第一篇：第7部分： 短文寫作

第七部分：短文寫作（第51題，30分）

一、基本寫作步驟 1．審題

所謂審題，就是審清作文的要求和所給的材料，如圖表說(shuō)明、關(guān)鍵詞、段首句、提綱等等。審題是寫作的第一步，也是文章成功的關(guān)鍵所在之一。在考試之中，由于時(shí)間倉(cāng)促，心情緊張，匆忙審題，造成離題萬(wàn)里的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮。因此可以說(shuō)能否審清題意是作文、乃至考試成敗的關(guān)鍵。在平時(shí)進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)的時(shí)候，就要有意識(shí)地養(yǎng)成認(rèn)真審題，仔細(xì)研究的良好習(xí)慣。

弄清作文要求之后，就要確定文章的主題思想。主題思想明確、深刻，才能確保文章言之有物，順理成章。圍繞主題去構(gòu)思、寫作文章，才能思路清晰，不致節(jié)外生枝離題萬(wàn)里。2．提綱

提綱有利于作者理清思路。尤其在考場(chǎng)上，根據(jù)提綱寫作，能寫出層次分明，邏輯性強(qiáng)，表意清晰的好文章，可避免考試時(shí)由于情緒緊張而造成的不應(yīng)有的失誤。

提綱有多種類型，可詳可略，寫作時(shí)也可根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和特點(diǎn)編寫適合于自己的提綱。常見的提綱種類有羅列式提綱、主題式提綱、句子式提綱。所謂羅列式提綱，就是根據(jù)題目和所給材料，圍繞中心思想，羅列一系列相關(guān)的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。主題式提綱比較簡(jiǎn)略，只寫出文章的主題思想即可，寫作時(shí)依據(jù)主題思想，圍繞重點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充和展開。句子式提綱比較詳細(xì)，顧名思義，就是用句子把文章的主要觀點(diǎn)寫出來(lái)。3．成文

文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)：一定要按所列提綱寫。一般分為開頭、正文、結(jié)尾3部分

（1）開頭；如引語(yǔ)法、主題句法、提問法、事例法、描述法等。常用句式：

① There is an old /popular saying /proverb which says /goes…..② Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the importance/ seriousness of …

③There are different opinions among people as to …Some believe … Others，however, disagree with it.They think…

④….has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.It

has brought us a of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.⑤ One of our ancient philosophers said, …..Chinese people have always been

holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.(2)主體： 要注意啟承轉(zhuǎn)合，常用句型：

① On the contrary, there are some people in favor of …….They believe

…..Moreover, they think…..② There are many ways to …..First, _____.Second _____.Finally, ______.③ Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to _____.For one thing, ____.For another, ______.Finally, _______.(也可用于結(jié)尾)④ Although the popular belief is a fact, a current study(survey/investigation)indicates that...(3)結(jié)尾

總結(jié)文章的主要內(nèi)容，或者提出希望或展望未來(lái)，或者對(duì)文章提出的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反問，啟發(fā)讀者思考。如：An open China has realized the

importance of business.Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture? 常用句型：

① From what has been discussed /mentioned above, we may conclude that…

② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw /come to the conclusion that….③ Only in this way/ in doing so, can sth.be really ….④ Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend that …..無(wú)論是何種類型，英語(yǔ)

（二）作文基本上是三段式作文，根據(jù)不同的類型，三段的寫法不同。所用的模式也不同。

二、各類型作文的寫法和常用句型

（一）圖表 / 看圖作文

1.寫作模式：描述圖表/圖畫-分析圖表/圖畫-總結(jié)全文（也可以展望未來(lái)或發(fā)出倡議或表明自己的態(tài)度）2.常用句型：

（1）表示說(shuō)明的開篇句式：

As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…

The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that … It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that… The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that … The table/chart /graph shows(that)… According to the table/chart /graph, … As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …

As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, … It can be seen from the figures/statistics that … We can see from the figures/statistics that … As we can see in this picture, … This picture shows that …（2）描述圖表的句式：

A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%.On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%.Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.A is second to B.（A僅次于B。）

There was a very slight/ small/ slow/gradual/ steady/ marked/ large/ sharp/

rapid/ sudden/ dramatic rise/ increase/ drop/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction in 2008.The number of…declines/rises by …% from… to… The number of… remains steady/ stable/ the same… The price leveled off.（3）表明個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的句式

As has been shown above, we can safely say that … As far as I am concerned, … To the best of my knowledge, … As to me, ….In my view / opinion, …（4）表示總結(jié)概括的句式

In conclusion / In summary / In a word / In a nutshell / In brief, … 3.例文：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition

on the topic How Are Working People Doing Physical Exercises? You should write

words or so and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below.1.描述下列圖表所表達(dá)的信息;2.談?wù)勀銓?duì)此現(xiàn)象的看法.3．根據(jù)此現(xiàn)象提出建議

Sample writing: As we can see from the chart, on the top of the list is the number of working

people seldom doing physical exercises, which accounts for 60%.What follows are

working people doing exercises once a month at a percentage of 25%.On the

bottom is the number of people doing regular exercises, which takes up only 15%.Although more and more working people are realizing the importance of physical

exercises, they cannot spare their limited time to do some exercises because of

the heavy burden of supporting their families on their shoulders.Apart from

that, their daily lives at the office cannot provide them with the exercise

their body needs.Lack of physical exercises is one of the main contributing factors to poor health among the working people.In order to stay healthy and concentrate on their work more efficiently, all

people, especially working people should take some physical exercises.Society

should encourage people to take exercises regularly.The problem of insufficient

exercises among working people should be solved as soon as possible.(174 words)

（二）對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型作文

1.寫作模式：引出話題-擺出兩種觀點(diǎn)-我的觀點(diǎn) 2.常用句型：

（1）點(diǎn)明主題的常用句型

The issue of whether… or not has been widely argued/ debated about.…h(huán)as become a hot topic among people When it comes to …, people will have a heated discussion.（2）具體介紹兩種對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)的常用句式

Some people suggest/ hold the opinion that… But / However/ Nevertheless/ other

people hold a different point of view.Some people are inclined to think that…On the contrary, there are many people

who won't agree, and they claim…（3）陳述自己觀點(diǎn)的常用句式

In my eyes/ view/ As to me/ To the best of my knowledge/ As far as I am concerned…

I'm in favor of…/ I am on the side of/ My favor goes to the former/ latter

opinion to some extent.The main reason is that… Furthermore…

There is probably some truth in both arguments, but I prefer …to…

In my opinion, both sides are partly right.When we… we should take into

consideration all aspects of the problem and then make the right decision.Considering one after another, I stand on the side of the latter opinion.As to me, I prefer the former one.請(qǐng)認(rèn)真答題，答題結(jié)果將記入知識(shí)點(diǎn)測(cè)評(píng)的成績(jī)！【單選題】Choose the most suitable topic sentence for the third

paragraph in the following passage.The following is a short essay entitled

Advertisements based on the following outline.You should choose the most

suitable topic sentence for the third paragraph.1.各種各樣的廣告隨處可見2.人們對(duì)廣告持不同的觀點(diǎn)3.我認(rèn)為……With the advent of material prosperity, advertisements have become more and

more important in our daily life.If you are observant enough, it's not

difficult for you to notice they appear everywhere.When you walk along the

streets, you can see large billboards with pretty girls smiling at you.You read

newspapers, and see half of the pages covered with ads.You turn on TV, and you

see commercial advertisements time and again.Whether you like it or not，advertisements fill your life.We have to admit that advertisements can play a

useful role in our life.For one thing, they give the latest information about

products.Were there no advertising, consumers could not know about goods sold

in various shops.People can find what they need in the shortest time at the

lowest price.For another, more people are attracted by the advertisements to do

more shopping, which will boom the economic development.However, there are also

some opinions against advertising.Some people think that advertisements do not

give much information but only try to persuade you to buy.They create a demand

for goods that are not really needed.Besides, advertising adds to the cost of

goods.You can see and hear advertisements almost everywhere, which does great harm to people's

health.________________________________________________________.We should see

the function of them, but we cannot overemphasize it.We can never put our

complete trust in what advertisements say.Before making a buying decision, we have to think carefully to make a wise choice.A． As far as I am concerned, I

