第一篇：賞析短文寫(xiě)作中的主題思想及其表現(xiàn)

賞析短文寫(xiě)作中的主題思想及其表現(xiàn)

一、考綱點(diǎn)擊：鑒賞評(píng)價(jià) E級(jí)

1．鑒賞文學(xué)作品的形象、語(yǔ)言和表達(dá)技巧；

2．評(píng)價(jià)文章的思想內(nèi)容和作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。

3．湖南考綱“補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明”規(guī)定，主要從“主題思想及其表現(xiàn)”、“藝術(shù)手法”和“構(gòu)思技巧”三個(gè)方面設(shè)題

二、鑒賞文寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2006年）

A等12-16分：把握準(zhǔn)確，分析深刻，評(píng)價(jià)中肯，敘析評(píng)有機(jī)結(jié)合，語(yǔ)言流暢優(yōu)美。

B等9-12分：對(duì)賞析要點(diǎn)和角度把握基本準(zhǔn) 確，有一定分析，評(píng)價(jià)基本合理，敘析評(píng)結(jié)合，語(yǔ)言合要求。C等4-8分：對(duì)賞析要點(diǎn)和角度把握不準(zhǔn) 確，敘析評(píng)三者有缺失，語(yǔ)言不合要求。D等0-3分：穿靴戴帽，或言不及義，或另起爐灶，酌情給分。

注：字?jǐn)?shù)不足100，在C等以下計(jì)分，字?jǐn)?shù)不足200，在B等 以下計(jì)分。

三、基本步驟

1．分析主題思想

2．表達(dá)主題思想

3．整合成文學(xué)短文

第一步：分析主題思想

1、研究標(biāo)題、頭尾

2、抓關(guān)鍵詞句推測(cè)中心

3．分析主要人和事

4．聯(lián)系作品背景

5．注意作者情感的常見(jiàn)表達(dá)形式

方法：抓關(guān)鍵詞句推測(cè)中心

一般隱含或明示主題思想的關(guān)鍵句：

①反復(fù)句 有的文章中，反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)句最能表現(xiàn)作者思想情感。

②概括句 這是集中表現(xiàn)文章主要內(nèi)容、主要思想的語(yǔ)句，常常以議論、抒情等表達(dá)方式出現(xiàn)。

③主旨句 點(diǎn)明題旨,表達(dá)文章中心的句子為主旨語(yǔ)。它最能集中地體現(xiàn)作者的主要觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。

④過(guò)渡句 一般文章的過(guò)渡句能顯示文章的層次脈絡(luò)．故能由此探尋到文章的主要思想。

⑤標(biāo)題句 它往往和作者的寫(xiě)作意圖有密切的關(guān)系，有的標(biāo)題可以概括文章的主題或體現(xiàn)文章主題的基本精神。

除了關(guān)鍵句，我們還要注意作者情感的常見(jiàn)表達(dá)形式：

①作者現(xiàn)身 作者常常打斷敘事過(guò)程，主動(dòng)站起來(lái)進(jìn)行“說(shuō)法”，直接表達(dá)個(gè)人見(jiàn)解。如《史記》，以“太史公

曰”的形式直接表述了自己的見(jiàn)解。

②情節(jié)昭示 通過(guò)情節(jié)的發(fā)展來(lái)表現(xiàn)自己的思想傾向性。如《雷雨》，作者通過(guò)一個(gè)家庭內(nèi)部的矛盾發(fā)展，揭示

了封建大家庭的罪惡。

③人物語(yǔ)言 作者通過(guò)作品中的某些人物語(yǔ)言來(lái)宣揚(yáng)自己的學(xué)說(shuō)、傾訴自己的情感。如《屈原》，郭沫若通過(guò)主人

公屈原之獨(dú)自，強(qiáng)烈地鞭撻了罪惡的世界．表達(dá)了對(duì)光明理想的渴望。

④細(xì)節(jié)暗示 為了透露思想傾向性，作者常常注重細(xì)節(jié)的渲染。如《祝福》，小說(shuō)寫(xiě)道：“極分明的顯現(xiàn)出壁上掛

著的朱拓的大“壽”字．陳摶老祖寫(xiě)的；一邊的對(duì)聯(lián)已經(jīng)脫落，松松的卷了放在長(zhǎng)桌上，一邊的還在，道是‘事理通

達(dá)心氣和平’?！边@一描寫(xiě)揭示出了魯四老爺虛偽的性格特點(diǎn)．蘊(yùn)含著作者強(qiáng)烈的憎惡之情。

第二步：表達(dá)主題思想

方法：掌握基本模式和具體模式

1、基本模式

運(yùn)用了（什么）手法（比如：表達(dá)方式、修辭手法、表現(xiàn)手法等），記敘了（什么）過(guò)程或描寫(xiě)了（什么）形象、表現(xiàn)了（什么）特點(diǎn)，抒發(fā)或表達(dá)了（什么）思想感情。

2、具體模式舉隅

（1）、本文小中見(jiàn)大，從我們所熟知的??入手，抓住??的??特點(diǎn)，讓我們從平常小事中領(lǐng)悟到??這

個(gè)深刻的生活道理。（或從平常小事中體現(xiàn)出了崇高的思想境界；或從平常小事中表現(xiàn)出美好的精神品質(zhì)。）

（2）、托物言志：本文巧妙地運(yùn)用了托物言志的寫(xiě)法，作者緊緊抓住??的??的特點(diǎn)，精心刻畫(huà)，從而含

蓄地表達(dá)了作者??的理想（或人生觀或生活態(tài)度或精神品質(zhì)）

（3）、象征：本文運(yùn)用象征的寫(xiě)作手法，抓住了??與??相似的特點(diǎn)，通過(guò)對(duì)??準(zhǔn)確的描寫(xiě)，更好地

達(dá)到了表現(xiàn)??的目的。

3．表達(dá)格式

本文通過(guò)??，抒發(fā)了（贊美了、表達(dá)了、批判了）??，并流露出??（也是鑒賞短文的第一段）

第三步：整合成文學(xué)短文

體裁:賞析短文——議論文,有標(biāo)題.觀點(diǎn)————評(píng)：評(píng)價(jià)、總結(jié)

論據(jù)————敘：復(fù)述、引用

論證————析：解剖、分析

寫(xiě)法:采用敘議結(jié)合、評(píng)析結(jié)合的寫(xiě)法。

在文學(xué)短文中，敘是指對(duì)作品內(nèi)容的復(fù)述、介紹或引用，議則包含分析和評(píng)價(jià)兩方面。分析，是對(duì)作品的

思想內(nèi)容、藝術(shù)特色等進(jìn)行揭示的過(guò)程，評(píng)價(jià)，則是作者通過(guò)分析得到的結(jié)論，即對(duì)作品或作者藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造的總的看法，也就是文學(xué)評(píng)論的中心論點(diǎn)。

四、方法指津

1.基本采用總分總的模式。

2.第一段概括主題（總）

3.第二段析表現(xiàn)，采用層進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)（即按文章組織順序采用敘評(píng)結(jié)合的方式由開(kāi)頭至結(jié)尾進(jìn)行鑒賞）(分)。

4.第三段表述,通觀全文，??（總結(jié)照應(yīng)，概括，評(píng)價(jià)）(總)

五、涉及主題、意境、感情方面的術(shù)語(yǔ)

主旨深遠(yuǎn)，言近旨遠(yuǎn)，主題（中心）突出，深化主題（中心）。

意蘊(yùn)豐富，意境深遠(yuǎn)，意境優(yōu)美，意味深長(zhǎng)，耐人尋味，意在言外，言有盡而意無(wú)窮，感情細(xì)膩，感情真摯，懷古傷今，一切景語(yǔ)皆情語(yǔ)。

第二篇：賞析短文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)

賞析短文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)

? 第一、先明白命題的考核目的，然后準(zhǔn)確、全面、透徹地解讀文本。抓住關(guān)鍵句，進(jìn)行思路分析。

? 第二、賞析短文的表述：文章結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，一般采用“總說(shuō)——分說(shuō)——總結(jié)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。首先要單刀直入、開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山地提出論點(diǎn)，也就是提出你對(duì)該文的總體評(píng)價(jià)。然后就原作內(nèi)容進(jìn)行復(fù)述、介紹、引用，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià)，也就是采用“述評(píng)結(jié)合”的方法，一定要“述 ”和“評(píng)”相結(jié)合。? 第三、適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用鑒賞的常用術(shù)語(yǔ)。? 第四、表達(dá)要準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔。

寫(xiě)作賞析短文的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)(一)主題思想：

立意深刻獨(dú)到,鞭辟入里；突破定勢(shì),標(biāo)新立異；主旨深遠(yuǎn),意蘊(yùn)豐富；言近旨遠(yuǎn),耐人尋味；言有盡而意無(wú)窮；人無(wú)我有,人有我奇；意境深遠(yuǎn)．(二)構(gòu)思技巧：

構(gòu)思,是作者對(duì)自己將要?jiǎng)邮謱?xiě)作的文章從內(nèi)容到形式所作的總體設(shè)想。構(gòu)思的外在表現(xiàn)形式為文章結(jié)構(gòu)。文章的構(gòu)思技巧主要從作品的立意、選材、結(jié)構(gòu)安排、體裁、意境、表現(xiàn)手法等方面去判別。常見(jiàn)的鑒賞角度和術(shù)語(yǔ)：

①?gòu)牧⒁獾臉?gòu)思及其表現(xiàn)看,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山、見(jiàn)解獨(dú)到、畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛、卒章顯志、形散神聚、以小見(jiàn)大、發(fā)人深省、托物言志、寓言寄意、對(duì)比反襯、欲揚(yáng)先抑、欲抑先揚(yáng)、欲擒故縱、反彈琵琶、逆向思維等。

②從選材、組材的構(gòu)思及其表現(xiàn)看,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有

以小見(jiàn)大、以點(diǎn)帶面,正反映襯(對(duì)比對(duì)照)、搖曳多姿,形散神聚、巧設(shè)線索、明暗交織,選材典型、多角度描寫(xiě)、詳略得當(dāng)?shù)取?/p>

③從結(jié)構(gòu)安排(或者說(shuō)上下文的關(guān)系)的構(gòu)思來(lái)看,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有前后照應(yīng)(首尾呼應(yīng))、層層鋪墊、巧設(shè)伏筆(鋪墊)、巧設(shè)懸念、巧妙勾連,層層推進(jìn)(層層深入、步步遞進(jìn))、層層剝筍,對(duì)比烘托、搖曳多姿,紅線串珠(彩線串珠)、形散神聚、渾然天成,總分總式,并列結(jié)構(gòu),縱橫捭闔、開(kāi)合自如,情節(jié)波瀾、張弛有度等。

