第一篇:英語詩歌精選
導語:慢慢品讀英語詩歌,感受詩歌的魅力。下面是小編整理的英語詩歌,供各位閱讀和參考。
1、Rain 雨
Rain is falling all around,雨兒在到處降落,It falls on field and tree,它落在田野和樹梢,It rains on the umbrella here,它落在這邊的雨傘上,And on the ships at sea.又落在航行海上的船只.2、Never give up 永不放棄
Never give up, Never lose hope.永 不 放 棄 , 永 不 心 灰 意 冷.Always have faith, It allows you to cope.永 存 信 念 , 它 會 使 你 應(yīng) 付 自 如.Trying times will pass,As they always do.難 捱 的 時 光 終 將 過 去 ,一 如 既 往.Just have patience, Your dreams will come true.只 要 有 耐 心 , 夢 想 就 會 成 真.So put on a smile, You'll live through your pain.露 出 微 笑 , 你 會 走 出 痛 苦.Know it will pass, And strength you will gain
相 信 苦 難 定 會 過 去 , 你 將 重 獲 力 量.3、A Grain of Sand 一粒沙子
William Blake
威廉.布萊克
To see a world in a grain of sand,從一粒沙子看到一個世界,And a heaven in a wild fllower,從一朵野花看到一個天堂,Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,把握在你手心里的就是無限,And eternity in an hour.永恒也就消融于一個時辰
4、Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 雪夜林畔駐馬
By Robert Frost
羅伯特.弗羅斯特
Whose woods these are I think I know.我想我知道這是誰的樹林.His house is in the village though;
他的家雖在那邊鄉(xiāng)村;
He will not see me stopping here
他看不到我駐足在此地,To watch his woods fill up with snow.佇望他的樹林白雪無垠.My little horse must think it queer
我的小馬一定會覺得離奇,To stop without a farmhouse near
停留于曠無農(nóng)舍之地,Between the woods and frozen lake
在這樹林和冰湖中間
The darkest evening of the year.一年中最昏暗的冬夕.He gives his harness bells a shake
它將它的佩鈴朗朗一牽
To ask if there is some mistake.問我有沒有弄錯了地點.The only other sound's the sweep
此外但聞微風的拂吹
Of easy wind and downy flake.和紛如鵝毛的雪片
The woods are lovely, dark and deep.這樹林真可愛,黝黑而深邃.But I have promises to keep,可是我還要趕好幾英里路才能安睡,And miles to go before I sleep,還要趕好幾英里才能安睡.And miles to go before I sleep.5、ALWAYS HAVE A DREAM 總是有一個夢想
Forget about the days when it's been cloudy.忘掉你失意的日子,But don't forget your hours in the sun.但不要忘記黃金的時光.Forget about the times you have been defeated.忘掉你的一次次失敗,But don't forget the victories you have won.但不要忘記你奪取的勝利.Forget about the misfortunes you have encountered.忘掉你遭遇的不幸,But don't forget the times your luck has turned.但不要忘記你的時來運轉(zhuǎn).Forget about the days when you have been lonely.忘掉你的孤獨日子,But don't forget the friendly smiles you have seen.但不要忘記你得到的友善微笑.Forget about the plans that didn't seem to work out right.忘掉你沒有得以順利實施的計劃,But don't forget to always have a dream.但不要放棄你的夢想
6、THE CUCKOO 布谷鳥
In April, 四月里,Come he will, 它就來了,In May, 五月里,Sing all day, 整天吟唱多逍遙,In June, 六月里,Change his tune, 它在改變曲調(diào),In July, 七月里,Prepare to fly, 準備飛翔,In August, 八月里,Go he must!它就得離去了!
7、Boats Sail On The Rivers
Boats sail on the rivers, 小舟在河上航行,And ships sail on the seas;大船在海中操輪,But clouds that sail across the sky, 然而白云飄過天空時,Are prettier far than these.比這些更為悅?cè)?8、The Star 星星
Twinkle, twinkle, little star!閃耀,閃耀,小星星!
