第一篇：高一英語(yǔ)《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)》語(yǔ)法精粹(含習(xí)題) 名詞

《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)》語(yǔ)法精粹

二、名詞Nouns 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：

一、名詞的種類：

1、專有名詞：

1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠詞）

2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞，要加定冠詞。）

2、普通名詞

?物質(zhì)名詞：water，rice，oil，paper?1）不可數(shù)名詞?

抽象名詞：health，trouble，work，pleasure，honor??注意：?不可數(shù)名詞前一般不加冠詞，尤不加不定冠詞：若加a(an)則使之具體化了。

如：have a wonderful time.?不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。

?不可數(shù)名詞一般無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式。部分物質(zhì)名詞在表不同類別時(shí)，可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows??

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各種各樣的魚 各種報(bào)紙 河湖、海水 積雪

?有些抽象名詞也常用復(fù)數(shù)，變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)的具體的事物。如：times時(shí)代，works著作，difficulties困難

?在表數(shù)量時(shí)，常用“of”詞組來(lái)表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper?.2）可數(shù)名詞：

?可數(shù)名詞除用復(fù)數(shù)形式表一類之外，一般都要加冠詞：A birdcaufly.The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.?有復(fù)數(shù)形式：

a）規(guī)則變化——加“s”或“es”（與初中同，略）

b）不規(guī)則變化——child(children), foot(feet), tooth(teeth), man(men), woman(women), mouse(mice), goose(geese), Englishman(Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)?

注意：c）單、復(fù)數(shù)同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一種魚）??。如，a sheep, two sheep d）只用復(fù)數(shù)形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,? e）形復(fù)實(shí)單：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.f）形單實(shí)復(fù)：people(人民，人們)，the police, cattle等

g）集合名詞如：family, public, group, class等。當(dāng)作為整體時(shí)，為單數(shù)；當(dāng)作為整體中的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，為復(fù)數(shù)。如： My family is a big one.My family are music lovers.h）復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，(a)只把復(fù)合名詞中的主體各詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son(s)繼子；editor(s)-in-chief總編輯。

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專心(b)如沒有主體名詞則在最后一個(gè)詞的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中間人(c）woman, man作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，要與被修飾的名詞的數(shù)一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors

二、名詞的所有格：

1、表有生命的東西（人或動(dòng)物）的名詞所有格，一般在名詞后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights?

注意：1）名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在詞后加“s”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人療養(yǎng)院），the students’ reading-room 2）復(fù)合名詞的所有格，在后面的詞后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的書）

3）如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩人或兩人以上共有，則在最后的一個(gè)名詞后面加“’s”；

如果不是共有，則每個(gè)詞后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room.珍妮和海倫的房間（共有）.Bill’s and Tom’s radios.比爾的收音機(jī)和湯姆的 收音機(jī)（不共有）

4）表地點(diǎn)（店鋪，某人的家等）的名詞所有格后面，一般省去它所修飾的名詞。如：the tailor’s(裁縫鋪)the doctor’s(診所)Mr.Brown’s(布朗先生的家)5）有些表時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)的無(wú)生命的名詞，也可加“’s”表所有格。

如：half an hour’s walk(半小時(shí)的路程)China’s agriculture(中國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè))

2、表示無(wú)生命的東西的名詞一般與of構(gòu)成詞組，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book

3、表示有生命的東西的名詞也可以用of，特別是名詞較長(zhǎng)，有較多的定語(yǔ)時(shí)。如： the story of Dr Norman Bethune Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?

4、“of詞組+所有格”的用法： 在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）時(shí)，常用“of詞組+所有格”的形式來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如： a friend of my father’s 我父親的一位朋友。some inventions of Edison’s 愛迪生的一些發(fā)明

those exercise-books of the students’ 學(xué)生們的那些練習(xí)本?！緦ｍ?xiàng)訓(xùn)練】：

1、There are only twelve in the hospital.A．woman doctors

B．women doctors C．women doctor

D．woman doctor

2、Mr.Smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school.A．brothers-in-law

B．brother-in-laws C．brothers-in-laws

D．brothers-in law

3、——How many does a cow have? ——Four.A．stomaches B．stomach C．stomachs D．stomachies

4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.A．German B．Germen C．Germans

D．Germens

5、The of the building are covered with lots of

.A．roofs;leaves B．rooves;leafs C．roof;leaf

D．roofs;leafs

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專心

6、When the farmer returned home he found three missing.A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep

D．sheepies

7、That was a fifty engine.A．horse power

B．horses power C．horse powers

D．horses powers

8、My father often gives me.A．many advice B．much advice C．a(chǎn) lot of advices D．a(chǎn) few advice

9、Mary broke a while she was washing up.A．tea cup B．a(chǎn) cup of tea C．tea’s cup

D．cup tea

10、Can you give us some

about the writer? A．informations

B．information C．piece of informations

D．pieces information

11、I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning.A．teas;bread

B．teas;breads C．tea;breads

D．tea;bread

12、As is known to us all, travels much faster than.A．lights;sounds

B．light;sound C．sound;light

D．sounds;lights

13、She told him of all her and.A．hope;fear

B．hopes;fear C．hopes;fears

D．hope;fears

14、The rising did a lot of to the crops.A．water;harm

B．water;harms C．waters;harm

D．waters;harms

15、——How far away is it from here to your school? ——It’s about.A．half an hour’s drive

B．half hours drives C．half an hour drives

D．half an hour drive

16、The shirt isn’t mine.It’s

.A．Mrs Smith

B．Mrs’ Smith

C．Mrs Smiths’

D．Mrs Smith’s

17、Miss Johnson is a friend of.A．Mary’s mother

B．Mary’s mothers’