④賞析意境、表現(xiàn)手法等方面的構(gòu)思技巧,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有

虛實(shí)結(jié)合、虛實(shí)相生、思維嚴(yán)密、構(gòu)思精巧、不落窠臼、運(yùn)用蒙太奇手法等．(三)藝術(shù)手法：

1.表達(dá)方式：敘述、描寫(xiě)、議論、抒情、說(shuō)明等。

2.表現(xiàn)手法：比興,聯(lián)想和想象,象征, 烘托,對(duì)比,渲染,用典,諷喻． 3.修辭手法：比喻、擬人、排比、反復(fù)、對(duì)偶等。

4.寫(xiě)作技巧：以動(dòng)襯靜,動(dòng)靜結(jié)合；虛實(shí)結(jié)合；點(diǎn)面結(jié)合；側(cè)面描寫(xiě)；粗筆勾勒；工筆細(xì)描；繪形繪聲繪色；

5.描寫(xiě)手法：肖像描寫(xiě)、動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)、心理描寫(xiě)、環(huán)境描寫(xiě)(景物描寫(xiě))、細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)等。6.抒情方式：直接抒情(直抒胸臆),間接抒情(情景交融、借景抒情、托物言志、寓情于景、情景交融、情景相生、以樂(lè)景襯哀情)。(四)語(yǔ)言特色：

清新明快, 簡(jiǎn)潔洗練, 含而不露, 簡(jiǎn)筆勾勒,濃墨重彩, 體物入微, 窮形盡相, 詩(shī)情畫(huà)意,富有哲理, 耐人尋味, 形神兼?zhèn)? 語(yǔ)言淺近明白如話, 言簡(jiǎn)意豐, 行云流水,平實(shí)質(zhì)樸,詼諧幽默, 辛辣諷刺, 準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng), 形象生動(dòng),惟妙惟肖, 淋漓盡致, 留有空白, 情韻悠長(zhǎng),力透紙背, 入木三分。把握賞析短文的寫(xiě)作方法,規(guī)范答題格式 ㈠、標(biāo)題 基本要求： ①使用題目給定的標(biāo)題

②格式:正標(biāo)題空四個(gè)格子,副標(biāo)題另起一行,空六個(gè)格子 ㈡、領(lǐng)起段寫(xiě)作要求：

①明確賞析對(duì)象,緊扣所選的題目寫(xiě)(正標(biāo)題是觀點(diǎn),副標(biāo)題是寫(xiě)作角度)②做出總體評(píng)價(jià) 基本格式：

(1)賞析“主題思想及其表現(xiàn)”的常用格式：

a、本文通過(guò)記敘(描寫(xiě))……,表達(dá)了作者……的思想感情．

例：《項(xiàng)鏈》通過(guò)描寫(xiě)瑪?shù)贍柕乱允甑暮寥憧嗳ベr償一條借來(lái)的假項(xiàng)鏈的悲劇故事,尖銳地諷刺了小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)虛榮心和追求享樂(lè)的思想。b、……是《……》的主題．

例：描寫(xiě)群眾的愚昧和革命者的悲哀是魯迅的短篇小說(shuō)《藥》的主題思想． ②賞析藝術(shù)手法：

本文主要采用了……的藝術(shù)手法,生動(dòng)形象地表現(xiàn)了……,具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)感染力．(手法+表達(dá)效果)例：朱自清在《荷塘月色》一文中大量運(yùn)用了比喻的修辭手法,描摹景色形象生動(dòng),表達(dá)感情細(xì)膩入微。(《鮮明的比喻—— 藝術(shù)手法簡(jiǎn)析》領(lǐng)起段)③構(gòu)思技巧：

a、……是《……》構(gòu)思上最突出的特點(diǎn)．

例:以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感為線索,三線并進(jìn),娓娓道來(lái),是《在山陰道上》謀篇布局上最突出的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。(《簡(jiǎn)析 謀篇布局的技巧》領(lǐng)起段)b、《……》構(gòu)思上最大的特點(diǎn)是……． 例：《在山陰道上》一文在謀篇布局上最大的特點(diǎn)是文章以明、暗兩條線索相互交錯(cuò),使文章條理清晰,布局精巧。(《簡(jiǎn)析 謀篇布局的技巧》領(lǐng)起段)㈢、主體部分基本要求：

①緊扣領(lǐng)起段提出的觀點(diǎn)分析． ②邊敘邊議． ③注意條理,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用序數(shù)詞． ④適當(dāng)提段． ㈣、總結(jié)段 基本要求： ①再現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)

②運(yùn)用術(shù)語(yǔ)(如“總之”“綜上所述”“總而言之”等)例：a.總之,《在山陰道上》一文以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感三條線索,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,密不可分,從而使情感升華,主題深化。(《簡(jiǎn)析 謀篇布局的技巧》總結(jié)段)b.總而言之,《荷塘月色》一文運(yùn)用鮮明的比喻,既形象地描寫(xiě)了荷塘月色的美景,也傳達(dá)了作者對(duì)荷塘的喜愛(ài)之情。

范文引路：

怎一個(gè)妙字了得(正標(biāo)題是觀點(diǎn),是寫(xiě)作的小的切入點(diǎn))——賞析《登泰山記》的藝術(shù)手法(副標(biāo)題是寫(xiě)作角度)《登泰山記》一文巧妙地運(yùn)用了側(cè)面烘托和比喻擬人等藝術(shù)手法,生動(dòng)地描寫(xiě)了泰山雪后初晴的瑰麗景色和日出時(shí)的雄渾景象,具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)感染力．(領(lǐng)起段： 手法+表達(dá)效果 ①明確賞析對(duì)象,緊扣所選的題目寫(xiě)②做出總體評(píng)價(jià))抓住特征巧妙烘托,是本文寫(xiě)作上的一個(gè)重要特征。本文描寫(xiě)景物很少直接寫(xiě)出,而是采用側(cè)面烘托的辦法。(評(píng))例如,先用“其級(jí)七千有余”(敘)暗暗點(diǎn)出泰山的雄偉(析),然后借山頂俯視所見(jiàn)“半山居霧”和在日觀亭時(shí)“足下皆云漫”的圖景(敘)從側(cè)面烘托泰山的高峻(析)。又如寫(xiě)雪,除“冰雪”“雪與人膝齊”等正面描寫(xiě)外,又以“明燭天南”“白若”“絳皓駁色”(敘)等作側(cè)面烘托,給人以想象,又生動(dòng)有趣(析)。

本文使用比喻和擬人手法也各具特點(diǎn)。(評(píng))“蒼山負(fù)雪,明燭天南”(敘).作者不言冰雪覆蓋青山,卻說(shuō)青山背負(fù)著雪,賦予靜態(tài)的青山以人的動(dòng)態(tài),用語(yǔ)新穎、傳神(析).“汶水、徂徠如畫(huà),而半山居霧若帶然”(敘),作者縱目遠(yuǎn)眺,夕陽(yáng)照耀著泰安城,汶水、徂徠好像自然天成的山水畫(huà),而山腰間停留著的云霧好像飄帶一般?！鞍肷骄屿F”,不僅把動(dòng)態(tài)的物寫(xiě)成靜態(tài),使人感受到那種特有的寧?kù)o氣息,而且設(shè)喻新奇,給人以美的享受(析).“回視日觀以西峰,或得日,或否,絳皓駁色,而皆若僂”(敘),這一比喻,寫(xiě)出了西南諸峰的特點(diǎn),更顯出日觀峰的雄峻,且賦予山峰以人的感情,形象而生動(dòng)(析)。(主體部分：①緊扣領(lǐng)起段提出的觀點(diǎn)分析．②邊敘邊議．③注意條理,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用序數(shù)詞．④適當(dāng)提段．)總之,本文巧妙的運(yùn)用多種藝術(shù)手法,寫(xiě)出了泰山的神秀壯麗,能喚起人們對(duì)泰山的向往,讓人深刻地感受到祖國(guó)山河的壯美,真乃怎一個(gè)妙字了得。(總結(jié)段：①再現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)②運(yùn)用術(shù)語(yǔ)(如“總之”“綜上所述”“總而言之”等)文章的寫(xiě)作技巧為設(shè)喻說(shuō)理，借拔牙寫(xiě)剿匪，特別指官匪，生動(dòng) 形象。作者自己口中的那些蟲(chóng)牙，不但不能為自己的身體服務(wù)，反而危害自己的身體，根本沒(méi)有替作者造福的能力。作者非但不能通緝他們，還要袒護(hù)他們，但他們卻仍要與作者作對(duì)。這巧妙的隱喻了當(dāng)時(shí)黑暗的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)官員的腐敗無(wú)能。不為民為國(guó)造福，反而危害人民，危害國(guó)家。而人民還要在他們的苛政之下生活，還要送東西孝敬他們。

作者起先反對(duì)在口中剿匪，認(rèn)為自己要有文王之德，而后受到了勸告，要剿匪；事成后，全無(wú)痛苦，還裝了十來(lái)根方方正正的假牙。這隱喻；貪官污吏被滿門抄斬后，換上一批盡職盡責(zé)的官員，為人民造福。通篇采用設(shè)喻說(shuō)理，暗喻當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。通俗易懂，十分有趣。

本文語(yǔ)言幽默、詼諧。把拔牙比作剿匪，把牙齒拔光就是要把國(guó)土上的官匪肅清。作者沒(méi)有一本正經(jīng)地講述自己的主題，而是從自身出發(fā)，從牙齒出發(fā)。莊嚴(yán)之中也帶著一點(diǎn)小俏皮。作者形象地揭露出一些官位處于國(guó)家棟梁之位，被人民滋養(yǎng)，卻危害國(guó)家；不為人民造福，卻殘害人民。本文的語(yǔ)言讓讀者欣賞的同時(shí)，也給人一種幽默的感覺(jué)?？勺x完后，卻能使讀者陷入沉思。

這篇文章具有強(qiáng)烈的諷刺意義，諷刺了那些官匪，對(duì)待他們千萬(wàn)不可采取隱忍、孝敬的態(tài)度，對(duì)官匪的仁慈是不對(duì)的，對(duì)他們唯一的辦法就是興兵伐紂，替天行道。

第三篇：“賞析短文”的寫(xiě)作(講義)

“賞析短文”的寫(xiě)作(網(wǎng)友來(lái)稿)

http://004km.cn 中學(xué)語(yǔ)文教學(xué)資源網(wǎng) 2005-04-07

朱天仁

《湖南省2005年高考考試大綱補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明(語(yǔ)文)》中對(duì)現(xiàn)代文閱讀這一板塊的題型和賦分作了重大調(diào)整,現(xiàn)將該題型的調(diào)整情況和我們的第一次指導(dǎo)材料上傳,與同仁交流。

《考綱（補(bǔ)充）》題型示例：

報(bào)