prefer banning advertisements.B． Weighing the pros and cons of advertising, I

think being for it is better than being against it.C． To the best of my

knowledge, we should have a proper attitude to advertisements.D． Which of the

two above-mentioned opinions is more correct?【答案】C 【解析】本題考查對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型作文中引出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的句子。A，B和C都可以作為引出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的句式，但根據(jù)下文可以看出在本文中作者保持的是一種中立的態(tài)度，并沒有明確贊成或反對(duì)廣告，故A和B都不合適。所以答案為C。【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型作文 3.例文：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition

on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write 150

words or so and you should base your composition the outline below.1.有些人認(rèn)為某些數(shù)字會(huì)帶來(lái)好運(yùn)。2.有些人認(rèn)為運(yùn)氣與數(shù)字無(wú)關(guān)。3.我認(rèn)為…… Sample writing: Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? When it comes to whether lucky numbers can bring good luck, people will have a

heated discussion.It's very common to see that some people will spend a large

sum of money on numbers like “6” or “8” when buying phone numbers or plate

numbers for their cars without any reluctance.Some people take it for granted that some lucky numbers can bring them good

luck.For instance, the so-called lucky number “8” is widely used now because it

is sounded like “getting rich” in Chinese and is believed to bring good fortune.On the contrary, there are many people who won't agree, and they claim that

numbers have nothing to do with luck.They regard numbers simply as mathematic

symbols for counting.They are anything but a mystery.They laugh at those who

think numbers can bring good luck.I'm in favor of the latter opinion.I think our society is very modern now.We

mustn't count on the so-called lucky numbers to fulfill our wishes.Whether we

can have good luck depends on ourselves.If we work hard, good luck will come to us.(186 words)

（三）現(xiàn)象分析型作文 1.原因分析型作文

（1）寫作模式：引出現(xiàn)象-分析引起現(xiàn)象的原因-我的觀點(diǎn)（2）常用句型： ① 引出現(xiàn)象的句式：

With the rapid development of …, many formerly unimaginable things come into

reality.The phenomenon of … is an example.With …, … has become an increasingly serious problem in society.With the increase of population, housing shortage is becoming a more and more

serious problem in large cities.② 引出原因的句式

There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most typical ones.There is probably a variety of reasons for the dramatic increase/decline in … First… Second…Finally…

Why did …? For one thing…, for another… Perhaps the primary reason is …

The change is chiefly caused by the fact that… The failure mainly comes from several factors that… We can regard … as a result of…

A number of factors could account for /contribute to /lead to/ result in…

…, partly because …, partly because… 2.后果分析型作文

（1）寫作模式：引出現(xiàn)象-分析該現(xiàn)象的后果或影響-解決方法或我的觀點(diǎn)（2）常用句型： 引出后果或影響的句式

There are a number of terrible consequences of … Perhaps the most serious one is ….It will have/produce/bring about a far-reaching/profound effect/influence/impact on…

The effect / influence / consequence of … is not only limited to… but also

This leaves some serious consequences of…

It may cause /create/ bring/ result in/ lead to/ give rise to a set of problems.3.例文：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition

on the topic On Fake Commodities You should write 150 words or so and you should base your composition the outline below.1．假冒偽劣商品充斥于各個(gè)角落 2.假冒偽劣商品的原因和危害 3．怎樣杜絕假冒偽劣商品 Sample writing: On Fake Commodities Today, there are many fake commodities sold in the market.Some can do great

harm to us.Why there are so many fake commodities? There are always two reasons, I think.First, the factories spend less time and

less money in producing the fake commodities than the good ones.In this way，they can make a greater profit.Second, the fake commodities are always cheaper

and many people like to buy them.As a result, the fake commodities became more

and more widely spread.It's very obvious that fake commodities are harmful.For

example, there is a man just catching a cold.If the man takes some fake

medicine, perhaps he will get worse, or even die.He is so poor just because he

has bought some fake commodities.The fake commodities do harm to the people, at

the same time, they do harm to society.Many factories selling good commodities will go bankrupt in a short time, which

will cause many workers out of work.There are many ways to eliminate fake commodities but the following ones may be

effective.First, the laws of the protection of consumers should be enforced to

severely punish those who produce or sell fake commodities.Second, consumers

should be taught how to tell good commodities from fake ones.Third, they should

be advised to protect their own interests and not to be led astray by false

advertisements.In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the

problem of fake commodities and launch a campaign against them.Only in this way

will fake commodities be possibly eliminated from the market in the future.(272 words)

（四）評(píng)論型作文

1.寫作模式：引出需要評(píng)論的話（一定要直接或間接引用原話）-分析該引語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵-我的觀點(diǎn)（可以適當(dāng)引用名人名言或諺語(yǔ)，最好照應(yīng)開頭部分）2.常用句型：（1）引述的句式 As a proverb goes, “…” An old saying goes like this, “…” Lincoln once remarked, “…”（2）分析引語(yǔ)的句式

From this saying, we can see / know / conclude that…

This saying / statement tells us / reveals / shows / points out that … 3.例文

Directions: For this part.You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay

entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark，“Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four

sharpening the axe.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Sample writing: The Way to Success Abraham Lincoln once observed, “Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.” As far as I'm concerned, this

remark can be interpreted as follows: If you want to successfully achieve a

certain goal, you must be well prepared for it at first.A good preparation

involves sufficient learning, good strategies and a healthy mentality.To be well prepared, you must first equip yourself with the required knowledge

and skills.Only in this way can you move smoothly in all kinds of tough and

complex situations.In the process of preparation, you will formulate good

strategies which can contribute to reducing the potential mistakes, thus leading

to higher efficiency.Finally, you must learn to cultivate a healthy mentality.You must be fully prepared for the possible setbacks you may encounter and

devote yourself wholeheartedly to whatever goal you pursue.In a word, success comes to those who are well prepared for it.The way to get

prepared is also a way to improve yourself.By sparing no effort to “sharpen

your axe”, you will successfully arrive at your destination.(189 words)請(qǐng)認(rèn)真答題，答題結(jié)果將記入知識(shí)點(diǎn)測(cè)評(píng)的成績(jī)！【單選題】Choose the most suitable opening sentences for the

following passage.The following is a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds

Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is

the easiest thing in the world.I've done it hundreds of times”.Choose the most suitable opening

remarks

for

the essay.____________________________.There is

something provoking and interesting in this paradox, which sets us thinking

about how to achieve success.Modern society provides people with more

opportunities than before, and there are stories which tell us the possibility

of somebody getting successful overnight.Actually that is not the case.Before

these people become successful, a lot of hard work has been done.Take super

girl Zhang Liangying as an example, before she became famous, she used to spend

day and night practice her singing.With her strong will and painstaking

efforts, she finally made it and now she is a world-famous singer.What we

usually see is the result, but what we ignore is a long process of struggling

forward and overcoming various obstacles.Take “quitting smoking” for example，which is, to most people, a difficult task, so people always give up the idea

for they don't have the strong will.In a nutshell, strong will is an indispensable part of success.Strong will is the best policy to make your

dreams come true.Concentrate on what you are engaged in, persist in there and

be patient, for “Where there is a will, there is a way”.A． Some humorous

saying goes like this, “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world.I've done it hundreds of times”.Quitting smoking seems easy, but in reality

it is rarely achieved.B． There is a humorous saying about quitting smoking，which means quitting smoking is both easy and difficult.C． What do you think

about quitting smoking? Is it very difficult or very easy? If you are in the

former group, then you are right.D． Everybody wants to give up smoking, but

how? How can well quit smoking successfully?【答案】A 【解析】本題考查評(píng)論型作文的開頭寫法。評(píng)論型作文的開頭部分需要直接或間接引用原話，最好直接引用，只有A做到了這一點(diǎn)。B，C和D都沒有引用需要評(píng)論的話，而且和下文不能起到很好的銜接關(guān)系，下句中的this

paradox顯然指的是需要評(píng)論的話語(yǔ)，故選擇A?！局R(shí)點(diǎn)】評(píng)論型作文

（五）應(yīng)用文 1.信函類

（1）寫作模式：簡(jiǎn)單表明寫信的目的-具體闡述寫信的意圖-自己的希望及信箋結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)（2）常用句式： ① 申請(qǐng)信