C．Mary mother’s

D．Mary’s mother’s

18、Last week I called at my.A．a(chǎn)unt B．a(chǎn)unts C．a(chǎn)unt’s

D．a(chǎn)untes’

19、The beach is a throw.A．stone B．stones C．stones’ D．stone’s

20、I can hardly imagine sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A．Peter’

B．Peter C．Peters D．Peters’

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專心 3 【答案】：

1、B

2、A

3、C stomach（胃）雖是“ch”結(jié)尾，但其發(fā)音為[k]，所以加“s”，不用加“es”。

4、C

5、A roof, chief, gulf, belief等詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，直接加“s”。

6、C

7、A 名詞作定語(yǔ)一般不用復(fù)數(shù)。

8、B

9、A 根據(jù)句意，打破的應(yīng)是杯子，而不是茶；名詞作定語(yǔ)表類別不用加“’s”。

10、B

11、D

12、B

13、C

14、C

15、A

16、D 根據(jù)上句，此處應(yīng)是史密斯太太的襯衫。

17、D

18、C

19、D a stone’s throw是固定短語(yǔ)，意為“近在咫尺”。

20、B 此句中Peter作動(dòng)名詞sailing的所有格，本應(yīng)用Peter’s，但因其在動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)，所以可用賓格，因此B為正確答案。

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專心 4

第二篇：新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

新概念英語(yǔ)二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法詳解和總結(jié)

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一、學(xué)習(xí)前的準(zhǔn)備

《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)》旨在全面訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的4項(xiàng)技能、理解、口語(yǔ)、閱讀、寫作。使學(xué)生具有使用語(yǔ)言的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，具有以下知識(shí)便可進(jìn)入《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)》的學(xué)習(xí)：

1、動(dòng)詞be與have現(xiàn)在時(shí)與過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法。

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，能夠識(shí)別并懂得如何構(gòu)成。

3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別；懂得動(dòng)詞第3人稱單數(shù)上添加-s,-es, 或-ies后綴。

4、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別并會(huì)運(yùn)用常見的規(guī)劃動(dòng)詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)形態(tài)。

5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別。

6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（一般）：能夠識(shí)別。

7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別。

8、將來(lái)時(shí)：能夠認(rèn)識(shí)并運(yùn)用going to, shall與will構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)。

9、助動(dòng)詞：can, may與must的基本用法；能夠識(shí)別could, might與would的形式。

10、能夠用do/does/did等助動(dòng)詞造疑問句與否定句；能運(yùn)用疑問代詞與副詞。

11、能夠回答以助動(dòng)詞與疑問詞開頭的問句。

12、副詞：能夠用-ly與-ily后綴組成副詞；能夠識(shí)別well, hard, fast等特例。

13、冠詞：定冠詞與不定冠詞。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的用法。

14、名詞：能夠用-s,-es，-ves后綴組成名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式；會(huì)用常見的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。

15、代詞：人稱代詞、所有格代詞、反身代詞；所有符號(hào)“'”加s('s)。

16、形容詞：基本用法；規(guī)則的比較級(jí)；不規(guī)則的比較級(jí)：good, bad, much與little.17、介詞：常見的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方位介詞的用法。

18、關(guān)系代詞：能夠識(shí)別并使用who/whom, which/that。

19、this/that;these/those。

20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。

21、There is/it is;there are/they are。

22、祈使句。

23、一周7天的名稱、日期、季節(jié)、數(shù)字、時(shí)辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。

24、報(bào)時(shí)。

二、新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)總結(jié)和詳解

1.簡(jiǎn)單句的結(jié)構(gòu):

主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)+方式狀語(yǔ)+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)還可以放在句首

2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

感嘆句：what+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)，how+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)

頻度副詞：位于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間，常見頻度副詞及其程度的深淺： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always buy CDs on Sundays.3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)

直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)：

主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)

直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù)，也可以說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的，或者是為誰(shuí)做的。所以間接賓語(yǔ)要用名詞或者賓格代詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。

He gives me a book.me間接賓語(yǔ), a book直接賓語(yǔ)

直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一個(gè)介詞to或for，to表示動(dòng)作對(duì)誰(shuí)而做，for表示動(dòng)作為誰(shuí)而做。

主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋直接賓語(yǔ)＋介詞+間接賓語(yǔ) Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，注意頻度及時(shí)間副詞的位置 receive/take

5.復(fù)習(xí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6.冠詞用法

（一）1．不定冠詞用于修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)發(fā)音為元音時(shí)要用冠詞an, 如果是輔音用a即可。

2．不定冠詞還可以用來(lái)修飾一類事物，有時(shí)候也可以省略： A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3．不可數(shù)名詞加冠詞表示一類事物：Apple is a fruit.4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提過(guò)的人或物時(shí)要用定冠詞the 5．Some表示一些，可以修飾可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞。

6．在姓名，城市，地名，過(guò)名，月份，節(jié)日，星期前不加冠詞，季節(jié)前也一般不加，特指時(shí)加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth.off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 短語(yǔ)：在短語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞后面的介詞或副詞叫小品詞，有些小品詞既可以緊跟在動(dòng)詞后面也可以跟在動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面，而有些則只能緊跟著動(dòng)詞使用。

8.形容詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)

單音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí)最高級(jí)：

?直接加-er,-est: small-smaller, smallest ?以e結(jié)尾的加-r,-st: large-larger, largest

?以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i加-er,-est: busy-busier, busiest

?重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞，雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞和個(gè)別單音節(jié)詞也直接加-er,-est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音節(jié)詞及雙音節(jié)詞：more/less, most/lest

不規(guī)則變化：good/bad/many/little/far…

少數(shù)單音節(jié)詞也要通過(guò)加more/less, most/lest構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)：pleased, glad, tired, fond，注意：形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the 不定代詞的用法，如果不定代詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)：Everyone is here.enter/enter for