秋

宗

璞

似乎剛過(guò)完了春節(jié)，什么都還來(lái)不及干呢，已是長(zhǎng)夏天氣，讓人懶洋洋的像只貓。一家人夏衣尚未打點(diǎn)好，猛然卻玉簪花那雪白的圓鼓鼓的棒槌，從擁擠著的寬大的綠葉中探出頭來(lái)。我先是一驚，隨即悵然。這花一開(kāi)，沒(méi)幾天便是立秋。以后便是處暑便是秋分便是寒露，過(guò)了霜降，便立冬了。真真的怎么得了！

這花的生命力極強(qiáng)，隨便種種，總會(huì)活的。不挑地方，不揀土壤，而且特別喜歡背陰處，把陽(yáng)光讓給別人，很是謙讓。據(jù)說(shuō)花瓣可以入藥。還有人來(lái)討那葉子，要搗爛了治腳氣。我說(shuō)它是生活上向下比，工作上向上比，算是一種玉簪花精神罷。

我喜歡花，卻沒(méi)有侍弄花的閑情。因有自知之明，不敢邀名花居留，只有時(shí)要點(diǎn)草花種種。有一種太陽(yáng)花又名死不了，開(kāi)時(shí)五色繽紛，雜在草間很好看。種了幾次，都不成功?！斑B死不了都種死了?！蔽覀兂＿@樣自嘲。

玉簪花卻不同,從不要人照料,只管自己蓬勃生長(zhǎng)。往后院月洞門小徑的兩旁，隨便移栽了幾個(gè)嫩芽，次年便有綠葉白花，點(diǎn)綴著夏末秋初的景致。我的房門外有一小塊地，原有兩行花，現(xiàn)已形成一片，綠油油的，完全遮住了地面。在晨光熹微或暮色朦朧中，一柄柄白花擎起，隱約如綠波上的白帆，不知駛向何方。有些植物的繁茂枝葉中，會(huì)藏著一些小活物，嚇人一跳。玉簪花下卻總是干凈的。可能因氣味的緣故，不容蟲(chóng)豸近身。

花開(kāi)有十幾朵，滿院便飄著芳香。不是丁香的幽香，不是桂花的甜香，也不是荷花的那種清香。它的香比較強(qiáng)，似乎有點(diǎn)醒腦的作用。采幾朵放在養(yǎng)石子的水盆中，房間里便也飄散著香氣，讓人減少幾分懶洋洋，讓人心里警惕著：秋來(lái)了。

秋是收獲的季節(jié)，我卻兩手空空。一年，兩年過(guò)去了，總是在不安和焦慮中。怪誰(shuí)呢，很難回答。

久居異鄉(xiāng)的兄長(zhǎng)，業(yè)余喜好詩(shī)詞。前天寄來(lái)南宋詞人朱敦儒的西江月：

日日深杯酒滿，朝朝小圃花開(kāi)，自歌自舞自開(kāi)懷，無(wú)拘無(wú)束無(wú)礙。

青史幾番春夢(mèng)，紅塵多少奇才，不消計(jì)較與安排，領(lǐng)取而今現(xiàn)在。

我把“領(lǐng)取而今現(xiàn)在”一句反復(fù)吟哦，覺(jué)得這是一種悠然自得的境界。其實(shí)不必深杯酒滿，不必小圃花開(kāi)，只在心中領(lǐng)取，使得逍遙。

領(lǐng)取自己那一份，也有品味把玩、獲得的意思。那么，領(lǐng)取秋，領(lǐng)取冬，領(lǐng)取四季，領(lǐng)取生活罷。

18、作者在第一自然段中寫(xiě)到看見(jiàn)玉簪花開(kāi)，“先是一驚，隨即悵然”。

（1）作者為什么吃驚？（2分）

答：（不超過(guò)8個(gè)字）

（2）聯(lián)系全文看，作者為什么悵然？

答：（不超過(guò)10個(gè)字）

19、作者在第三自然段中寫(xiě)自己種太陽(yáng)花的經(jīng)歷，這樣寫(xiě)有什么作用？（2分）

答：（不超過(guò)12個(gè)字）

20、作者在第一自然段和最后一個(gè)自然段中，分別使用了6個(gè)“便”字和5個(gè)“領(lǐng)取”，這樣寫(xiě)在表達(dá)上有什么作用？（6分）

（1）反復(fù)使用“便”字的好處是：（不超過(guò)26個(gè)字）

（2）反復(fù)使用“領(lǐng)取”字的好處是：（不超過(guò)26個(gè)字）

21、從下列題目中任選一個(gè)，寫(xiě)一篇300字左右的賞析短文。（15分）

（1）試析《報(bào)秋》的主題思想及其表現(xiàn)。

（2）《報(bào)秋》的藝術(shù)手法賞析。

（3）談?wù)劇秷?bào)秋》的構(gòu)思技巧。

“賞析短文”寫(xiě)作提示：

寫(xiě)好“賞析短文”的關(guān)鍵是對(duì)賞析的作品有深入的了解和準(zhǔn)確的把握。所以在寫(xiě)作前要認(rèn)真讀懂文章，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行整體把握，然后在選擇評(píng)論的方面作深入思考。

賞析短文常采取以議為主，敘議結(jié)合，評(píng)析結(jié)合的寫(xiě)法。敘，是指對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的復(fù)述、介紹或引用；議，則包括分析和評(píng)價(jià)兩個(gè)方面。分析，是對(duì)作品的思想內(nèi)容、藝術(shù)特點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行揭示的過(guò)程。評(píng)價(jià)，則是作者通過(guò)分析得出的結(jié)論，即評(píng)論者在選定的評(píng)論角度對(duì)作品的一種總的看法，也就是所寫(xiě)賞析短文的中心論點(diǎn)。“敘”與“議”的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是論據(jù)同論點(diǎn)、材料同觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)系，“敘”是為“議”服務(wù)的；“析”與“評(píng)”的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是論證同論點(diǎn)（結(jié)論）的關(guān)系，“析”是為“評(píng)”服務(wù)的。所以在寫(xiě)賞析短文時(shí)，在注意敘、析、評(píng)三個(gè)方面的有機(jī)結(jié)合。其中以邊敘（引用、復(fù)述）邊議（分析）的方式較多，而評(píng)價(jià)常常是一開(kāi)始就明確提出，或者通過(guò)分析最后水到渠成地引出來(lái)。為了論述的清晰和方便可以把總論點(diǎn)（評(píng)價(jià)）分解為若干分論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述。

“賞析短文”要緊扣所給題目來(lái)寫(xiě)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)題目只會(huì)要求從一個(gè)方面（或主題、或藝術(shù)特點(diǎn)、或結(jié)構(gòu)技巧、或語(yǔ)言特色等）來(lái)進(jìn)行賞析，我們就只能緊扣一個(gè)方面來(lái)寫(xiě)，不要面面俱到，糾纏在一起。賞析的對(duì)象是所給定的文章，因此在有限的字?jǐn)?shù)內(nèi)，不要把給定文章以外的東西過(guò)多地牽扯進(jìn)來(lái)，更不能脫離“賞析”去談“理”抒“情”?！百p析短文”是一篇完整的文章，不是做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)答題，因此要有一個(gè)完整的結(jié)構(gòu)，譬如所寫(xiě)文章要有簡(jiǎn)明的開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段。“賞析短文”要求語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、精練，力求有文采。范文示例（為便于指導(dǎo)，范文字?jǐn)?shù)有增加）

參透紅塵返自然

——試析《報(bào)秋》的主題思想及其表現(xiàn)

淵明有詩(shī)“采菊東籬下，悠然見(jiàn)南山”。人，難得的就是一份恬淡，一份自然的心緒。宗璞先生《報(bào)秋》一文，揭示了他的心路歷程，可謂“參透紅塵返自然”。

這一歷程分為三個(gè)階段：首先是玉簪花的開(kāi)放，讓先生感覺(jué)到時(shí)光飛逝，先是“一驚，隨即悵然”；其次是玉簪花頑強(qiáng)的生命力，給先生以強(qiáng)烈的感受，尤其是此花“不要人照料”，“不挑地方，不揀土壤”，“隨便種種”，就“蓬勃生長(zhǎng)”，花香濃郁，而先生在這

一、兩年中，卻“總在不安和焦慮中”；最后是兄長(zhǎng)寄詞，讓先生感悟到“不必深杯酒滿，不必小圃花開(kāi)，只要心中領(lǐng)取，便是逍遙”。

這一歷程十分明晰，玉簪花仿佛是作者的參照物，它順應(yīng)大自然，自在生長(zhǎng)，活得那么精彩，那么生機(jī)勃勃。而作者自身呢？感嘆時(shí)光飛逝，感嘆秋來(lái)無(wú)獲。由此，作者感悟到“領(lǐng)取自己那一份，也有品味把玩、獲得的意思”。至此，文章的主題也就豁然開(kāi)朗了，就是：只要把握而今，把握現(xiàn)在，過(guò)去何必嘆息，未來(lái)也不必傷感，這樣也就是“領(lǐng)取生活”，內(nèi)心自然就恬然自足，悠然自得了。

還是淵明說(shuō)得好，“悟已往之不諫”，“覺(jué)今是而昨非”。把握了今天、現(xiàn)在，也說(shuō)把握了生活。

（長(zhǎng)沙縣一中星沙校區(qū)高三語(yǔ)文組 執(zhí)筆：邱群豐）

談?wù)劇秷?bào)秋》的構(gòu)思技巧

葉圣陶先生說(shuō)：“思想是有一條路的”，“好文章的作者決不亂走”。宗璞先生的《報(bào)秋》很好地體現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。文章看起來(lái)很散，實(shí)際上全文分成“報(bào)秋”和“知秋”兩大部分，又互相勾連，層層鋪墊，很好地體現(xiàn)了托物言志的感悟式文章的特點(diǎn)。

前六段寫(xiě)“報(bào)秋”，扣住一個(gè)“感”字。文章開(kāi)篇寫(xiě)我看見(jiàn)平簪花“從擁擠著的寬大的綠葉中探出頭來(lái)”，“”先是一驚，隨即悵然。此句領(lǐng)起下文。我為什么一“驚”呢？原來(lái)“這花一開(kāi)，沒(méi)幾天就是立秋”。作者在點(diǎn)題的同時(shí)，也巧妙地設(shè)下伏筆，讓讀者去揣摩：“我”為什么“悵然”呢？然后2至4段，文章極力狀寫(xiě)玉簪花給人的深刻印象：開(kāi)在百花凋零的初秋的玉簪花，呈現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的生命力。在第2段概述之后，3、4兩段作者分別寫(xiě)種太陽(yáng)花和種玉簪花的經(jīng)歷，“連死不了都種死了”，得玉簪花卻“蓬勃生長(zhǎng)”。于對(duì)比中進(jìn)一步突出“這花的生命力極強(qiáng)”。也只有這種“生命力極強(qiáng)的花”，才會(huì)在夏末秋初讓滿園飄香，才會(huì)讓人警醒“秋來(lái)了”。所以第5段就寫(xiě)玉簪花的芳香醒腦，并再次點(diǎn)題。