I am writing to apply for the post of … advertised in … Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for …, I felt it was just the

kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been

looking for some time.I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experiences needed for the

position of… advertised in the paper.I hope I may be granted an interview, when I can explain my qualification more fully.I would like to apply for admission to your college.I should like to further my studies in …department of your university.My major interests are…., and I understand your university has a good program in those fields.② 邀請(qǐng)信及答復(fù) Thank you for your letter of …

It is a pleasure for me to invite you on behalf of ….to accept… It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially（誠(chéng)摯地）invite you to attend the meeting.It is very kind of you to ask us for dinner this coming Saturday evening.But，to our deep regret, we cannot accept it.③ 批評(píng)、抱怨、投訴信 I am writing to complain about….I think it's high time you realized…

I must tell you that unless you do something about the situation I will be

forced to take legal action.To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more.請(qǐng)認(rèn)真答題，答題結(jié)果將記入知識(shí)點(diǎn)測(cè)評(píng)的成績(jī)！【單選題】Choose the most suitable ending paragraph for the

following letter.Suppose you are Zhang Ying.Xiao Wang, your former classmate is

going to visit you during the week-long holiday in Beijing.Write according to the suggestions given below.1.表示歡迎2.提出度假安排的建議3.提醒應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)Dear Xiao Wang,Words

failed to express my excitement when I learned that you would spend the holiday

with me.It's been three years since we graduated from high school.I miss you

so much that I can't wait to see you.Now that it will be the first time you

have visited Beijing, I am sure your journey will be exciting, rewarding and

full of a lot of fun.I've made a rough plan for this holiday as follows.On the

first day you arrive here, I will show you around my new campus.Especially I

will take you to visit our newly-built modern library.During the following

three days, we are about to go sightseeing around Beijing.We can visit many

scenic spots and historical attractions, such as the Summer Palace, the

Forbidden city, the Great Wall etc.On the fifth day, we can visit Beijing Zoo, since you are quite interested in wild animals.The next day, we can go

shopping.There are many splendid markets and shopping malls in Beijing.On the

last day, you can have a good rest before setting off.If there is any

inconvenience for you in this plan, please let me know immediately._____________________________________________________________.Yours，Zhang Ying A． I'm writing to you to talk

about your one-week stay in Beijing.B． I am looking forward to your reply and

wish you a good journey.C． I'm looking forward your solving this problem in an

agreeable way.D． With deepest gratitude I write you here a few lines.【答案】B

【解析】本題考查信函類作文的結(jié)束段落的寫法。A和D都是開頭段落的寫法，故首先應(yīng)排除；C是投訴類書信的結(jié)束段落的寫法，故在本文中不合適。正確答案為B?！局R(shí)點(diǎn)】信函類作文 ④ 感謝信

Thank you so much for ….I warmly appreciate your hospitality.I don't know to thank you for your kindness to me.With deepest gratitude I write you here few lines.I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the

lovely time we had at your party last night.⑤ 道歉信

I am awfully sorry that I cannot …

I am very sorry for my rudeness /thoughtlessness / bad manners.I feel sorry for my failure to …

I am writing to express my sincere apology for my … I regret to inform you that I am unable to …

I believe you can understand that I have not intended to hurt you.I feel guilty for what I have done to you.⑥ 其它類型信函開頭及結(jié)尾： I am writing to you with reference to ….Thanks so much for your letter, which arrived….I would like to know some information on … I would be grateful if you could /would ….It will be appreciated if you can /could ….I look forward to hearing from you.I hope you can write back to me at your earliest convenience.Best regards.Best wishes for you.3.例文 假如你是Jim

Lee，你最近對(duì)你所在班的60名同學(xué)（男女各半）進(jìn)行了上網(wǎng)目的的調(diào)查?，F(xiàn)在調(diào)查結(jié)果（如下表所示）用英語(yǔ)給某報(bào)社的編輯寫一封信報(bào)告此事，以引起輿論的關(guān)注。

注意：

1.報(bào)告應(yīng)包括圖表所示的內(nèi)容；

2.敘述調(diào)查結(jié)果時(shí)要避免重復(fù)使用百分比； 3.敘述過程中要適當(dāng)添加評(píng)語(yǔ)； 4.詞數(shù)：150左右。Sample writing: Dear Editor,

I'm very honored to write this letter to you about a survey I have recently made

among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purposes of getting on the Internet.The girl's favorite is chatting, and the portion of those fond of

chatting is 35%.On the contrary, very few boys like chatting on the internet，accounting for less than 5%.What the boys like doing most is playing games and

reading news is just next to that.Both boys and girls like reading news and

sending e-mails on the Internet.Maybe they think it's the most convenient way

to get the latest information.In order to keep themselves well informed about

the development of the world affairs, they have taken advantage of the internet.What we should pay attention to is that only a very small part of the boy and

girl students, use Internet as a tool to study despite its great convenience and

promptness.As far as I am concerned, students should make good use of the

internet to serve them both in their life and study, especially in the latter perspective.What do you think about it? I'm really looking forward to getting your reply.Best regards for you.Yours sincerely,

Jim Lee

(215 words)2.演講類

Directions: Write A Campaign Speech in no less than 150 words based on the outline below.1 你認(rèn)為自己具備是什么條件(能力，性格，愛好)可以勝任學(xué)生會(huì)主席工作，如果當(dāng)選你將會(huì)為本校同學(xué)做什么？ Sample Writing: Dear brothers and sisters, May I have your attention please? Today I am very honored to stand here to have

the chance of running for the president of the students' union.I am a junior in the English Department.Since I came into the university, I have always been the

monitor of my class.I have done a very good job for my classmates, and my

classmates and my teachers all think highly of me.I am good at communication

and I have very strong organizing abilities.Most importantly, I'm very willing

to help others and can derive great pleasure from offering a helping hand to

others.Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, for example, basketball，football, pingpong, etc.I am sure that I am qualified for this position.If I

become the president, I will try my best to do well.I will organize some

suitable activities for you.You will never be disappointed in choosing me as

president since I will do many things for you to meet your demands.I will

greatly appreciate it if you will give me a chance, and I will never let you down.Thank you for your attention.(197 words)3.通知類（一般了解）

通知的文體是考試中常見的一種文體也是對(duì)學(xué)生寫作能力的一個(gè)必要的要求。通知是一種安排活動(dòng)或布置工作時(shí)使用的文體，包括了口頭通知和書面通知?？陬^通知是當(dāng)面向有關(guān)人員口授有關(guān)活動(dòng)的信息，而書面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知給有關(guān)人員。通知的要素是時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，對(duì)象，事件具體內(nèi)容，注意事項(xiàng)等。通知的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)潔明了，直截了當(dāng)。還應(yīng)該注意要有一定的邏輯順序。注意：

（1）口頭通知在開頭一般都會(huì)以如下形式出現(xiàn)： Ladies and gentlemen Boys and girls May I have your attention, please? I have something important to tell you.結(jié)尾時(shí)會(huì)以以下句子結(jié)束： That's all.Thank you.（2）書面通知在正文之前的正中位置寫 Notice 字樣。在結(jié)尾要注明通知的發(fā)布人和發(fā)布日期。例1：廣播通知：

你校學(xué)生會(huì)將為來(lái)訪的美國(guó)朋友舉辦一個(gè)晚會(huì)，要在學(xué)校廣播中宣布此事，并歡迎大家參加。為使美國(guó)朋友能聽懂，請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)寫一篇廣播通知。要點(diǎn)如下： 宗旨：歡迎來(lái)訪的美國(guó)朋友 組織者：學(xué)生會(huì)

時(shí)間：7月 13 日（星期六）晚上7:30 活動(dòng)內(nèi)容：音樂，跳舞，唱歌，游戲，交換小禮品（請(qǐng)包裝好，簽名并在包裝外面寫上幾個(gè)祝愿詞）

May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.The Students'

Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our

friends from the United States.The party will be held in the roof garden of the

Main Building.It will begin at 7:30 PM.There will be music, dancing, singing，games and exchange of gifts.You may bring along a small gift for this purpose.Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.Don't forget: 7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building.It's sure to

be a lot of fun.Everybody is welcome.例2：下面是有關(guān)英語(yǔ)演講比賽的信息,請(qǐng)根據(jù)此用英語(yǔ)寫一則通知.活動(dòng)：英語(yǔ)演講比賽 目的：提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ) 組織者：學(xué)生會(huì) 參加范圍：高中學(xué)生 報(bào)名時(shí)間：5月25日以前 報(bào)名地點(diǎn)：學(xué)生會(huì)辦公室 比賽時(shí)間：6月9日 下午4:00 比賽地點(diǎn)：教學(xué)樓五樓禮堂 評(píng)獎(jiǎng)：前五名優(yōu)勝者獲獎(jiǎng) Notice We are going to have an English-speaking contest for senior students so as to

improve our oral English.It will be held in the auditorium on the 5th floor in

the teaching building 4:00pm, June 9th.Those who want to take part in the

contest are supposed to come to sign up at the office of the Students' Union before May 25th.All the senior students are welcome to join in the contest.The first five

winners will be given prizes.Please try our best and get ready in time.Wish you success!

