主要指發(fā)達國家的制造業(yè)與發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)之間的分工。

水平型國際分工：是指經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平基本相同或相似的國家之間的分工，主要指發(fā)達國家與發(fā)達國家之間在工業(yè)部門間的分工。

世界市場：或國際市場，是世界各國相互間進行商品、服務(wù)和科技交換的場所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過對外貿(mào)易聯(lián)系起來的各國商品流通領(lǐng)域的總和。

重商主義：是資本主義早期的國際貿(mào)易理論。絕對優(yōu)勢理論：一個國家生產(chǎn)某單位商品所使得資源少于另一個國家同類商品的生產(chǎn)。

比較優(yōu)勢理論：在兩國都能生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品的條件下，其中一國在兩種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上都處于優(yōu)勢地位，而另一國均處于劣勢地位，則處于優(yōu)勢地位的國家應(yīng)專門生產(chǎn)相對優(yōu)勢最大的那種產(chǎn)品，處于劣勢地位的國家應(yīng)專門生產(chǎn)相對劣勢最小的那種產(chǎn)品，然后參與國際貿(mào)易，雙方均可以獲得利益。要素稟賦：是指一國所擁有的可用于生產(chǎn)商品和勞務(wù)的各種生產(chǎn)要素的總量。

要素密集度：是指商品生產(chǎn)中所需要的各種要素之間的投入比例。要素豐裕度：是指一國的生產(chǎn)要素稟賦中某要素供給所占比例大于別國同種要素的供給比例而相對價格低于別國同種要素的相對價格。要素價格均等化理論：可表述為，在滿足要素稟賦理論的全部假設(shè)條件下，國際貿(mào)易會使得各國同質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)因素獲得相同的相對于絕對收入。

貿(mào)易條件：是指商品的污物交換比例，是以商品表示的貿(mào)易條件，它適用于抽象的理論分析，但不能用于分析一國一定時期貿(mào)易地位的變化。四種形式：

1、商品貿(mào)易條件或凈貿(mào)易條件

2、收入貿(mào)易條件

3、單因素貿(mào)易條件

4、雙因素貿(mào)易條件

里昂惕夫之謎：不同解釋：

1、勞動者技能水平的差異

2、人力資本的差異

3、貿(mào)易壁壘的差異

4、自然資源因素被忽略

5、要素密集型逆轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)生 產(chǎn)品生命周期：是解釋工業(yè)制品貿(mào)易流向最有說服力的理論之一。三個階段：分為

1、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新階段。創(chuàng)新國發(fā)明并壟斷技術(shù)、技術(shù)尚需改進、工藝流程尚未定型；創(chuàng)新國生產(chǎn) ；需要科學家、工程師等高度技術(shù)熟練工人的大量勞動，是技術(shù)密集型 ；對于企業(yè)來說不是最重要的問題 ；價格比較高 ；創(chuàng)新國出口，國外富有者進口

2、產(chǎn)品成熟階段。生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已定型，技術(shù)訣竅擴散到國外，仿制開始；在東道國設(shè)立子公司進行生產(chǎn)；半熟練勞動力，產(chǎn)品由技術(shù)密集型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘Y本密集型；成本要比創(chuàng)新國的進口產(chǎn)品低 ；降低價格擴大銷路；創(chuàng)新國對東道國的出口有所下降，但對其他絕大多數(shù)市場的出口仍可繼續(xù)

3、產(chǎn)品標準化階段。產(chǎn)品已完全標準化，發(fā)展中國家也開始掌握這種技術(shù)；生產(chǎn)地已開始向一般發(fā)達國家，甚至發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)移；勞動密集型產(chǎn)品；產(chǎn)品成本開始下降；價格大眾化；創(chuàng)新國開始從產(chǎn)品出口轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫M口

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟：指的是隨著廠商生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴大，產(chǎn)量的增加，產(chǎn)品的平均成本下降，廠商因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴大而獲得額外的報酬，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟也稱為“規(guī)模報酬遞增”。

產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易：是指一個國家或地區(qū)，在一段時間內(nèi)，同一產(chǎn)業(yè)部門產(chǎn)品既進口又出口的現(xiàn)象。產(chǎn)品必須具備兩個基本條件：

1、是產(chǎn)品中使用的生產(chǎn)要素相近或相似；

2、是消費具有相互替代性。形成原因：

1、產(chǎn)品的異質(zhì)性是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要基礎(chǔ)

2、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟收益遞增是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易形成的重要原因

3、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要制約因素 新貿(mào)易理論：是指80年代初以來，以保羅·克魯格曼(Paul Krugman)為代

表的一批經(jīng)濟學家提出的一系列關(guān)于國際貿(mào)易的原因。

內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易：主要來源于企業(yè)本身規(guī)模的擴大。一個企業(yè)享有內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟的優(yōu)勢，它的成本就隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少，從而得到了生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢。這樣它的產(chǎn)品在貿(mào)易活動中的競爭能力必然大大提高，占據(jù)貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢，取得貿(mào)易利益。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易：主要來源于行業(yè)內(nèi)數(shù)量的增加所引起的產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模的擴大。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟同樣影響國際貿(mào)易。當存在外部經(jīng)濟時，大規(guī)模從事某一行業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的國家，往往在該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上具有較低的平均成本，這樣，該國在該種產(chǎn)品上就具有比較優(yōu)勢。在存在外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效果的行業(yè)，該行業(yè)在哪一國最先建立，最先擴大了規(guī)模，降低了成本，在很大程度上取決于歷史原因。

國際貿(mào)易額：是以貨幣表示現(xiàn)行世界市場價格計算的各國與各地區(qū)的進口總額或出口總額之和，它能夠反映某一時期內(nèi)的貿(mào)易總額。國際貿(mào)易量：是以一定時期的不變價格為標準計算的各個時期的國際貿(mào)易額，即用出口價格指數(shù)去除出口額，得出消除價格變動的近似值。

對外貿(mào)易依存度：是指一國對外貿(mào)易總額在該國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）或國民生產(chǎn)總值(GNP)中所占的比重。

貿(mào)易差額：是一國在一定時期內(nèi)出口貿(mào)易額與進口貿(mào)易額之間的差額。貿(mào)易條件：是用來衡量在一定時期內(nèi)一個國家出口相對于進口的盈利能力和貿(mào)易利益的指標

總貿(mào)易：以國境作為為標準統(tǒng)計貨物進出口的方法，凡進入國境的商品一律列為總進口，凡離開國境的商品一律列為總出口。

對外貿(mào)易地理方向：又稱對外貿(mào)易地區(qū)分布或?qū)ν赓Q(mào)易國別結(jié)構(gòu)，指一定時期內(nèi)世界各國、各地區(qū)、各國家集團在一國對外貿(mào)易中所占地位，通常以它們對該國的進出口總額占該國出進口總額的比重來表示。

轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：也稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易，是指一國或地區(qū)進口某種商品不是以消費為目的，而是將它作為商品在向別國出口的貿(mào)易活動。

垂直型國際分工：是指經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不同的國家之間的縱向分工，主要指發(fā)達國家的制造業(yè)與發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)之間的分工。

水平型國際分工：是指經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平基本相同或相似的國家之間的分工，主要指發(fā)達國家與發(fā)達國家之間在工業(yè)部門間的分工。

世界市場：或國際市場，是世界各國相互間進行商品、服務(wù)和科技交換的場所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過對外貿(mào)易聯(lián)系起來的各國商品流通領(lǐng)域的總和。

重商主義：是資本主義早期的國際貿(mào)易理論。絕對優(yōu)勢理論：一個國家生產(chǎn)某單位商品所使得資源少于另一個國家同類商品的生產(chǎn)。

比較優(yōu)勢理論：在兩國都能生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品的條件下，其中一國在兩種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上都處于優(yōu)勢地位，而另一國均處于劣勢地位，則處于優(yōu)勢地位的國家應(yīng)專門生產(chǎn)相對優(yōu)勢最大的那種產(chǎn)品，處于劣勢地位的國家應(yīng)專門生產(chǎn)相對劣勢最小的那種產(chǎn)品，然后參與國際貿(mào)易，雙方均可以獲得利益。要素稟賦：是指一國所擁有的可用于生產(chǎn)商品和勞務(wù)的各種生產(chǎn)要素的總量。

要素密集度：是指商品生產(chǎn)中所需要的各種要素之間的投入比例。要素豐裕度：是指一國的生產(chǎn)要素稟賦中某要素供給所占比例大于別國同種要素的供給比例而相對價格低于別國同種要素的相對價格。要素價格均等化理論：可表述為，在滿足要素稟賦理論的全部假設(shè)條件下，國際貿(mào)易會使得各國同質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)因素獲得相同的相對于絕對收入。

貿(mào)易條件：是指商品的污物交換比例，是以商品表示的貿(mào)易條件，它適用于抽象的理論分析，但不能用于分析一國一定時期貿(mào)易地位的變化。四種形式：

1、商品貿(mào)易條件或凈貿(mào)易條件

2、收入貿(mào)易條件

3、單因素貿(mào)易條件

4、雙因素貿(mào)易條件

里昂惕夫之謎：不同解釋：

1、勞動者技能水平的差異

2、人力資本的差異

3、貿(mào)易壁壘的差異

4、自然資源因素被忽略

5、要素密集型逆轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)生 產(chǎn)品生命周期：是解釋工業(yè)制品貿(mào)易流向最有說服力的理論之一。三個階段：分為

1、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新階段。創(chuàng)新國發(fā)明并壟斷技術(shù)、技術(shù)尚需改進、工藝流程尚未定型；創(chuàng)新國生產(chǎn) ；需要科學家、工程師等高度技術(shù)熟練工人的大量勞動，是技術(shù)密集型 ；對于企業(yè)來說不是最重要的問題 ；價格比較高 ；創(chuàng)新國出口，國外富有者進口

2、產(chǎn)品成熟階段。生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已定型，技術(shù)訣竅擴散到國外，仿制開始；在東道國設(shè)立子公司進行生產(chǎn)；半熟練勞動力，產(chǎn)品由技術(shù)密集型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘Y本密集型；成本要比創(chuàng)新國的進口產(chǎn)品低 ；降低價格擴大銷路；創(chuàng)新國對東道國的出口有所下降，但對其他絕大多數(shù)市場的出口仍可繼續(xù)