當(dāng)然，面對(duì)這生命力極強(qiáng)的玉簪花，在清醒的過(guò)程中，作者自會(huì)觀照自身：秋是收獲的季節(jié)，我卻兩手空空”。這讓人：“不安”和“焦慮”，這好下正是我“悵然”的原因。至此，讀者的疑惑自然消除，而整個(gè)第一部分也就成了一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。

文章后三段寫(xiě)“知秋”，突出一個(gè)“悟”字。在吟詠朱敦儒的詞的過(guò)程中“我”理解了“領(lǐng)取而今現(xiàn)在”的內(nèi)涵：人生要積極進(jìn)取，面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，及時(shí)把握自己的命運(yùn)和方向。像玉簪花一樣，盡管不是開(kāi)在姹紫嫣紅的春天，也在極力展示自己的生命，“不挑地方，不揀土 壤”，“點(diǎn)綴夏末秋初的景致”，這也正是前文不惜筆墨寫(xiě)玉簪花強(qiáng)盛的生命力的原因。至此，“悵然”悄悄消逝，人生的真諦自然悟出，于是在結(jié)尾水到渠成地點(diǎn)出全文的主旨：“領(lǐng)取自己那一份”，“領(lǐng)取生活”。

總之，這是一篇構(gòu)思精巧，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膬?yōu)美散文。

（長(zhǎng)沙縣一中直機(jī)關(guān)星沙校區(qū)高三語(yǔ)文組 執(zhí)筆：朱新慶）

《報(bào)秋》的藝術(shù)手法賞析

《報(bào)秋》是一篇文質(zhì)兼美的散文。對(duì)比的運(yùn)用是這篇文章突出的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法。

在時(shí)光飛快地向季節(jié)之“秋”流逝的過(guò)程中，本該干許多事情，但“我卻什么都來(lái)不及干”，以至于時(shí)光流到人生之“秋”這個(gè)“收獲”的季節(jié)，本該有所“收獲”，但“我”卻“兩手空空”。這是第一比。這一層對(duì)比既是對(duì)時(shí)光易逝而自己一事無(wú)情的惋惜，又是對(duì)人生該有所作為的期待。

太陽(yáng)花又名“死不了”，但“死不了”都“種死了”；而玉簪花卻不同，“從不要人照料，只管自己蓬勃生長(zhǎng)”。這是第二比。這層對(duì)比反襯出玉簪花生命力之強(qiáng)。

報(bào)秋的玉簪花不擇環(huán)境，具的極強(qiáng)的生命力，總是保持潔凈，飄送芳香；而“我”卻處在“懶洋洋”、“總是不安和焦慮”的精神狀態(tài)中。這是第三比。這一層對(duì)比使“我”悟出人應(yīng)該像玉簪花那樣積極進(jìn)取，有所作為。

朱敦儒對(duì)生活的態(tài)度是“日日深杯酒滿，朝朝小圃花開(kāi)”，是一種消極的人生態(tài)度；而作者卻從玉簪花的身上悟出“不必深杯酒滿，不必小圃花開(kāi)”，要主動(dòng)地“領(lǐng)取生活”，這是一種積極的人生態(tài)度。這是第四比。這一比揭示了文章的主題，指出了處在完全不同于朱敦儒所處時(shí)代與環(huán)境的人們應(yīng)有的人生態(tài)度。

以上四層對(duì)比，層層推進(jìn)。作者正是通過(guò)對(duì)比的手法來(lái)結(jié)構(gòu)文章，彰顯主旨。

（星沙校區(qū)高三語(yǔ)文組 執(zhí)筆：朱天仁）

《報(bào)秋》的藝術(shù)手法賞析

《報(bào)秋》篇幅不長(zhǎng)，但多種藝術(shù)手法的運(yùn)用，使文章亦如秋日里的玉簪花，飄散著濃郁的芳香。

玉簪花開(kāi)是作者悟生活、悟人生的起點(diǎn),并由此展開(kāi)了花與花、花與人、人與人的對(duì)比。經(jīng)過(guò)春夏的孕育,報(bào)秋花開(kāi)“圓鼓鼓”,而一年一年過(guò)去了，人生也到了該收獲的“秋季”，“我”卻“兩手空空”；玉簪花不同于“死不了”等其它花，生命力極強(qiáng)，蓬勃生長(zhǎng)，芳香四溢，而“我”卻“懶洋洋”，“總是焦慮與不安”?；ㄅc人的不同，引起了作者的思考，悟出了與朱敦儒不同的生活態(tài)度。正是這些對(duì)比，提起層層思索。這“對(duì)比”的手法運(yùn)用得好。

作品既描寫(xiě)了花開(kāi)之景,又直抒自我感慨之情,再引用古詩(shī)作更深層次的人生思考。全篇有景有情有思,有物有我有詩(shī),描寫(xiě)、抒情、議論熔于一爐。這“立體”的手法運(yùn)用得好。

文章一開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)看到玉簪花開(kāi)“先是一驚，隨即悵然”，為什么“一驚”？作者緊接著作了回答。為什么“悵然”？作者卻不馬上回答了，設(shè)一個(gè)懸念，之后卻鋪開(kāi)筆墨寫(xiě)玉簪花，直至第6段才作出回答。解掉了這個(gè)“懸念”，作者又出人意料一問(wèn)“怪誰(shuí)呢”，出人意料一答“很難回答”。到底作者會(huì)不會(huì)答？怎么答？又起一“懸念”。作者也好像真的不回答 了，居然騰出手來(lái)寫(xiě)兄長(zhǎng)寄來(lái)的古詩(shī)。而又正是這詩(shī)引出了作者的回答，水到渠成收束全文。這“跌宕”的手法運(yùn)用得好。

讀了此等美文，我們難道不為之一醉，亦為之一醒？

（星沙校區(qū)高三語(yǔ)文組 執(zhí)筆：朱天仁）

評(píng)評(píng)學(xué)生作文：

《報(bào)秋》藝術(shù)手法賞析

《報(bào)秋》不事鋪張，不事雕繪，卻讓平凡的玉簪花張顯出非凡的魅力，讓人從平凡的生活中體味出非凡的境界，引人贊賞，引人深思。

我認(rèn)為其最大有特點(diǎn)是十分巧妙地運(yùn)用了對(duì)比的手法。開(kāi)篇“一家人夏衣尚未打點(diǎn)好”，“猛然卻見(jiàn)玉簪花……”，人與花對(duì)比，突出了玉簪花之“報(bào)秋”；接著寫(xiě)“連死不了都死了”，“玉簪花卻不同蓬勃生長(zhǎng)”，通過(guò)玉簪花與死不了生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性的對(duì)比，突出玉簪花生命力之強(qiáng)，“生活向下看，工作向下比”；“有些植物……會(huì)藏著小活物”，“玉簪花下卻總是干凈的”，以凸顯出玉簪花的高潔；將玉簪花香和其它各種花香作對(duì)比，更突出香昧之獨(dú)特，突出其“報(bào)秋”之特點(diǎn)。玉簪花集如此多之特點(diǎn)于一身，難怪作者在秋天的萬(wàn)千景物中獨(dú)選玉簪花“報(bào)秋”了。

“秋天是收獲的季節(jié)……”筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，由花入人，由花入生活，再引用兄長(zhǎng)所寄《西江月》，由此引出“領(lǐng)取而今現(xiàn)在”，“領(lǐng)取生活”，引起人們關(guān)于生活境界的思考，以小見(jiàn)大，讓主題鮮明，思想更深刻。前文還多處運(yùn)用比喻、擬人等修辭手法，如“讓人懶洋洋的像只貓”，“圓鼓鼓的棒槌”“探出頭來(lái)”，“隱約如綠波上的白帆”，讓玉簪花形象更鮮明具體，讓玉簪花精神更突出。

沒(méi)有華麗詞藻，亦無(wú)豪言壯語(yǔ)，平凡文字，簡(jiǎn)單手法，卻將人引入悠然自得的境界，確實(shí)值得學(xué)習(xí)，值得品味。

試析《報(bào)秋》的主題思想及其表現(xiàn)

《報(bào)秋》以其質(zhì)樸的語(yǔ)言，奈（注：錯(cuò)別字）人尋味的哲理將作者對(duì)我生對(duì)人生的深刻感悟表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。作者通過(guò)對(duì)院子里玉簪花開(kāi)花的描寫(xiě)，點(diǎn)出了時(shí)光已逝這一主題，通過(guò)對(duì)玉簪花生活習(xí)性信功效的介紹，寄寓了一種品質(zhì)，一種“生活向下比，工作向上比”的精神。后文由花到詩(shī)，將主題升華為領(lǐng)取生活這一層面。全文主題鮮明，思想深刻，圍繞生活這一主題，由淺入深，環(huán)環(huán)連扣，而發(fā)人深思。

《報(bào)秋》不得不讓我們?nèi)ニ伎忌畹狞c(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。時(shí)光的飛逝容不得我們駐足，而生活也不停地向前趕著，擁有一份謙讓，擁的一份奉獻(xiàn)，就像玉簪花一樣，有著一種玉簪花的精神，我們就能在飛逝的時(shí)間里獲得充實(shí)，在悠然自得的境界里獲得逍遙，也就能領(lǐng)取生活。

《報(bào)秋》的構(gòu)思技巧淺析

作者寫(xiě)《報(bào)秋》主要意圖是表現(xiàn)玉簪花的五種特點(diǎn)：

1、頑強(qiáng)的生命力；

2、獨(dú)立性 強(qiáng)；

3、高潔的品質(zhì)；

4、秋的報(bào)信者；

5、它的香味有多種的作用。

首先，作者由長(zhǎng)夏的悶熱可使人精神委靡這一生活現(xiàn)象談起，接著通過(guò)作者意外發(fā)現(xiàn)玉簪花的精神抖擻，生機(jī)勃勃，引出玉簪花，并通過(guò)對(duì)比引起讀者的高度注意。

然后，作者對(duì)玉簪花的易成活的有關(guān)事實(shí)作出了敘述，從而體現(xiàn)了玉簪花生命力極強(qiáng)的特性，由此還引出了玉簪花的謙讓品性。除此之外，作者進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了玉簪花的藥用價(jià)值。再綜上找提出作者的主旨：“生活上向下比，工作上向上比?！?/p>