9.介詞（表示時(shí)間）?in:

表示一天中的某段時(shí)間：in the morning/afternoon/evening 表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990 表示季節(jié)：in spring/winter

in+一段時(shí)間可以表示在一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后，可以與現(xiàn)在時(shí)，過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)連用。

?on:

表示星期：on Monday 表示具體日期：on June 1st

表示具體時(shí)間：on that day/that evening/on that night ?at:

表示確切時(shí)間：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐時(shí)間：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他時(shí)刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time ?during+一段時(shí)間 ?from…till ?till/untill直到

not any=no，語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng) 10.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

結(jié)構(gòu)：be+過(guò)去分詞 用法：

?主語(yǔ)不清或不需要提及時(shí)

I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.?強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，用by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者 The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by 雙重名詞所有格：

one of +形容詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格+名詞復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù)名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s one of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours 1.復(fù)習(xí)

動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb.to do, 代詞要用賓格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages 2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)：

be going to結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 be+副詞詞組：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create 3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)： 名詞所有格：

如果名詞復(fù)數(shù)以S結(jié)尾一般只加‘，如果名詞是以S結(jié)尾的專有名詞如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名詞所有格也可以用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的 1． 時(shí)間：today’s, new centry’s

2． 國(guó)家，城市名詞：the country’s, the city’s

3． 機(jī)構(gòu)組織：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library 4． 車，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk 5． 專有結(jié)構(gòu)：at one’s wit’s end, 6． 價(jià)值：ten pound’s worth of meat, 7． 時(shí)間：in twenty minutes’ time 4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)： ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of 5.直接引語(yǔ)/間接引語(yǔ)

（一）如果引語(yǔ)的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，那么間接引語(yǔ)要做相應(yīng)變化：時(shí)態(tài)，人稱，時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞

?時(shí)態(tài)變化：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)——一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)——過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)——過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might

?時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that… ?人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk afford

6.條件狀語(yǔ)從句：主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)“能夠”，“必須”還可以用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人：

One must never tell lies.You must never tell lies.7.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： must/have to

as作為介詞，以…身份，與like相同

as作為連詞，因?yàn)?，正?dāng)。。時(shí)候，以。。方式，如同。。那樣 dress/suit/costume grow/grow up 8.have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up beside/besides

9.can/could/may/might

might as well表示“還是。。的好”，“還不如。?！?He will never pass.He might as well give up.10.動(dòng)名詞： 動(dòng)名詞 1． 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式在起名詞作用時(shí)稱為動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞可以做主語(yǔ)，標(biāo)語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，介詞賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)（即復(fù)合名詞）

2． 動(dòng)名詞的幾種形式：

主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式

一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done

3.做主語(yǔ)：

Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4.做表語(yǔ)：

My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5.做賓語(yǔ)：

I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6.介詞賓語(yǔ)：

He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞詞組（注意總結(jié)）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in，7.做定語(yǔ)：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水機(jī))，parking slot…

8.動(dòng)名詞的否定： 在動(dòng)名詞前面加not，I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house

2.介詞用法：見書 3.復(fù)習(xí)

there be句型

it做為虛主語(yǔ)可以用來(lái)表示時(shí)間，天氣，溫度，距離，人或指代一個(gè)句子或不定式。

4.Summary of Unit two 5.并列句

我們可以將幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起,組成并列句,常用以下連詞:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主謂一致:

?當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and , both…and 連接時(shí),通常用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ).Both the girls and the boy are his friends.?當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，這被稱為就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用.以下一些動(dòng)詞很少用與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):

appear(看起來(lái)), appreciate(鑒賞), believe(相信), feel(感覺到), forget(忘記), hear(聽見), know(知道), like(喜歡), look like(看起來(lái)像), notice(注意到), remember(記得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(認(rèn)為), understand(理解), have(擁有),love(愛), seem(看起來(lái)), show(顯示), mind(介意), sound(聽起來(lái)), hate(討厭), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲)，引號(hào):

?引號(hào)位于一行之上,應(yīng)該在句尾其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào), 如逗號(hào),句號(hào),問好之外.?引語(yǔ)的第一個(gè)詞以大寫字母開頭.?在said, asked, 等詞后面用逗號(hào),只有當(dāng)它們位于句尾時(shí)才在它們后面用句號(hào).?當(dāng)said, asked等詞置于引語(yǔ)之間時(shí),句子的后半部分以小寫開頭.?當(dāng)一個(gè)新的說(shuō)話人開始講話時(shí), 要另起一個(gè)段落.7.復(fù)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)/不規(guī)則過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞

常用不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞在英語(yǔ)里約有300多個(gè)

put up(搭建), put out(撲滅), put on(穿上), put sb.up(為某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄寫), put off(推遲), put away(放好，放到一邊去)

8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)/定語(yǔ)從句(見復(fù)合句部分)?與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間副詞:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never，so far(迄今為止), up till now(直到現(xiàn)在), up to now(直到現(xiàn)在), since(自從), for a long time(很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間), in the past/in the last few years(在過(guò)去的幾年里), these days(目前)，?某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)作開始變終止的動(dòng)詞), 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不

能與表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 這些動(dòng)詞并非不能用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而是不能接由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).但是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用.Jane has gone away for a month.(wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years.(wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to(去了某地,指人還在那里), have been to(去過(guò)某地, 人已經(jīng)不在那里了)。

9.一般過(guò)去時(shí)對(duì)比過(guò)去完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10.冠詞用法 定冠詞用法(1)特指

(2)地理名詞前加定冠詞 ?河流the yellow river ?山脈

the Alps, the Himalayas

?海峽海灣the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前要加定冠詞

?國(guó)名及政治組織名the United States, the United Kingdom ?某些機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)校及建筑名

the British Museum

?由普通名詞構(gòu)成的報(bào)刊雜志名

the New York Times, the Times 零冠詞 1.街名

2.廣場(chǎng)名

3.車站, 機(jī)場(chǎng), 公園, 橋梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4.大學(xué)名

