第一篇：(新概念英語)高中英語 第二冊 語法總結 現(xiàn)在完成進行時

新概念英語第二冊語法總結：現(xiàn)在完成進行時

現(xiàn)在完成進行時：

1．構成：have / has + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞

2．功能：

（1）表示從過去某時開始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動作。讀 5遍）

?.I've been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.?.He has been running after her for 8 years.（2）表某種感情色彩。

?.I've been wanting to see you for so many years.?.Who's been telling you such nonsense.現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的對比： 現(xiàn)在完成時強調“結果”，而完成進行時強調“動作的延續(xù)”。?.I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點。）?.I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。）?.Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）?.Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）

測試精編

1.They ________ us since five o'clock this morning.A.are helping B.have been helping C.have been helped D.have helped

2.I ________ the book the whole day, yet I haven't finished it.A.have been reading B.have read C.am reading D.had been reading

3.Please come in.We ________ about your paper.A.talk B.had been talking C.have been talking D.would have talked

4.Such natural resources as coal and petroleum ________.A.gradually are exhausted B.are being gradually exhausted C.have gradually exhausting D.have been exhausting gradually

（最好將此定義

5.It ________ almost every day so far this month.A.is raining B.rained C.rains D.has been raining

用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空：

1.You should go to bed.You ________(watch)TV for 5 hours.2.I ________(write)letters since breakfast.3.I ________(write)3 letters since breakfast.4.Sorry, but Mr.Smith ________(leave)for Beijing.5.I ________(look)for him everywhere, where can he be?

（后設答案，大家不要偷看哦~(*^__^*)嘻嘻??）

KEYS

1.B 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D

用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空：

1.have been watching 2.have been writing 3.have written 4.has left 5.have been looking

第二篇：現(xiàn)在完成進行時教案

現(xiàn)在完成進行時教案

常德淮陽中學 肖祥法

Teaching aims：

1.Review the grammar—— Continuous Tense 2.Master the basic structure of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense 3.Figure out the difference between Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Continuous Tense Knowledge aims: Teaching key point: Master the basic structure and the significance of Present Perfect Continuous Tense Teaching difficult point: How to distinguish the Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Teaching Procedures: Step 1Greet the class as usual Step 2 Lead-in Ask some students the questions:What are you doing now? When did you begin to study English? Help the students answer: We’re having an English class.We began to study English about 6 years ago.You’re studying English now.You’ll go on studying English.So, we say:“You have been studying English for about 6 years”How long have you been studying English? 引出現(xiàn)在完成進行時

Step 3 New study 1.The basic Structure of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense

現(xiàn)在完成進行時形式：

主語 + have/has + been + doing 劃線識別題

Those cats have been screaming for two hours.We have been waiting for him for two hours.It has been raining all day.I have been living here since three years ago.He has been reading this book for a week.You have been singing all day.2.the significance of Present Perfect Continuous Tense 引例句：

It began raining two hours ago.It is still raining now.通過以上兩句引出：

It has been raining for two hours.已經下了兩小時的雨了。

現(xiàn)在完成進行時的意義

1）.①過去發(fā)生

②動作一直持續(xù)

常搭配時間狀語： since + 時間點；for + 時間段；all day等。

例句

Tom began playing games at 8 o’clock.He is still playing games now.Tom has been playing games since 8 o’clock.分析句子

It has been snowing all day.We have been waiting for you since 6 o’clock.They have been chanting for three hours.翻譯

他已經睡了一整天了。

He has been sleeping all day.Lily 已經哭了一小時了。

Lily has been crying for an hour.你已經學了六年英語了。

You have been learning English for six years.現(xiàn)在完成進行時的意義

2).表示在一段持續(xù)的時間內動作的多次重復，而這個重復的動作在說話時并不一定在進行。

例句

They have been building the bridge for two month.He has been playing basketball since he was ten.Maggie has been teaching English for ten years.翻譯

他已經踢了八年足球了。

He has been playing football for eight years.自從今年開始我一直堅持早起。

I have been getting early since this year.從昨天晚上以來我就一直告訴他別去。

I have been telling him not to go since last night.3.How to distinguish the Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Continuous Tense 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別

1).現(xiàn)在完成時強調動作的完成，而現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調動作的延續(xù)，因此，表示動作的完成，只能用現(xiàn)在完成時，而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。如：