How I wonder what you are, 我想知道你身形,Up above the world so high, 高高掛在天空中,Like a diamond in the sky.就像天上的鉆石.(2)
When the blazing sun is gone, 燦爛太陽已西沉,When he nothing shines upon, 它已不再照萬物,Then you show your little light, 你就顯露些微光,Twinkle, twinkle all the night.整個晚上眨眼睛.(3)
The dark blue sky you keep 留戀漆黑的天空
And often thro' my curtains peep, 穿過窗簾向我望,For you never shut your eye 永不閉上你眼睛
Till the sun is in the sky.直到太陽又現(xiàn)形.(4)
'Tis your bright and tiny spark 你這微亮的火星,Lights the traveler in the dark;黑夜照耀著游人,Though I know not what you are 雖我不知你身形,Twinkle, twinkle, little star!閃耀,閃耀,小星星!
第二篇:英語詩歌
獻給年輕人哲理小詩:If 《如果》(雙語)
哲理 雙語詩歌 【字體:小 大】
蕓蕓眾生,誰不想成功,誰不想令世人矚目,詩人在詩中展示了成功背后,包含多少辛酸,經(jīng)歷多少磨難,忍受多少痛楚。有道是“天將降大任于斯人也,必先苦其心志,勞其筋骨”。如果我們能正視成功前的種種困難,勇于接受挑戰(zhàn);失敗了,何畏懼,重頭再來。那樣,我們便成為了一個頂天立地之人。If — Rudyard Kipling 如果 —— 拉迪亞德·吉卜林
IF you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;如果周圍的人毫無理性地向你發(fā)難,你仍能鎮(zhèn)定自若保持冷靜; IF you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too;如果眾人對你心存猜忌,你仍能自信如常并認為他們的猜忌情有可原;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, 如果你肯耐心等待不急不躁,Or, being lied about, don't deal in lies, 或遭人誹謗卻不以牙還牙,Or, being hated, don't give way to hating, 或遭人憎恨卻不以惡報惡;
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise;既不裝腔作勢,亦不氣盛趾高;
If you can dreamand not make thoughts your aim;如果你有神思,而又不走火入魔;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same;如果你坦然面對勝利和災(zāi)難,對虛渺的勝負榮辱胸懷曠蕩; If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, 如果你能忍受有這樣的無賴,歪曲你的口吐真言蒙騙笨漢,Or watch the things you gave your life to broken, And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools;或看著心血鑄就的事業(yè)崩潰,仍能忍辱負重腳踏實地重新攀登; If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, 如果你敢把取得的一切勝利,為了更崇高的目標孤注一擲,And lose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss;面臨失去,決心從頭再來而絕口不提自己的損失;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, 如果人們早已離你而去,你仍能堅守陣地奮力前驅(qū),And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them:“Hold on”;身上已一無所有,唯存意志在高喊“頂住”; If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, 如果你跟平民交談而不變謙虛之態(tài), Or walk with kings如果你能惜時如金利用每一分鐘不可追回的光陰; Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, 那么,你的修為就會如天地般博大,并擁有了屬于自己的世界,Andyou'll be a Man my son!更重要的是:孩子,你成為了真正頂天立地之人!