Yale University, Cambridge University

5.節(jié)日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6.多數(shù)雜志名

Time, Reader’s Digest 7.物質(zhì)名詞一般意義

Water boils at 100 degrees.We can not live without air.8.抽象名詞Life is short.Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法

Used to do 表示過(guò)去常常做某事現(xiàn)在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock.Experience, save, very/too

2.比較級(jí)/最高級(jí), 比較狀語(yǔ)從句（見復(fù)合句-比較狀語(yǔ)從句）A/one的區(qū)別 3.介詞用法

Passed/past, next/other 4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): is/am/are done 一般過(guò)去時(shí): was/were done

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): is/am/are being done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): have/has been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí): had been done 一般將來(lái)時(shí): will be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí): would be done

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí): was/were being done

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done，Call at(拜訪某地), call out at(大聲喊), call on(拜訪某人), call sb up(給某人打電話), call off(取消)

5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(感官動(dòng)詞)+doing表示正在發(fā)生的事情,+do 表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作.So/such

So+adj./adv.such+n.固定用法：so many

6.一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情況下可以相互替換,但是要表示說(shuō)話人決定做某事或者表示建議,請(qǐng)求, 肯定或不肯定等含義時(shí)只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7.將來(lái)完成時(shí)

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(當(dāng)心), look up(查詢,), look sb.up(拜訪某人)

8.as if /though+虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)總結(jié) as if /though 常在描述行為的動(dòng)詞后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly…when 幾乎沒來(lái)得及…就… 與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)

1.引語(yǔ)前用that, 口語(yǔ)中可以省略 2.根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q

3.時(shí)態(tài)變化: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)-一般過(guò)去時(shí), 一般過(guò)去時(shí)-過(guò)去完成時(shí), 一般將來(lái)時(shí)-過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí), 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)-過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí), 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-過(guò)去完成時(shí), can-could, may-might, must-had to，4.一些指示代詞及表示地點(diǎn)及時(shí)間的詞

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week-the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next(following)day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上沒有必要改變就不用變了，比如在同一天說(shuō)的話.She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.幾種特殊的間接引語(yǔ)

?特殊疑問句, 語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z(yǔ)序 “Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.?一般疑問句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.?祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語(yǔ)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣來(lái)選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動(dòng)詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

10.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法, make/do

對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬, if從句中談?wù)摰氖窍胂蟮那闆r,主句則推測(cè)想象的結(jié)果 結(jié)構(gòu): 主句用過(guò)去時(shí), 從句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if從句中的動(dòng)詞是be, 那么應(yīng)該在第一和第三人稱單數(shù)名詞后用

were.Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(鋪床), make a promise(許諾), make trouble(找麻煩), make progress(取得進(jìn)步), make money(賺錢), make a speech(演講,講話), make mistakes(犯錯(cuò)誤), make up one’s mind(下定決心)

do one’s best(盡最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作業(yè)), do a few jobs(做家務(wù)), do sb.a favour(幫忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做練習(xí)), do shopping(購(gòu)物), do business(做生意)

1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need, must, have to 1.need 一般作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用

?需要某物He needs a hat.Does he need a hat? ?需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest.You need to finish your work.?需要被…,主語(yǔ)與need 后的動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.2.need用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般為否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用來(lái)回答含有must, have to 的一般疑問句, 與don’t have to 同義

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.3.need 完成式needn’t have done

4.mustn’t 表示不應(yīng)該,一般口氣比較強(qiáng)硬,沒有商量.You mustn’t get up late.Remark/observe, notice 2.have 用法總結(jié)

have a ride(騎), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(嘗試), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸煙), have a good sleep(睡覺)

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,學(xué)習(xí),找到), pick out(挑出), 3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could/be able to do

1.can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.2.表示天生或?qū)W到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)中，在將來(lái)時(shí)中要用will be able to

3.表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事要用can Look!He can stand on his head.4.表示成果的完成某個(gè)具體動(dòng)作時(shí)通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某動(dòng)作沒有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister.No, he couldn’t.At 詞組

At first(開始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(無(wú)論如何), at heart(本質(zhì)上), at least(至少), at times(不時(shí)), at a loss(不知所措)

4.復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)名詞用法

1.動(dòng)名詞可以做句子的主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ)

2.在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后面要用動(dòng)名詞, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.有些動(dòng)詞后面既可用動(dòng)名詞也可以用不定式,所表達(dá)的意思沒有區(qū)別,常見的詞: start, begin, continue, delay, mean，4.有些動(dòng)詞后面加不定式表示一件具體的事情，加動(dòng)名詞表示一種習(xí)慣.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5.復(fù)習(xí)

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其賓語(yǔ)一般為物品 rob表示搶劫,其賓語(yǔ)一般是人或者某個(gè)處所 pay back 還錢, 報(bào)復(fù) 6.介詞用法 7.復(fù)習(xí)

suggest 用法, 當(dāng)建議用時(shí)后面加虛擬should +動(dòng)詞原形, should 可以省略.8.復(fù)習(xí)

Summary of Unit 39.復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成： ?用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句：

現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)需與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。

?用過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，用語(yǔ)較正式的文體，代替被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.?不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.?通過(guò)從句構(gòu)成復(fù)合句：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同謂語(yǔ)從句），關(guān)系從句（定語(yǔ)從句），狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，方式，目的，結(jié)果，比較，讓步）10.復(fù)合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for

1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 形容詞變副詞： 1．

直接在形容詞后加-ly，careful-carefully, slow-slowly，2． 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late

4． 有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠(yuǎn)： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately，3.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall

4.Some, any的用法

?some, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當(dāng)期待對(duì)方的答案為肯定回答時(shí)用some

?many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語(yǔ)中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.??當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞在詞組中表示主要目的時(shí)不要定冠詞：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre

?most表示大多數(shù)或非常：

Most students came to class today.We are most excited.The most是many/much的比較級(jí)，或者構(gòu)成形容詞副詞的比較級(jí)，只能表示最多或用在形容詞或副詞前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5.Would/used to do

would do 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，也可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性的行為，與used to do有時(shí)可以替換。不能替換的情況：

?used to do表示與現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)烈對(duì)照時(shí)，不可以用would I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.?used to do描寫過(guò)去狀態(tài)，would只表示過(guò)去特有的習(xí)慣和行為。I used to be a teacher.I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.?一個(gè)故事的開頭不能用would表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，只能用used to do或者一般過(guò)去時(shí)：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for hours.used to do(過(guò)去常常做某事)/be used to doing（習(xí)慣做某事）6.比較級(jí)最高級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrive

take part in/take place 7.介詞用法：

at表示某個(gè)具體的位置 in表示在。。里面 off表示離開

in/with還可以表示穿戴,with可以表示帶有或長(zhǎng)有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

?make sb.do迫使某人做某事，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加to

His father made to quit his job.He was made to quit the job.?Let sb.do表示允許某人做某事 Let’s表示建議：

Let’s go out for a walk.Let us go out please.否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t… 8.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)/強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：

據(jù)說(shuō)：it is said/ it was said that

強(qiáng)調(diào)：It is/was+ 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who從句 I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago.It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)用do+動(dòng)詞原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/grow Gain/earn Pick/cut

9.表示目的的幾種方式：

?帶to的不定式及其變體：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用賓語(yǔ)+不定式，不定式常表示賓語(yǔ)的目的： I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.?So that/in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，主句一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主語(yǔ)和從句主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)還可以用不定式+for+名詞/代詞 He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)句子里可以表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情。

Spring is coming.I am leaving Beijing in two days.I’m meeting a guest this evening.名詞修飾名詞：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

1.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：將來(lái)完成時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成時(shí) cost/price/value

2.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：過(guò)去完成時(shí)/過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) check/control great/big soil/ground

3.間接引語(yǔ)（祈使句）

祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語(yǔ)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣來(lái)選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動(dòng)詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4.虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)（過(guò)去條件句的虛擬）（見虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

5.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：

1． Must/have to do表示必須做某事，must表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，have to do 可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示應(yīng)該做某事，ought to do語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示過(guò)去必須做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而沒做。

I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4． Could have done表示本能夠做某事而沒做。I could have saved more people.5． Might/must have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的推測(cè)

6． Couldn’t have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的否定推測(cè)，表示不可能 He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.Let sb.down, let sb.off, let sb.out, let sb.in Agree/accept Dress up/dress 6.Have用法： have sth.done:

?使別人為我們做某事

I have the car repaired.He has his hair cut.The officer had the clock checked.?表示某種遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen.He had his teeth knocked out.My sister has her bike stolen.集合名詞：

當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞作為一個(gè)整體使用時(shí)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞作為一個(gè)組成整體的若干人時(shí)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

7.表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示沒成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 ?say:

表示說(shuō)，講時(shí)，后面不能跟間接賓語(yǔ)，如果加用間接賓語(yǔ)加to，say sth.to sb.表示道別，背誦 表達(dá)思想，意見 表示據(jù)說(shuō)

詞組：say a good word, say a prayer ?tell:

表示說(shuō)，講后面可跟雙賓語(yǔ), tell sb.sth.常用于講（實(shí)話，謊話，秘密）辨別，分辨

說(shuō)出時(shí)間 8.動(dòng)名詞：

有些動(dòng)詞和形容詞詞組后要加動(dòng)名詞：

?admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

?look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

?opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

?be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

動(dòng)名詞完成式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：having been done 當(dāng)一個(gè)行為動(dòng)作由另一個(gè)行為動(dòng)作緊跟著時(shí)，第一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以用after doing,來(lái)表達(dá)，動(dòng)名詞完成式強(qiáng)調(diào)第一個(gè)行為動(dòng)作在第二個(gè)行為動(dòng)作開始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/advice enjoy/entertain/amuse 9.licence/license 10.介詞用法： 1.復(fù)習(xí)：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer hang/hung, hang/hanged 2.復(fù)習(xí)：summary of unit 4

74.get out(滾出去，出去)/get into（進(jìn)去）/get on（進(jìn)展）/get on with（繼續(xù)，相處）/get off（逃脫）/get sth.off（取下）/get over（恢復(fù)，結(jié)束）/get though（通過(guò)考試，吃完）

變成：

grow: 漸漸變成，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程，比get更正式 get: 口語(yǔ)中最常用，同grow

turn: 變得和以往完全不同，往往是變壞，變色，變聲，變質(zhì)，turn red/pale/sour

go: 進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)，不好的狀態(tài)，go bad ,go sour come: 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，come real, come true, come loose，fall: 陷入，變成某種狀態(tài)，后面不能加形容詞比較級(jí)，fall asleep, fall ill As usual/than usual between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president 75.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

1． 用who, which引導(dǎo)，前面用逗號(hào)隔開，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意思，如去掉不影響整個(gè)句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2． Which可以指代前面的一句話

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.3． 與限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別，限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞修飾限定，如果沒有定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)句子的意思就會(huì)改變，而非限定性從句只是起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，去掉以后不影響句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.那些知道危險(xiǎn)的游客們不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客們知道了危險(xiǎn)不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexion wax/candle

78.keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

79.倒裝句：

1． 條件句中的倒裝,（見虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)）

2． 否定意義的副詞放在句首，整個(gè)句子要倒裝：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.3． Only+ 狀語(yǔ)，only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80.on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 80.Cloth, clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean

81.形容詞修飾名詞順序：

特性——形狀，大小，長(zhǎng)短——顏色——名詞 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up

82.在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引導(dǎo)，可以省略主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞

Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until(you are)invited, you should not come.If she(is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood

83.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí)如果后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，必須用it做形式主語(yǔ)，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84.Too…to的用法 to/enough的區(qū)別 85.Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（與in介詞相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（沒有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairly

Enough: 修飾形容詞或副詞/修飾名詞/做代詞使用 88.Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 89.free/single queue/row funny-amusing

90.And 連接的兩個(gè)名詞如果作為一個(gè)整體出現(xiàn)則用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91.Make for/make out/make up/make up for 92.So/neither的倒裝句 so/neither+be+ 主語(yǔ)

so/neither+助動(dòng)詞+ 主語(yǔ) so/neither+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 主語(yǔ) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), do, does/am, is, are 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí), am, is, are 一般過(guò)去時(shí), did

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), have, has 一般將來(lái)時(shí), will, shall, 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，was, were 過(guò)去完成時(shí)，had 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí), would 93.重音：

重音在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上為名詞，重音在第二個(gè)音節(jié)為動(dòng)詞：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

94.介詞：

appear:強(qiáng)調(diào)觀察者的主觀看法 He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(別人覺得他像)seem：根據(jù)某種跡象得出一種結(jié)論或看法 It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表舉止給人感覺像)look：根據(jù)外表推斷

He looks like a king.（他看起來(lái)像，但實(shí)際不是。）

第三篇：新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)：時(shí)態(tài)的總結(jié)

新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)：時(shí)態(tài)的總結(jié)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

表示現(xiàn)階段正在做的事

表示將要做的事

結(jié)構(gòu)：主 + am/is/are + doing 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + did 一般將來(lái)時(shí)： 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的打算

結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + will/shall + do 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： 表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響的動(dòng)作

結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + have/has done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

結(jié)構(gòu): 主 + was/were + doing 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí): 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

結(jié)構(gòu): 主+ will/shall + be doing 過(guò)去完成時(shí): 表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前已經(jīng)完成（過(guò)去的過(guò)去，通常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)互為主從句）

結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + had done 將來(lái)完成時(shí): 表示到未來(lái)某一時(shí)間將已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作

結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + will/shall + have done 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響

結(jié)構(gòu)： 主 + have/has + been doing 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示狀況將一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話人所提及的時(shí)間

結(jié)構(gòu)：主 + will have + been doing 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去更早的某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行，并對(duì)過(guò)去產(chǎn)生影響。

結(jié)構(gòu)：主 + had + been doing

第四篇：新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)lesson4 課文及翻譯和習(xí)題和詞匯練習(xí)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

An exciting trip An exciting trip 激動(dòng)人心的旅行 課文內(nèi)容：

I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.He is in Australia.He has been there for six months.Tim is an engineer.He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.He will soon visit Darwin，from there, he will fly to Perth.My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.參考譯文

我剛剛收到弟弟蒂姆的來(lái)信，他正在澳大利亞。他在那兒已經(jīng)住了6個(gè)月了。蒂姆是個(gè)工程師，正在為一家大公司工作，并且已經(jīng)去過(guò)澳大利亞的不少地方了。他剛買了一輛澳大利亞小汽車，現(xiàn)在去了澳大利亞中部的小鎮(zhèn)艾利斯斯普林斯。他不久還將到達(dá)爾文去，從那里，他再飛往珀斯。我弟弟以前從未出過(guò)國(guó)，因此，他覺得這次旅行非常激動(dòng)人心。

Notes on the text 課文注釋 He has been there for six months.他在那兒已經(jīng)住了6個(gè)月了。關(guān)于動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。a great number of?, 許多?，用于修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。3 in the centre of?, 在??中部。

Comprehension 1.Only one of these statements is true.Which one?(a)The writer has been in Australia for six months.(b)Tim is a mechanic and he's working in Australia.(c)Tim is working for an Austrian firm.(d)Tim is working for a big firm as an engineer.2.Only one of these statements is true.Which one?(a)Tim has been in Darwin for six months.(b)It's the first time Tim has ever been to another country.(c)Perth is in the centre of Australia.(d)Tim’s brother has never been abroad before.Structure

3.Tim is in Australia.He went ______ Australia six months ago.(a)to

(b)in

(c)at

(d)into 4.Tim is in Australia.How long _______ there?(a)is he

(b)has he been

(c)has he

(d)was he 5.Tim has been in Australia for six months.His brother hasn't seen him ____January.(a)for

(b)since

(c)from

(d)by 6.He has just bought an Australian car.He bought one _________.(a)a short time ago

(b)a long time ago

(c)last year

(d)six months ago 7.He has just gone to Alice Springs.He has never __________ there before.(a)went(b)being(c)been(d)was

1．He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.（他）正在為一家大公司工作，并且已經(jīng)去過(guò)澳大利亞的不少地方了。

（1）work for指“在??上班／任職”： 表達(dá)“上班”這個(gè)意思時(shí)還可以說(shuō)work at： She works at a department store.她在一家百貨商店上班。（2）a number of只能接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。通常，number前有g(shù)reat, large, good, small, certain等形容詞，數(shù)量大小也隨之改變： A large/ great number of our students are Danish.我們的學(xué)生中有許多是丹麥人。

There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.你的家庭作業(yè)里有少數(shù)幾個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤。

2．He will soon visit Darwin.他不久還將到達(dá)爾文去。

will 表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事。這句話的時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)。（cf.第12課語(yǔ)法）下一句話From there, he will fly to Perth也是一般將來(lái)時(shí)。