He has changed his idea.他改變了想法。

2).在表示動作的延續(xù)時，雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時，也可用現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調動作的進行。因此在需要明確表示動作還要持續(xù)下去時，應用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。如：

We have been studying here for two years.我們在這兒已經學習了兩年了。

相同點：1）謂語動詞都是延續(xù)性的，如live，learn，study，wait,work,rain等。

2）都與“一段時間”連用。

例句

I have been learning/learned English for ten years.I have been living/lived here since three years ago.不同點：

1）現(xiàn)在完成時——結果，現(xiàn)在完成進行時——過程。

2）現(xiàn)在完成進行時帶有一定的感情色彩。

例句

He has sung for two hours.He has been singing for two hours.Step 4 Practice —I have got a headache.—No wonder.You ______ in front of that computer too long.A.work B.are working C.have been working D.worked —I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.—I think so.He ______ for it for months.A.is preparing

B.was preparing C.had been preparing

D.has been preparing Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ______ all day.Could you speak to her now? A.phones B.has phoned C.has been phoning

D.phoned 翻譯

我從昨天晚上就一直在給你打電話。

I have been calling you since last night。

他已經等了我兩個小時了。

I have been waiting for you for two hours.我已經工作一整天了。

I have been working all day。

Step5

Summary

本課內容重點：

現(xiàn)在完成進行時的形式：主語 + have + been doing 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的意義：1.過去發(fā)生的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 2.在一段持續(xù)的時間內動作的多次重復 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的比較：

相同點：1）謂語動詞都是延續(xù)性的，如live，learn，study，wait,work,rain等。

2）都與“一段時間”連用。

不同點：

1）現(xiàn)在完成時——結果，現(xiàn)在完成進行時——過程。

2）現(xiàn)在完成進行時帶有一定的感情色彩。

Step 6 Homework

1.復習課上所學知識點

2.完成現(xiàn)在完成進行時的相關練習。

1.Tom ______ in the library every night over the last three months.A.works B.worked C.has been working D.had been working 2.Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.A.had considered B.has been considering C.considered D.is going to consider

3.I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ______ on it for more than an hour.A.has been working B.will have worked C.will have been working D.had worked

4.Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year.A.studies B.studied C.is studying D.has been studying 5.—I have got a headache.—No wonder.You ______ in front of that computer too long.A.work B.are working C.have been working D.worked 6.—I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.—I think so.He ______ for it for months.A.is preparing B.was preparing C.had been preparing D.has been preparing 7.Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ______ all day.Could you speak to her now? A.phones B.has phoned C.has been phoning D.phoned 8.Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A.had decreased B.decreased C.has been decreasing D.is decreasing 9.—Why, Jack, you look so tired!

—Well, I ______ the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.A.was painting B.will be painting C.have painted D.have been painting 10.Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she ______ since her marriage to Father.A.shoulders B.shouldered C.is shouldering D.has been shouldering

第三篇：新概念英語第二冊語法總結

新概念英語二冊語法詳解和總結

《

一、學習前的準備

《新概念英語第二冊》旨在全面訓練學生的4項技能、理解、口語、閱讀、寫作。使學生具有使用語言的能力。一般來說，具有以下知識便可進入《新概念英語第二冊》的學習：

1、動詞be與have現(xiàn)在時與過去時的基本用法。

2、現(xiàn)在進行時，能夠識別并懂得如何構成。

3、一般現(xiàn)在時：能夠識別；懂得動詞第3人稱單數(shù)上添加-s,-es, 或-ies后綴。

4、一般過去時：能夠識別并會運用常見的規(guī)劃動詞與不規(guī)則動詞的一般過去時形態(tài)。

5、過去進行時：能夠識別。

6、現(xiàn)在完成時（一般）：能夠識別。

7、過去完成時：能夠識別。

8、將來時：能夠認識并運用going to, shall與will構成將來時。

9、助動詞：can, may與must的基本用法；能夠識別could, might與would的形式。

10、能夠用do/does/did等助動詞造疑問句與否定句；能運用疑問代詞與副詞。

11、能夠回答以助動詞與疑問詞開頭的問句。

12、副詞：能夠用-ly與-ily后綴組成副詞；能夠識別well, hard, fast等特例。

13、冠詞：定冠詞與不定冠詞。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的用法。

14、名詞：能夠用-s,-es，-ves后綴組成名詞復數(shù)形式；會用常見的不規(guī)則復數(shù)形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。