3、產(chǎn)品標準化階段。產(chǎn)品已完全標準化，發(fā)展中國家也開始掌握這種技術(shù)；生產(chǎn)地已開始向一般發(fā)達國家，甚至發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)移；勞動密集型產(chǎn)品；產(chǎn)品成本開始下降；價格大眾化；創(chuàng)新國開始從產(chǎn)品出口轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫M口

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟：指的是隨著廠商生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴大，產(chǎn)量的增加，產(chǎn)品的平均成本下降，廠商因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴大而獲得額外的報酬，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟也稱為“規(guī)模報酬遞增”。

產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易：是指一個國家或地區(qū)，在一段時間內(nèi)，同一產(chǎn)業(yè)部門產(chǎn)品既進口又出口的現(xiàn)象。產(chǎn)品必須具備兩個基本條件：

1、是產(chǎn)品中使用的生產(chǎn)要素相近或相似；

2、是消費具有相互替代性。形成原因：

1、產(chǎn)品的異質(zhì)性是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要基礎(chǔ)

2、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟收益遞增是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易形成的重要原因

3、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要制約因素 新貿(mào)易理論：是指80年代初以來，以保羅·克魯格曼(Paul Krugman)為代

表的一批經(jīng)濟學家提出的一系列關(guān)于國際貿(mào)易的原因。

內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易：主要來源于企業(yè)本身規(guī)模的擴大。一個企業(yè)享有內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟的優(yōu)勢，它的成本就隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少，從而得到了生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢。這樣它的產(chǎn)品在貿(mào)易活動中的競爭能力必然大大提高，占據(jù)貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢，取得貿(mào)易利益。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易：主要來源于行業(yè)內(nèi)數(shù)量的增加所引起的產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模的擴大。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟同樣影響國際貿(mào)易。當存在外部經(jīng)濟時，大規(guī)模從事某一行業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的國家，往往在該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上具有較低的平均成本，這樣，該國在該種產(chǎn)品上就具有比較優(yōu)勢。在存在外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效果的行業(yè)，該行業(yè)在哪一國最先建立，最先擴大了規(guī)模，降低了成本，在很大程度上取決于歷史原因。

第三篇：國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)習題集

習題集

山東工商學院中加學院

國際貿(mào)易教研室

國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)（雙語）

國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)（雙語）綜合習題集

Part I: Multiple Choices(Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following Questions)

1.The one who buy insurance is called()A.an insurance company

C.the insured

B.a broker

D.an insurer 2.What is the name given to the sum of money which a person agrees to pay to an insurance company? A.compensation

C.investment

B.premium

3.An insurance agreement is called an()? A.insurance policy

C.insurance cover

B.insurance contract

D.insurance document D.commission 4.Under FOB contract, the()is to arrange insurance.A.seller

C.buyer

B.insurer

D.carrier 5.When the seller contracts for insurance, it is a(n)()contract.A.CFR

C.FAS

B.FCA

6.The one who lodges a claim is known as an().A.insurer

C.insurance broker

B.the insured

D.claimant D.CIF 7.()does not have the normally accepted meaning, but means loss in the insurance business.A.Partial loss

C.Coverage

B.Total loss

D.Average8.()is the broadest kind of coverage but does not include all risks.A.Free of Particular Average

C.With particular Average

B.All Risks 9.Risk of breakage is considered to be the()A.Free of Particular Average

C.General additional risks

B.With Average

D.Special additional risks D.TPND 10.The person to whom the goods are shipped is called _______.A.the consignor

C.the shipper

B.the consignee

D.the manufacturer 11.As Swedish arbitrators often are()lawyers, the arbitrators’ fees are usually in line with those of lawyers.A.practice

C.practising

B.practise

D.practised 12.The Institute may also decide to discharge an arbitrator on the()of any lawful excuse or failure to perform his duties in an adequate manner.A.basis

C.excuse

B.reason

D.ground 13.If the institute has requested a party to perform any act within a()time, such time limit may be extended by the Institute.A.specified

C.specifying

B.specify

D.limited14.If an arbitrator is replaced in the course of the proceedings, the newly()tribunal shall decide whether and to what extent a prior oral hearing shall be repeated.A.comprised

C.consisted

B.composed

D.built 15.The arbitrators are()to receive remuneration for their work in accordance with the principles stated above and, in addition, to receive reimbursement of their expenses.A.entitled

C.subject

B.qualified

D.required 16.The international uniform customs practice in written for documentary collection is().A.UCP600

C.Incoterm2000

B.ISP98 17.The payer of promissory note is the().A.drawer

C.payee

B.drawee 18.（）needn’t draft generally.A.Open Negotiation L/C

C.Deferred payment L/C

B.Sight Payment L/C 19.The Opening Banks of L/C deal with（）.A.services

B.goods

C.documents

D.performance to which the documents may relate 20.According to UCP600, if there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, the amount of insurance coverage must be at least（）of the CIF or CIP value of the goods.A.110%

B.10%

D.Restricted Negotiation L/C D.creditor D.URC522 2 C.100%

D.130%

21.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

C.60 days

B.30 days

22.WPA is（）in Chinese.A.平安險

C.一切險

B.水漬險

D.戰(zhàn)爭險 D.2 years 23.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().A.CIF price

C.CFR price

B.FCA price

24.Unless the Credit stipulates otherwise,().A.Partial shipments and transshipments are allowed B.Partial shipments and transshipments are not allowed C.transshipments are not allowed, but Partial shipments are allowed D.transshipments are allowed, but Partial shipments are not allowed 25.The net weight and G.W for some goods is 28kgs per piece and 30kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX22CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight（）

A.on the basis of net weight

C.on the basis of measurement

B.at the shipper’s option

26.The most frequently used pricing methods is()A.fixed pricing

C.Partial fixed price and partial unfixed price

B.flexible pricing

D.Floating pricing).D.at the carrier’s option D.FOB price 27.In international export practice, in case we conclude a FOB or CFR contract with the buyer abroad, unless otherwise agreed, we must give the buyer notice that the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, so as to enable him to()in time.A.arrange shipment

C.take delivery

B.cover insurance

D.open L/C 28.The CIF contract is a typical “document transaction” or “()”.A.dependent transaction

C.symbolic delivery

B.physical delivery

D.arrival contract 29.The variations of CFR involve only the problem of who is to pay()charges, with nothing to do with the place of delivery or the place of risk separation.A.loading

B.demurrage

C.freight

D.unloading

30.In INCOTERMS 2000, under()trade term, the customs declaration for import is the responsibility of seller.A.EXW

C.CIF

B.DDP

D.FOB 31.Which of the following expressions to quality is right and proper?()A.Chinese Groundnut, Moisture 13%, Admixture 5%, Oil content 44%.B.Cloth Doll Sample No.123, quality to be completely equal to the sample.C.Tetracycline HCL Tablets, Sugar Coated, 250mg, B.P.D.grey duck's down, duck's down content 18%(1% more or 2% less)“.32.If no expiry date for presentation of documents is stipulated in L/C, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than()days after the date of shipment.A.15

C.7

B.21

D.60 33.In Credit operations all parties concerned deal with().A.goods

B.services

C.documents

D.other performances to which the documents may relate 34.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

C.60 days

B.30 days

D.2 years 35.Under ICC, the insurer will bear the maximum responsibility if ICC()is adopted.A.A

C.C

B.B

D.Malicious risks 36.The net weight and G.W.for some goods is 30kgs per piece and 34kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX20CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight（）

A.on the basis of net weight

C.on the basis of measurement

B.on the basis of gross weight

D.at the carrier’s option

37.As for the(), the charter will employ the master and take charge of the deployment and management of the ship.A.Voyage Charter

C.Bare-boat Charter

B.Time Charter

D.Liner 38.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().4 A.CIF price

C.CFR price

B.FCA price

little damaged” on the B/L.This B/L is a/an().A.Clean B/L

C.To order B/L

B.Unclean B/L

D.Shipped B/L D.FOB price 39.The shipping company makes a notation such as “Few carton bottom little wet”、“Some carton 40.When a company negotiates payment through bank, which kind of B/L will the bank accept?().A.Clean on board B/L

C.Unclean B/L

B.Received for shipment B/L 41.COD is the abbreviation of().A.Cash of Delivery

C.Cash of Document

B.Cash on Delivery

D.Cash on Document D.Ante-dated B/L42.It should be stressed that the scope of INCOTERMS is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the S/C with respect to the delivery of goods sold in the sense of,()A.“merchantable”

C.“tangible” such as stationary

B.“negotiable”

D.“intangible” such as software

43.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by().A.gross weight or net weight

C.tare weight

B.net weight

D.gross weight 44.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than of the contract, the buyer can refuse().A.all the goods

C.the quantity stipulated in S/C

B.the excess part of the whole quantity

D.the quantity stipulated in L/C 45.Suppose you are an export and your business place is in China, which one of the following quotation is correct?()A.USD150 PER BALE FOB NEW YORK

B.$200 FOB SHANGHAI C.EURO500 PER SETS DEQ VANCOUVER

D.HKD50 PER PAIR GUANGZHOU 46.Contracts must renewed one week _____their expiration.A.on

C.the moment of

B.against

D.before

47.The commodities you offered are _____line with the business scope of our clients.5 A.outside

C.out

B.out of

D.without

48.We are arranging for an inspection tour of _____the material was processed.A.place

C.where

B.the place

D.there 49.We are reconsidering those trade terms _____might be adverse to the interest of our principals.A.what

C.when

B.that

D.where

50.We find that there is no stipulation of transshipment _____in the relative L/C.A.allowing

C.which allowed

B.which allows

D.being allowed 51.After unpacking the case we found that the goods did not ______with the original sample.A.match

C.agree

B.come up

D.measure 52.If the first shipment ______ , we guarantee that we will send you many repeat orders.A.match

C.agree

B.come up

D.measure 53.It is necessary that an arbitration clause ________in the contract.A.will be included