3．My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.我弟弟以前從未出過(guò)國(guó)，因此，他覺得這次旅行非常激動(dòng)人心。（1）這句話由兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句組成，后一句由連詞so引導(dǎo)，為表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。（2）find作“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、“發(fā)覺”講時(shí)賓語(yǔ)往往帶補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（一般為形容詞），說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)等：

I find the film very interesting.我覺得這電影很有趣。

She found Ton's room very dirty.她發(fā)現(xiàn)湯姆的房間非常臟。

She has already found herself wrong.她已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己錯(cuò)了。

需要注意的是，find一詞很少用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，一般用于過(guò)去時(shí)、完成時(shí)及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)等。

詞匯學(xué)習(xí)Word study

1．receive vt.（1）接到，收到，得到：

When did you receive that letter? 你什么時(shí)候收到那封信的？

Susan received a gift/card this morning.今天上午蘇珊收到了一份禮物／一張卡。

receive是“收到”，指的是一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，主觀上接受與不接受并不清楚。take則是主動(dòng)地“拿”、“取”：

He told me to take the keys from his pocket.他讓我從他口袋里把鑰匙拿出來(lái)。

I received a beautiful pen from my uncle.My brother took it from me yesterday.我叔叔給了我一枝漂亮的鋼筆。昨天我弟弟把筆拿走了。（2）招待，接待：

You need a large room if you are going to receive so many guests.如果你要接待這么多客人，你就需要一個(gè)大房間。We usually receive guests on Saturday.我們通常星期六招待賓客。

2．different adj.(名詞為difference)（1）不同的，相異的（經(jīng)常與from連用）： Desks are different from tables.書桌與桌子不一樣。

My room is different form yours.我的房間與你的不同。

We are planning something different this year.我們今年有不同的打算。（2）各種各樣的，不同的：

He has visited many different places in China.他去過(guò)中國(guó)的不少地方。

This department store sells a large number of different things.這家百貨商店出售許多各種各樣的東西。

課堂筆記

【NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS】 生詞和短語(yǔ) ★exciting adj.令人興奮的 excite:激動(dòng) excited:-ed: 自己感到-ing:令人感到 exciting boy interesting man The man is interesting.The news exciting,I am excited 其賓語(yǔ)一定是人

The news excited me.讓后面的人感到．．．

interesting:令人感到有趣的 interested: 感到有意思的 The book interests me.★receive v.接受，收到 accept：同意接收 receive:客觀的收到

This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't accept it.take take the exam：接收考試； take advice接收建議 receive/have receive/have a letter from somebody.★firm n.商行，公司 company ★different adj.不同的 ★centre n.中心

★abroad adv.在國(guó)外 副詞，直接和動(dòng)詞連用 go aroad live abroad study abroad

1.Jim has been studying ____ for 3 years.a.abroad

b.aboard

c.road

d.broad 2.Willam felt very happy because he ____ a letter from Cambridge University.a.sent

b.lent

c.borrowed

d.received 3.Ann is a kind girl so she has ____ friends.a.a great much of b.a great number of c.the much of

d.the little of 4.Tim went ___ America 6 months ago.a.to

b.into

c.at

d.in 5.Tom is in Austria.How long ____ there? a.is he

b.was he

c, has he been

d.has he 6.Xi’an is a city in the ___ of China.a.middle

b.centre

c.front

d.back 7.I have just _____ an invitation to their wedding this morning.a.taken

b.set

c, made

d.done 8._____ people called to ask about her health.a.A great many of b.A large number

c.A great many

d.Large number 9.How is this book different ____ that ? a.from

b.about

c.of

d.to 10.How long ____ at this job? Since 1990.a.were you employed

b.have you been employed c.had you been employed

d.will you be employed

received a letter from just和完成時(shí)連用 months one month two months I'have arrived in Beijing.has been He has been in Beijing for one year.has been + in 地點(diǎn)

He has been in America for tow years.連讀

work for work in 強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)

work for強(qiáng)調(diào)work I am working for a school.I am working in the New Oriental school.a great number of :a lot of a great number of 后面一定要加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) a lot of 可加可數(shù)名詞也可加不可數(shù)名詞 i have a lot of friends I have a great number of friends.has gone to :去了某地沒回來(lái)

has been to :曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)在不在那個(gè)地方 Have you been to Paris? soon:很快（時(shí)間）

from there:從那地方起

from 即可以加時(shí)間又可以加地點(diǎn) from half past 8 to half past 11 from Beijing to Tianjing fly to Perth: go to Perth by air before——副詞，在此之前

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志 find trip exciting find +賓語(yǔ)+形容詞做賓補(bǔ)

find the room clean find her happy is finding I'm finding...Vocabulary 8.Tim is working for a big firm.He is working for a big ________.(a)society

(b)company

(c)factory

(d)store 9.He has visited a great number of different p1aces.He hasn't stayed in ______p1ace.(a)the only

(b)a similar

(c)the same

(d)alike 10.Alice Springs is a small town.A town is usually ________.(a)bigger than a village but smaller than a city

(b)bigger than a city(c)the same size as a city

(d)the same size as a village 11.He will soon visit Darwin.He will visit Darwin _________.(a)quick1y

(b)for a short time(c)shortly

(d)in a hurry 12.He will fly to Perth.He will go there ________.(a)with air

(b)in air

(c)by air

(d)through air

語(yǔ)法 Grammar in use

1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間概念有時(shí)是不確定的，我們所關(guān)心的是現(xiàn)存的結(jié)果，或者過(guò)去發(fā)生的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確表示過(guò)去的副詞（如ago, yesterday等）連用。經(jīng)常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的副詞和副詞短語(yǔ)有：before（now）（〈在此〉以前）；so far（到目前為止）；up to now（直到現(xiàn)在）；just（剛剛）；already（已經(jīng)）；lately（最近）；now（現(xiàn)在）；疑問句和否定句中常用ever, yet, never, not? ever等。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常用于表示在短期內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的情況，因此往往不需要和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。2．同位語(yǔ)(Appositives)一個(gè)名詞（或短語(yǔ)等）與另一個(gè)名詞（或短語(yǔ)）并列而作為其說(shuō)明或限定成分時(shí)稱為同位語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)與它所補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的成分之間用逗號(hào)隔開。課文中有兩句話含有同位語(yǔ)：