15、代詞：人稱代詞、所有格代詞、反身代詞；所有符號“'”加s('s)。

16、形容詞：基本用法；規(guī)則的比較級；不規(guī)則的比較級：good, bad, much與little.17、介詞：常見的地點、時間、方位介詞的用法。

18、關系代詞：能夠識別并使用who/whom, which/that。

19、this/that;these/those。

20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。

21、There is/it is;there are/they are。

22、祈使句。

23、一周7天的名稱、日期、季節(jié)、數(shù)字、時辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。

24、報時。

二、新概念英語第二冊語法知識總結和詳解

1.簡單句的結構:

主語+謂語+賓語+狀語（地點狀語+方式狀語+時間狀語）時間狀語還可以放在句首

2.一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時

感嘆句：what+名詞+主語+謂語，how+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語

頻度副詞：位于主語和謂語之間，常見頻度副詞及其程度的深淺： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always buy CDs on Sundays.3.一般過去時

直接賓語和間接賓語：

主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語

直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，間接賓語是及物動詞的動作所涉及的人或事務，也可以說間接賓語表示動作是對誰做的，或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔當。

He gives me a book.me間接賓語, a book直接賓語

直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調換時要加一個介詞to或for，to表示動作對誰而做，for表示動作為誰而做。

主語＋及物動詞＋直接賓語＋介詞+間接賓語 Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.現(xiàn)在完成時，注意頻度及時間副詞的位置 receive/take

5.復習：一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6.冠詞用法

（一）1．不定冠詞用于修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當一個單詞的第一個發(fā)音為元音時要用冠詞an, 如果是輔音用a即可。

2．不定冠詞還可以用來修飾一類事物，有時候也可以省略： A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3．不可數(shù)名詞加冠詞表示一類事物：Apple is a fruit.4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提過的人或物時要用定冠詞the 5．Some表示一些，可以修飾可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞。

6．在姓名，城市，地名，過名，月份，節(jié)日，星期前不加冠詞，季節(jié)前也一般不加，特指時加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth.off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7.過去進行時，時間狀語 短語：在短語中動詞后面的介詞或副詞叫小品詞，有些小品詞既可以緊跟在動詞后面也可以跟在動詞的賓語后面，而有些則只能緊跟著動詞使用。

8.形容詞的比較級與最高級

單音節(jié)詞的比較級最高級：

?直接加-er,-est: small-smaller, smallest ?以e結尾的加-r,-st: large-larger, largest

?以輔音字母加y結尾的詞變y為i加-er,-est: busy-busier, busiest

?重讀閉音節(jié)結尾的詞，雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le結尾的雙音節(jié)詞和個別單音節(jié)詞也直接加-er,-est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音節(jié)詞及雙音節(jié)詞：more/less, most/lest

不規(guī)則變化：good/bad/many/little/far…

少數(shù)單音節(jié)詞也要通過加more/less, most/lest構成比較級和最高級：pleased, glad, tired, fond，注意：形容詞最高級前面要加定冠詞the 不定代詞的用法，如果不定代詞做主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)：Everyone is here.enter/enter for

9.介詞（表示時間）?in:

表示一天中的某段時間：in the morning/afternoon/evening 表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990 表示季節(jié)：in spring/winter

in+一段時間可以表示在一段時間之內也可以表示在一段時間之后，可以與現(xiàn)在時，過去時和將來時連用。

?on:

表示星期：on Monday 表示具體日期：on June 1st

表示具體時間：on that day/that evening/on that night ?at:

表示確切時間：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐時間：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他時刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time ?during+一段時間 ?from…till ?till/untill直到

not any=no，語氣更強 10.被動語態(tài)：

結構：be+過去分詞 用法：

?主語不清或不需要提及時

I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.?強調不同的主語時，為了說明動作是誰做的，用by+動作執(zhí)行者 The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by 雙重名詞所有格：

one of +形容詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格+名詞復數(shù) 單數(shù)名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s one of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours 1.復習

動詞不定式做賓補的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb.to do, 代詞要用賓格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages 2.一般將來時：

be going to結構的用法 be+副詞詞組：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create 3.將來進行時： 名詞所有格：

如果名詞復數(shù)以S結尾一般只加‘，如果名詞是以S結尾的專有名詞如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名詞所有格也可以用來表示無生命的 1． 時間：today’s, new centry’s