C.be included

B.must be included

D.has been included 54.Please see that your written confirmation ________by the end of this month, otherwise we will be free form the obligation for this offer.A.reaches us

C.reach us

B.will reach us

D.reached us 55.That helps to explain ______businesses are setting up Net sites even though profits aren’t yet very big.A.that

C.why

B.the reason for

D.why that 56.We wish to stress that shipment must be made within the prescribed time limit, as a further ______will not be considered by our end-users.A.prolong

C.extension

B.protract

D.expansion

57.With computer users linked to the Internet growing _____every year, business is trying to cash in on the worldwide network.A.at million

C.with one million

B.with a million

D.by millions

58.We regret having to remind you that 30% of the freight is still______.A.owned

C.outstanding

B.owning

D.understanding

59.________you fulfill the terms of the L/C, we will accept the drafts drawn under this credit.A.Provided

C.In the case

B.To provide

D.Only if 60.Kindly advise us of the steamers that call _______your port every month.A.at

C.in

B.on

D.for61.It should be _____if you could immediately ________what quantity you can supply us at present.A.thankful, advise

C.appreciated, advise

B.appreciate, advise

D.appreciating, inform 62.We thank you for your e-mail of November 25__B____your purchase of 10 M/T wild rice.A.confirm

C.to confirm

B.confirming

D.confirmed 63.Subject to satisfactory arrangements ______terms and conditions, we should be pleased to act as your sole agent.A.as

C.as if

B.as per

D.as to 64.Our usual terms of payment are _______L/C and we hope they will be satisfactory ______you.A.by, for

C.for, to

B.by, to

D.for, with 65.That helps to explain why businesses are setting up Net sites ______ profits aren’t yet very big.A.even

C.even though

B.although

D.why that 66.The contract between a party who agrees to accept the risk and a party seeking protection from the risk a contract of _________.A.payment

C.shipment

B.production

D.insurance 67.The customs duties act _______an essential leverage on regulating import and export behavior.A at

C.in

B.as

D.to 68.The Chinese word “運單” is translated as________.7 A.invoice

C.Waybill

B.B/L

D.Contract 69.When we want to buy something from other countries, we should make ________ first.A.an offer

C.a confirmation

B.a inquiry

70.Swedish Krona is the currency of ________.A.Singapore

C.Sri Lanka

B.Spain

71.Cairo is a city of _______.A.Sri Lanka

C.Egypt

B.Denmark

D.Indonesia D.Sweden D.an acceptance 72.In the contract, usually there is a ________ clause to protect the buyer against loss from delay of the shipment of the goods.A.payment

C.penalty

B.shipment

D.quality 73.This contract is made _______ Dalian International Economical Trade Co.and Kich Boro International Limited.A.among

C.with

B.between

D.by 74.In foreign trade business, the trade terms CFR is often used, CFR is the abbreviation for _______.A.cost, insurance and freight

C.cost and freight

B.commercial invoice

D.consular invoice

Keys to multiple choices:

71

C C A D B B C C 2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 B D B B C B B C 3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 A A D C D C D B 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 C B A A B A B C 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 D A C A C C C 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 D D A B D C D 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 D A B C B D B 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 B B C D C C C 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 C C D B B A B 10 20 30.40 50 60 70 B A B A D A D

Part II: True or False 1.Exporting gives a manufacturer a large market for his products, while imports have unfavorable effects on the home market.2.Some commodities, like tea and wool, are sold on a tale quail basis and the buyer has to inspect a consignment himself.3.Immediate delivery is known as a future contract.4.Quoting firm prices for many months ahead involves little risk.5.Hedging is an operation adopted by merchants and others in the commodity markets who deal in futures to protect themselves against risk of loss, caused by future changes in price.6.The prices of produce remain unchanged for weeks and months, so buyers can place orders on the basis of printed price lists.7.The manufacturer may appoint a foreign agent who acts as a principal and pays for the goods himself.8.A closed indent is one which names the supplier of the goods required.9.A clearing agent is usually skilled in completing the formalities needed to clear goods through the Customs.10.Advertising aims to make a product or service known to the public in order to sell it.11.An offer may not indicate the terms of payment.12.The price-list and catalogues sent to some companies are also offers with binding effect.13.According to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, an acceptance with non-material alterations or additions can still constitute a valid acceptance..14.According to the CISG, a late acceptance caused by abnormal transmission of the post office is nevertheless effective unless the offeror shows objection without delay.15.Landed quality refers to the quality of the goods re-inspected upon their arrival at the port of destination.16.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.17.After the negotiating bank negotiates the documents, which are refused by the opening bank later, the negotiating bank may ask the beneficiary for repayment.18.According to the UCP600, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.19.If the L/C prohibits partial shipments and the goods are shipped in full quantity with the price not reduced, a short drawing of 5 percent in the amount is permissible.20.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.21.A bank will only accept a clean transport document.A clean transport document is one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or their packaging.The word “clean” need not appear on a transport document, even if a credit has a requirement for that transport document to be “clean on board”.22.The date of the insurance document must be no later than the date of shipment, unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective from a date not later than the date of shipment.23.The war risks both under CIC and ICC are can be covered independently.24.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.25.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.26.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.27.According to INCOTERMS2000, FCA is suitable for all kinds of transportation.28.The main difference between a CIF contract and a DES contract lies in the fact that the former is a symbolic delivery of goods, whereas the latter is a physical delivery of goods.29.In general, soft currency should be chosen for exports and hard currency for imports.30.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods does not limit the forms of contracts.31.The “receipt rule” insists that delaying or missing of an acceptance on the way constitutes an effective contract.32.The conformity of goods with samples refers, according to the CISG, to the conformity of the quantity, quality, description and packing of goods with those of the sample.33.When the goods do not conform to the sales contract, the bank may stop payment immediately even if the documents are correct and complete.34.According to INCOTERMS 2000, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.35.Unless otherwise stated in the Credit, a transferable Credit can be transferred more than once.36.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.37.According to the UCP500, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.38.When the goods are posted, the latest date of shipment refers to the date of Post Receipt.39.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.40.The instrument of payment used in M/T is cheque.41.According to international trade practice, you cannot have the goods insured if you did not have insurable interest in the goods.42.Under CIC, no additional risk can be purchased to insure goods independently.43.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.44.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.10 45.When there are optional ports in the S/C, where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.46.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in good condition.47.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.48.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.49.The Neutral packing means the packing without the name of the origin.50.Price terms are mainly applied to determining the prices of commodities in international trade.51.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.52.As an exporter, you concluded a deal with an American on basis of EXW;then your transaction risk is reduced the minimum degree.53.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.54.On CIP terms, the seller must pay the freight rate and insurance premium as well as bear all the risks until the goods have arrived at the destination.55.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in goods condition.56.According to the UCP 500, a bill of lading which is issued subject to a Charter Party must be accepted unless the Credit stipulates otherwise.57.When you transport your goods by a Time Charter, you have to pay for loading and unloading.58.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.59.When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship-owner.60.Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract for option.61.When there are optional ports in the contract, the goods may be unloaded at any one of the ports at the shipping company’s disposal.62.When importing on FOB terms, we can generally stipulate the port of discharge.14 An order bill of lading may be negotiable after being endorsed.63.A bill of lading is a transport contract in which the shipping company promises to transport the goods received to the destination.64.In China, insurance companies do not accept insurance based on Institute Cargo Clause.65.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.66.Almost all the insurance companies provide door-to-door coverage service.67.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.11 68.If you have insured your goods against All Risks, you will get compensated whatever risks occurs to your goods.69.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.70.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.71.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.72.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.73.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.74.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.75.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.76.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.77.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.78.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.79.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than that of the contract, the buyer can refuse all the goods.80.The more or less Clause in a S/C allows the seller to deliver as more or as fewer goods as possible.81.The only weakness of delivering fewer goods than stipulated is that the seller gets less paid.82.The Beneficiary of a letter of credit may indicate his acceptance or rejection of the amendments till when he presents the relevant documents.83.In our country goods for export must go through customs clearance.84.When exporting goods on CFR, CPT or FOB terms, the seller must pay the insurance premium.85.According to UCP500, if documents are in correspondence with L/C’s stipulations, discrepancies between the documents themselves are allowed.86.Banks will refuse to pay if the documents which are not required by the L/C are presented to them.87.When documents are presented to the Opening Bank, they shall be examined carefully within one month.Keys to True or False:

01.F

0 2.T

03.F

04.F

05.T

06.F

07.F

08.T

09.T 11.T

12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 21.T

22.T 23.F 24.F

25.T 26.F

27.T 28.T 29.F 31.F

32.T 33.F 34.F

35.T

36.F 37.F

38.T

39.F 41.F

42.T

43.T 44.T 45.T

46.F 47.F 48.T 49.T 51.F

52.T

53.T 54.F 55.F

56.F

57.T 58.F 59.T 61.F

62.T

63.T 64.T 65.F

66.T 67.T 68.T

69.F

10.T20.F 30.T40.F50.F 60.T 70.T 71.F

72.F

73.F 74.T 75.F

76.F

77.F 78.F

79.F 80.F 81.F

82.T

83.T 84.F

85.F

86.F 87.F

Part III: Definitions 1.tariff 23.clean draft 2.surtax 24.TT 3.anti-dumping duty

25.documentary letter of credit

4.specific duty 26.sight L/C 5.ad valorem duty 27.standby L/C 6.quota 28.particular average 7.import license 29.general average 8.foreign exchange control 30.partial loss 9.shipper 31.constructive total loss

10.charter party

32.open policy 11.shipped B/L 33.warranty 12.clean B/L 34.receipt 13.straight B/L 35.acceptance 14.order B/L 36.force majeure event 15.stale B/L 37.private dispute resolution

16.foreign exchange 38.mediation 17.exchange rate 39.consular invoice 18.offer rate(of foreign exchange)

40.Customs invoice 19.definite offer 41.certificate of origin

20.acceptance 42.pro-forma invoice 21.commercial draft 43.packing list 22.usance draft 44.mate’s receipt

Keys to the Definitions:

1.A tariff is duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into(or exported out of)a country.2.Surtax is an additional tax.It may also be temporary and discriminatory.In international trade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes that the exporting country is selling a significant amount of goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without reference to its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed.6.A quota is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import of goods.8.Foreign exchange control means various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.9.Shipper: the person who makes the contract with the carrier and hands over the goods for carriage.10.Charter party: a written contract in charter shipping between the ship operator and the charterer(shipper)11.Shipped B/L: a B/L indicating that the goods have been shipped or loaded on board on a named vessel, as evidenced by the pre-printed wording or the on board notation on the bill of lading 12.Clean B/L: a B/L bearing an indication that the goods are received without damage, irregularities or short shipment 13.Straight B/L: a non-negotiable B/L in which the goods are consigned to a designated party 14.Order B/L: a negotiable bill of lading in which the goods are consigned to the order of a named party, usually the shipper 15.Stale B/L: a B/L that is negotiated when the L/C has expired or one that will reach the consignee after the arrival of the cargo 16.Foreign exchange is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrument of settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country 17.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in another currency.Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.18.Offer rate is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreign exchange to its customers.19.A definite offer is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding a transaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal.Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.20.An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.21.A commercial draft is a payment order issued by a firm, not a bank, directing another party to pay a specified sum to the payee.22.A usance draft is an order of payment that will be made in a specified number of days after issue or acceptance of the draft or at a fixed future date.23.A clean draft is one that is paid without the presentation of any other documents attached.24.TT is a method of transferring funds by telecommunication system such as telex and cable.25.Documentary letter of credit is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment.26.A sight L/C is one by which the beneficiary is paid upon presentation of complying document.27.A standby L/C is an L/C representing an obligation by the issuing bank on a designated third party(the beneficiary)which is contingent on the failure of the bank’s customer to perform under the terms of a contract with the beneficiary.28.Particular average means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property such as damage of cargo by sea water.29.General average means a partial, deliberate and reasonable sacrifice of the ship, freight, or goods, undertaken for the common safety of the adventure in time of peril and/or extraordinary expenditure with the like object such as the charges for towing a stranded ship.30.Partial loss means: 1)total loss of part of the insured cargo and 2)damage to all or part of the insured cargo.31.Constructive total loss means the subject matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable or because it would not be preserved from actual total loss without an expenditure greater than its recovered value.In other words, it is unlikely to recover the subject matter or the cost of recovery will exceed the value of the subject matter.32.Open policy is an arrangement in which terms such as types of risks to be covered, validity of the insurance contract, rate, premium, maximum(but not specific)value of each shipment, geographical limits, etc are worked out when the contract is sighed.Each shipment is covered once the assured declares the details.The assured may be authorized to issue against payment a pre-printed insurance certificate which is valid after completion of shipment details and his signature for documentation purposes.33.A warranty is an assurance by one party to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely.It is intended precisely to relieve the promise of any duty to ascertain the fact for himself, and it amounts to a promise to indemnify the promise for any loss if the fact warranted proves untrue.34.Receipt means that the goods have come into the control of the buyer without regard to ownership or to agreement to any aspect of the goods.35.Acceptance means that the buyer has the control of the goods with consent regarding the goods delivered.36.A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control.37.Private dispute resolution refers to the settlement of dispute privately instead of by litigation.38.Mediation is informal, voluntary process in which an impartial person, trained in facilitation and negotiation techniques, help the parties reach a mutually acceptable resolution.39.Consular invoice: usually a copy or an original of the commercial invoice and transport document that has been recorded and stamped by a consul of the destination country.A consular invoice is a document prepared by the shipper and certified in the country of origin by a consul of the country of importation, e.g., at the consular section of the embassy.It shows the transaction details such as name of exporting firm, name of consignee, country of origin, place of loading, description of goods, quantity, weight/measurement, etc.It is required by the importing country in order for them to compile statistics, to control import, and to check the origin of goods and the credit of exporter.40.Customs invoice: generally a destination country customs form.Such forms duplicate much of the information on the commercial invoice and packing list, and additionally require information or answers to questions of particular interest to customs in determining the admissibility of the goods and assessing duty and/or tax.Such customs invoices are currently required by relatively few countries, and typically only for higher value shipments or shipments of certain commodities, and/or in cases where the importer may be seeking some type of preferential treatment or admissibility by customs.This invoice is required by the destination country in order to clear the goods through Customs, to compile statistics, to verify country of origin for import duty and tax purpose, to compare export price and domestic price, and to fix anti-dumping duty.41.Certificate of origin: a document issued by a government agency, a chamber of commerce or relevant association.An importing country often asks for such a certificate in order to extend preferential duties to goods form acceptable countries, to apply import controls such as sanction, quota, or anti-dumping duty and to collect statistics.42.Pro-forma invoice: a document created in the format of a commercial invoice, but not actually constituting an invoice(i.e., not a demand for the payment of money).It should contain all or most of the information which will or should appear on a prospective commercial invoice should the described transaction materialize.Pro-forma invoice are commonly used as a format for rendering a quotation for the sale of goods, particularly an export sale where the trade terms and/or shipping and other incremental cost must be specially accounted for if they are included within the total transaction price.It is not a record of sales effected already, but a representation of a sales invoice issued before a transaction has been concluded.43.Packing list: a supplement to a commercial invoice to show the details of a shipment when specifications, quantities, weights or contents of individual units in the shipment vary(e.g., car parts).It is used in order to recognize the goods, to clear the Customs, and to check the goods.44.Mate’s receipt: a document issued by the mate of the carrying vessel when loading is completed.Shipper then exchanges the receipt for a B/L at the shipping company.It has no legal authority regarding processing financial settlement of international consignments but merely confirms cargo is placed on board a ship pending issue of a B/L.Part IV: Answer the Following Questions 1.What is international trade? 2.What are the major motivations for private firm to operate international business? 3.What is the most essential motive to pursue international trade? 4.What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits? 5.Pleas give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies.6.What does balance of payments account mean? 7.What are the basic sources of international revenue and expenditure for most countries? 8.Could you find any difference between Direct Investment and Portofolio Investment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.9.What is MNE? What are its synonyms? 10.Please give examples to explain “Services are earnings other than those from goods.” 11.What influences the international operational forms which a company will choose? 12.What limits a firm’s sales?

13.Why is merchandise exports and imports the firs type of foreign operations in which a firm gets involved? 14.What does “royalties” mean? 15.What is “franchising”?

16.What is the definition for contract? What may happen if any party fails to fulfill his contractual obligations? 17.What are the two parties of business negotiations? And give examples as you can.18.Why do the trading parties usually prefer a written contract? What is the difference between a sales contract and a sales(purchase)confirmation? 19.What does the setting up of a contract generally contain? 20.What does the contract proper usually include? 21.Please explain in English what the meaning of chartering is and its character.22.What is time of delivery and what has to be paid attention to in stipulating the time of shipment? 23.Please tell the functions of a bill of lading.24.What are the main kinds of bill of lading in international trade? 1.簡述國際貿(mào)易中包裝的重要性及約定包裝條件的意義。2.國際貿(mào)易中商品運輸包裝的要求有哪些？ 3.簡述運輸包裝的分類情況。

4.國際貿(mào)易中商品銷售包裝的要求有哪些？

5.設(shè)計和制作銷售包裝時，應(yīng)做好哪些工作？ 6.條形碼的使用對國際貿(mào)易有何促進作用？

7.影響定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有哪些？其具體做法是什么？ 8.聯(lián)合國制定標準運輸標志的原因是什么？其作用有哪些？ 9.買賣雙方制定合同中包裝條款時應(yīng)注意哪些問題？ 10.各國法律對實際履行作為一種救濟方法的規(guī)定有何不同？ 11.大陸法、英美法和《公約》對損害賠償責任的成立各有什么規(guī)定？ 12.各國法律對損害賠償范圍的規(guī)定有何不同？

13.各國法律對構(gòu)成解決合同的條件的規(guī)定有何不同？我國又是怎樣規(guī)定的？ 14.處理理賠工作時應(yīng)該主要哪些問題？

15.按英國法規(guī)定，賣方行使停運權(quán)有幾種方法？行使停運權(quán)時應(yīng)注意拿幾個條 件？

16.按《英國貨物買賣法》的規(guī)定，所交貨物與合同不符違反要件的情況有幾種？

Keys to the questions:

1.International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries.Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2.Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3.To gain profit.4.To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5.There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6.It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation(eg.the United States)and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7.Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8.Yes.There are great differences between them.1)direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad.It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets.Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting.And sometimes it involves two or more parties.18 2)While portfolio investments are not under control.And they are used primarily for financial purposes.Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9.MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise.Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation)and TNC(transnational corporation).10.Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11.The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12.It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13.This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14.Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licensing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15.It is a way of doing business in which one party(the franchiser)the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.16.A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties.And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.17.There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written.The former refers to direct discussions abroad;written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.18.A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.19.The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.It generally contains: 1)the title.The type of the contract is indicated in the title;2)the contract proper.It is the main part of a contract;3)the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer;4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.20.It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.21.It is also called tramp.A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing.It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space.The shipper 19 charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.22.The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods.There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract.For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature.An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”;“immediately”, “as soon as possible” and the like should not be used.If they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included.The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.23.The Bill of Lading has three important functions.a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers;b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers.In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to another.“When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer’s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, 20 as named on Bill of Lading.Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the consignee space.Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent.Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer.In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.24.There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for shipment B/L According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped)B/L and received(or received for shipment)B/L.A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2).Clean bill and unclean bill According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner.This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”.It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing.By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract.This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc.There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc.This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.But not all B/L(s)which are noted are unclean B/L.(3).A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.The consignee is designated by the shipper.The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill.This kind of B/L is not transferable.The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement.So the bill is of very restricted application.When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.21 An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement.So it is sometimes called transferable B/L.It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L.It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned.The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in.This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement.There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4).Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense.This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”

A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers.The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port.The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5).A long form B/L, A short form B/L According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/L A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill.It is more frequently used.A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6).A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.22(7).A liner B/L, A charter party B/L According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8).Other types of B/L Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L;on Deck B/L;stale B/L;groupage B/L;house B/L;antedated B/L and advanced B/L.1.答：包裝重要性體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