The Students' Union 結(jié) 尾

以上是本次《英語(yǔ)

（二）》串講的內(nèi)容，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)诼牬v課程時(shí)，把重點(diǎn)放在改版后試卷上的七大題型的做題方法上。如果覺得自己基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱，建議同學(xué)們聽一下我們的精講課程。鑒于本考試七個(gè)部分大部分都是全新題型，同學(xué)們平時(shí)在學(xué)習(xí)教材的過程中要有意識(shí)地往新題型上靠攏，多聯(lián)想、多思考相關(guān)題型的解題方法。教材上課文可能會(huì)在考試中入選，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們?cè)谡J(rèn)真聽精講課所講解的單詞及語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合串講所分析的七大題型的做題方法，真正理解考試各題型的精髓所在，一定要把課上所學(xué)的理論應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐。同時(shí)要練習(xí)常見體裁的寫作，積累常用詞匯和句型，大致掌握常見模板，并輔以一定的寫作練習(xí)。相信在我們的共同努力下，同學(xué)們一定會(huì)取得自己滿意的成績(jī)。預(yù)祝大家考試成功！

第二篇：短文寫作詞匯

短文寫作詞匯

2009-03-16 22:51

（1）段落開頭常用詞語(yǔ)

As far as ?.is concerned就?而言，就?什么而論；When it comes to 談到?;As regards至于..關(guān)于..;with respect to 至于?關(guān)于..;As the proverb goes有句諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)道?;It is commomly believed that人民普遍認(rèn)

為?;generally speaking一般來(lái)說(shuō)；First of all首先;In the beginning首先；In the first place 首先；To begin with首先；To start with首先；At first glance乍看起來(lái)’?;Secondly其次；Last but not the least最后一點(diǎn)，但也是最總要的一點(diǎn)；It can be argued that也許有人會(huì)說(shuō)?;It goes without saying that不言而喻；It is no doubt that毫無(wú)疑問；According to..據(jù)..;until recently直到最近；So far=by now迄今為止；It has been found that..已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)；It has been provedthat..已經(jīng)證明..;It can’t be denied that..無(wú)可否認(rèn)..It is possible that..有可能..;It is estimated that..據(jù)估計(jì)..;It is evident that..顯而易見的..;It is generally

agreedbelieved that..人民普遍認(rèn)為..;It is predicted that..據(jù)估計(jì)估測(cè)；It is proposed that..有人建議；IT is claimed that..有人聲稱；It is expected that?有人希望盼望；It is well-known that眾所周知；It is no secret that..無(wú)庸諱言；It must be pointed out that..必須指出的是..;It must be admitted that..必須承認(rèn)；It stands to no reason that..?是有道理的；Now that we know that?現(xiàn)在既然我們知道?;So long asAs long as..只要；We are all aware that?我們都認(rèn)識(shí)到?;What calls for special attention is that..值得引起特別注意得是..;While..雖然?;In spite of..雖然?;As..so..正如..也?;It is hardly an accident that?..不是偶然的；In addition to?除了?還有..（2）表示舉例的常用詞語(yǔ)

For instance 例如；for example例如；A case in point is..一個(gè)典型的例子就是?;An interesting example is that..一個(gè)有趣的例子是?;As is shown by the case of?正如同..的例子說(shuō)明..;Let me cite an example of..請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我舉一個(gè)?的例子。

（3）表示銜接和轉(zhuǎn)折的常用詞語(yǔ)

表對(duì)比和轉(zhuǎn)折：although..盡管..;however但是；yet但是；conversely相反地是；on the contrary恰恰相反；expct for 除了..;;in contrast與之形成對(duì)比的是；nonetheless 但是；despite雖然；in spite of 雖然；otherwise 否則；on the other hand另一方面；still..可還是?;whereas?可是..instead..反之..;unlike不像?while雖然..;different from 和..什么不同得是..;It does’t follow that??并不意味著?;in like manner 類似的；likewise 和?相似，similarly與之相似的?just as..so..正如?,?.也?;by compaarrison相比較；unlike?和?不同；distinguish from與?不同 表因果：because(of)因?yàn)椋籧onsequently..所以,?結(jié)果?;accordingly按照?;therefore..所以...;for this reason?正因?yàn)槿绱?；As a result?結(jié)果；owing to ?因?yàn)?.;tankd to ?因?yàn)?.,多虧..;hence?所以；thus..所以；on account of ?因?yàn)?in that..因?yàn)?；result from.因?yàn)?.而導(dǎo)致；result in

導(dǎo)致；lead to導(dǎo)致；lie in在于；

表遞進(jìn)和補(bǔ)充：furthermore還有；moreove還有；in addtion另外；what’s more 另外apart from..除了..;coupled with加上；besides除了?;not only..but also不僅..而且..表強(qiáng)調(diào)：above all?特別是；certainly當(dāng)然；indeed確實(shí)；more importantly更重要的是；obviously很明顯；to be sure 當(dāng)然；undoubtedly毫無(wú)疑問；coupled with加上。

表結(jié)論：in short..總之； in brief..總之；to sum up..總之；in conclusion總之；in summary總之；to summarize總之；all in all總之；in a word總之；to make(cut)a long story short?簡(jiǎn)而言之；everything considere?總而言之;I will conclude by sayingciting 最后我要..;therefore,we haveb every reason to believe that..所以我們有理由相信?

常用諺語(yǔ)

As a popular saying goes,“Nothing venture,nothing have”不入虎穴，焉得虎子

As a proverb says,“Everything has two sides”凡是都有兩面性

As a proverb says,“Where there is a will ,there is a way”有志著，事竟成。

As a popular saying goes“A man is known by company he kepts.”觀其交友，只其為人

As is known to all,“No pains,no gains”沒有苦就沒有甜（不勞而獲）

A full cap must be carried steadily.學(xué)問越大越要謙虛

Action speak louder than words.行動(dòng)比語(yǔ)言更響亮

Adversity leads to prosperity痛苦通向昌盛

All’s well that ends well。結(jié)果好就一切都好

Beauty is but skin deep.美麗只是外表罷了（不能以貌取人）

Well begun is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半

Look before you leapp.三思而后行

Later better than never.遲做總比不做好

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.兩鳥在林不如一鳥在手 Birds of a feather flok together.物以類聚。人以群分

Bitter pills may have wholesome effects.良藥苦口

Once bitten,twice shy.一次被咬。下次膽小

Blood is thicker thanwater.血濃于水

A new broom swoops clean.新官上任三把火

Misery loves company.同病相連

Misfortunes never comes singly.禍不單行

There is a crook in the lot of every one.人生總有不如意處

Love me,love my dog.愛屋及烏

What’s donecannot be undone.事已定局，無(wú)可返回

Never offer to teach fish swim.不要般門弄斧

Make hay while the sun shines曬草要趁太陽(yáng)好（抓緊時(shí)機(jī)）

Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.寧為雞頭，毋為鳳尾

An hour in the morning is worth two in the eveving一日之際在于晨。Man proposes,God disposes.謀事在人，成事在天

第三篇：英語(yǔ)作文短文寫作

第二部分

短文寫作模板

1.畫圖式（1）雙圖類比

Upon carefully observation,we will find that the two pictures above are closely related in meaning.In the upper one,______①.In the lower one,however,_______②.The pictures convey a clear and strong message to us that _______③ 描述段：

①此處應(yīng)該填寫第一個(gè)描述句：第一幅圖畫的內(nèi)容 ②此處應(yīng)該填寫第一個(gè)描述句：第二幅圖畫的內(nèi)容 ③總結(jié)兩幅圖的表層含義