2． 國家，城市名詞：the country’s, the city’s

3． 機構組織：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library 4． 車，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk 5． 專有結構：at one’s wit’s end, 6． 價值：ten pound’s worth of meat, 7． 時間：in twenty minutes’ time 4.過去完成時： ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of 5.直接引語/間接引語

（一）如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時，那么間接引語要做相應變化：時態(tài)，人稱，時間地點及指示詞

?時態(tài)變化：

一般現(xiàn)在時——一般過去時 現(xiàn)在進行時——過去進行時 一般過去時——過去完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時——過去完成時 一般將來時——過去將來時

be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might

?時間地點及指示詞的變化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that… ?人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變人稱。Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk afford

6.條件狀語從句：主句用將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時，有時為了強調“能夠”，“必須”還可以用情態(tài)動詞

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人：

One must never tell lies.You must never tell lies.7.情態(tài)動詞： must/have to

as作為介詞，以…身份，與like相同

as作為連詞，因為，正當。。時候，以。。方式，如同。。那樣 dress/suit/costume grow/grow up 8.have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up beside/besides

9.can/could/may/might

might as well表示“還是。。的好”，“還不如。?！?He will never pass.He might as well give up.10.動名詞： 動名詞 1． 動詞的-ing形式在起名詞作用時稱為動名詞。動名詞可以做主語，標語，賓語，介詞賓語定語（即復合名詞）

2． 動名詞的幾種形式：

主動形式 被動形式

一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done

3.做主語：

Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4.做表語：

My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5.做賓語：

I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6.介詞賓語：

He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加動名詞的動詞詞組（注意總結）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in，7.做定語：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水機)，parking slot…

8.動名詞的否定： 在動名詞前面加not，I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing 1.被動語態(tài)

（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house

2.介詞用法：見書 3.復習

there be句型

it做為虛主語可以用來表示時間，天氣，溫度，距離，人或指代一個句子或不定式。

4.Summary of Unit two 5.并列句

我們可以將幾個簡單句連在一起,組成并列句,常用以下連詞:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主謂一致:

?當主語由and , both…and 連接時,通常用復數(shù)謂語.Both the girls and the boy are his friends.?當主語由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 連接時,謂語動詞與 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英語語法中，這被稱為就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6.一般現(xiàn)在時的復習,狀態(tài)動詞,標點符號的使用.以下一些動詞很少用與進行時態(tài):

appear(看起來), appreciate(鑒賞), believe(相信), feel(感覺到), forget(忘記), hear(聽見), know(知道), like(喜歡), look like(看起來像), notice(注意到), remember(記得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(認為), understand(理解), have(擁有),love(愛), seem(看起來), show(顯示), mind(介意), sound(聽起來), hate(討厭), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲)，引號:

?引號位于一行之上,應該在句尾其他標點符號, 如逗號,句號,問好之外.?引語的第一個詞以大寫字母開頭.?在said, asked, 等詞后面用逗號,只有當它們位于句尾時才在它們后面用句號.?當said, asked等詞置于引語之間時,句子的后半部分以小寫開頭.?當一個新的說話人開始講話時, 要另起一個段落.7.復習一般過去時/不規(guī)則過去式和過去分詞

常用不規(guī)則動詞過去式和過去分詞在英語里約有300多個

put up(搭建), put out(撲滅), put on(穿上), put sb.up(為某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄寫), put off(推遲), put away(放好，放到一邊去)

8.現(xiàn)在完成時復習/定語從句(見復合句部分)?與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間副詞:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never，so far(迄今為止), up till now(直到現(xiàn)在), up to now(直到現(xiàn)在), since(自從), for a long time(很長時間), in the past/in the last few years(在過去的幾年里), these days(目前)，?某些非延續(xù)性動詞(動作開始變終止的動詞), 在現(xiàn)在完成時中不

能與表示一段時間狀語搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 這些動詞并非不能用在現(xiàn)在完成時,而是不能接由for引導的時間狀語.但是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用.Jane has gone away for a month.(wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years.(wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to(去了某地,指人還在那里), have been to(去過某地, 人已經不在那里了)。

9.一般過去時對比過去完成時,現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10.冠詞用法 定冠詞用法(1)特指