把平凡做到極致便不再平凡
Your presence is a present to the world 你的存在是獻給世界的一份禮物 You’re unique and one of a kind 你是唯一的,無可替代
Your life can be what you want it to be 你能夠主宰你的自己的生活
Take the days just one at a time 日子要一天天好好的過
Count your blessings, not your trouble 常想想你的幸福,忘掉你的煩惱
You’ll make it through whatever comes along 不管遇到什么困難,你最終都能克服 Within you are so many answers Understand , have courage be strong 學會理解,勇敢 堅強 Don’t put limits on yourself 不要自我設(shè)限
So many dreams are waiting to be realized 有許多夢想等待你去實現(xiàn)
Decisions are too important to leave to chance 要果斷抉擇,不要聽天由命
Reach for your peak your goal your prize 要攀登自己的高峰,實現(xiàn)目標 爭取榮譽 Nothing wastes more energy than worring 沒有比杞人憂天更消耗精力的了
The longer one carries a problem, the heavier it 包袱背得越久,越沉重
Don’t take things too seriously 不要對一切太過在意
Remember that a lot… goes forever 而還有更多的愛… 將會永存
Live a life of serenity, not a life of regrets 過平靜的生活,而不是懊悔的生活
gets Remember that a little love goes along way 記住,友誼是一種明智的投資
Life’s treasures are people … together 朋友的相聚是生命的財富 Realize that it’s never to late 要認識到一切都不會太晚
Do ordinary things in an extraordinary way 把平凡的事做的不平凡。
Have health and hope and happiness 擁有健康、希望、幸福。
Take time to wish upon a star 花點時間向星空許個愿吧。如果你還在這個世界上存在著,那么這個世界無論怎么樣,對我都是有意義的;但是如果你不在了,無論這個世界多美好,他在我眼里也只是一片荒漠,而我就象一個孤魂野鬼。And don’t ever forever … for even a day… 而且永遠不要忘記......一天都不要
泰戈爾:世界上最遙遠的距離(中英對照)泰戈爾 詩歌經(jīng)典
愛情詩歌
諾貝爾文學獎 【字體:小 大】
By The furthest distance in the world
世界上最遙遠的距離
Is not between life and death
不是生與死
But when I stand in front of you
而是 我就站在你面前
Yet you don't know that I love you
你卻不知道我愛你
The furthest distance in the world
世界上最遙遠的距離
Is not when I stand in front of you
不是 我就站在你面前
Yet you can't see my love
你卻不知道我愛你
But when undoubtedly knowing the love from both
而是 明明知道彼此相愛
Yet cannot be together
卻不能在一起
The furthest distance in the world
世界上最遙遠的距離
Is not being apart while being in love
不是 明明知道彼此相愛 卻不能在一起
But when painly cannot resist the yearning
而是 明明無法抵擋這股思念
Yet pretending you have never been in my heart
卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒有把你放在心里
The furthest distance in the world
世界上最遙遠的距離
Is not but using one's indifferent heart
不是 明明無法抵擋這股思念 卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒有把你放在心里
To dig an uncrossable river
而是 用自己冷漠的心對愛你的人
For the one who loves you
掘了一條無法跨越的溝渠
第三篇:英語詩歌
世界上最遠的距離
泰戈爾
世界上最遠的距離
The most distant way in the world 不是生與死的距離
is not the way from birth to the end 而是我站在你面前
It is when I sit near you 你不知道我愛你
that you don't understand I love you.世界上最遠的距離
The most distant way in the world 不是我站在你面前
is not that you're not sure I love you.你不知道我愛你
而是愛到癡迷
It is when my love is bewildering the soul 卻不能說出我愛你
but I can't speak it out
世界上最遠的距離
The most distant way in the world 不是我不能說我愛你 is not that I can't say I love you.而是想你痛徹心脾
It is after looking into my heart 卻只能深埋心底
I can't change my love.世界上最遠的距離
The most distant way in the world 不是我不能說我想你 is not that I'm loving you.而是彼此相愛
It is in our love 卻不能夠在一起
we are keeping between the distance.世界上最遠的距離
The most distant way in the world 不是彼此相愛
is not the distance across us.卻不能夠在一起
而是明知道真愛無敵 It is when we're breaking through the way 卻裝作毫不在意
we deny the existence of love.世界上最遠的距離
So the most distant way in the world 不是樹與樹的距離
is not in two distant trees.而是同根生長的樹枝 It is the same rooted branches 卻無法在風中相依
can't enjoy the co-existence.世界上最遠的距離
So the most distant way in the world 不是樹枝無法相依
is not in the being separated branches.而是相互了望的星星 It is in the blinking stars 卻沒有交匯的軌跡
they can't burn the light.世界上最遠的距離
So the most distant way in the world 不是星星之間的軌跡 is not the burning stars.而是縱然軌跡交匯
It is after the light 卻在瞬間無處尋覓
they can't be seen from afar.世界上最遠的距離
So the most distant way in the world 不是瞬間便無處尋覓 is not the light that is fading away.而是尚未相遇
It is the coincidence of us 便注定無法相聚
is not supposed for the love.世界上最遠的距離
So the most distant way in the world 是魚與飛鳥的距離
is the love between the fish and bird.一個在天
One is flying at the sky, 一個卻深潛海底
the other is looking upon into the sea.Who is using the arm of Qiu Jin, for us to put up a brilliant sky? Who is using the hard-working hands, happy for us to build a home? Are you, father, a great name but Ordinary!Father of a mountain, broad-minded, the father of rivers to accommodate an umbrella for us so that we stay away from disaster Father of a vessel, carrying us, brave the wind and waves, love towards the Harbor!In the eyes of his daughter, the father is more like you are leaning against a tree in spring can love you like fantasy Ganlu drop, moisten with my heart;Through the summer to enjoy your love, like bursts of breeze, the wind blowing softly beside him;Taught me to become ripe autumn, your love is to me is that the rich fruits of success Taught me to become a strong winter, you love the sun are continuously given me confidence and strength!