The pictures are thought-provoking,and what they illustrate is a common

phenomenon

in

today’s society:______④.______⑤.Hence,______⑥，ais shown in the pictures given above.Aside from that,another telling example is ______⑦.解釋段：

④點(diǎn)出圖畫寓意

⑤展開寓意，挖掘其深層次含義 ⑥再次總結(jié)，強(qiáng)調(diào)寓意

⑦此處應(yīng)該填寫一個(gè)與圖畫主題相似的例子，并加以說(shuō)明。⑧Considering the current issue and worsening situation,we should call for some

immediate

action

imposed

by

the authorities.⑨Nevertheless,it is the responsibility of _______to_______in building a wholesome outlook toward the world and life.Therefore,it’s the duty of ordinary people to actively participate in the action.In my opinion,what’s most important is ______⑩.評(píng)論段（消極）

⑧對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行消極評(píng)論，經(jīng)典結(jié)尾段開頭句

⑨筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，對(duì)這樣的消極現(xiàn)象，誰(shuí)（如政府、社會(huì)、家長(zhǎng)等）應(yīng)該承擔(dān)怎么樣的責(zé)任

⑩提出作者的評(píng)論

（2）雙圖類比

Nowadays,_______①has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society,especially for those who are confronted with this problem.There are,ais vividly illustrated in the pictures.In the left picture ______②，while in the right ______③.This is something we should give more though to.描述段

①總結(jié)圖畫主題，一般可以用 and 或 or 連接兩個(gè)名詞。注意英語(yǔ)喜歡用名詞作標(biāo)題類的內(nèi)容。

②此處應(yīng)該填寫第一個(gè)描述句：第一幅圖畫的內(nèi)容 ③此處應(yīng)該填寫第二個(gè)描述句：第二幅圖畫的內(nèi)容

The purpose of the drawing is to show us that _______④，yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously._______⑤.Such cases can be found in almost all walks of life.解釋段

④此處應(yīng)該填寫第一個(gè)描述句：點(diǎn)出圖畫寓意 ⑤展開寓意，挖掘深層次的含義

⑥Accordingly,it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings.On the one hand,_______ ⑦.On the other hand,______⑧.⑨Only by _______can_______.⑩Therefore,it’s the duty of ordinary people to actively participate in the action.評(píng)論段（積極）

⑥對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行積極評(píng)論，經(jīng)典結(jié)尾段開頭句 ⑦評(píng)論一 ⑧評(píng)論二

⑨使用了 only by doing sth.can sb.do sth 的倒裝句型 ⑩經(jīng)典高度抽象的結(jié)尾末句。

（3）單圖動(dòng)態(tài)

What is

presented

here

is

a

rather

meaningful drawing.______①.What makes this drawing extraordinary is________ ②，which clearly indicates ________③.描述段

①此處應(yīng)該填寫若干個(gè)描述句，注意動(dòng)態(tài)圖應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) ②此處應(yīng)填寫圖畫亮點(diǎn)（人物，動(dòng)作或場(chǎng)景）③總結(jié)圖畫的含義 Undoubtedly the drawing conveys the meaning that _______④.That is to say,_______⑤.Such a practice is very helpful in terms of the following aspects.⑥For one thing,______.For another,_______.解釋段

④展開寓意，挖掘深層次的含義 ⑤強(qiáng)調(diào)寓意

⑥此處填寫兩個(gè)解釋句，分析該圖畫現(xiàn)象的意義

Numerous examples can demonstrate_______⑦.A case in point is _______⑧.Another illustration is closely related to us,_______⑨.On the whole,these examples effectively clarify the saying that_______⑩.舉例段（積極）

⑦舉例段萬(wàn)能末尾首句，該處填入圖畫寓意 ⑧例證一 ⑨例證二

⑩點(diǎn)明主題，可以填入一個(gè)諺語(yǔ)或文章主題

（4）單圖靜態(tài)

Ais conveyed in the picture,_______①.Simple as it is,the drawing renders us pondering awfully.Accordingly,what this thought-provoking picture depicts reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society:_______②，which has aroused great concern and should be given enough consideration.It goes without saying that its symbolic meaning that _______③，with the harmonious society echoed vigorously nowadays in China ought to be weighed conscientiously.描述段

①描述圖畫內(nèi)容，注意靜態(tài)圖應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) ②此處填入一個(gè)反映當(dāng)今社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的情況的句子 ③點(diǎn)出圖畫寓意

Why do we lay emphasis on this,several points analyzed below might equip us with the deeper understanding of what we are heading for.④For one thing ______,for another.No better illustration of this idea touched on above can be maintained than the case as listed below,_______⑤.It follows that,no issue in china is as basic to _______⑥.解釋段

④此處填入對(duì)圖畫寓意進(jìn)行分析的陳述句 ⑤此處填入一個(gè)反映圖畫寓意的事例 ⑥進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明

Judging from what has been argued above,people have come to realize ______⑦.As for me,it is necessary that some effective steps be made to ______⑧.To begin with,we should______;moreover _______⑨.Only by undergoing these measures,can we _______⑩.態(tài)度段

⑦展開寓意，挖掘其深層次含義 ⑧聯(lián)系自我，總結(jié)、強(qiáng)調(diào)寓意 ⑨此處填入表達(dá)作者態(tài)度的陳述句 ⑩展望前景，經(jīng)典結(jié)尾末句，使用倒裝

（5）單圖單意-----積極圖

When we use the word / phrase _______①，we do not simply mean _______②，Which is a very narrow definition.The picture below illustrates the real meaning of it,by stressing the fact that_______③.描述段

①根據(jù)圖畫凝練一個(gè)單詞或詞組 ②此處填入該單詞和詞組的字面意思 ③描述圖畫內(nèi)容

The implied meaning of the drawing should be taken into account seriously.To begin with,______④.What’s more,______⑤.As an example of ______,we should remember ______⑥.And the social phenomenon has arisen the great concern of our whole society.解釋段

④此處填入揭示圖畫積極涵義一的陳述句 ⑤此處填入揭示圖畫積極涵義二的陳述句 ⑥圍繞主題，舉例說(shuō)明

As far as I am concerned,the best way to ______⑦.We should always be ready to ______ ⑧.In this way,we can help to make______better,for,as the picture shows,______⑨.態(tài)度段

⑦此處應(yīng)填入我的態(tài)度 ⑧從個(gè)體擴(kuò)展到群體，深化主題 ⑨把圖畫內(nèi)容再次簡(jiǎn)單描述，畫龍點(diǎn)睛

（6）單圖單意----消極圖

Ais vividly depicted in the cartoon,_______①.The scene is presented in an artistic and ironic manner.What is strikingly noticeable is _______②,but it can be easily explained by _______③show in the picture.描述段

①描述圖畫內(nèi)容

②此處填入消極圖中的關(guān)鍵人物或事物 ③通過圖畫中的其他場(chǎng)景或人物得到解釋

The purpose of the drawing is to show us that due attention has to be paid to

the

_______④.First

and foremost,_______.⑤Furthermore,_______.Last but not least,_______.解釋段

④點(diǎn)出圖畫寓意

⑤此處應(yīng)填入造成這種現(xiàn)象原因的陳述句

⑥It is imperative for us to take drastic measures.To begin with,relevant laws and regulations should be made to severely punish those who ______⑦.In addition,we should ______⑧.⑨Only in this way can we curb the current evil phenomenon revealed in the picture.解決段 ⑥對(duì)圖畫所折射的社會(huì)消極現(xiàn)象提出解決方案，經(jīng)典結(jié)尾段開頭句

⑦方案一，此處應(yīng)該填入社會(huì)消極現(xiàn)象或行為的制造者 ⑧方案二

⑨萬(wàn)能解決段結(jié)尾末句，使用倒裝句，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

(7)單圖雙意

①Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the drawing can be surprised to find that ______②.③It goes without saying that _______.Nevertheless , _______④.Why does this phenomenon appear? 描述段

①此句含有定語(yǔ)從句，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且為長(zhǎng)主句結(jié)構(gòu)，是經(jīng)典的開頭句

②此處應(yīng)該填寫一個(gè)描述圖畫內(nèi)容的句子 ③諺語(yǔ)；不言而喻，此處應(yīng)該填寫反駁的觀點(diǎn) ④此處應(yīng)該填寫要支持的觀點(diǎn)