(2)地理名詞前加定冠詞 ?河流the yellow river ?山脈

the Alps, the Himalayas

?海峽海灣the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前要加定冠詞

?國名及政治組織名the United States, the United Kingdom ?某些機構學校及建筑名

the British Museum

?由普通名詞構成的報刊雜志名

the New York Times, the Times 零冠詞 1.街名

2.廣場名

3.車站, 機場, 公園, 橋梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4.大學名

Yale University, Cambridge University

5.節(jié)日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6.多數(shù)雜志名

Time, Reader’s Digest 7.物質名詞一般意義

Water boils at 100 degrees.We can not live without air.8.抽象名詞Life is short.Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法

Used to do 表示過去常常做某事現(xiàn)在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock.Experience, save, very/too

2.比較級/最高級, 比較狀語從句（見復合句-比較狀語從句）A/one的區(qū)別 3.介詞用法

Passed/past, next/other 4.被動語態(tài)總結

一般現(xiàn)在時: is/am/are done 一般過去時: was/were done

現(xiàn)在進行時: is/am/are being done 現(xiàn)在完成時: have/has been done 過去完成時: had been done 一般將來時: will be done 過去將來時: would be done

過去進行時: was/were being done

情態(tài)動詞: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done，情態(tài)動詞完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done，Call at(拜訪某地), call out at(大聲喊), call on(拜訪某人), call sb up(給某人打電話), call off(取消)

5.主語+謂語(感官動詞)+doing表示正在發(fā)生的事情,+do 表示已經完成的動作.So/such

So+adj./adv.such+n.固定用法：so many

6.一般將來時will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情況下可以相互替換,但是要表示說話人決定做某事或者表示建議,請求, 肯定或不肯定等含義時只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7.將來完成時

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(當心), look up(查詢,), look sb.up(拜訪某人)

8.as if /though+虛擬語氣, 過去完成時總結 as if /though 常在描述行為的動詞后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虛擬語氣

He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 與過去完成時連用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主謂結構倒裝

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly…when 幾乎沒來得及…就… 與過去完成時連用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主謂結構倒裝

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引語變間接引語

1.引語前用that, 口語中可以省略 2.根據(jù)句意改變人稱

3.時態(tài)變化: 一般現(xiàn)在時-一般過去時, 一般過去時-過去完成時, 一般將來時-過去將來時, 現(xiàn)在進行時-過去進行時, 現(xiàn)在完成時-過去完成時, can-could, may-might, must-had to，4.一些指示代詞及表示地點及時間的詞

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week-the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next(following)day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上沒有必要改變就不用變了，比如在同一天說的話.She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.幾種特殊的間接引語

?特殊疑問句, 語序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序 “Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.?一般疑問句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.?祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語要根據(jù)語氣來選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

10.虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法, make/do

對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬, if從句中談論的是想象的情況,主句則推測想象的結果 結構: 主句用過去時, 從句用過去將來時

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if從句中的動詞是be, 那么應該在第一和第三人稱單數(shù)名詞后用

were.Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(鋪床), make a promise(許諾), make trouble(找麻煩), make progress(取得進步), make money(賺錢), make a speech(演講,講話), make mistakes(犯錯誤), make up one’s mind(下定決心)

do one’s best(盡最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作業(yè)), do a few jobs(做家務), do sb.a favour(幫忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做練習), do shopping(購物), do business(做生意)

1.情態(tài)動詞need, must, have to 1.need 一般作為實義動詞使用

?需要某物He needs a hat.Does he need a hat? ?需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest.You need to finish your work.?需要被…,主語與need 后的動詞為被動關系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.2.need用做情態(tài)動詞時一般為否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用來回答含有must, have to 的一般疑問句, 與don’t have to 同義

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.3.need 完成式needn’t have done

4.mustn’t 表示不應該,一般口氣比較強硬,沒有商量.You mustn’t get up late.Remark/observe, notice 2.have 用法總結

have a ride(騎), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(嘗試), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸煙), have a good sleep(睡覺)

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,學習,找到), pick out(挑出), 3.情態(tài)動詞can/could/be able to do

1.can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.2.表示天生或學到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在現(xiàn)在時和過去時中，在將來時中要用will be able to

3.表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事要用can Look!He can stand on his head.4.表示成果的完成某個具體動作時通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某動作沒有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister.No, he couldn’t.At 詞組

At first(開始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(無論如何), at heart(本質上), at least(至少), at times(不時), at a loss(不知所措)