接著，作者從種太陽(yáng)花的親身經(jīng)歷引出了玉簪花的生命力比死不了的草的還要強(qiáng)的結(jié)論，進(jìn)而鞏固了玉簪花有極強(qiáng)的生命力這一特點(diǎn)。

再接著，作者說(shuō)玉簪花不要人照料，這說(shuō)明玉簪花具有極強(qiáng)的獨(dú)立性，緊接著又寫(xiě)了玉簪花亭亭玉立的狀態(tài)，再加上玉簪花不容蟲(chóng)豸近身的特點(diǎn)，充分說(shuō)明了玉簪花具有高潔的品質(zhì)，玉簪花的香味除有嚇退蟲(chóng)豸的功能之外，還有幫助人們提神醒腦的作用，這是其它花不上有的。同時(shí)香氣也使玉簪花成為了秋的報(bào)信者。

最后，人者將目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)向自己，先是覺(jué)得自己兩手空空，一無(wú)所獲，并不停地焦慮與不安，但后來(lái)作者引出《西江月》一詞并巧妙的把玉簪花的精神及特點(diǎn)聯(lián)系其中，這是通過(guò)作者對(duì)詞中“領(lǐng)取而今現(xiàn)在”的深刻理解做到的，這同時(shí)引發(fā)了讀者的深思。頓時(shí)使用權(quán)人們明白了“只要心中領(lǐng)取便得逍遙”。作者的結(jié)構(gòu)十分嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，以物喻人，構(gòu)思獨(dú)到，再加上運(yùn)用多種表現(xiàn)手法，使全文連成一體。

作者郵箱： rongzht_009@sina.com

第四篇：優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)短文賞析

優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)短文賞析

1.On Open Policy

The open policy means that our country is open to investment, trade and technical and economic cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.The purpose of open policy is to acquire advanced technology, management skills to serve our socialist construction so as to promote the realization of the four modernizations.We must stick to the open policy.Because economic relations between states today have become increasingly close, and no country can possibly advance behind closed doors.Only in this way can we gradually close the gap between our country and the developed countries.Through the implementation of policy, we can learn advanced technology and managerial expertise from abroad;make full use of the foreign capitals to set up great enterprises;absorb useful and healthy ideas and new knowledge of the modern civilization;and broaden our views and raise our level of competence.2.The place of Science and Technology in Modern Life.Human life can not continue without science and technology.For many years, human society has developed with the advance of science and technology while the development of science and technology has in turn brought the process to mankind.So the life we are living now is more civilized than that of our fore fathers.The development of science and technology have brought about many changes in people's life.for example, the invention of television and space rocket have opened a new era for mankind.Through the use of TV people can hear the sound and learn the events happening thousands of miles away.Owing to the invention of spaceship and rocket, the dream of man's landing on the moon has now come true.Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction.We may say, our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper, while science and technology are its base.Without the base, the skyscraper can't be built.Therefore, we should try our best to contribute to the development of science and technology so as to provide a more solid base to build our country.3.Importance of Education

China, as a developing country, is determined to catch up with and even surpass the developed ones.I think that one of the best possible ways to do so is to give first priority(優(yōu)先）to the development of culture, science and especially education.In modern times, when science and technology are making great progress, the education of the work force is of primary importance.Moreover, many of the success in advanced countries have demonstrated that a nation 's prosperity mainly depends on the quality of its labour force, namely those who have been well educated.In a developing country such as China, our investment in culture, education and science, and especially elementary education, must enjoy top priority.This is crucial(決定性的）for China to catch up with the developed nations in today's surging(洶涌的)waves of technological revolution.Otherwise, the gap between China and advanced countries will be widened rather than bridged.4.Air Pollution

Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world.A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations.Automobile, trains, planes and busses need energy, too.Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels.The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution.Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities.They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment.In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluted material.Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a “clean” world.Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution.There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do.People will continually find new ways to control pollution.5.Environmental Protection

Today the quality of our natural environment has become an important issue.The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural resources and at the same time polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.If we continue to do this, life on earth cannot survive.Concerned people have made some progress in environmental protection.Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the air, forests and sea resources and to stop environmental pollution.Still more measures should be taken to solve environmental problems.People should be further educated to recognize the importance of the problems, to use modern methods of birth control, to conserve(保存）our natural resources and recycle（再循環(huán)）our products.We are sure that we can have a better and cleaner place in the future.6.Automobiles

Automobiles, as a product of modern civilization, have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society.Industry needs automobiles for farming as well as transportation.Every day, automobiles drive people to and from work.On weekends automobiles take families for joyful outings.And during holiday seasons, automobiles fill the highways everywhere, even in remote areas.It could be said that the wheels of automobiles move society forward.But automobiles have also given rise to a series of problems.For example, cities are overcrowded with automobiles.They create a lot of noise and traffic accidents which disable（傷殘）or kill many people each year.Worst of all perhaps is the air pollution caused by the exhaust gases produced by automobiles.Some of the gases are highly toxic(有毒的）and a serious health hazard.7.Computer

The computer is widely used in all fields of society.Today, wherever you go, you will find computers being used.For example, computers are used in universities, large corporations, and small offices, etc.It has even entered the homes of ordinary people.As it is able to store and process a large amount of information, the computer bring about great convenience and high efficiency to people of all walks of life.Computers can help people in different ways.For example, computer help scientists in analyzing data and doing complex calculation.For another example, computers are made use of by engineers in designing a plane, or a spaceship.Besides, computers may also play a great role in helping children with their lesson.Whatever you are doing, you many find computer a useful aid.However, the computer must be designed and instructed by man.What is more, it is true that computers can make decisions, but they need detailed instructions and programs prepared by humans to operate.Therefore, the computer can never replace the human brain.8.Travelling

It is exciting to visit different places.As you travel, you will see beautiful sceneries typical of the region.Besides, you can meet and make friends with people of different colors and races.Finally, you can get to know the customs and living habits of the local people.Today people are so fond of travelling that tourism has become one of the fasters growing industries in most countries.The main reason why people travel is, perhaps, for pleasure.For example, having worked hard throughout the weekdays, people will find a widened trip to the nearby mountains or beaches a real relaxation.For another example, spending an annual holiday travelling abroad is an especially satisfying experience for those who do not have much of an opportunity to be away from their homelands.When people return from their travel, they will generally feel fresh and energetic, ready to work harder.Travelling is also one of the best means for learning.You may have read or heard about something but you can never get an accurate picture of it until you see it for yourself.Seeing is believing.Furthermore, if you area careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit.No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling.The knowledge acquired from travel, as you will have found in your life, is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book.9.The World Population Explosion

The human race has experienced a consistent increase in population since the beginning of its history.Famine and disease have done little to offset(抵消）this steady increase.Too many people are added annually to the population of the world.So both the causes of population increase and the results of having more people are worth careful study.Culture evolution is the major factor responsible for population increase.Early in human development, people invented tools to hunt animals.Later they built shelters to protect themselves.Step by step, they made life easier.As a result, fewer died from natural forces, such as harsh climate and disease.In the past, when population grew, there was unexplored territory to inhabit.But now, almost all the habitable land has been explored.The world's population may reach 8.7 billion in 2033.It is clear that world population is a serious issue that needs careful attention.Human beings are unique to solve problems through cultural evolution.(發(fā)展）Facing the world population explosion in the near future.we must carry out the birth control program in order to save the mankind and save the world.10.Opening-door Policy is the Only Way to Make China Strong

Modern Chinese history leads us to the conclusion that socialism, not capitalism is best for China.But how a socialist China should look at capitalism and more importantly, make use of the better side of capitalism for its own advantage is of vital(至關(guān)）importance to the country.As far as our country's economic construction is concerned, taking advantage of the part of capitalism that is useful to us means we need to develop foreign trade, introduce advanced technology and better management, and make use of foreign funds.It also means we can absorb some of the economic theories, and make use of those economic policies, methods and measures that comply with(遵循）the law of mass production and a commodity economy.By opening our windows wider to the outside world, people can learn more about other peoples and learn to make sensible judgments.absorbing the better part of the cultures of other people to enrich ourselves is the best way to safeguard our socialist culture.So taking advantage of capitalism and stepping up economic reforms is the only way to make China strong.Closing the county to international exchanges will only keep it weak.11.Choosing an Occupation

Every one faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduation from college or university, which plays a vital role in his life.An appropriate occupation makes a man work with zest(熱情）and vigor, as well as contribute to his country.To make a wise choice, two important things should be taken into consideration.One is the interest, the other, the demands of people and society.Only if the two aspects are connected, can a man show his talent and ability to the best advantage.If the two conflict, the former should be under the latter, for the people's interests are more important than the individual's.In regard to my choice in the future, I am fond of learning foreign languages;what is more, with the implementation of the Open-Door Policy, exchange between home and abroad in economy and culture has been growing significantly, thus I'm determined to be a qualified interpreter.12.Studying abroad In recent years, studying abroad has been popular.Tens of thousands of Chinese teenagers have gone to foreign countries for further study.As is shown on the chart, the number of the teenagers studying abroad is increasing steadily.At the end of 2002, about 40% of the students studying abroad were middle school students.By the year 2005, the proportion can reach up to more than 80%.It is believed that there are many advantages in attending schools abroad.First, students can learn foreign languages more quickly under favorable conditions.Second, it can broaden their experience and help them learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries.However, there are some disadvantages.Most of the students studying abroad are too young to live alone without any living experience.Besides, being far away from their home country, they may feel lonely and homesick.Also, the costs are much higher there than in the native country.As far as I?m concerned, I would like to go further study abroad after graduation from college so that I can make a greater contribution to our country when I come back.13.Modernization of Family Life

With the rapid development of the society, family life is becoming modernized.Years ago, people considered owing radios, sewing machines, watches and bicycles as being modernized.but in recent years, almost all families have TV sets, refrigerators and washing machines.It is very common to see people ride motorcycles or even drive private cars and more and more families have telephones, computers and air-conditioners.The modernization of family life brings us convenience and comfort.One may enjoy TV or radio programs, communicate with his friends through telephone or work with his computer while his washing machine, refrigerator and air-conditioners are running.and by car or motorcycle one can quickly reach wherever he wants to go.In spite of this, these modern facilities also bring us disadvantages.For example, radiation from TV sets and computers is harmful to our health;improper driving of cars and motorcycles becomes the major cause of traffic accidents.The quietness of a family is often disturbed by a falsedialing or unwelcome phone call.but it is believed that these disadvantages will be disposed of with the improvement of modernization and our life will be more healthy and more comfortable.14.Energy Resources