⑤It is______that______.To get a sense of that,we must turn first causes for it._______，⑥two cases in point are _______.⑦If you push the exposure further,you will see that_____also has its negative aspects.In fact,______.What would our society be like if there were no ________⑧？ 解釋段

⑤強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)圖畫主題的積極方面 ⑥解釋圖畫主題的積極方面

⑦采用兩分法，提出圖畫主題的消極方面 ⑧特殊虛擬句，表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈感情

It is obvious that we should face up to every new trouble,so the top priority task for us to set about is to ______⑨.Perhaps,it is ripe time for us to tackle _______⑩.解決段

⑨提出揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短的方案

⑩強(qiáng)調(diào)寓意，深化主題，展望未來(lái)

（8）圖中帶字

As it is show in the picture above,_______①.Accordingly,this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society:______②.描述段

①結(jié)合文字，描述圖畫內(nèi)容 ②解釋深層含義

As a matter of fact,it is not rare to find in our every day life deeds of similar nature.For in stance,_______③There are several reasons accounting for this.Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle,we may_______④.Furthermore , ________⑤.解釋段 ③此處應(yīng)該填寫一個(gè)或幾個(gè)例子，為主題服務(wù) ④此處應(yīng)該填入原因一 ⑤此處應(yīng)該填入原因二

Judging from what have been argued above,people have come to realize the value of _______⑥.⑦It is,therefore,necessary that some effective steps be made to _______.To begin with,_______ ⑧ In addition,_______ ⑨.Only in those ways,can we make people,even _______,_______⑩.解決段

⑥經(jīng)典末段首句，承上啟下，此處應(yīng)該填入文章主題 ⑦句式的多樣性，采用了形式主語(yǔ) ⑧此處應(yīng)該填入方案一 ⑨此處應(yīng)該填入方案二

⑩萬(wàn)能解決段結(jié)尾末句，使用倒裝，插入語(yǔ)..2.圖表式

（1）模板一

It is obvious in the graphic / table that the rate / number / amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up / grown / fallen / dropped considerably in resent years(as X varies).At the point of X1,Y reaches its peak value of _______① 描述段

說(shuō)明：X,X①和 Y 都是表示圖表上的某一點(diǎn)或數(shù)量 ①此處應(yīng)該填入數(shù)量的多少 What is the reason for this change?Mainly there are _______② reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic / table.First of all,_______③.More all,_______⑤.解釋段

②此處填入幾個(gè)原因 ③此處填入第一個(gè)原因 ④此處填入第二個(gè)原因 ⑤此處填入第三個(gè)原因

From the above discussions,we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend decided in the graphic / table will continue for quite a long time⑥[(if necessary measures are not taken)].評(píng)論段

⑥括號(hào)里的適用于那些不太好的變化趨勢(shì)

（2）模板 2 The chart gives us an overall picture of the _______①.The first thing we notice

is

that

_______②.This

means

that

importantly,_______④.Most

important

of as_________,________③.描述段

①此處應(yīng)該填入圖表主題 ②此處應(yīng)該填入圖表的最大特點(diǎn) ③進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明圖表主題 We can see from the statistics given that _______ ④.⑤ After V.ing _______,the_______.The figures also tells us that ________ ⑥.In the second column,we can see that ________accounts for ________⑦.解釋段

④圖表細(xì)節(jié)一（強(qiáng)調(diào)幅度和時(shí)間）⑤細(xì)節(jié)一中的第一個(gè)變化 ⑥圖表細(xì)節(jié)二 ⑦進(jìn)一步描述

Judging from these figures,we can draw the conclusion that _______⑧.The reason for this ,as far as I am concerned is that ________⑨.It is high time that we ________⑩.觀點(diǎn)段

⑧此處應(yīng)該填入結(jié)論 ⑨此處應(yīng)該給出原因 ⑩發(fā)出倡議

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第四篇：賞析短文寫作指導(dǎo)

賞析短文寫作指導(dǎo)

? 第一、先明白命題的考核目的，然后準(zhǔn)確、全面、透徹地解讀文本。抓住關(guān)鍵句，進(jìn)行思路分析。

? 第二、賞析短文的表述：文章結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，一般采用“總說(shuō)——分說(shuō)——總結(jié)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。首先要單刀直入、開門見山地提出論點(diǎn)，也就是提出你對(duì)該文的總體評(píng)價(jià)。然后就原作內(nèi)容進(jìn)行復(fù)述、介紹、引用，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià)，也就是采用“述評(píng)結(jié)合”的方法，一定要“述 ”和“評(píng)”相結(jié)合。? 第三、適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用鑒賞的常用術(shù)語(yǔ)。? 第四、表達(dá)要準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔。

寫作賞析短文的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)(一)主題思想：

立意深刻獨(dú)到,鞭辟入里；突破定勢(shì),標(biāo)新立異；主旨深遠(yuǎn),意蘊(yùn)豐富；言近旨遠(yuǎn),耐人尋味；言有盡而意無(wú)窮；人無(wú)我有,人有我奇；意境深遠(yuǎn)．(二)構(gòu)思技巧：

構(gòu)思,是作者對(duì)自己將要?jiǎng)邮謱懽鞯奈恼聫膬?nèi)容到形式所作的總體設(shè)想。構(gòu)思的外在表現(xiàn)形式為文章結(jié)構(gòu)。文章的構(gòu)思技巧主要從作品的立意、選材、結(jié)構(gòu)安排、體裁、意境、表現(xiàn)手法等方面去判別。常見的鑒賞角度和術(shù)語(yǔ)：

①?gòu)牧⒁獾臉?gòu)思及其表現(xiàn)看,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有開門見山、見解獨(dú)到、畫龍點(diǎn)睛、卒章顯志、形散神聚、以小見大、發(fā)人深省、托物言志、寓言寄意、對(duì)比反襯、欲揚(yáng)先抑、欲抑先揚(yáng)、欲擒故縱、反彈琵琶、逆向思維等。

②從選材、組材的構(gòu)思及其表現(xiàn)看,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有

以小見大、以點(diǎn)帶面,正反映襯(對(duì)比對(duì)照)、搖曳多姿,形散神聚、巧設(shè)線索、明暗交織,選材典型、多角度描寫、詳略得當(dāng)?shù)取?/p>

③從結(jié)構(gòu)安排(或者說(shuō)上下文的關(guān)系)的構(gòu)思來(lái)看,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有前后照應(yīng)(首尾呼應(yīng))、層層鋪墊、巧設(shè)伏筆(鋪墊)、巧設(shè)懸念、巧妙勾連,層層推進(jìn)(層層深入、步步遞進(jìn))、層層剝筍,對(duì)比烘托、搖曳多姿,紅線串珠(彩線串珠)、形散神聚、渾然天成,總分總式,并列結(jié)構(gòu),縱橫捭闔、開合自如,情節(jié)波瀾、張弛有度等。

④賞析意境、表現(xiàn)手法等方面的構(gòu)思技巧,常用術(shù)語(yǔ)有

虛實(shí)結(jié)合、虛實(shí)相生、思維嚴(yán)密、構(gòu)思精巧、不落窠臼、運(yùn)用蒙太奇手法等．(三)藝術(shù)手法：

1.表達(dá)方式：敘述、描寫、議論、抒情、說(shuō)明等。

2.表現(xiàn)手法：比興,聯(lián)想和想象,象征, 烘托,對(duì)比,渲染,用典,諷喻． 3.修辭手法：比喻、擬人、排比、反復(fù)、對(duì)偶等。

4.寫作技巧：以動(dòng)襯靜,動(dòng)靜結(jié)合；虛實(shí)結(jié)合；點(diǎn)面結(jié)合；側(cè)面描寫；粗筆勾勒；工筆細(xì)描；繪形繪聲繪色；

5.描寫手法：肖像描寫、動(dòng)作描寫、心理描寫、環(huán)境描寫(景物描寫)、細(xì)節(jié)描寫等。6.抒情方式：直接抒情(直抒胸臆),間接抒情(情景交融、借景抒情、托物言志、寓情于景、情景交融、情景相生、以樂景襯哀情)。(四)語(yǔ)言特色：