（1）是實現(xiàn)商品價值和使用價值的重要手段，是商品生產(chǎn)和消費之間的橋梁。

（2）出口商品需經(jīng)過長距離輾轉(zhuǎn)運輸，有時需多次裝卸、搬運和存儲，包裝可保證商品質(zhì)量和數(shù)量完整，方便貨物裝卸、搬運、儲存。

（3）商品生產(chǎn)過程，包裝是最后一道工序；在流通領(lǐng)域中，包裝具有保護商品、美化商品、宣傳商品、提高售價的重要作用，并可作為對外競爭的重要手段。約定包裝條件的意義在于：

（1）不僅起到保護和美化商品作用，且包裝本身還是貨物說明的組成部分。

（2）按一些國家法律解釋，如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件，另一方有權(quán)提出索賠，甚至拒收貨物。

2.答：（1）必須適應(yīng)商品特性。（2）必須適應(yīng)各種不同運輸方式的要求。（3）必須考慮有關(guān)國家的法律規(guī)定和客戶要求。

（4）要保證包裝牢固的前提下節(jié)省費用，便于各環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)人員進行操作以免使貨物遭受損失。

3.答：（1）按包裝方式，可分為單件運輸包裝和集合運輸包裝，后者又分為集裝包和集裝袋。

（2）按包裝造型，可分為箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。

（3）按包裝材料，可分為紙制，金屬、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包裝等。

（4）按包裝質(zhì)地，可分為軟性，半硬性和硬性包裝。（5）按包裝程度，可分為全部包裝和局部包裝。

4.答：（1）便于陳列展銷，以吸引顧客和供消費者選購。（2）便于識別商品，以便消費者了解，看貨成交。（3）便于攜帶和使用，為消費者提供方便。

（4）要有藝術(shù)吸引力，以便吸引顧客、提高售價、擴大銷路。

5.答：（1）包裝的裝潢畫面要美觀大方，富有藝術(shù)吸引力，突出特點，圖案和色彩要適應(yīng)有關(guān)國家民族習慣和愛好，便于擴大出口。

（2）包裝上的文字說明應(yīng)同裝潢畫面緊密配合，互相襯托，以達到宣傳和促銷目的，使用文字應(yīng)簡明扼要，并能讓顧客看懂，必要時可中、外文并用。

23（3）包裝上標簽應(yīng)注意有關(guān)國家的標簽管理條例，尤其是食品、藥品、服裝。（4）銷售包裝還應(yīng)注意條形碼技術(shù)的使用問題。

6.答：（1）有效提高結(jié)算效率和準確性，也方便了顧客。

（2）有利于提高國際間貿(mào)易信息傳遞的準確性，使交易雙方及時了解對方 商品有關(guān)資料和本國商品在對方的銷售情況。

（3）條形碼的使用是有效促使名優(yōu)商品打入許多國家超級市場的前提條件。7.答：定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有：

（1）世界許多國家超級市場、大百貨公司和專業(yè)商店在其經(jīng)營出售商品上標有本商店使用的商標或品牌，以擴大本企業(yè)知名度并顯示該商品身價。

（2）出口廠商為利用買方經(jīng)營能力及商業(yè)信譽和品牌聲譽，以提高商品售價和擴大銷路，也采用定牌生產(chǎn)。

我國出口貿(mào)易中定牌生產(chǎn)具體做法有：

（1）在商品或包裝上，打印上外商所指定的商標或品牌，而不標明生產(chǎn)國別和出口廠商名稱。

（2）在商品或包裝上，表明我國的商標或品牌，同時加注國外商號名稱或表示其商號的標記。

（3）在商品或包裝上，采用買方指定商標或品牌，同時注明“中國制造”字樣。8.答：制定原因為：（1）運輸標志內(nèi)容較多。（2）有時要加進一些不必要項目。

（3）各國和各種運輸方式之間對運輸標志的要求差異較大，不能適應(yīng)國際貨物流動量的增加和多式聯(lián)運的開展，不利于電子計算機在運輸和單證流轉(zhuǎn)方面的應(yīng)用。作用有：

（1）減少了運輸標志內(nèi)容，節(jié)省出口成本、時間和費用。（2）提高計算機操作和審單效率，加速船舶和資金周轉(zhuǎn)。

（3）消除因運輸標志內(nèi)容過多和繁雜而可能造成的失誤和困難，保證交貨的順利進行。9.答：

（1）對包裝要求應(yīng)當明確具體，做到明確規(guī)定包裝材料、造型、規(guī)格。除傳統(tǒng)商品外不宜采用“按慣常方式包裝”等含糊包裝術(shù)語。另外，除非買賣雙方對具體內(nèi)容事先充分交換意見或在長期業(yè)務(wù)往來中就問題取得一致認識，包裝條款一定要明確具體。

（2）應(yīng)訂明包裝費用由何方負擔。按慣例，包裝費用一般在貨價之內(nèi)，包裝條款中無須另行訂明。若買方堅持要求對原本不需包裝的商品實施特殊包裝，導致包裝費用超出正常，增加產(chǎn)品成本，或包裝物料剛好構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品成本增加時，則訂明包裝費用負擔。若賣方同意接受買方提供包裝，包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明寄送包裝方法，包裝送達日期，送交包裝延遲責任及運送包裝費用負擔等內(nèi)容。進口合同中對包裝技術(shù)性較強的商品通常在單價后注明“包括包裝費用”，以免發(fā)生糾紛。

24（3）明確由何方提供運輸標志。按慣例，運輸標志可由買方提供，也可由賣方?jīng)Q定。賣方?jīng)Q定時可不訂入合同，或只訂明“賣方標志”，由賣方設(shè)計后通知買方。買方提供時應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定買方提供時間，如超過時間賣方可提出其他補救方法。

（4）明確包裝不良應(yīng)負的責任。保險公司一般不負責因包裝不良造成的損失。在包裝條款中，應(yīng)對包裝不善所造成損失的索賠問題作適當規(guī)定，以防止進口貨物因包裝不良受到損失，對儀器、機器設(shè)備進口時使用的包裝條款，更應(yīng)就索賠問題作出詳細規(guī)定。10.答：（1）大陸法系將實際履行作為一種主要的救濟方法。（2）英美法系將實際履行作為例外的輔助性的救濟方法。（3）按《公約》的規(guī)定，當事人有權(quán)要求對方實際履行合同義務(wù)。

11.答：（1）大陸法系認為，損害賠償責任的成立，必須具備以下三個條件： 必須要有A、必須要有損害事實。B、須有歸責于債務(wù)人的原因。

C、損害是由于債務(wù)人應(yīng)予負責的原因造成。

（2）英美法認為，只要一方違約，就足以構(gòu)成對方可以提起損害賠償之訴。（3）《公約》認為，損害賠償是一種主要的救濟方法。

12.答：（1）《德國民法典》認為，損害賠償?shù)姆秶鷳?yīng)包括違約所造成的與實際損失和所得利益兩方面。法國法關(guān)于損失賠償?shù)姆秶脑瓌t與德國法是一致的。（2）英美法認為，損失賠償?shù)姆秶?，是使由于債?wù)人違約而蒙受損害的一方，在經(jīng)濟上能處于該合同得到履行時同等地位。另外還規(guī)定，一方違約，另一方有 義務(wù)采取一切合理的措施以減少違約造成的損失，否則本來可以合理避免的損 失，不能要求給以賠償。

（3）我國《涉外經(jīng)濟合同法》對損害賠償金額的確定，遵循兩個原則： A、當事人賠償責任應(yīng)相當于另一方所受的損失。

B、賠償責任不得超過違約方在訂立合同時應(yīng)當預見到的因違反合同可能造成的 損失。

（4）《公約》對此也有規(guī)定、A、一方當事人違反合同應(yīng)負的損害賠償額，應(yīng)與另一方當事人因他違反合同而 遭受的包括利潤在內(nèi)的損失額相等。

B、為限制守約方漫天要價，還規(guī)定了守約方可以得到的損害賠償“不得超過違反合同一方在訂立合同時，按照他當時已知道或理應(yīng)知道的事實和情況，對違反合同預料和理應(yīng)預料到的可能損失”。

13.答：（1）大陸法對此規(guī)定得比較簡單。大陸法認為，只要合同一方當事人不履行其合同義務(wù)時，對方就有權(quán)解除合同。

（2）英國法認為，一方違約構(gòu)成違反要件，對方才可要求解除合同；如果一方 僅僅是違反擔保，對方只能請求損害賠償，而不能要求解除合同。美國法與英國 法的規(guī)定有些相似。

25（3）《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》認為，合同一方不履行義務(wù)構(gòu)成根本性違約，另一方有權(quán)解除合同。

（4）我國《涉外經(jīng)濟合同法》認為，一方違約，另一方在下列兩種情況下才能 要求解除合同：

A、違約必須導致嚴重影響訂立合同所期望的經(jīng)濟利益。

B、如果一方在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)沒有履行合同義務(wù)，而且在被允許的推遲履行 的合理期限內(nèi)仍未履行，則守約方可要求解除合同義務(wù)。

14.答：（1）認真細致身后國外買方提出的單證和出證機構(gòu)的合法性。（2）認真做好調(diào)查研究、弄清事實、分清責任。（3）要合理確定損失程度、金額、和賠付辦法。15.答：（1）兩種辦法：

A、通過實際占有貨物的辦法行使停運權(quán)。

B、把行使停運權(quán)的要求通知占有貨物的承運人和貨物的保管人，但要按賣方的 指示處置貨物。

（2）未收貨款的賣方在行使停運權(quán)時要注意必須符合下列三個條件： A、賣方已經(jīng)喪失了對貨物的占有權(quán)。B、賣方必須在買方無力償付時行使停運權(quán)。C、賣方必須在貨物處于運輸過程中行使其停運權(quán)。16.答：（1）賣方所交貨物不具備商銷品質(zhì)。（2）賣方所交貨物與合同說明不一樣。（3）賣方所交貨物不適合約定的特殊用途。（4）賣方所交貨物與憑樣成交時的品種不符。（5）賣方所交貨物與合同規(guī)定的品種不同。