China is rich in various energy resources.Coal and petroleum, for instance, are two major ones.They are essential in developing the country's industry, science and technology.China has done a great deal in the past few decades to raise its output of coal and petroleum.Three energy resources are being used up rapidly, With the building of four modernization, new industrial and science projects are springing up like bamboo shoots after rain.They are all big consumers of energy resources.Besides there has been considerable waste in the utilization of these resources.To avoid an energy crisis in the future, the government must take certain measures.First, it should let people know the importance of saving energy.Second, efforts should be made to develop new energy resources, such as solar energy, geothermal(地?zé)幔〆nergy and so on.We have reason to be optimistic in this respect.15.Competition

Competition makes people original and creative.It very necessary to compete if human society wants to advance.(Even animals compete for survival.)Without it, we would become lazy and nobody would rake any responsibility.When three monks live together, there will be no drinking water.This Chinese proverb vividly describes why China's productivity was so low before Mr Deng came to power.At that time, we had the so-called planned economy.There was no competition at all.So neither farmers nor workers worked hard.China was on the edge of collapse.Competition can stimulate people to try their best to do anything.For example, in 100-meter race, each sportsman runs as quickly as possible, trying to win the champion.The same things happen in our society and in our daily life.If a company wants to surpass others, it must compete with them.It must raise its efficiency.All the companies doing this will no doubt benefit the whole society and the whole human race.Being a student, I must compete with other students in our studies.I must study hard in all the fields so that I can be a useful man when I enter the society after graduation.16.Students’ Part-time jobs

There are many advantages for a student to have a part time job.For instance, it helps him to realize that no success comes from nothing.It enables him to be independent and builds up his self-confidence.Therefore, part-time jobs can get the students out of the ivory tower and give them the opportunity to know more of himself and of his personal value in society.As everything has two sides, the disadvantages can?t be ignored.Part-time jobs cut into students? study time;some even become so preoccupied with making money that they ca ?t focus their attention on studying.In the end, the students may fall behind or fail in their studies.In my opinion, students can choose to take up a job according to their own situation.The most important thing is

for him to keep a good balance, put his study on top of the list and assign an adequate amount of time to it.17.Wealth and Happiness

Everybody wants to get wealth.In today?s material world, making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person?s success and capability.Many people just make every effort, pay any price to attain greater wealth.With money, they can but nice, large apartments in nice neighborhood;with money, they can own stately luxury cars.Wealth seems with money, they can own stately luxury cars.Wealth seems to bring all happiness in life.In my opinion, people cannot do anything without money, but money is not everything.What money will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life.If you are kind enough to help others, especially the poor, money is a good thing to you.With it, you can do much more for the benefit of people and your country, and it will and to your own happiness.If you want money just for your own needs, you?ll never be satisfied or happy.In a word, you should have money spent for more people, only then can money be the source of your happiness.18.Ideals

Everyone has his ideals.A businessman wishes to make greater profit;a farmer expects bumper harvests;a student tries to learn more and better.And everyone strives, with more or less effort, to realize his ideal.One should be sensible about whether his ideal is well founded or not.If it is, one has to plan and work hard for its realization.Effort, skill and persistence are all necessary.And very often, one has to get help from others, including advice and support in one form or another.My ideal is to become a doctor, It is said that the field of medicine is a well-paid profession, but I take it as a lofty profession entrusted with saving people?s lives.To realize my ideal I have concentrated on laboratory work to develop the analytical skills necessary to become a qualified doctor.I am sure I will realize my ideal if I persevere in this pursuit.19.Popular Sports in China

Sports are flourishing in china now.More and more people are willing to take part in sports of different kinds, such as table-tennis, football, volleyball, and so on.Every year there are many matches played on the city, provincial or national level.Sports are no longer limited to a few professional players.Early in the morning people may be seen doing exercise.Martial arts(like Chinese boxing or swordplay)which formerly were cultivated for self-defense, now have become a form of physical exercise and are practiced in parks, streets, gardens, or on campuses.In addition young and old people are also often seen running in order to build up their bodies.China promotes sports to enhance the physical condition of its people;she is formulating policies to provide encouragement of this activity.She awards prizes to the excellent players for the best records both in china and the world.In the world the Chinese have become a strong people instead of “the weaklings of East Asia”.20.Is Failure a Bad Thing?

Failure is what often happens.It is everywhere in our life.Students may fail in exams, scientists may fail in their research work, and athletes may fail in competitions.Although failure happens to everyone, attitudes towards failure are various.Some people don?t think their failure is a very important thing at all.So they pay no attention to it.As a result, they will have the same failure a period later.Some people think themselves are fools and lose their hearts in everything after they get a failure.Consequently, they spend their time and energy on useless things and they may really be fools as they have thought.Other people are quite different from the two kinds of people mentioned above.Instead of being distressed and lost, they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced.After hard work, they will be successful in the end.It is said that failure is the mother of success.Success will be gained after times of failures so ling as we are good at drawing lesson from our failures.In my opinion, failure is not a bad thing, the really bad thing is taking a failure as failure or even lose our heart after failure.21.Health and Life

As the saying goes, you don?t know what happiness is until you lose it，you don?t know what health is until

you are ill.“Health is of vital importance to life” sounds like a cliche to everyone, but it is absolutely true.The negligence of the delicate balance of your body and soul, the harmful habits such as smoking, excessive drinking and burning mid-night oil will catch up with you someday.How many big plans are interrupted by bad health!Even a normal life is unimaginable without the guarantee of health.How to keep fit is an eternal topic of diversity and controversy.Regardless of all the different suggestions poured from all kinds of sources, one should do at least two things for him/herself.First, hold an active and optimistic attitude toward life and maintain a mental well-being.Second, live a regular life and keep a balanced diet.Anyway, a healthy life is within reach when you begin to adjust your mind and body.22.Dialect TV plays Last week a discussion was held in our class about whether dialects should be on TV.45% of the students held the idea that a television play is more interesting and enjoyable if a dialect is used.China is a large country where people speak many different dialects.Using dialects on TV programmes can show different cultures in different places, so that people can learn more about our country.However, the other 55% of us didn?t agree with them.They thought that as people in a developing country become more closely related, there should be a common language for communication.If dialects are used on TV, some audiences will not understand the programmes.They will not be able to communicate.Besides, if dialects are used on TV, people who watch it will probably misunderstand what performers intend to express.Some of them may lose interest in watching it.23.Recycle textbooks As we know, when senior students graduate from school, most of their textbooks, which are still in good condition are thrown away.What a great waste it is!Thus, here comes a heated debate on / people have different opinions about whether we should recycle textbooks.Some people are the opponents because they think there is a danger for students when using the recycling textbooks with many bacteria on them, which are bad for children?s health.Furthermore, notes on the pages made by the students may disturb the next users.As for Printing Industry, Publishing Industry and other related ones, it is big loss in making profits.On the other hand, however, many more people think recycling textbooks is a good suggestion, which I quite agree to.For one thing, recycling textbooks can save a lot of natural resources and reduce waste.Besides, a cut in the expenses means less stress for the parents, especially for those relatively less rich ones.And for students, it is also a useful way to develop a good habit of reading and taking care of books, to cultivate the sense of social responsibility of valuing common property and promote the awareness of treasuring natural resources.As a matter of fact, recycling textbooks is very popular with some foreign countries such as Australia, which has set a good example to us.Therefore, recycling textbooks is not only necessary but also helpful.24.Harmonious society What a good boy!Child as he is, he set up a good example to us.Everyone has the responsibility to keep our environment clean.If everyone does as Xiao Ming did, we can imagine how harmonious the society will be.Compared with the whole society, a tiny person perhaps won?t have an opportunity to create a great cause.But if we paid more attention to some tiny things around us, we would make a contribution to the development of the Harmonious Society.25.Happiness Happiness means different things to different people./ Different people value happiness differently.So a survey has been conducted by China Daily lately among students to find out what happiness means to them.29% of the students believe that money can make them happy.They think they can buy and do whatever they like with the money they have.However, 34% of them insist that health is the most important, without which they cannot enjoy themselves.There are another 13% of the students expecting the wealth from their parents, thus they don?t have to work while the rest 24% think they should put knowledge at the first place.But I don?t think money and wealth are the most important.There are many things that you can?t do with money.Healthy body but less knowledge cannot make a great man.So I quite agree to the opinion that mastering more knowledge is the happiest thing in people?s lives.With knowledge we can do lots of useful things to make people live better and happier.Of course we?ll be much clever and much more thoughtful with knowledge.26.Jobs I?m a senior 3 student.My name is Li Ming.Recently I have made a survey among 50 boys and 50 girls.The result of the survey is as follows: What the boys like to do is to become businessmen and scientists.Only a few boys want to be teachers.It is interesting that the number of boys and girls who want to become doctors is equal.As for lawyers, more boys expect to have this job.However, there are still students who are not clear about their future.27.Learning strategy Thank you for writing to me.I?m sorry that you are worried about your study.My suggestions are as follows:

Firstly, you?d better keep in a good mood to overcome test anxiety.It?s important to stay calm when facing difficulties.It will help you relax and concentrate on what you are learning.Don?t step away from a challenge, but go for it.Secondly, it is necessary to make a study scheme and set yourself/have a clear goal.Making a good study plan makes it possible for you to learn more and faster in limited time, and therefore prepares you for the coming exams.Last but not least, you should create your learning strategy so that you can learn more efficiently.Try to find the most appropriate ways to improve your study skills, then you?ll manage your learning effectively.Cheer up and have confidence in your own abilities, and I?m sure you?ll succeed.28.Study at university Next year, I will go to study at university, but I don?t know how to adapt myself to university life.I hear many freshmen are at a loss what to do when they are at university.They can?t take care of themselves in their everyday life, feeling lonely and homesick.Clothes, money or mobile phones are sometimes gone.And because of different climates and food, they often feel sick.Some even rent rooms outside the campus.Could you tell me how to deal with these problems so that I will be able to suit the university life in the future? 29.Power station I?m a middle school student.I hear that a power station will be built near Mt.Yunxia, a place of interest.We know the power station will provide us with plenty of power and as a result, the local economy will develop rapidly, but many citizens and I are against the plan.To build the power station, many people will have to move away and a great number of trees will have to be cut down.What?s worse, once the scenery of Mt.Yunxia is destroyed, it can never be restored.Therefore, this plan is not good for protecting the environment.We suggest the city government should think over the plan.30.Saving Our City As is known to all, it is very important to deal with the rubbish in cities.Rubbish must be treated properly.Otherwise it may pollute the environment and do harm to our health/ cause a lot of problems.It may pollute the air and water.When people breathe(in)the polluted air and drink the polluted water, they may get ill.Our city has begun to pay attention to the problem.As far as I know, some rubbish is sorted and sent to different factories.Rubbish, such as old newspapers and glass, is recycled.Some harmful rubbish is sent to a certain place and buried.Waste air is cleaned before it goes into the air.Waste water is treated before(it is)poured into rivers.At the same time, the government has passed laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everywhere to protect the environment.We should do our best to take good care of the environment.