Spring, summer, autumn and winter, the sun traces of rotation time, quietly climbed up the wind and rain on your face honed, so that you can not forget the vicissitudes of war, you can not forget the scene earnest instructions, you sent her daughter to ride back to school is not to be forgotten, his daughter Late when your eyes can not forget the sad, sick daughter face up when you forget the worries of the scenes, the father and daughter is not to be forgotten......If the situation can be life-cycle the next life, I also make your daughter!
At this moment I just want to hear you say: Father, I love you!This is the voice of a daughter, the father of the world to wish his mother in good health!
是誰,用虬勁的臂膀,為我們撐起一片燦爛的天空?
是誰,用勤勞的雙手,為我們構(gòu)建一個幸福的家園?
是您,父親,一個平凡而又偉大的名字!
父親一座山,胸懷寬廣,容納百川;父親一把傘,為我們遮風擋雨,使我們遠離災(zāi)難
父親一艘船,載著我們,乘風破浪,駛向愛的港灣!
在女兒的眼里,父親您更像是一棵樹春天能倚著幻想您的愛像滴滴甘露,滋潤著我的心房;
夏天能靠著乘涼您的愛像陣陣涼風,輕輕地拂過身旁;
秋天教我變得成熟,您的愛是累累碩果讓我看到成功的希望
冬天教我變得堅強,您的愛是縷縷陽光賦予我自信和力量!
春夏秋冬,日月輪轉(zhuǎn)時光的痕跡,悄悄爬上您的臉龐風雨的磨礪,使您飽經(jīng)滄桑忘不了,您諄諄教導的情景忘不了,您騎車載送女兒上學的背影忘不了,女兒遲歸時您目光中的憂愁忘不了,女兒生病時您臉龐上的擔心忘不了的一幕幕,忘不了的父女情……如果生命可以輪回,來生我還做您的女兒!
此時此刻我只想在您耳邊說一句:爸爸,我愛您!這是一個女兒的心聲,祝愿天下的父親母親身體健康!
Saying Good-bye to Cambridge Again
--by Xu Zhimo
再別康橋 徐志摩
Very quietly I take my leave
As quietly as I came here;
Quietly I wave good-bye
To the rosy clouds in the western sky.The golden willows by the riverside
Are young brides in the setting sun;
Their reflections on the shimmering waves
Always linger in the depth of my heart.The floating heart growing in the sludge
Sways leisurely under the water;
In the gentle waves of Cambridge
I would be a water plant!
That pool under the shade of elm trees
Holds not water but the rainbow from the sky;
Shattered to pieces among the duckweeds
Is the sediment of a rainbow-like dream?
To seek a dream? Just to pole a boat upstream
To where the green grass is more verdant;
Or to have the boat fully loaded with starlight
And sing aloud in the splendor of starlight.But I cannot sing aloud
Quietness is my farewell music;
Even summer insects heap silence for me
Silent is Cambridge tonight!
Very quietly I take my leave
As quietly as I came here;
Gently I flick my sleeves
Not even a wisp of cloud will I bring away
Help:
Rosy: adj.薔薇色的, 玫瑰紅色的
Shimmering: adj.微微發(fā)亮的
Sludge: n.軟泥, 淤泥, 礦泥, 煤泥
Leisurely: adv.從容不迫
Duckweeds: n.[植] 浮萍
輕輕的我走了,正如我輕輕的來;
我輕輕的招手,作別西天的云彩。
那河畔的金柳,是夕陽中的新娘;
波光里的艷影,在我的心頭蕩漾。
軟泥上的青荇,油油的在水底招搖;
在康河的柔波里,我甘心做一條水草!