4.復習動名詞用法

1.動名詞可以做句子的主語,表語,賓語,介詞賓語

2.在含有介詞的動詞短語后面要用動名詞, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.有些動詞后面既可用動名詞也可以用不定式,所表達的意思沒有區(qū)別,常見的詞: start, begin, continue, delay, mean，4.有些動詞后面加不定式表示一件具體的事情，加動名詞表示一種習慣.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5.復習

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其賓語一般為物品 rob表示搶劫,其賓語一般是人或者某個處所 pay back 還錢, 報復 6.介詞用法 7.復習

suggest 用法, 當建議用時后面加虛擬should +動詞原形, should 可以省略.8.復習

Summary of Unit 39.復合句的構成： ?用現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合句：

現(xiàn)在分詞的動作的主語需與主句的主語一致。

?用過去分詞構成復合句，用語較正式的文體，代替被動語態(tài)，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.?不定式構成復合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.?通過從句構成復合句：名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同謂語從句），關系從句（定語從句），狀語從句（時間，地點，原因，條件，方式，目的，結果，比較，讓步）10.復合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for

1.一般過去時復習： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時 形容詞變副詞： 1．

直接在形容詞后加-ly，careful-carefully, slow-slowly，2． 以輔音字母加y結尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late

4． 有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately，3.時態(tài)對比：一般過去時，現(xiàn)在完成時，現(xiàn)在完成進行時 throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall

4.Some, any的用法

?some, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當期待對方的答案為肯定回答時用some

?many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.??當一個名詞在詞組中表示主要目的時不要定冠詞：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre

?most表示大多數(shù)或非常：

Most students came to class today.We are most excited.The most是many/much的比較級，或者構成形容詞副詞的比較級，只能表示最多或用在形容詞或副詞前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5.Would/used to do

would do 表示過去習慣的動作，也可以用來表示過去經常性的行為，與used to do有時可以替換。不能替換的情況：

?used to do表示與現(xiàn)在強烈對照時，不可以用would I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.?used to do描寫過去狀態(tài)，would只表示過去特有的習慣和行為。I used to be a teacher.I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.?一個故事的開頭不能用would表示過去習慣的動作，只能用used to do或者一般過去時：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for hours.used to do(過去常常做某事)/be used to doing（習慣做某事）6.比較級最高級復習：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrive

take part in/take place 7.介詞用法：

at表示某個具體的位置 in表示在。。里面 off表示離開

in/with還可以表示穿戴,with可以表示帶有或長有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

?make sb.do迫使某人做某事，變被動時要加to

His father made to quit his job.He was made to quit the job.?Let sb.do表示允許某人做某事 Let’s表示建議：

Let’s go out for a walk.Let us go out please.否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t… 8.被動語態(tài)/強調句型：

據(jù)說：it is said/ it was said that

強調：It is/was+ 被強調部分+that/who從句 I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago.It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.強調謂語用do+動詞原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/grow Gain/earn Pick/cut

9.表示目的的幾種方式：

?帶to的不定式及其變體：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用賓語+不定式，不定式常表示賓語的目的： I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.?So that/in order that 引導的目的狀語從句，主句一般用現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在完成時或一般將來時時，從句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般過去時，過去進行時，過去完成時時，從句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主語和從句主語不同時還可以用不定式+for+名詞/代詞 He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10.現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來發(fā)生的動作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在現(xiàn)在進行時句子里可以表示不遠的將來發(fā)生的事情。

Spring is coming.I am leaving Beijing in two days.I’m meeting a guest this evening.名詞修飾名詞：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

1.時態(tài)對比：將來完成時，將來進行時，將來完成時 cost/price/value

2.時態(tài)對比：過去完成時/過去完成進行時 check/control great/big soil/ground

3.間接引語（祈使句）

祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語要根據(jù)語氣來選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虛擬語態(tài)should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4.虛擬語態(tài)（過去條件句的虛擬）（見虛擬語態(tài)總結）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

5.情態(tài)動詞：

1． Must/have to do表示必須做某事，must表示現(xiàn)在和將來，have to do 可以用在任何時態(tài)

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示應該做某事，ought to do語氣更強，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示過去必須做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示過去本應該做某事而沒做。

I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4． Could have done表示本能夠做某事而沒做。I could have saved more people.5． Might/must have done表示對過去事實的推測

6． Couldn’t have done表示對過去事實的否定推測，表示不可能 He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.Let sb.down, let sb.off, let sb.out, let sb.in Agree/accept Dress up/dress 6.Have用法： have sth.done:

?使別人為我們做某事

I have the car repaired.He has his hair cut.The officer had the clock checked.?表示某種遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen.He had his teeth knocked out.My sister has her bike stolen.集合名詞：

當這個名詞作為一個整體使用時動詞用單數(shù)，當這個名詞作為一個組成整體的若干人時動詞用復數(shù)。常見的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

7.表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示沒成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 ?say:

表示說，講時，后面不能跟間接賓語，如果加用間接賓語加to，say sth.to sb.表示道別，背誦 表達思想，意見 表示據(jù)說

詞組：say a good word, say a prayer ?tell:

表示說，講后面可跟雙賓語, tell sb.sth.常用于講（實話，謊話，秘密）辨別，分辨

說出時間 8.動名詞：

有些動詞和形容詞詞組后要加動名詞：

?admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

?look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

?opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

?be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

動名詞完成式的被動結構：having been done 當一個行為動作由另一個行為動作緊跟著時，第一個動作可以用after doing,來表達，動名詞完成式強調第一個行為動作在第二個行為動作開始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/advice enjoy/entertain/amuse 9.licence/license 10.介詞用法： 1.復習：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer hang/hung, hang/hanged 2.復習：summary of unit 4

74.get out(滾出去，出去)/get into（進去）/get on（進展）/get on with（繼續(xù)，相處）/get off（逃脫）/get sth.off（取下）/get over（恢復，結束）/get though（通過考試，吃完）

變成：

grow: 漸漸變成，強調過程，比get更正式 get: 口語中最常用，同grow

turn: 變得和以往完全不同，往往是變壞，變色，變聲，變質，turn red/pale/sour

go: 進入某種狀態(tài)，不好的狀態(tài)，go bad ,go sour come: 強調結果，come real, come true, come loose，fall: 陷入，變成某種狀態(tài)，后面不能加形容詞比較級，fall asleep, fall ill As usual/than usual between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president 75.非限定性定語從句

1． 用who, which引導，前面用逗號隔開，起補充說明的意思，如去掉不影響整個句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2． Which可以指代前面的一句話

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.3． 與限定性定語從句的區(qū)別，限定性定語從句是對先行詞修飾限定，如果沒有定語從句整個句子的意思就會改變，而非限定性從句只是起補充說明的作用，去掉以后不影響句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.那些知道危險的游客們不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客們知道了危險不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexion wax/candle

78.keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

79.倒裝句：

1． 條件句中的倒裝,（見虛擬語態(tài)）

2． 否定意義的副詞放在句首，整個句子要倒裝：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.3． Only+ 狀語，only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80.on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 80.Cloth, clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean

81.形容詞修飾名詞順序：

特性——形狀，大小，長短——顏色——名詞 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up

82.在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引導，可以省略主語和系動詞

Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until(you are)invited, you should not come.If she(is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood

83.當賓語是不定式短語，動名詞或從句時如果后面有賓語補語，必須用it做形式主語，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84.Too…to的用法 to/enough的區(qū)別 85.Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（與in介詞相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（沒有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairly

Enough: 修飾形容詞或副詞/修飾名詞/做代詞使用 88.Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 89.free/single queue/row funny-amusing

90.And 連接的兩個名詞如果作為一個整體出現(xiàn)則用單數(shù)謂語動詞

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91.Make for/make out/make up/make up for 92.So/neither的倒裝句 so/neither+be+ 主語

so/neither+助動詞+ 主語 so/neither+情態(tài)動詞+ 主語 一般現(xiàn)在時, do, does/am, is, are 現(xiàn)在進行時, am, is, are 一般過去時, did

現(xiàn)在完成時, have, has 一般將來時, will, shall, 過去進行時，was, were 過去完成時，had 過去將來時, would 93.重音：

重音在第一個音節(jié)上為名詞，重音在第二個音節(jié)為動詞：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

94.介詞：

appear:強調觀察者的主觀看法 He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(別人覺得他像)seem：根據(jù)某種跡象得出一種結論或看法 It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表舉止給人感覺像)look：根據(jù)外表推斷

He looks like a king.（他看起來像，但實際不是。）

第四篇：初中現(xiàn)在完成進行時總結

現(xiàn)在完成進行時 定義:現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。2 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構成:現(xiàn)在完成進行時是由“have/has+been+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構成 3 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的基本句型 肯定式