（6）賣方所交貨物在數(shù)量上大于或小于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量。

Part V: Case Study

1.A company concludes a contract under CIF term.It receives a L/C issued abroad on 1 July.The opening date of the L/C is 20 June and the validity of the L/C is 15 August.Suppose that：（1）the L/C stipulates ”Prompt Shipment“，then the latest date of shipment is（）。（2）the L/C stipulates ”Shipment on or about 20th July"，then the date of shipment is（）。（3）the beneficiary starts the shipment on 10 July and finishes it on 12 July.The ship arrives the port of destination on 20 August.The buyer takes delivery of the goods also on 20 August.Then, the date of B/L should be（）.The date of insurance policy should be（）.The time of document presentation should be not late than（）.The time of delivery for the seller is（）。

2.Company CH exported to a Nigerian company a consignment of torches totaling about 60000 pounds.The relevant L/C from Nigeria stipulated, “The goods shall be shipped by six installments from June to November” Company CH shipped the goods in compliance with the prescription of the L/C in June, July and August, and obtained the relevant installment payments.However, in September the goods could not be loaded on board because a heavy typhoon was attacking the coastal area.Then, company CH decided to continue with the shipment in October.When the documents were sent to Nigeria, the Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment? Please refer to relative stipulations in the UCP 600 and explain the reasons.3.A ship started on its voyage after loading, but in the course of the journey a fire broke out during transit in Hold A, which had been loaded with stationary and tea.The captain ordered his crew to pour water on the fire.It was found out, after the fire was extinguished, that part of the stationery had been burned, the remainder and the tea had been soaked through.Then, what risk would you have covered if you had wanted to be compensated for the losses? 4.A Chinese export company concluded a business with a British agent in 2005 metric tons of commodity at DM 345 CFR Antwerp per metric ton.The time of shipment was November 2005 and February 2006.The agent issued the relevant letter of credit on time, stipulating the latest date of shipment as December31, 2005.The original ship the Chinese company booked, however, came to the port of shipment on December 31.Because of unidentified reasons, the goods were actually shipped on the 18th of January 2006.The Chinese export company put the issuing date of the bill of lading back to December 31, 2005, and obtained payment from the bank against the relevant documents.The ship reached Antwerp in early April 2006.This aroused doubt from the client, who, after inviting the court surveyors, went aboard and examined the logbook.When the client found out that the actual date of shipment was January 18, 2006, he refused to take delivery and claimed compensation from the Chinese export company.How would you settle this issue? 5.In 2005, a certain export company of China sent a group of businessmen to the United States for purchase of equipment.In New York both parties reached an oral agreement on such items as specifications, unit price, and quantity.Upon leaving, the group indicated to the other party that, when they got back to Beijing, they would draw a contract, which would become effective after being signed by both parties.After going back to Beijing, the group found that the clients withdrew their import of the equipment, and thus the contract was not signed and the L/C was not opened, either.The US side urged the Chinese side to perform the contract;otherwise they would lodge a claim with the Chinese side in the US.Please analyze the case and give an opinion on how the Chinese export company was to deal with this case and why? 6.A Chinese trading company E concluded a transaction in steel with a Hong Kong company W on the basis of FOB China Port.Company W immediately resold the steel to Company H in Libya on the terms of CFR Liberia.The L/C form W required the price terms to be FOB China Port and the goods to be directly delivered to Liberia.The L/C also required “Freight Prepaid” to be indicated on Bill of Lading.Why did Company W perform so? What should we do about it? 7.A Chinese import and export company concluded a Sales Contract with a Holland firm on August 5, 2000, selling a batch of certain commodity.The contract was based on CIF Rotterdam at USD 2500 per metric ton.The Chinese company delivered the goods in compliance with the contract and obtained a clean-on-board Bill of Lading.During transportation, however, 100 metric tons of the goods got lost because of rough sea.Upon arrival of the goods, the price of the contracted goods went down quickly.The buyer refused to take delivery of the goods and effect payment and claimed damages from the seller.How would you deal with this case? 8.The ABC Company exported a consignment of silk.As the shipping marks in the relevant L/C were not clear, the person in charge thought that the L/C did not stipulate the shipping marks.He, then, made the shipping marks himself.As a result, discrepancies occurred between the made shipping marks and those stated in the L/C.The buyers, therefore, refused to pay for the documents.However, after negotiation, the buyers agreed to pay only when the ABC Company had reduced the original prices by 10 percent.What lesson can we learn from this case? 9.Mr.Smith, an American businessman, sold a batch of IBM computers to a Hong Kong importer, Mr.Chen.The sales contract was concluded in the United States of America on the terms of CIF Hong Kong.During execution of this contract, disputes arose between the seller and the buyer on the form and interpretation of the contract.In such a case, did the law of the U.S.A.or the law of Hong Kong apply to the disputes? Why? 10.我某外貿(mào)公司向日本商人以D/P見票即付方式推銷某商品，對方答復如我方接受D/P見票后90天付款條件，并通過他指定的A銀行代收貨款則可接受。請分析日方提出此項要求的出發(fā)點。

11.一載貨船舶在航行途中不慎擱淺，事后船長下令反復開倒車，強行起浮，但船上輪機受損并且船底劃破，致使海水滲進貨艙，造成船貨部分受損。該船駛進附近的一港口修理并暫卸大部分貨物，共花一周時間，增加了各項費用支出，包括船員工資共8000美元。船修復后裝上原貨重新啟航后不久，A艙起火，船長下令灌水滅火。A艙原載有兒童玩具、茶葉等，滅火后發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童玩具一部分被燒毀，另一部分兒童玩具和全部茶葉被水浸濕。試分析上述各項損失的性質(zhì)，并說明在投保何種險別的情況下，保險公司方負責賠償？

12.我國某出口公司向法國出口貨物一批，合同中的貿(mào)易術(shù)語是CIF MARSEILLES，賣方在合同規(guī)定的時間和裝運港裝船，貨船離港后不久便觸礁沉沒。次日，當賣方憑提單、保險單 28 以及發(fā)票等有關(guān)單據(jù)通過銀行向買方要求付款時，買方以無法收到合同中規(guī)定的貨物為由，拒絕接受單據(jù)和付款。問：我方應(yīng)該如何處理？

13.某公司向國外出口一批儀器，合同規(guī)定由買方提供嘜頭，但截至買方提供時間屆滿為止，仍未見其通知設(shè)計情況，而該公司貨已備好。問：該公司應(yīng)如何處理此事？

14.某公司以FOB條件出口一批茶具，買方要求公司代為租船，費用由買方負擔。由于公司在約定日期無法租到合適的船，且買方不同意更換條件，以致延誤了裝運期，買方以此為由提出撤銷合同。

問：買方的要求是否合理？

15.某公司以CPT條件出口一批冬裝，公司按期將貨物交給指定承運人，但運輸途中由于天氣原因延期一個月，錯過了銷售季節(jié)，買方由此向該公司提出索賠。問：此項損失應(yīng)由誰承擔？

16.我方按CIF 條件進口一批床單，貨物抵達我方后發(fā)現(xiàn)床單在運輸途中部分受潮，而賣方已如期向我方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù)并要求我方支付貨款。問：我方是否能以所交貨物受潮而拒付貨款或向賣方提出索賠？

17.英國某公司以CFR 條件進口一批大豆，在約定日期未收到賣方的裝船通知，卻收到賣方要求該公司支付貨款的單據(jù)。過后我方接到貨物，經(jīng)檢驗部分貨物在運輸途中因海上風險而丟失。

問：該公司應(yīng)如何處理？

18.我方按CIP 條件進口10 頓化肥，先經(jīng)上海運輸，抵達目的港后轉(zhuǎn)為鐵路運輸，我方受領(lǐng)貨物后，賣方要求我方支付貨款和鐵路運費，請問賣方行為是否合理？

19.我方某公司出口一批凍雞，貨物抵達目的港后經(jīng)海關(guān)檢驗發(fā)現(xiàn)因包裝不良導致部分凍雞變質(zhì)，外商據(jù)此向我方提出索賠，請問外商做法是否合理？

20.我方某公司從國外進口一批手套，合同上規(guī)定每箱60 雙，共100 箱。貨物運抵大連海關(guān)后，經(jīng)檢驗發(fā)現(xiàn)外商擅自改為每箱50 雙，共計120 箱。請問我方若據(jù)此提出拒收和索賠是否合理？

Keys to case study:

1.July 1, 15 July-25 July, 12 July, on or before 12 July, 2 August, 12 July 2.The Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment because it acted in accordance with the relevant stipulations in the UCP 600 stipulates that If drawing and/or shipments by installments within given periods are stipulated in the Credit and any installments is not drawn and/or a shipped within the period allowed for that installment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent installments??