I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.我剛剛收到弟弟蒂姆的來(lái)信。（Tim是my brother的同位語(yǔ)。它們指的是同一個(gè)人。Tim用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明my brother的名字）

He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.他剛買了一輛澳大利亞小汽車，現(xiàn)在去了澳大利亞中部的小鎮(zhèn)艾利斯斯普林斯。（在這句話中 a small town in the centre of Australia是Alice Springs的同位語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明這是個(gè)多大的鎮(zhèn)子，在什么地方）

在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，同位語(yǔ)或者插入主句中，或者另譯為一句，很少像英語(yǔ)中那樣用逗號(hào)隔開。請(qǐng)參閱課文中兩個(gè)句子的譯文。同位語(yǔ)如果太長(zhǎng)，可以另譯為一句。如課文中第二個(gè)例句的后半部分可以譯為：“現(xiàn)在去了艾利斯斯普林斯。這是澳大利亞中部的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)?！?同位語(yǔ)的其他例子如：

This is John, one of my best friends.這位是約翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。

Mrs.Smith, my neighbour, has never been abroad.我的鄰居史密斯夫人從來(lái)沒有出過(guò)國(guó)。

〖語(yǔ)法精粹〗

下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí) believe;doubt see hear know understand belong think consider feel look seem show mind have sound taste require possess care like hate love detest desire arrive不能和斷時(shí)間連用

用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的：go come leave arrive 第3課關(guān)鍵句型：一般過(guò)去式

第4課關(guān)鍵句型：現(xiàn)在完成式

第5課：一般過(guò)去式和現(xiàn)在完成式的相同點(diǎn)，不同點(diǎn)，用的時(shí)候要注意什么 下面幾個(gè)詞一出現(xiàn)就標(biāo)志著完成式：just before already receive take 他到某地有多久了。He has been.I have been here for three years.find:發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到

find the book dirty find+n.+a.【Multiple choice questions】(3).....at...表示位置

be at...(典型表示位置的介詞短語(yǔ)）

go to...只要有to這個(gè)感念，它的后面一定要有賓語(yǔ)，go to the theater go in...(in 做副詞）很小加賓語(yǔ)

He went in.go into...有去向的動(dòng)作，還有進(jìn)入的動(dòng)作

go into the room move:搬家

move in:搬進(jìn)來(lái)

move to the new house:正在搬 move into :搬進(jìn)去了(4).....how long...對(duì)段時(shí)間提問，跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相連 have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

第五篇：新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)第十二課后習(xí)題答案

新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)第十二課后習(xí)題答案 Lesson 12 1.c 根據(jù)課文第3-4行Topsail is a famous little boat.It has sailed across theAtlantic many times, 只有c能夠說(shuō)明為什么Topsail is famous ,而其他3個(gè)選擇都不符合邏輯。

2.c 根據(jù)課文最后一句He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic,只有c.will be in the race across the Atlantic同這句意思相同，而其他3個(gè)選擇課文中都沒有提到。

3.a 本句是個(gè)關(guān)系從句，需要一個(gè)相應(yīng)的關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。b.whose his 不合乎語(yǔ)法，這兩個(gè)詞不能用在一起；c.his 不是關(guān)系代詞；d.of whom 不合乎題目意思；只有a.whose 是關(guān)系代詞，符合題目意思，所以應(yīng)該選a.4.d 本句中的Portsmouth是一個(gè)地名（港口），在某個(gè)地方一般要用介詞in或at, at 是指在小的地點(diǎn)或空間，因此只能選d, at.其他3個(gè)選擇都不能表示在某個(gè)地點(diǎn)。

5.d

只有d.the name of which 符合語(yǔ)法，其他3個(gè)選擇都不對(duì)。6.a 要選出與前面句子中的plenty of(足夠的)意思相同的詞。b.almost enough(幾乎是足夠的)意思不夠準(zhǔn)確c.less than enough(不充足的)意思相反，d.hardly enough(幾乎不夠)意思相反，只有a.enough(足夠)是plenty of 的同義詞。7.d a.say him goodbye 不符合語(yǔ)法；b.tell him goodbye 和c.tell goodbye to him都不符合習(xí)慣用法，意思上也講不通；只有d.say goodbye to him 最符合語(yǔ)法。

8.a只有a.near才最符合題目意思。b.a long way from,和 c.in a different town from都與題目意思相反。d.next door(隔壁)后面缺少介詞to,不合乎語(yǔ)法

9.c 只有c.often(經(jīng)常)最接近前面句子中的many times 的含義，而其他3個(gè)選擇a.sometimes(有時(shí))，b.always(總是)，d.usually(通常)在意思上不夠接近many times.10.d 前面句子中的詞組set out是“出發(fā),啟程”的意思。只有d.the journey begins(旅程開始)最接近setout的含義，其他3個(gè)選擇a.the trip ends, b.the journey ends, c.voyagestops都有“旅程結(jié)束”的意思，正好和題目意思相反。

11.a 只有選a.be 才最符合前面句子He will take part in a race 的含義，而其他3個(gè)選擇意思都不夠準(zhǔn)確。

12.a 只有a.an ocean(大洋)與事實(shí)相符，而b.a sea(海)，c.a river(河)，d.lake(湖)都不是事實(shí)。