那榆蔭下的一潭,不是清泉,是天上虹
揉碎在浮藻間,沉淀著彩虹似的夢。
尋夢?撐一支長篙,向青草更青處漫溯,滿載一船星輝,在星輝斑斕里放歌。
但我不能放歌,悄悄是別離的笙簫;
夏蟲也為我沉默,沉默是今晚的康橋。
悄悄的我走了,正如我悄悄的來; 我揮一揮衣袖,不帶走一片云彩。
第四篇:六一兒童節(jié)英語詩歌
kids(who bring you a complete life)
When you have a kid
who you care so much
that anything he wants
comes before your own desires
When you have a kid
who is so much in need for your affection and understanding that
no matter what is bothering him
you're willing to do anything to make him smile
When you have a kid
who is so dependent on you that
no matter what obstacles you face
you have to be forever confident in front of him
giving him the sense of security
When you have a kid
whatever your goals are for your life
you're so willing to put him ahead before all your goals
sometimes even give up your dreams for his needs
but you'd consider yourself lucky indeed
being in love with someone in this wide world so deep
you try to make everything easy for him to grow up into a loving,strong adultThank god for giving me this chance
let me experience what love,giving,and voluntary sacrifice are all about
After all of the things I've done for him
who changed my whole world dramaticly
I come to understand what a complete life is like.magical kids.
第五篇:英語詩歌基礎(chǔ)知識
英詩基礎(chǔ)知識
讀英文詩歌相當不容易。其中的主要原因是詩歌有其獨特的語言特點和表達方式,與散文有明顯區(qū)別。為更好地欣賞英文詩歌,很有必要了解一些相關(guān)的基本知識。這方面的知識極其細致,以下只介紹一些最基本的。
一.節(jié)奏
詩歌是具有音樂性的語言。音樂作品的最大特點之一是音符的流動是有節(jié)奏的。所謂節(jié)奏就是強拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起來,有規(guī)律地反復出現(xiàn)。懂點音樂的人都知道,音樂中基本的節(jié)奏有兩種,即強——弱(2/4拍)和強——弱——弱(3/4拍)。舉兩個簡單的例子:
《東方紅》的節(jié)奏就是強——弱:56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│
《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)這首兒歌的節(jié)奏是強——弱——弱:
1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 │23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│ 72 1 —│
中國古詩有節(jié)奏。其節(jié)奏主要是通過漢字特有的聲 調(diào)表現(xiàn)出來的。傳統(tǒng)漢語中的聲調(diào)有四:平、上、去、入。平聲稱“平聲”,上、去、入三聲統(tǒng)稱仄聲。平聲與仄聲結(jié)合起來反復出現(xiàn),就是中國詩歌的節(jié)奏。如一首五言絕句,其最常見的節(jié)奏是:
仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。
平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。
王之渙《等鸛雀樓》:
白日依山盡,黃河入海流。欲窮千里目,更上一層樓。
此詩即是這樣的節(jié)奏。其中“欲”字是仄聲,與格式不合。但根據(jù)格律要求,詩行中的第一字可平可 仄。
英文詩歌也有節(jié)奏。英文沒有平聲、仄聲之分,但有重讀輕讀音節(jié)之分,其節(jié)奏是通過重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)表現(xiàn)出來的。一個重讀音節(jié)與一個或兩個輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來,有規(guī)律地反復出現(xiàn)就是英文詩歌的節(jié)奏。
我們知道凡是有兩個以上音節(jié)的英文單詞,都有重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)之分,在一句話中,根據(jù)語法、語調(diào)、語意的要求,有些詞也要重讀,有些要輕讀。如he went to town to buy a book.I’m glad to hear the news.英文中有重讀和輕讀之分,重讀的音節(jié)和輕讀的音節(jié),按一定模式配合起來,反復再現(xiàn),組成詩句,聽起來起伏跌宕,抑揚頓挫,就形成了詩歌的節(jié)奏。多音節(jié)單詞有重音和次重音,次重音根據(jù)節(jié)奏既可視為重讀,也可視為輕讀。讀下面這兩句詩:
Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain,And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.這兩行詩的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是:輕—重。在每行中再現(xiàn)四次,這樣就形成了這兩行詩的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相當與樂譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重,就是這兩行詩的音步。一行詩中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù),這兩行詩的音步數(shù)都是四,所以就稱其為四音步詩。
二.常見的音步類型
分析英文詩歌的格律就是將它的句子劃分成音步,并分清是何種音步及音步的數(shù)量。這個過程稱為scansion。一個音步的音節(jié)數(shù)量可能為兩個或三個音節(jié),但不能少于兩個或多于三個音節(jié),而且其中只有一個必須重讀。根據(jù)音步的數(shù)量,每一行一個音步的稱為“單音步”(monometer);每一詩行有兩個音步的,稱“雙音步”(dimeter);三個音步的,稱“三音步”(trimeter);此外還有四音步(tetrameter)、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octometer)。1.一首詩(a poem)往往包含有若干詩節(jié)(stanza或strophe),每節(jié)又分為若干行(line 或verse),每個詩行由若干音步(foot)組成,音步則是由一定數(shù)目的重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)按照一定規(guī)律排列而成。
音步的排列方式構(gòu)成英詩的格律(meter 或 measure)。
詩的各行音步數(shù)目不定,詩行按音步數(shù)量分為以下幾種:(淺說: P 2)一音步(monometer)二音步(dimeter)三音步(trimeter)四音步(tetrameter)五音步(pentameter)六音步(hexameter)七音步(heptameter)八音步(octameter)
超過八音步的詩行在英語詩歌中較為少見。
2.依照每一音步中重讀音節(jié)(揚)和非重讀音節(jié)(抑)的排列方式,可以把音步分成不同種類,即格律。(See淺說P.4)a)抑揚格(Iambus;the Iambic Foot):一個音步由
一個非重讀音節(jié)加上一個重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。
b)b)揚抑格(Trochee;the Trochaic Foot):一個音步由一個重讀音節(jié)加上一個非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。c)揚抑抑格(Dactyl):一個音步由一個重讀音節(jié)加上兩個非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。
d)抑抑揚格(Anapest;the Anapestic Foot):一個音步由兩個非重讀音節(jié)加上一個重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。
不常見的幾種格律
e)抑揚抑格(Amphibrach;the Amphibrachy Foot):一個音步由三個音節(jié)組成,其中第一、三個音節(jié)為非重讀音節(jié),第二個音節(jié)為重讀音節(jié)。
f)揚揚格(Spondee):一個音步由兩個重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。g)抑抑格(Pyrrhic):一個音步由兩個非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。
3.音步也有完整和不完整之分。詩行中每個音步的格律都相同,則為完整音步(actalectic foot);如果詩行最末一個音步缺少一個音節(jié),則為不完整音步(cactalectic)。
4.音步的數(shù)目與格律結(jié)合起來,又可進一步細分為許 多小類,如抑揚格一音步(iambic monometer),揚抑格一音步(trochaic monometer),抑抑揚格三音步(anapestic trimeter),揚抑格四音步(trochaic tetrameter),抑揚格五音步(iambic pentameter),揚抑格六音步(trochaic hexameter)等。
從音步數(shù)目上看,三音步、四音步和五音步最為常見,尤其是抑揚格五抑,如十四行詩體(sonnet)、英雄雙行體(heroic couplet)、素體詩或無韻詩(blank verse)等均以抑揚格五音步的詩行寫成。
音步是輕讀與重讀構(gòu)成的。根據(jù)重讀與輕讀搭配的方式的不同,可以劃分出不同的音步類型。音步類型不同,節(jié)奏自然也不同。四種最常見的英語詩歌音步類型 / 格律:
先說關(guān)于音節(jié)的劃分
英語中音節(jié)的劃分非常簡單:輔音(類似于漢語中的聲母)不能單獨構(gòu)成音節(jié),元音(類似于漢語中的韻母)卻可以。在一個詞中,有幾個元音音素 有幾個元音音素(不是元音字母),就有幾個音節(jié)。
一般說來,元音可以構(gòu)成音節(jié),輔音不響亮,不能構(gòu)成音節(jié)。但英語輔音字母中有 4 個輔音[m],[n],[ng],[l]是響音,它們和輔音音素結(jié)合,也可構(gòu)成音節(jié)。它們構(gòu)成的音節(jié)往往出現(xiàn)在詞尾,一般是非重讀音節(jié)。
英語的詞有一個音節(jié)的,兩個音節(jié)的,多個音節(jié)的,一個音節(jié)叫單音節(jié),兩個音節(jié)叫雙音節(jié),三個音節(jié)以上叫多音節(jié)。
劃分音節(jié)需要注意幾點:
(1)2個輔音連在一起的時候視為一個輔音對待,如果第二輔音后還有元音則把第二個輔音計入到下一個音節(jié)中;(2)2個元音連在一起的時候視為一個元音(多元音),當然視之為2個元音也是沒錯的,只不過習慣于當成一個來處理。所以,一般來講,兩個輔音之間不管有多少元音,都看成一個音節(jié),如flower。
(一)抑揚格
如果一個音步中有兩個音節(jié),前者為輕,后者為重,則這種音步叫抑揚格音步,其專業(yè)術(shù)語是(iamb, iambic.)。輕讀是“抑”,重讀是“揚”,一輕一重,故稱抑揚格。
英語中有大量的單詞,其發(fā)音都是一輕一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英語寫詩,用抑揚格就很便利。也就是說,抑揚格很符合英語的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此,在英文詩歌中用得最多的便是抑揚格,百分之九十的英文詩都是用抑揚格寫成的。前面的那兩句詩就是抑揚格詩。
(二)揚抑格
如果一個音步中有兩個音節(jié),前者為重,后者為輕,則這種音步叫揚抑格音步,其專業(yè)術(shù)語是(trochee, trochaic.)。重讀是“揚”,輕讀是“抑”,一重一輕,故稱揚抑格。與抑揚格恰好相反。
英語中也有一批其讀音為一重一輕的單詞,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。寫揚抑格的詩,此類詞正好合適。但這類詞在英語中其數(shù)量不及前面的那些多,與英文的語言規(guī)律 不十分吻合,所以揚抑格詩不多。舉兩句詩例:
Present │mirth has │present │laughter
_____ Shakespeare
Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew
______Shelley
(三)抑抑揚格
抑抑揚格含三個音節(jié),即輕——輕——重,專門
術(shù)語是:Anapaest, anapaestic
例詞:
cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove,indistinct, on the hill.例句:
(拜倫的以下四行詩是抑抑揚格:)
The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold,And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;
And the sheen│ of their spears │was like stars │on the
sea,When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.——Destruction of Sennacherib
這是拜倫寫的描述古代亞述人圍攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所襲的詩的一節(jié)。第四行第二音步中的waves 一詞可 輕可重。詩題中的Sennacherib 是亞述國王。fold 指羊群,purple and gold 描寫亞述軍隊的服飾,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖。cohorts軍團,sheen,光芒。
(四)揚抑抑格
重——輕——輕是揚抑抑格,專門術(shù)語是:dactyl, dactylic.例詞:
happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily,properly, accident, quantity.例句:
Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair._____ Davies: the villain.英文詩歌中的音步類型有十幾種之多,常見者即此四種,第一種則最常見。此外詩句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和揚揚格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出現(xiàn)。
需要說明的是,這些音步類型只是理論上的分析,實際上,一首詩僅用一種音步類型寫,這種情況極少見,大多是以某一種為主,同時穿插其他類型。如果一首詩只含有一種音步,就會顯得非常單調(diào)機械。一首詩只要是以某種類型為主的,盡管有其他類型穿插其中,也稱此詩為某某格。如,以抑揚格為主要節(jié)奏寫成的,就稱此詩為抑揚格詩?,F(xiàn)代興起的一些自由詩(FREE VERSE),不受這些格律的限制。
三.詩行
(一)一詩行不一定是一個完整的句字。
英文詩每行的第一個字母都大寫,但是一詩行不一定是一個完整的句子,不一定能表達一個完整的意思。有時候,一行詩正好是一句,有時兩行甚至許多行才構(gòu)成一個意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line(結(jié)句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句)。這是英文詩與中國詩的最大區(qū)別之一。中國詩歌都是一行表達一個完整的意思。看下面一節(jié)詩:
I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.前兩行是end-stopped line,后兩行是run-on line。讀跨行句詩,行末停頓較短。
跨行句在英文詩歌中極其普遍,有時十來行才成一完整句子。剛學英文詩的人,對此往往不習慣。對此我們需加注意。
(二)詩行的長短以音步數(shù)目計算:
英文詩行的長度范圍一般是一音步—五音步。六、七、八音步的詩行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩。
(各種長短詩行的專門術(shù)語:一音步詩:monometer 二音步詩:dimeter三音步詩:trimeter四音步詩:tetrameter 五音步詩:pentameter 六音步詩:hexameter 七音步詩:heptameter八音步詩:octameter.)