第五篇：賞析短文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)

賞析短文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)

從2005年開(kāi)始，中考湖南卷（語(yǔ)文）要求閱讀文學(xué)作品后寫(xiě)一篇300字左右的賞析文章，結(jié)合所學(xué)課文讓學(xué)生了解、學(xué)習(xí)、掌握這種題型的答題技巧很有必要。

一、范文引路：

怎一個(gè)妙字了得（正標(biāo)題是觀點(diǎn)，是寫(xiě)作的小的切入點(diǎn)）——賞析《登泰山記》的藝術(shù)手法（副標(biāo)題是寫(xiě)作角度）

《登泰山記》一文巧妙地運(yùn)用了側(cè)面烘托和比喻擬人等藝術(shù)手法，生動(dòng)地描寫(xiě)了泰山雪后初晴的瑰麗景色和日出時(shí)的雄渾景象，具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)感染力．（領(lǐng)起段：手法＋表達(dá)效果 ①明確賞析對(duì)象，緊扣所選的題目寫(xiě)②作出總體評(píng)價(jià)）

抓住特征巧妙烘托，是本文寫(xiě)作上的一個(gè)重要特征。本文描寫(xiě)景物很少直接寫(xiě)出，而是采用側(cè)面烘托的辦法。評(píng) 例如，先用“其級(jí)七千有余” 敘 暗暗點(diǎn)出泰山的雄偉 析，然后借山頂俯視所見(jiàn)“半山居霧”和在日觀亭時(shí)“足下皆云漫”的圖景 敘從側(cè)面烘托泰山的高峻 析。又如寫(xiě)雪，除“冰雪”“雪與人膝齊”等正面描寫(xiě)外，又以“明燭天南”“白若”“絳皓駁色” 敘 等作側(cè)面烘托，給人以想像，又生動(dòng)有趣 析。

本文使用比喻和擬人手法也各具特點(diǎn)。評(píng)“蒼山負(fù)雪，明燭天南?！睌⒆髡卟谎员└采w青山，卻說(shuō)青山背負(fù)著雪，賦予靜態(tài)的青山以人的動(dòng)態(tài)，用語(yǔ)新穎、傳神。析“汶水、徂徠如畫(huà)，而半山居霧若帶然。”敘作者縱目遠(yuǎn)眺，夕陽(yáng)照耀著泰安城，汶水、徂徠好像自然天成的山水畫(huà)，而山腰間停留著的云霧好像飄帶一般?！鞍肷骄屿F”，不僅把動(dòng)態(tài)的物寫(xiě)成靜態(tài)，使人感受到那種特有的寧?kù)o氣息，而且設(shè)喻新奇，給人以美的享受。析“回視日觀以西峰，或得日，或否，絳皓駁色，而皆若僂?！睌⑦@一比喻，寫(xiě)出了西南諸峰的特點(diǎn)，更顯出日觀峰的雄峻，且賦予山峰以人的感情，形象而生動(dòng)析。（主體部分：①緊扣領(lǐng)起段提出的觀點(diǎn)分析．②邊敘邊議．③注意條理，適當(dāng)運(yùn)用序數(shù)詞．④適當(dāng)提段．）

總之，本文巧妙的運(yùn)用多種藝術(shù)手法，寫(xiě)出了泰山的神秀壯麗，能喚起人們對(duì)泰山的向往，讓人深刻地感受到祖國(guó)山河的壯美，真乃怎一個(gè)妙字了得。（總結(jié)段：①再現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)②運(yùn)用術(shù)語(yǔ)（如“總之”“綜上所述”“總而言之”等）

二、指導(dǎo)格式

把握賞析短文的寫(xiě)作方法，規(guī)范答題格式 ㈠、標(biāo)題 基本要求： ①使用題目給定的標(biāo)題

②格式:正標(biāo)題空四個(gè)格子，副標(biāo)題另起一行，空六個(gè)格子

㈡、領(lǐng)起段 寫(xiě)作要求：

①明確賞析對(duì)象，緊扣所選的題目寫(xiě)(正標(biāo)題是觀點(diǎn),副標(biāo)題是寫(xiě)作角度)②作出總體評(píng)價(jià) 基本格式：

(1)賞析“主題思想及其表現(xiàn)”的常用格式：

a、本文通過(guò)記敘（描寫(xiě)）??，表達(dá)了作者??的思想感情． 例：《項(xiàng)鏈》通過(guò)描寫(xiě)瑪?shù)贍柕乱允甑暮寥憧嗳ベr償一條借來(lái)的假項(xiàng)鏈的悲劇故事，尖銳地諷刺了小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)虛榮心和追求享樂(lè)的思想。b、??是《??》的主題．

例：描寫(xiě)群眾的愚昧和革命者的悲哀是魯迅的短篇小說(shuō)《藥》的主題思想． ②賞析藝術(shù)手法：

本文主要采用了??的藝術(shù)手法，生動(dòng)形象地表現(xiàn)了??，具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)感染力．（手法＋表達(dá)效果）

例：朱自請(qǐng)?jiān)凇逗商猎律芬晃闹写罅窟\(yùn)用了比喻的修辭手法，描摹景色形象生動(dòng)，表達(dá)感情細(xì)膩入微。（《鮮明的比喻——<荷塘月色>藝術(shù)手法簡(jiǎn)析》領(lǐng)起段）③構(gòu)思技巧：

a、??是《??》構(gòu)思上最突出的特點(diǎn)．

例:以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感為線索，三線并進(jìn)，娓娓道來(lái)，是《在山陰道上》謀篇布局上最突出的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。(《簡(jiǎn)析<在山陰道上>謀篇布局的技巧》領(lǐng)起段)b、《??》構(gòu)思上最大的特點(diǎn)是??． 例：《在山陰道上》一文在謀篇布局上最大的特點(diǎn)是文章以明、暗兩條線索相互交錯(cuò)，使文章條理清晰，布局精巧。(《簡(jiǎn)析<在山陰道上>謀篇布局的技巧》領(lǐng)起段)㈢、主體部分 基本要求：

①緊扣領(lǐng)起段提出的觀點(diǎn)分析．

②邊敘邊議． ③注意條理，適當(dāng)運(yùn)用序數(shù)詞．

④適當(dāng)提段． ㈣、總結(jié)段 基本要求： ①再現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)

②運(yùn)用術(shù)語(yǔ)（如“總之”“綜上所述”“總而言之”等）

例：a.總之，《在山陰道上》一文以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感三條線索，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，密不可分，從而使情感升華，主題深化。(《簡(jiǎn)析<在山陰道上>謀篇布局的技巧》總結(jié)段)b.總而言之，《荷塘月色》一文運(yùn)用鮮明的比喻，既形象地描寫(xiě)了荷塘月色的美景，也傳達(dá)了作者對(duì)荷塘的喜愛(ài)之情。

三、掌握術(shù)語(yǔ)

掌握一些寫(xiě)作賞析短文的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，提高賞析的準(zhǔn)確性

（一）主題思想：

立意深刻獨(dú)到，鞭辟入里；突破定勢(shì)，標(biāo)新立異；主旨深遠(yuǎn)，意韻豐富；言近旨遠(yuǎn)，耐人尋味；言有盡而意無(wú)窮；人無(wú)我有，人有我奇；意境深遠(yuǎn)．

（二）構(gòu)思技巧：

構(gòu)思，是作者對(duì)自己將要?jiǎng)邮謱?xiě)作的文章從內(nèi)容到形式所作的總體設(shè)想。構(gòu)思的外在表現(xiàn)形式為文章結(jié)構(gòu)。文章的構(gòu)思技巧主要從作品的立意、選材、結(jié)構(gòu)安排、體裁、意境、表現(xiàn)手法等方面去判別。常見(jiàn)的鑒賞角度和術(shù)語(yǔ)： ①?gòu)牧⒁獾臉?gòu)思及其表現(xiàn)看，常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有

開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山、見(jiàn)解獨(dú)到、畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛、卒章顯志、形散神聚、以小見(jiàn)大、發(fā)人深省、托物言志、寓言寄意、對(duì)比反襯、欲揚(yáng)先抑、欲抑先揚(yáng)、欲擒故縱、反彈琵琶、逆向思維等。

②從選材組材的構(gòu)思及其表現(xiàn)看，常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有 以小見(jiàn)大、以點(diǎn)帶面，正反映襯（對(duì)比對(duì)照）、搖曳多姿，形散神聚、巧設(shè)線索、明暗交織，選材典型、多角度描寫(xiě)、詳略得當(dāng)?shù)取?/p>

③從結(jié)構(gòu)安排（或者說(shuō)上下文的關(guān)系）的構(gòu)思看，常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有 前后照應(yīng)（首尾呼應(yīng)）、層層鋪墊、巧設(shè)伏筆（鋪墊）、巧設(shè)懸念、巧妙勾連，層層推進(jìn)（層層深入、步步遞進(jìn)）、層層剝筍，對(duì)比烘托、搖曳多姿，紅線串珠（彩線串珠）、行散神聚、渾然天成，總分總式，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，縱橫捭闔、開(kāi)合自如，情節(jié)波瀾、張弛有度等。④賞析意境、表現(xiàn)手法等方面的構(gòu)思技巧，常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有

虛實(shí)結(jié)合、虛實(shí)相生、思維嚴(yán)密、構(gòu)思精巧、不落窠臼、運(yùn)用蒙太奇手法等．

（三）藝術(shù)手法：

1.表達(dá)方式：敘述、描寫(xiě)、議論、抒情、說(shuō)明等。

2.表現(xiàn)手法：比興，聯(lián)想和想象，象征，烘托，對(duì)比，渲染，用典，諷喻． 3.修辭手法：比喻、擬人、排比、反復(fù)、對(duì)偶等。

4.寫(xiě)作技巧：以動(dòng)襯靜，動(dòng)靜結(jié)合；虛實(shí)結(jié)合；點(diǎn)面結(jié)合；側(cè)面描寫(xiě)；粗筆勾勒；工筆細(xì)描；繪形繪聲繪色；

5..描寫(xiě)手法：肖像描寫(xiě)、動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)、心理描寫(xiě)、環(huán)境描寫(xiě)（景物描寫(xiě)）、細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)等。6.抒情方式：直接抒情（直抒胸臆），間接抒情（情景交融、借景抒情、托物言志、借景抒情、寓情于景、情景交融、情景相生、以樂(lè)景襯哀情）。

（四）語(yǔ)言特色：

清新明快，簡(jiǎn)潔洗練，含而不露，簡(jiǎn)筆勾勒，濃墨重彩，體物入微，窮形盡相，詩(shī)情畫(huà)意，富有哲理，耐人尋味，形神兼?zhèn)洌Z(yǔ)言淺近明白如話，言簡(jiǎn)意豐，行云流水，平實(shí)質(zhì)樸，詼諧幽默，辛辣諷刺，準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng)，形象生動(dòng)，惟妙惟肖，淋漓盡致，留有空白，情韻悠長(zhǎng)，力透紙背，入木三分