In this case, the L/C from Nigeria stipulated installment shipments from June to November, and 29 Company CH shipped the goods from June to August and got paid.However, in September Company CH stopped shipping because of a heavy typhoon.In accordance with article 41, the Credit ceased to be availed for the September installment and the subsequent installments, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit.In this case, as there no other L/C stipulations, the Issuing Bank was right.3.The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average caused by fortuitous accident while the loss to the tea was a partial one, but general average, the losses of G.A.need to be compensated by the interest parties on the proportion value saved??The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against F.P.A.4.In this case the Chinese company had to accept the claim.According to international business practice, the date of delivery is one of the essential terms in a contract, which means that, if one party breaches the date of delivery, the other party may ask for compensation from that party.In this case, the seller put back the real date of shipment so as to cheat the buyer and get paid from the relevant bank, thus trying to escape the responsibilities for the delay of shipment.This is not allowed in business practice because the prices in international markets are frequently changing;therefore, time is money.If the buyer had received his goods in time, he might have been able to grasp a good opportunity and achieve a good profit.On the contrary, as a result of delay on the part of the seller, the buyer lost the chance.5.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.6 In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller(Company E)ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W’s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.7.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of 30 contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.8.The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC.In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself.This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC.Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “When the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the documents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.9.The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because:(a)this was a CIF contract;(b)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed these responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.10.（1）提出將D/P即期改D/P90天遠期，旨在推遲付款，利其資金周轉(zhuǎn)。

（2）而日商指定A銀行作為該批托收業(yè)務(wù)的代收行，則是為了便于向該行借單，以便早日獲取經(jīng)濟效益。

在一般的D/P遠期業(yè)務(wù)中，代收行在未經(jīng)授權(quán)的情況下通常是不會輕易同意付款人借單的。該日商所以提出通過A銀行代收貨款的原因，當然是該商與A銀行有既定融資關(guān)系，從而可取得提前借單的便利，以達到進一步利用我方資金的目的。

11.（1）案中因觸礁造成船底劃破，致使海水滲入貨艙，造成船貨的部分損失以及船舶遇惡劣氣候，導致裝載的某貨主的一部分貨物被海水浸濕的損失，屬單獨海損； 而因修理船只所花費的修理費和各項費用開支共8000美元屬共同海損。A艙起火使一部分兒童玩具被燒毀屬于單獨海損；

而因灌水滅火使另一部分兒童玩具和全部茶葉被水浸濕屬共同海損。

（2）在投保了平安險的情況下，被保險人有權(quán)就案中所有損失向保險公司提出賠償要求。

12.本案買賣雙方訂立的是CIF合同。CIF合同的含義是賣方負擔貨物在裝運港越過船舷前的一切責任、費用和風險。2000通則在CIF解釋中的第B5款規(guī)定：“買方負擔貨物越過裝運港的船舷后一切貨損貨差的風險”。因此，貨船在途中沉沒造成的貨物損失應(yīng)由買方負擔，買方應(yīng)接受所有單據(jù)并且按合同規(guī)定支付全部貨款。在接受單據(jù)后，買方可以憑單據(jù)向保險單載明的承保人（保險公司）索賠，通?？梢垣@得相當于貨物價值1.1倍的賠償。

13.（1）按國際貿(mào)易習慣，嘜頭由買方提供時在合同中應(yīng)規(guī)定買方提供時間。如超過時間，賣方可提出其他補救辦法，如自行規(guī)定嘜頭。

（2）該公司在此情況下應(yīng)致電買方詢問延誤原因，請其快速電告所設(shè)計嘜頭，否則將由該公司自行規(guī)定。

14．買方的要求不盡合理。理由如下：

采用FOB術(shù)語成交，一般由買方負責租船訂艙。賣方可以接受賣方的委托代為租船訂艙，但賣方不承擔租不到船的責任和風險。就此案例來說，因公司代為租船沒有租到，買方又不同意更換條件，因此，該公司不承擔因自己未租到船而延誤裝運的責任，買方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以，買方的要求不合理，責任和風險應(yīng)該由買方自己承擔。

15.此項損失應(yīng)由買方承擔，買方不應(yīng)該向該公司提出索賠。以CPT術(shù)語成交時，風險轉(zhuǎn)移以貨交承運人為界，即賣方將貨物交給指定承運人，風險即由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移至買方，買方可投貨物保險以確保損失最小。就本案例而言，該公司已將貨物交給承運人，運輸途中及后期風險均由買方自己承擔，因此，該公司可拒絕買方的索賠要求。

16.我方不能因床單受潮而拒付貨款，也不能向賣方提出索賠。理由如下：

（1）采用CIF 術(shù)語成交時，屬于象征性交貨，賣方是憑單交貨，買方是憑單付款，只要賣方如期向買方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù)，即使貨物在運輸途中損壞或滅失，買方也必須旅行付款義務(wù)。反之，如果賣方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求，即使貨物完好無損地運達目的地，買方仍有權(quán)拒付貨款。就此案例而言，賣方提交了全套合格單據(jù)，我方應(yīng)支付貨款。（2）在CIF 條件下，買賣雙方風險轉(zhuǎn)移界限以船舷為界。貨物越過船舷后的風險應(yīng)由買方負擔。就本案例可以看出，貨物越過船舷之前是完好的，因此賣方不承擔風險。我方據(jù)此不能向賣方提出索賠，可依據(jù)所投險別向保險公司提出索賠。17.該公司可向賣方提出索賠。理由如下：

按CFR 條件成交時，盡管貨物在海運途中的風險已轉(zhuǎn)移給買方，但買方為降低自己的風險可辦理貨運保險，這取決于賣方是否及時向買方發(fā)出裝運通知。據(jù)慣例解釋，如果賣方未及時向買方發(fā)出裝運通知，導致買方未能及時辦理保險手續(xù)，由此引起的損失由賣方負擔。就本案例而言，該公司貨物部分丟失是由于賣方未發(fā)出裝船通知而公司未辦理保險手續(xù)而引起的損失，故此，該公司應(yīng)向賣方提出索賠。

18.按照CIP 條件成交，賣方要承擔保險費和運費。因為CIP 條件適合于各種運輸方式，風險是在承運人控制貨物時轉(zhuǎn)移，所以賣方要負責辦理交貨地點到指定目的地的全程運輸，而不僅僅是水上運輸，因此賣方應(yīng)支付全程運費。就本案例而言，賣方支付了海上運輸?shù)馁M用，但并沒有將貨物送往指定目的地，因此還需支付鐵路運輸?shù)馁M用。由此，我方應(yīng)支付貨款，但不需支付鐵路運費，賣方行為不盡合理。

19.（1）外商做法是否合理應(yīng)從兩個方面來看。（2）一般來講，保險公司不負責因包裝不良所造成的損失。所以在進口合同條款中外商應(yīng)對包裝不善造成的損失的索賠問題做出詳細規(guī)定。若買方已做出規(guī)定，包裝不良造成損失由賣方負責，那么外商的做法是合理的。若買方未作具體規(guī)定，則外商做法不盡合理，應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決，或提交仲裁機構(gòu)解決。20.（1）我方據(jù)此提出拒收或索賠是完全合理的。（2）在國際貨物買賣中，如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件，另一方有權(quán)提出索賠，甚至可以拒收貨物。由此可知，雖然外商交貨數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定數(shù)量相符，但他的行為違反了合同中的包裝條款，已構(gòu)成違約，我方可以提出拒收或索賠。

Part VI: Calculation 1.Company A in China exports some goods in carton to UK.They quote: USD50 PER CARTON CFR LONDON.But the businessman in UK requires FOBC2 price.To meet his requirement, how much should we offer then?（Suppose：the measurement of the carton is 45CM x 40CM x 25CM;the gross weight for one carton of goods is 35kgs;the calculation standard for freight tariff is W/M;the basic freight rate is USD120 per freight ton;the BAF is 20% and the port surcharge is10%）。2.We import from Australia 1000 bales of wool.the standard weight is 136.08kg each bale.When the goods reach China, the actual weight of a bale is 137.092kg, the actual moisture measuring 11.84%.Then what is the conditioned weight in total should be?(The acceptable international standard regaining water content of wool and raw silk is 11%.)3.我某公司以CIFC3％條件出口一批貨物，外銷價為每公噸1000 美元，支付運費80 美元，保險費10 美元。該公司進貨成本為每公噸4000 元人民幣，國內(nèi)直接和間接費用加15％。求該商品出口總成本、出口外匯凈收入、出口換匯成本。

4.我方某公司對外報價FOB 價每公噸500 美元，外商來電要求改報CIF 紐約含傭金3％，保險費率合計為0.8％，國外運費每公噸60 美元。請計算我方應(yīng)報價。

5.我方對外報價每公噸1000 美元CIF 新加坡，外商來電要求改報FOB 價中國口岸，已知保險費率為0.85％，國外運費每公噸75 美元，試計算我方應(yīng)報價。

6.我方某公司對外商報價為CFR 價1000 美元，外商要求改報CFRC4％價，我方應(yīng)報價多少? 7.某合同規(guī)定：CIF 香港，每公噸1000 美元，折扣2％。根據(jù)該合同成交的進出口業(yè)務(wù)中出口方每公噸凈收入是多少？

8.買賣雙方訂立合同，規(guī)定整套機械設(shè)備初步價款為100 萬美元，雙方約定原材料、工資、管理費和利潤在價格中的比重分別為50％、30％、20％。簽訂合同時物價指數(shù)、工資指數(shù)均為100，交貨時原材料物價指數(shù)、工資指數(shù)分別上升至110、112。假設(shè)雙方約定按物價指數(shù)和工資指數(shù)調(diào)整價款，那么最終價格應(yīng)為多少？

Keys to calculation:

1.1）measurement ton of the carton:0.45*0.4*0.25=0.045 2）weight ton of the carton:0.035 3）0.045>0.035 Based on the w/m, so choose the measurement ton 4)FREIGHT= Freight ton x Basic Freight per F/T x(1+additional freight rates)= 0.045*120*(1+20%+10%)=7.02

5)FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98(USD)

6)FOBC2=FOB/(1-commission rate)=42.98/(1-2%)=43.86(USD)So, we offer USD43.86 PER CARTON FOBC2 CHINA PORTS.33 2.Wa x(1+standard regaining rate of water)Wc =-1 + actual regaining rate of water In which: Wa-Actual Weight Wc-Conditioned Weight

In this case: Wa = 1000 x 137.092 = 137092 KGS standard regaining rate of water = 11% actual regaining rate of water = 11.84% so, Wc = 137092(1+ 11%)/(1+ 11.84%)= 136062.34KGS 3.解：出口總成本＝4000×（1＋15％）＝4600（人民幣元）

出口外匯凈收入＝1000－（80＋10＋1000×3％）＝880（美元）出口換匯成本＝4600÷880≈5.227（人民幣元/美元）

4.解：CIFC3％紐約價＝（500＋60）÷（1－1.1×0.8％－3％）≈582.6（美元）5.解：fob 中國岸價＝1000×（1－1.1×0.85％）－75＝915.65（美元）6.解：CFRC4％價＝1000÷（1－4％）≈1041.7（美元）7.解：出口方單位商品凈收入＝1000×（1－2％）＝980（美元）8.解：按題意可知P0＝100 萬，A＝20％，B＝50％，C＝30％，M＝110，M0＝100，W＝112，W0＝100 則最終價格P＝100×（20％＋50％×110/100＋30％×112/100）＝108.6（萬美元）