在分析一首詩的格律時,既要考慮此詩的基本音步類型,也要考慮此詩中詩行的音步數(shù)目??聪旅娴囊皇锥淘姡?/p>
An EMPTY HOUSE
______Alexander Pope
You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come:
Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home.(你拍拍腦袋,以為靈感馬上就來。可任你怎么敲打,也無人把門打開。pate,腦袋。fancy,動詞:以為,想象。)
此詩的基本音步類型是抑揚格,每行五音步。因此稱此詩的格律是“抑揚格五音步”(iambic pentameter)。一首詩的音步類型和詩行所含的音步數(shù)目構(gòu)成此詩的格律(meter)。
四.壓韻(rhyme)
英文詩一般都押韻。
(一)全韻與半韻(full rhyme and half rhyme)。
全韻是嚴格的押韻,其要求是:
(1)韻要押在重讀音節(jié)上,其元音應(yīng)相同;
(2)元音前的輔音應(yīng)不同;
(3)如果元音之后有輔音,應(yīng)相同。
(4)重讀音節(jié)之后如有輕讀音節(jié),也應(yīng)相同。
下面幾對詞都符合全韻的標準:
why---sigh;hate---late;fight---delight;powers---flowers;today---away;ending---bending.***如果僅是元音字母相同,讀音不同,不符合全韻:如:
blood----hood;there---here;gone---alone;daughter----laughter.這種情形被稱為“眼韻”(eye rhyme),雖然詩人有時用之,但不是真正的押韻。僅是輔音相同或僅是元音相同的屬半韻:
元音不同,其前后的輔音相同,這叫諧輔韻(consonance)如:black, block;creak, croak;reader, rider;despise, dispose.元音相同,其后的輔音相同者叫諧元韻(assonance),如lake, fate;time, mind.(二)尾韻與行內(nèi)韻(end rhyme and internal rhyme)
押在詩行最后一個重讀音節(jié)上,叫尾韻。這是英文詩歌最常見的押韻部位。詩行中間停頓處 的重讀音節(jié)與該行最后一個重讀音節(jié)押韻者,叫行內(nèi)韻。如:
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,(三)男韻與女韻((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)
所押的韻音局限于詩行中重讀的末尾音節(jié)上,稱 男韻,也叫單韻,聽起來強勁有力。如:late,fate;hill, fill;enjoy, destroy.押韻押在兩個音節(jié)上,后一音節(jié)非重讀音節(jié),稱女韻,也叫雙韻,聽起來或輕快,或幽婉。
如:lighting, fighting;motion, ocean;wining, beginning.看下面一節(jié)詩:
I am coming, little maiden,With the pleasant sunshine laden;
With the honey for the bee,With the blossom for the tree.前兩行押女韻,后兩行押男韻。
也有不少英文詩是不押韻的,不押韻的詩稱無韻詩或白體詩(blank verse)。多用在戲劇和敘事詩中。莎士比亞的戲劇和彌爾頓的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse寫成的。押韻的詩叫rhymed verse。無韻詩不同與自由詩。無韻詩雖不押韻,但是有固定節(jié)奏,以揚抑格五音步最常見。自由詩節(jié)奏不固定,如同白話。