四、參考例文

悠悠“故鄉(xiāng)”情，綿綿“故鄉(xiāng)”景

——賞析《在山陰道上》景物描寫(xiě)的特色

本文深情地講述著一個(gè)極富歷史氣息和文化底蘊(yùn)的“故鄉(xiāng)”的故事，嚴(yán)肅而輕松地描寫(xiě)了回來(lái)路上山陰道間的樸實(shí)自然的景色，人與景的交融，顏色的溫和，色彩的光明是本文景物描寫(xiě)的最大特色。

首先從人與景的交融方面來(lái)說(shuō)，作者獨(dú)具匠心，游覽故鄉(xiāng)的心情是激動(dòng)卻又平靜的，于是乎“靜靜的黃昏”“滑著”給人一種祥和之感，“戴著氈帽的農(nóng)民”“放牛的牧童”更是將人與自然和諧統(tǒng)一；其次是顏色與色彩，“開(kāi)著紅花，黃花的表草地”“澄碧的小河”等溫和的色彩搭配更突出了“和諧”；最重要的一點(diǎn)是將人與物結(jié)合，將動(dòng)與靜結(jié)合，如“牧童從牛角間爬下，牛萬(wàn)般溫順地馴服著”一種樸實(shí)自然毫無(wú)塵世玷污過(guò)的清純?cè)诰吧鑼?xiě)中體現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致，可謂“許多美的人和美的事，錯(cuò)綜起來(lái)像一天云錦”，充實(shí)而又不繁瑣，恰到好處。

總之，將作者的真情實(shí)感真實(shí)自然地流露在寫(xiě)景之中，巧妙運(yùn)用點(diǎn)面結(jié)合，動(dòng)靜相對(duì)及顏色的合理搭配向讀者展現(xiàn)了一幅古美的山陰道圖。

評(píng)語(yǔ)：作者緊扣山陰暮色圖景，從人與景的和諧統(tǒng)一，色彩的和諧搭配，動(dòng)景靜景的自然結(jié)合等三方面細(xì)膩地評(píng)析了文章情景交融的寫(xiě)景特色，敘析評(píng)渾然一體，恰到好處。語(yǔ)言雅致、簡(jiǎn)潔，標(biāo)題的擬定，行文結(jié)構(gòu)的安排都顯示出作者較為扎實(shí)的文字功底。評(píng)為滿分卷，記16分。(2006年中考湖南語(yǔ)文閱卷組標(biāo)竿文章)明暗兩線交錯(cuò)成文

——簡(jiǎn)析《在山陰道上》謀篇布局的技巧

《在山陰道上》一文是一篇精彩的散文，在謀篇布局上，文章以明、暗兩條線索相互交錯(cuò)，使文章條理清晰，布局精巧。

首先，文章以我游紹興的過(guò)程為主線，以地點(diǎn)的切換布局全文。由在汽車上所見(jiàn)之景入筆，開(kāi)始游程?！爸形绲搅私B興城”后踏上了“青石鋪成的古老的街道”，再?gòu)聂斞赶壬啄晁〉摹肮爬蠘闼氐姆课荨钡健扒嗖葺螺隆钡陌俨輬@，從百草園到三味書(shū)屋，再到“著名的山陰道”，讀者如同身臨其境，跟著作者游曳在這和平、美好的紹興古城，盡享其美的風(fēng)光和古樸的人文氣息。

其次，文章從魯迅先生的作品及我對(duì)魯迅先生的敬仰為暗線，與明線交錯(cuò)成章。從“故鄉(xiāng)”起筆，寫(xiě)游歷過(guò)程中的“從百草園到三味書(shū)屋”，再添入“好的故事”，這一條線索不僅使文章更有層次，也更有助于主旨的表達(dá)，加深文章的深度。

明暗兩線的自然交錯(cuò)，使文章一氣呵成，相映生輝！

評(píng)點(diǎn)：該段賞析文字，對(duì)賞析要點(diǎn)之一把握準(zhǔn)確，分析深入，評(píng)價(jià)相當(dāng)中肯，敘析評(píng)巧妙結(jié)合，且能以流暢、優(yōu)美、略顯文采的語(yǔ)言，簡(jiǎn)潔地加以表達(dá)。評(píng)為滿分卷，記16分。(2006年中考湖南語(yǔ)文閱卷組標(biāo)竿文章)簡(jiǎn)析《在山陰道上》謀篇布局的技巧

本文在謀篇布局上可謂匠心獨(dú)運(yùn)，以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感為線索，三線并進(jìn)，娓娓道來(lái)，是本文一大亮點(diǎn)。

從“初升的紅日”，到“中午到了紹興城”。到“時(shí)間已經(jīng)不早”，最后“電燈通風(fēng)”，交待清楚，安排合理。

從家中，到行進(jìn)途中，再到紹興城，百草園、三味書(shū)屋、歸途，呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前的是一張旅游地圖，所經(jīng)之處似乎親身體驗(yàn)。

從“故鄉(xiāng)”吸引著我，到“山川的壯麗和我心里正在思想的巨人形象也融合在一起”，再到“心情是這樣嚴(yán)肅又歡愉”，再到“心中油然生出感激的深情”，最后“永是生動(dòng)，永是展開(kāi)，以至于無(wú)窮”。作者思想感情起起伏伏，引領(lǐng)讀者走入他的精神世界，引人入勝。

再者，本文首尾呼應(yīng)，又不同于一般的照應(yīng)，寫(xiě)早晨“天氣沉沉”，而寫(xiě)晚上“電燈通明”，烘托作者對(duì)自由與和平的永存的美好祝福，用心良苦。

總之，本文以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感三條線索，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，密不可分，從而使情感升華，主題深化。

評(píng)語(yǔ)：用獨(dú)到眼光發(fā)現(xiàn)“三線并進(jìn)”的布局結(jié)構(gòu)，切合文本實(shí)際；敘述簡(jiǎn)明，分析中肯，評(píng)價(jià)到位，三者結(jié)合巧妙；賞析用語(yǔ)貼切雅致，靈動(dòng)多變。評(píng)為滿分卷，記16分。(2006年中考湖南語(yǔ)文閱卷組標(biāo)竿文章)一曲由衷的贊歌

——談《那些遙遠(yuǎn)的讀書(shū)人》的主題思想 及表現(xiàn)

這是一篇文化色彩濃郁的散文.對(duì)岳麓書(shū)院讀書(shū)人的由衷的敬佩和對(duì)岳麓書(shū)院的頌揚(yáng)是本文的主題思想.首先,作者是通過(guò)直接描寫(xiě)來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)先賢的敬佩之情的.如文章第五段“他們胸懷大志,充滿自信,對(duì)待自己和對(duì)待社會(huì)十分清醒,一開(kāi)始就抱準(zhǔn)了‘學(xué)以致用’的信條”等句子,字里行間流露的對(duì)先賢的敬佩顯得情真意切.而第八段中, “‘惟楚有才,于斯為盛’,荊楚之地之所以英才薈萃,湖湘文化之所以源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng),不能不說(shuō)有岳麓書(shū)院的功.”則直接贊揚(yáng)了岳麓書(shū)院的貢獻(xiàn).其次,作者還通過(guò)引用典故來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)先賢的敬佩.如第一段中引用“飲馬池”的典故,第十段中引用“朱張會(huì)講”典故，既贊揚(yáng)了朱熹、張栻等先賢具有淵博的知識(shí)和人格魅力，也流露出對(duì)那些千里求學(xué)的學(xué)子的無(wú)比敬意．

洪燭的《那些遙遠(yuǎn)的讀書(shū)人》為岳麓書(shū)院以及來(lái)此求學(xué)的讀書(shū)人由衷地譜寫(xiě)了一曲贊歌！

縱橫馳騁 萬(wàn)流歸宗

——談《那些遙遠(yuǎn)的讀書(shū)人》的構(gòu)思技巧

《那些遙遠(yuǎn)的讀書(shū)人》一文在構(gòu)思上獨(dú)巨匠心:既聯(lián)想豐富、思接千載,又收放自如,形散神聚,體現(xiàn)出縱橫馳騁而萬(wàn)流歸宗的特點(diǎn).主要表現(xiàn)在: 一是聯(lián)想豐富.作者一接近岳麓書(shū)院,就想的想到了那些先行者,接著又想到王夫之、魏源、曾國(guó)藩等從書(shū)院走出的人,想到《聊齋志異》里的落魄書(shū)生,想到他們讀書(shū)的目的??堪稱思接千載,視通萬(wàn)里,大大地豐富了文章的內(nèi)容,深化了文章的主題.二是形散神聚.文章雖然涉及的歷史人物很多,寫(xiě)到的內(nèi)容也不少,有遠(yuǎn)足求學(xué)的,有遠(yuǎn)足交流的,有拒做高官的??但這一切都是以岳麓書(shū)院為聚焦點(diǎn),以作者對(duì)岳麓書(shū)院的讀書(shū)人由衷的敬佩和對(duì)岳麓書(shū)院的頌揚(yáng)為主線組織在一起的.文章無(wú)論是記敘、議論還是抒情,也都是圍繞這條主線展開(kāi).沒(méi)有精心的構(gòu)思,再好的材料也建不成漂亮的房子.本文之所以如此精美,正得益于作者以上的巧妙構(gòu)思。

五、課堂演練

學(xué)生閱讀《在山陰道上》和《那些遙遠(yuǎn)的讀書(shū)人》后自擬題目寫(xiě)一篇300字左右的賞析文章。

六、文章賞析(16分)20．從下列題目中任選一個(gè)，寫(xiě)300字左右的文章賞析。(16分)(1)簡(jiǎn)析《在山陰道上》謀篇布局的技巧(2)簡(jiǎn)析《在山陰道上》聯(lián)想的巧妙運(yùn)用(3)簡(jiǎn)析《在山陰道上》景物描寫(xiě)的特色 文學(xué)作品閱讀常見(jiàn)題型及答題模式

高考中的現(xiàn)代文主觀題閱讀（一般是有一定的閱讀難度和信度的文學(xué)作品，主要是散文，再就是小說(shuō)），因其分值高，難度又大，一直是學(xué)生語(yǔ)文高考的瓶頸。能否正確解答這類題，基本決定了學(xué)生的語(yǔ)文成績(jī)的高低。對(duì)現(xiàn)代文閱讀題的畏難心理、長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的挫敗感以及掌握答題方法不到位，使許多同學(xué)陷入束手無(wú)策的尷尬境地，常常望“文”興嘆。