第四篇：傳統(tǒng)國際貿(mào)易理論

第三章傳統(tǒng)國際貿(mào)易理論

一、名詞解釋

1重商主義2.零和游戲3.絕對優(yōu)勢理論

4．比較優(yōu)勢理論5.要素稟賦6.要素密集度

二、單項選擇題

1.重商主義的基本觀點是一種()。

A．國際金融的“乘數(shù)理論”B.國際貿(mào)易的“零和理論”

C.國際金融的“杠桿原理”D.國際貿(mào)易的“絕對優(yōu)勢理論”

2.國際分工—國際貿(mào)易理論的創(chuàng)始者是()。

A、亞當·斯密B.大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖

C.赫克歇爾D.俄林

3.假如A國使用同樣數(shù)量的時間比B國生產(chǎn)更多同種商品X,那么A國在商品X的生產(chǎn)上()。

A．有相對優(yōu)勢B.有絕對優(yōu)勢

C.相對有利D.絕對不利

4．國際分工的形成與發(fā)展受到各種因素的影響，其中決定性因素是()。

A．自然條件B.社會生產(chǎn)力

C.上層建筑D.生產(chǎn)關(guān)系

三、簡答題

1．試述重商主義的要旨。

2．試述絕對優(yōu)勢理論的主要論點。

3．試述比較優(yōu)勢理論的主要內(nèi)容，并簡評之。

4、有比較優(yōu)勢的一定有絕對的優(yōu)勢，但有絕對的優(yōu)勢并不一定有比較利益。

請問上述的說法正確嗎？為什么？

5．A國與B國同時生產(chǎn)小麥與布，A國在生產(chǎn)小麥上比B國的生產(chǎn)成本低1/3，在生產(chǎn)布上低2/5。按照李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢原理，在其他條件一樣時，A國應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么？B國應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么？

6．中國的土地比澳大利亞大得多，但為什么澳大利亞的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品比中國更具有竟爭力？

第五篇：國際貿(mào)易理論學習心得

國際經(jīng)濟學之貿(mào)易理論與政策學習心得

班級：金融學2015屆 學號：20150221016 姓名：雷順利

一 緒論

大一的第二學期，我選修了一門“國際貿(mào)易理論與實務(wù)”的課程。我學的專業(yè)是制藥，一開始選擇這門課是覺得國際貿(mào)易聽上去挺得瑟的，學了后和人交談的時候就可以忽悠他幾下；但是我也覺得在未來的日子里，總是要與經(jīng)濟方面的東西所聯(lián)系的，所以學點經(jīng)濟也是有實用的。隨著近一學期的課程的學習，同時在老師平時的悉心教導下，我對國際貿(mào)易這門學問有了嶄新的認知與了解，并對這門學科產(chǎn)生了更加深刻的感想。

國際貿(mào)易是指不同國家（和/或地區(qū)）之間的商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動。國際貿(mào)易是商品和勞務(wù)的國際轉(zhuǎn)移。國際貿(mào)易也叫世界貿(mào)易，它分為國際貿(mào)易理論與國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)。

（一）國際貿(mào)易理論的發(fā)展

大致經(jīng)歷了古典、新古典、新貿(mào)易理論以及新興古典國際貿(mào)易理論四大階段。古典和新古典國際貿(mào)易理論以完全競爭市場等假設(shè)為前提，強調(diào)貿(mào)易的互利性，主要解釋了產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易。二戰(zhàn)后，以全球貿(mào)易的新態(tài)勢為契機，新貿(mào)易理論應(yīng)運而生，從不完全競爭、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟、技術(shù)進步等角度解釋了新的貿(mào)易現(xiàn)象。新興古典國際貿(mào)易理論則以專業(yè)化分工來解釋貿(mào)易，力圖將傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易理論和新貿(mào)易理論統(tǒng)一在新興古典貿(mào)易理論的框架之內(nèi)。

（二）國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)

主要包括國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語、國際貨物運輸、國際貨物運輸保險以及合同條款和付款方式等。國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)與現(xiàn)實的聯(lián)系非常緊密，操作性非常強，有助于強化我們的動手實踐的能力，鞏固和深化已學過的理論、方法，提高發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、分析問題和解決問題的能力。在這門課程中，我自己認識與了解了進行國際貨物買賣實務(wù)的具體操作，熟練了運用進出口的成本核算、詢盤、報盤、還盤等各種基本技巧，還熟悉了國際貿(mào)易的物流、資金流和業(yè)務(wù)流的運作方式，體會國際貿(mào)易中不同當事人的不同地位、面臨的具體工作和互動關(guān)系，學會了外貿(mào)公司利用各種方式控制成本以達到利潤最大化的思路。通過調(diào)整商品成本和價格、調(diào)整匯率、業(yè)務(wù)費用、海運費、保險費率及突發(fā)事件等讓我們了解到在相關(guān)法律下要充分發(fā)揮主觀能動性，真正掌握和吸收課堂中所學的知識，為將來步入工作崗位打下良好基礎(chǔ)。

國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)具有涉外活動實踐性很強的特點,涉及到國際貿(mào)易法律與慣例、國際金融、國際運輸與保險等學科的基本原理與基本知識的應(yīng)用。因此我在學習過程中,往往感到內(nèi)容多,涉及面廣,政策性和操作性強,既有出口業(yè)務(wù),又有進口業(yè)務(wù);既要掌握國際法律與慣例,學會應(yīng)用基本理論知識分析案例,又要學會有關(guān)的計算方法。面對市場化、國際化和信息化社會，作為一名物流專業(yè)學生,我認為掌握一些有關(guān)國際貿(mào)易的基本理論與實務(wù)知識有助于培養(yǎng)全方位的能力，提高綜合素質(zhì),培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神,增強我們的核心競爭能力。

（三）貿(mào)易術(shù)語

構(gòu)成國際貿(mào)易單價的重要組成部分，故又稱為價格術(shù)語或價格條件；同時還是用以劃分買賣雙方在交接貨物過程中各自應(yīng)承擔的責任、風險和費用。而交貨地點往往成為劃分責任、風險、費用的界點。商品交換離不開運輸，對外貿(mào)易運輸是外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。對外貿(mào)易運輸方式種類很多，其中，海洋運輸占有重要的地位。貨運保險與貨物運輸一樣，是國際貿(mào)易一個不可缺少的組成部分。保險涉及的范圍很廣，內(nèi)容也較復雜且技術(shù)性強。貨運保險的種類取決于運輸方式，而海運又是國際貨物運輸?shù)闹饕绞?，海運貨物保險在國際貿(mào)易中便具有突出的重要意義。價格、裝運、結(jié)匯是國際貿(mào)易中的三大問題，在國際貿(mào)易中，大多以匯票作為支付工具、以信用證(L/C)作為支付方式進行貨款的結(jié)算。貨款的收付不單純是一個技術(shù)問題,而且還受到各種政治和經(jīng)濟因素的制約。在學習中，我們要以國際貿(mào)易基本原理和國家對外方針政策為指導，把課程中所學到的基礎(chǔ)理論和基本政策加以具體運用。力求做到理論與實踐、政策與業(yè)務(wù)有效地結(jié)合起來，不斷提高自己的分析與解決實際問題的能力。

二 總結(jié)

掌握國際貿(mào)易的理論和國內(nèi)外常用的貿(mào)易政策，認識和理解國家有關(guān)貿(mào)易政策的理論依據(jù)及其對經(jīng)濟的影響，同時啟發(fā)加入WTO后我國貿(mào)易體制和貿(mào)易政策的改革，讓我們真正做到理論和實踐相結(jié)合。即通過課程學習，使我們既有國際貿(mào)易和投資的基本理論知識，以便能為其他經(jīng)濟類課程的學習奠定基礎(chǔ)。同時又有較強的操作能力和分析解決問題的能力，成為符合社會主義市場需求的新型人才。

自我國加入WTO之后，全球經(jīng)濟一體化日益加強，知識經(jīng)濟也成為了主流。如何在貿(mào)易大潮中取得先機，如何利用貿(mào)易更好的發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、改善國民生活質(zhì)量，這些都是一個國家要思考要探索的問題。改革開放三十年以來，我國的經(jīng)濟建設(shè)取得了舉世矚目的成就，GDP一直保持舉世罕見的高速增長。但是，我們深知，經(jīng)濟總量上的增長并不代表經(jīng)濟質(zhì)量的真正發(fā)展，以此我國提出了轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式的方針。在我國，拉動經(jīng)濟增長的“三駕馬車”按照比例排，分別是“出口、投資、消費”。出口是主要增長點。因此，轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方式具體在對外貿(mào)易上，就是要轉(zhuǎn)變出口結(jié)構(gòu)，從以低價產(chǎn)品為主向高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品為主轉(zhuǎn)變。因此，作為當代的大學生，我想沒有人可以完全對國際貿(mào)易絲毫不懂。國際貿(mào)易的最大意義也在于此。

同時，作為個人，要適應(yīng)這樣的時代，或者想要在這樣一個經(jīng)濟全球化、一體化的時代有所作為，就必須掌握國際貿(mào)易的知識。總之，通過對國際貿(mào)易的學習，使我更加深刻的感覺到，國際貿(mào)易這門課是注重理論與實踐緊密結(jié)合。通過系統(tǒng)地學習國際貿(mào)易理論與實務(wù)，使我們了解了國際貿(mào)易的基本理論，掌握了國際貿(mào)易的基本程序和基本做法，熟悉了進出口業(yè)務(wù)的各個環(huán)節(jié)，同時也掌握了國際上一些通行的慣例和普遍實行的原則，受益匪淺。這門課程是一種實踐性很強的課程，它不光要求我們有扎實的理論知識而且必須具有很強的動手操作能力，因此在以后的學習生活中我還必須加強社會實踐，培養(yǎng)自己的動手能力以適應(yīng)社會的要求。在以后的學習中我會更加努力學習國際貿(mào)易知識，并且要學會把各門知識融會貫通，注重理論與實踐的相結(jié)合，豐富自己的知識和生活閱歷。