清新明快, 簡(jiǎn)潔洗練, 含而不露, 簡(jiǎn)筆勾勒,濃墨重彩, 體物入微, 窮形盡相, 詩(shī)情畫意,富有哲理, 耐人尋味, 形神兼?zhèn)? 語(yǔ)言淺近明白如話, 言簡(jiǎn)意豐, 行云流水,平實(shí)質(zhì)樸,詼諧幽默, 辛辣諷刺, 準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng), 形象生動(dòng),惟妙惟肖, 淋漓盡致, 留有空白, 情韻悠長(zhǎng),力透紙背, 入木三分。把握賞析短文的寫作方法,規(guī)范答題格式 ㈠、標(biāo)題 基本要求： ①使用題目給定的標(biāo)題

②格式:正標(biāo)題空四個(gè)格子,副標(biāo)題另起一行,空六個(gè)格子 ㈡、領(lǐng)起段寫作要求：

①明確賞析對(duì)象,緊扣所選的題目寫(正標(biāo)題是觀點(diǎn),副標(biāo)題是寫作角度)②做出總體評(píng)價(jià) 基本格式：

(1)賞析“主題思想及其表現(xiàn)”的常用格式：

a、本文通過記敘(描寫)……,表達(dá)了作者……的思想感情．

例：《項(xiàng)鏈》通過描寫瑪?shù)贍柕乱允甑暮寥憧嗳ベr償一條借來(lái)的假項(xiàng)鏈的悲劇故事,尖銳地諷刺了小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)虛榮心和追求享樂的思想。b、……是《……》的主題．

例：描寫群眾的愚昧和革命者的悲哀是魯迅的短篇小說(shuō)《藥》的主題思想． ②賞析藝術(shù)手法：

本文主要采用了……的藝術(shù)手法,生動(dòng)形象地表現(xiàn)了……,具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)感染力．(手法+表達(dá)效果)例：朱自清在《荷塘月色》一文中大量運(yùn)用了比喻的修辭手法,描摹景色形象生動(dòng),表達(dá)感情細(xì)膩入微。(《鮮明的比喻—— 藝術(shù)手法簡(jiǎn)析》領(lǐng)起段)③構(gòu)思技巧：

a、……是《……》構(gòu)思上最突出的特點(diǎn)．

例:以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感為線索,三線并進(jìn),娓娓道來(lái),是《在山陰道上》謀篇布局上最突出的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。(《簡(jiǎn)析 謀篇布局的技巧》領(lǐng)起段)b、《……》構(gòu)思上最大的特點(diǎn)是……． 例：《在山陰道上》一文在謀篇布局上最大的特點(diǎn)是文章以明、暗兩條線索相互交錯(cuò),使文章條理清晰,布局精巧。(《簡(jiǎn)析 謀篇布局的技巧》領(lǐng)起段)㈢、主體部分基本要求：

①緊扣領(lǐng)起段提出的觀點(diǎn)分析． ②邊敘邊議． ③注意條理,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用序數(shù)詞． ④適當(dāng)提段． ㈣、總結(jié)段 基本要求： ①再現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)

②運(yùn)用術(shù)語(yǔ)(如“總之”“綜上所述”“總而言之”等)例：a.總之,《在山陰道上》一文以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、情感三條線索,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,密不可分,從而使情感升華,主題深化。(《簡(jiǎn)析 謀篇布局的技巧》總結(jié)段)b.總而言之,《荷塘月色》一文運(yùn)用鮮明的比喻,既形象地描寫了荷塘月色的美景,也傳達(dá)了作者對(duì)荷塘的喜愛之情。

范文引路：

怎一個(gè)妙字了得(正標(biāo)題是觀點(diǎn),是寫作的小的切入點(diǎn))——賞析《登泰山記》的藝術(shù)手法(副標(biāo)題是寫作角度)《登泰山記》一文巧妙地運(yùn)用了側(cè)面烘托和比喻擬人等藝術(shù)手法,生動(dòng)地描寫了泰山雪后初晴的瑰麗景色和日出時(shí)的雄渾景象,具有很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)感染力．(領(lǐng)起段： 手法+表達(dá)效果 ①明確賞析對(duì)象,緊扣所選的題目寫②做出總體評(píng)價(jià))抓住特征巧妙烘托,是本文寫作上的一個(gè)重要特征。本文描寫景物很少直接寫出,而是采用側(cè)面烘托的辦法。(評(píng))例如,先用“其級(jí)七千有余”(敘)暗暗點(diǎn)出泰山的雄偉(析),然后借山頂俯視所見“半山居霧”和在日觀亭時(shí)“足下皆云漫”的圖景(敘)從側(cè)面烘托泰山的高峻(析)。又如寫雪,除“冰雪”“雪與人膝齊”等正面描寫外,又以“明燭天南”“白若”“絳皓駁色”(敘)等作側(cè)面烘托,給人以想象,又生動(dòng)有趣(析)。

本文使用比喻和擬人手法也各具特點(diǎn)。(評(píng))“蒼山負(fù)雪,明燭天南”(敘).作者不言冰雪覆蓋青山,卻說(shuō)青山背負(fù)著雪,賦予靜態(tài)的青山以人的動(dòng)態(tài),用語(yǔ)新穎、傳神(析).“汶水、徂徠如畫,而半山居霧若帶然”(敘),作者縱目遠(yuǎn)眺,夕陽(yáng)照耀著泰安城,汶水、徂徠好像自然天成的山水畫,而山腰間停留著的云霧好像飄帶一般?！鞍肷骄屿F”,不僅把動(dòng)態(tài)的物寫成靜態(tài),使人感受到那種特有的寧?kù)o氣息,而且設(shè)喻新奇,給人以美的享受(析).“回視日觀以西峰,或得日,或否,絳皓駁色,而皆若僂”(敘),這一比喻,寫出了西南諸峰的特點(diǎn),更顯出日觀峰的雄峻,且賦予山峰以人的感情,形象而生動(dòng)(析)。(主體部分：①緊扣領(lǐng)起段提出的觀點(diǎn)分析．②邊敘邊議．③注意條理,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用序數(shù)詞．④適當(dāng)提段．)總之,本文巧妙的運(yùn)用多種藝術(shù)手法,寫出了泰山的神秀壯麗,能喚起人們對(duì)泰山的向往,讓人深刻地感受到祖國(guó)山河的壯美,真乃怎一個(gè)妙字了得。(總結(jié)段：①再現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)②運(yùn)用術(shù)語(yǔ)(如“總之”“綜上所述”“總而言之”等)文章的寫作技巧為設(shè)喻說(shuō)理，借拔牙寫剿匪，特別指官匪，生動(dòng) 形象。作者自己口中的那些蟲牙，不但不能為自己的身體服務(wù)，反而危害自己的身體，根本沒有替作者造福的能力。作者非但不能通緝他們，還要袒護(hù)他們，但他們卻仍要與作者作對(duì)。這巧妙的隱喻了當(dāng)時(shí)黑暗的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)官員的腐敗無(wú)能。不為民為國(guó)造福，反而危害人民，危害國(guó)家。而人民還要在他們的苛政之下生活，還要送東西孝敬他們。

作者起先反對(duì)在口中剿匪，認(rèn)為自己要有文王之德，而后受到了勸告，要剿匪；事成后，全無(wú)痛苦，還裝了十來(lái)根方方正正的假牙。這隱喻；貪官污吏被滿門抄斬后，換上一批盡職盡責(zé)的官員，為人民造福。通篇采用設(shè)喻說(shuō)理，暗喻當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。通俗易懂，十分有趣。

本文語(yǔ)言幽默、詼諧。把拔牙比作剿匪，把牙齒拔光就是要把國(guó)土上的官匪肅清。作者沒有一本正經(jīng)地講述自己的主題，而是從自身出發(fā)，從牙齒出發(fā)。莊嚴(yán)之中也帶著一點(diǎn)小俏皮。作者形象地揭露出一些官位處于國(guó)家棟梁之位，被人民滋養(yǎng)，卻危害國(guó)家；不為人民造福，卻殘害人民。本文的語(yǔ)言讓讀者欣賞的同時(shí)，也給人一種幽默的感覺?？勺x完后，卻能使讀者陷入沉思。

這篇文章具有強(qiáng)烈的諷刺意義，諷刺了那些官匪，對(duì)待他們千萬(wàn)不可采取隱忍、孝敬的態(tài)度，對(duì)官匪的仁慈是不對(duì)的，對(duì)他們唯一的辦法就是興兵伐紂，替天行道。

第五篇：短文寫作妙筆生花開頭語(yǔ)

短文寫作妙筆生花開頭語(yǔ)

文章的開頭除了要表明主題外，還有一個(gè)重要的任務(wù)就是吸引閱卷老師的注意。因此，開頭一定要具有與眾不同的吸引力，這樣才能給閱卷老師留下深刻的印象。下面介紹幾種實(shí)用有效的開頭方式及常用句型：

1）現(xiàn)象法

所謂現(xiàn)象法，就是在文章開頭就指出某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或問題。這種開頭方式在六級(jí)寫作中十分常見，主要應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)象解釋型作文和問題解決型作文。

【常用句式】

① Recently/ Presently the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of? has been brought into focus./ aroused public attention/ become a heated topic/ been in the limelight.② With ?, there arises a heated debate as to?