I/We have been working.疑問式

Have you been working？

簡略回答

Yes，I/we have.No，I/we haven't.肯定式

He/She/It has been working.疑問式

Has he/she/it been working？

簡略回答

Yes，he/she/it has.No，he/she/it hasn't.4 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法

1）在強調動作還未結束，還要繼續(xù)下去。如：I've been reading this book for two hours，but I haven't finished it.這本書我已讀了兩個小時了，但我還沒讀完。I've read this book.我已讀完這本書了。2）強調動作延續(xù)時間的長久或帶感情色彩。

She has always been working like that.她一貫是這樣工作的。3）現(xiàn)在完成進行時也可表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時間反復發(fā)生的事情。We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我們經常見面。5 現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別

1）現(xiàn)在完成進行時更強調動作的延續(xù)性,它是現(xiàn)在完成時的強調形式。試比較： We've been living here for ten years.We've lived here for ten years.我們在這兒已經住了十年了。

2）在不用時間狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示動作仍在進行。而現(xiàn)在完成時則表示動作在過去已結束。如：

The students have been preparing for the exam.（還在進行）學生們一直在準備考試。The students have prepared for the exam.（已經結束）學生們?yōu)榭荚囎髁藴蕚洹?/p>

3）有些表示狀態(tài)，感情，感覺的動詞如：have，exist，like，hate，hear，know，sound等動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：

They've known each other since 1970.自從1970年起他們就相互認識了。練習: 1.— I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.— I think so.He ________ for it for months.)A.is preparing B.was preparing

C.had been preparing D.has been preparing

2.By the time he realizes he _________ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it.A.walks B.walked C.has walked D.had walked

3.So far this year we _______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.A.saw B.see C.had seen D.have seen

4.Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year.A.studies B.studied C.is studying D.has been studying

5.Danny _________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A.works B.is working C.has worked D.had worked 6.—I have got a headache.—No wonder.You_________ in front of that computer too long.A.work B.are working C.have been working D.worked

7.The unemployment rate in this district_______ from 6% to 5% in the past two years.A.has fallen B.had fallen C.is falling D.was falling

8.Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___ going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.A.had considered B.has been considering C.considered D.is going to consider

9.—______ you ______ him around the museum yet? —Yes.We had a great time there.A.Have;shown B.Do;show C.Had;shown D.Did;show 10.—Hi, Tracy，you look pale.—I am tired.I _______ the living room all day.A.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted 1-5 DCDDC 6-10 CABA C

第五篇：(新概念英語)高中英語 第二冊 語法總結 名詞性從句表語從句

新概念英語第二冊語法總結：名詞性從句（2）表語從句

（二）表語從句：在復合句中充當表語。

1.that在引導表語從句時無含義，不作成分，通常不省。1)表示事實、真理等的實際內容。The fact is that he is lying.The odds are that he will not do it.2）表示某人的意見、信念等的實際內容。Our belief is that things will improve.The trouble is that we are short of money.2.whether引導表語從句（不可用if)。

His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.The question is whether people will buy it.3.連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which引導的表語從句。This is what I want.The question is who can be chosen to be manager of the company.My question is which of them is better.4.連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的表語從句。

The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.The question is where we should go.5.as if, as though引導的表語從句（常用虛擬語氣）。He looks as if he were angry.It looks as if it's going to rain.專項訓練：

1.The question is ______ we will have our sports meet next week.A.that B.if C.when D.whether

2．The reason why he failed is ______ he was too careless.A.because B.that C.for D.because of

3.Go and get your coat.It's ______ you left it.A.where B.there C.there where D.where there

4．The problem is ______ to take the place of Ted

A.who can we get B.what we can get C.who we can get D.that we can get

5.What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.A.that B.if C.whether D.不填

6.The reason is ______I missed the bus.A.that B.when C.why D.what

7.That is ______ we were late last time.A.that B.when C.why D.what

8.She looked ______ she were ten years younger.A.that B.like C.as D.as though

9.--I fell sick!

--I think it is ______ you are doing too much.A.why B.when C.what D.because

10.The reason why he hasn’t come is ______.A.because his mother is ill B.because of his mother’s being ill C.that his mother is ill D.for his mother is ill

11.--He was born here.--That is ______ he likes the place so much.A.that B.what C.why D.how

12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.A.what B.where C.that D.why

KEYS

1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.B