③ With the steady/ rapid/ amazing development of?, people begin to?④ In the past? years, many? have been faced/ troubled/ confronted with?

⑤ Nowadays/ Recently, one of the hottest/ most popular topics/ problems many people complain/ concern about/ talk about/ discuss is?

⑥ Nowadays, our society is/ we are witnessing more and more?

⑦ In the past? years, there has been a sharp/ dramatic increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in ? According to an official report/ survey/ poll, ?

⑧ In recent?years, ?has experienced an alarming increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in?

【例13】

Nowadays, one of the hottest problems many people complain about now is piracy.Books, tapes, VCDs and other high-tech products have been pirated.For instance, when a new product comes onto market, most probably, its pirated version will soon show up in the market, too.【分析】本段文字是關(guān)于如何解決盜版問題的文章開頭，運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)象法，段首句使用了句式⑤。

2）對(duì)立法

所謂對(duì)立法，就是引出人們對(duì)要討論問題的不同看法和觀點(diǎn)，然后提出自己的看法或者表明自己偏向哪一看法。這種開頭方式方式一般用于有爭(zhēng)議的主題，主要適用于對(duì)比選擇型作文。

【常用句式】

① When asked?, a great/ vast majority of people/ most? say that? But I think/ view quite differently./ But in my eye/view,?

② When it comes to?, some people believe that?, but some others argue/ claim that?(the opposite/ reverse is true).There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but ?(I tend to agree to/ would prefer the former/ latter.)

③ Now, it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ acknowledged that?.They claim/ believe/ argue that? But I wonder/ doubt whether?

④ Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to?.Some people focus on/ advocate/ favor ? while others may think?.(From my point of view, ?)

⑤ When faced with/ In the face of? quite a few people claim that? but other people argue?⑥ There is much discussion/ public debate/ controversy nowadays as to the problem of? Some people say that? Others hold that?

⑦ There is a general debate over the phenomenon of ? People who are against/ object to it claim/ hold ? But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim/ argue ?

⑧ The value of this form of? is now being questioned by?/There is growing skepticism toward?

【例14】

Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to the best measure of a country’s success.Some people focus on rich economy while others may think it is the quality of life that has nothing to do with money

【分析】本段文字是關(guān)于什么是社會(huì)成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文章開頭，運(yùn)用了對(duì)立法，段首句使用了句式④。

3）觀點(diǎn)法

所謂觀點(diǎn)法，就是開門見山，直截了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢霰疚囊撟C的觀點(diǎn)或要解決的問題。這種開頭方式主要適于觀點(diǎn)論證型作文和問題解決型作文。

【常用句式】

① Now there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to?/Now people are becoming increasingly aware/ conscious of the importance of?

② It is true that? No one can deny ?

③ ?, which has been generally accepted.The truth of it is deep and profound/ self-evident.④ Now people in growing/ significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ accept/ be aware that?

⑤ Nowhere in? / Never in history has the issue/ change/ idea of? been more evident/ visible/ popular/ serious than in?

⑥ Perhaps/ Maybe we should/ it is time to rethink/ reexamine/ have a fresh look at the idea/ value/ attitude/ wisdom/ desirability that?

【例15】

Now there is a growing awareness of the necessity to protect our natural resources form being exhausted.Having realized that natural resources cannot be reproduced if they are exhausted, people are turning to other things for replacement of natural resources.【分析】本段文字是關(guān)于如何保護(hù)自然資源的文章開頭，運(yùn)用了觀點(diǎn)法，段首句使用了句式①。

4）比較法

所謂比較法，就是通過對(duì)過去、現(xiàn)在兩種不同的傾向、觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較，從而引出文章要討論的觀點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)過去的觀點(diǎn)都只是一筆帶過，而將寫作的重點(diǎn)放在現(xiàn)在的即文章要討論的觀點(diǎn)上。這種開頭方式主要適用于觀點(diǎn)論證型作文。

【常用句式】

① For years, ?had been viewed as? But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing/ development of?, people?

② People used to think that?(In the past, ?)But people don’t share this view now.③ It is a tradition/ custom/ practice/ traditional way? But now/in recent decades things have changed.【例16】

People used to think that children should be obedient.If they were obedient, their parents would be very proud and very pleased, and consequently, they would be the favorite ones of their parents among other children.But people do not share this view now.They now think it is of great

importance that their children have their own thoughts.【分析】本段文字是關(guān)于孩子應(yīng)該有獨(dú)立的思想和觀點(diǎn)的文章開頭，運(yùn)用了比較法，段首句使用了句式②。

5）問題法

所謂問題法，就是先將要討論的問題進(jìn)行設(shè)問，然后在解答的過程中引出觀點(diǎn)。這樣開頭的好處在于從一開始就能引起讀者的興趣，但需要注意的是，如果問題設(shè)計(jì)不好，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致首段中心不突出，主題句表達(dá)蒼白等負(fù)面效果，因此使用時(shí)要慎重。這種開頭方式主要適用于對(duì)比選擇型作文和現(xiàn)象解釋型作文。

【常用句式】

① Should/ What?? Opinions of/ Attitudes towards/ Answers to? vary widely/ greatly/ from person to person.Some? are favor of/ view/ regard/ think of? Others believe/ argue/ claim?② “Why do/ have ??” Many ? often ask/ pose the question like this.③ One of the basic/ hot topic facing our society is: What/Why ??

④ How do you think of the problem of ?? In seeking answer to this q

⑤ Why is there a ? in society? It is no easy task to identify the causes for it.【例17】

Should euthanasia be legalized? Answers to this question vary greatly from person to person.Some people are in favor of the idea of euthanasia.Others argue that the legalization may bring about some problems.【分析】本段文字是關(guān)于安樂死是不是該合法化問題的文章開頭，運(yùn)用了問題法，段首句使用了句式①。

6）引用法

所謂引用法，就是在文章開頭引用名人名言、箴言、諺語(yǔ)或有代表性的看法，來(lái)引出文章要論述的觀點(diǎn)。這種方法通過引用切合主題的名言警句，一方面可以突出主題，另一方面也能為文章增加文采，容易給人留下深刻的印象。但是這種開頭要求考生必須有一定知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備，對(duì)所使用的名言警句等要應(yīng)運(yùn)自如。另外，所引用的名言警句一定要為中心服務(wù)，不能單純?yōu)榱嗽黾游牟啥?。這種開頭方式主要適用于觀點(diǎn)論證型作文。

【常用句式】

① One of the great/ early writers/ philosophers/ scientists said/ wrote/ remarked, “?”If this is true/ the case, then the present/ current view/ value/ attitude/ situation should make us wonder whether?/ ponder over?

② “?” The same idea/ complaint/ attitude is voiced/ echoed/ shared by?

③ “?” How often we hear/ We are used to hearing/ Many people have heard(such)statement/ words/ complaint like/ as this/ those.④ There is an old/ popular saying/ proverb which goes that?.The truth of it is profound and significant./ Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, ?

⑤ One great ? had ever said/ once remarked, “?”Now it still has a realistic/ profound significance./ Now it is still working in our modern society./ Now more and more people share this belief./ The remark is still confirmed by people in today’s society./ the remark has been shared by generations./ The view has been echoed by many …

【例18】

There is an old proverb which goes that the grass is always greener on the other side of the valley.Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, people are not contented with the already blessing situation.On the contrary, we always think that there are people around us

who are much more fortunate than us.In fact this kind of opinion is very dangerous.【分析】本段文字是關(guān)于成功是靠運(yùn)氣還是靠努力奮斗的文章開頭，運(yùn)用了引用法，段首句使用了句式④。