第一篇：新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之不定式

新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之不定式

1．定義：具有名詞、形容詞及副詞性質(zhì)并具有時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化。

2．形式：（以do為例）

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般時(shí)

to do

to be done 進(jìn)行時(shí)

to be doing 完成時(shí)

to have done

to have been done 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

to have been doing

3．用法：

（1）用作主語(yǔ)：

To speak good English is not easy.or: It is not easy to speak good English.（采用形式主語(yǔ) it 以避免頭重腳輕）It took me an hour to do the work.（2）用作賓語(yǔ)：

She decided to take the examination.I hope to meet him soon.（3）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：

They expected us to help them.Hewants his son to study hard.金牌重點(diǎn)：

不定式作賓補(bǔ)，如謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是感官動(dòng)詞，使役性動(dòng)詞（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），則不定式符號(hào)“to”須省略，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省。I heard them sing in the classroom.I made her clean the room.The girl is heard to sing an English song.（4）用作表語(yǔ)： To teach is to learn.His job is to sell cars.（5）用作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的，結(jié)果：

We come to school to study English.（目的）

= in order to I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（結(jié)果）

（6）定語(yǔ)：不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)須位于名詞之后。He asked for a piece of paper to write it on.= to write it on the piece of paper.The poor man has no house to live in.= to live in the house.Have you anything to do?

= to do anything

4．不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義：

She seems to dance very well.（現(xiàn)在情況）

She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在進(jìn)行）She seems to have danced well.（過(guò)去情況）

Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（動(dòng)作持續(xù)一段時(shí)間）

5．不定式語(yǔ)態(tài)：

The doctor [wrecommend]recommended[/w] him to air the room.The doctor recommended the room to be aired.She expects the police to find her bicycle.She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.6．不定式否定形式：not to do...He got up early in order not to miss the train.測(cè)試精編

1.Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven? A.to take

B.have taken

C.when to take

D.being taken

2.You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day.A.putting up

B.to be put up

C.to pile up

D.pile up

3.We shall set Jim ________ the passage.A.explaining

B.explained

C.to explain

D.explain

4.In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles.A.tostay

B.than stay

C.than staying

D.than have stayed

5.Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium.A.discovering

B.having discovered

C.to have discovered

D.to discover

（后設(shè)答案，大家不要偷看哦~(*^__^*)嘻嘻??）

KEYS

1.C

2.D

3.C

4.B

5.C

第二篇：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之動(dòng)詞不定式

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 之 動(dòng)詞不定式

動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式有三種：

(1)動(dòng)詞不定式：to study(to + 動(dòng)詞原形)

(2)分詞：studying(現(xiàn)在分詞)、studied(過(guò)去分詞)

(3)動(dòng)名詞：studying(形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同)

一、動(dòng)詞不定式

(一)作主語(yǔ)。在不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的句子中，往往用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，而不把不定式短語(yǔ)放在句子的后面。如：

To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.It’ll be a great shame for you to forget her.你要是把她忘了，那可太不應(yīng)該了。

It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation.我們不接受邀請(qǐng)不合適

但是，下列形容詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)由 of 引出：

careless粗心的，clever聰明的，cruel殘忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的，naughty淘氣的，nice好的，polite禮貌的，right正確的，rude無(wú)禮的，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong錯(cuò)誤的，等等。

因?yàn)檫@些形容詞都是描寫(xiě)人的性格和特點(diǎn)的形容詞?！癐t is + 形容詞 +of sb + to do sth”這樣的句型更強(qiáng)調(diào)某人如何如何。而“for sb to do sth”這一結(jié)構(gòu)更強(qiáng)調(diào)做某事如何如何

(二)作賓語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

1、有些及物動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起，agree同意，arrange安排，ask要求，attempt試圖，beg乞求，begin開(kāi)始，choose選擇，claim聲稱(chēng)，consent同意，dare敢，decide決定，decline謝絕，desire欲想，demand要求，determine決心，expect期待，fail失敗，forget忘記，hate討厭，help幫助，hope希望，intend打算，learn學(xué)習(xí)，like喜歡，long渴望，manage設(shè)法，mean打算，need需要，offer主動(dòng)提出，plan計(jì)劃，prefer更喜歡，prepare準(zhǔn)備，pretend假裝，promise答應(yīng)，refuse拒絕，remember記得，seek尋求，seem好像，tend傾向，threaten威脅，undertake承擔(dān)，volunteer志愿，want想要，wish希望等。

2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where還有whether等詞連用作賓語(yǔ)。常跟這種結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask詢(xún)問(wèn)，advise建議，consider考慮，decide決定，discover發(fā)現(xiàn)，discuss討論，explain解釋?zhuān)琭ind out查明，forget忘記，inquire打聽(tīng)，know知道，learn學(xué)會(huì)，remember記得，show演示，tell告訴，teach教，think想，understand懂得，wonder想知道，等等。例如：How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer.3、有些動(dòng)詞需要不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這種動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：ask請(qǐng)求，advise勸告，allow允許，beg乞求，believe相信，call on號(hào)召，cause促使，compel強(qiáng)迫，command指揮，direct指導(dǎo)，enable使…能夠，encourage鼓勵(lì)，expect期望，feel覺(jué)得，force迫使，get使得，hate不喜歡，have使，hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，help幫助，inspire鼓舞，intend 打算,invite邀請(qǐng),instruct指示，know知道，lead引導(dǎo)，let讓?zhuān)琹ike喜歡，listen to 聽(tīng)，look at看，make 使得, notice注意到, observe觀察，order命令，permit允許，persuade說(shuō)服，prefer更喜歡，press施加壓力，remind提醒，request請(qǐng)求，teach教，tell告訴，urge敦促，want 想要，warn警告，wish希望，等等。

Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college student.4、有些動(dòng)詞要求省掉to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。這樣的動(dòng)詞有：feel覺(jué)得，have使，hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，help幫助，let讓?zhuān)琹isten to 聽(tīng)，look at看，make使，notice 注意，see看見(jiàn)，observe 觀察，watch觀看 等，一類(lèi)是感官動(dòng)詞，一類(lèi)是使役動(dòng)詞。

A policeman saw the accident happen.一位警察看見(jiàn)事故發(fā)生。

上述help后面的不定式省掉to與保留to都可以。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，上述動(dòng)詞后面的不定式要把省去的to還原。

I heard the dog come in.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)那條狗進(jìn)來(lái)。

=The dog was heard to come in.有人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)那條狗進(jìn)來(lái)。

I saw her go out by bike.我看見(jiàn)她騎著自行車(chē)出去了。

=She was seen to go out by bike.有人看見(jiàn)她騎著自行車(chē)出去了。

在had better(最好)，would rather(寧愿)，would sooner(寧愿)，would(just)as soon(寧愿)，cannot but(不能不，不由得不)，cannot help but(不能不，不由得不)等成語(yǔ)后面也跟不帶to的不定式：

He would rather listen to others than talk himself.Rather than和sooner than同義，都是“寧可”，“與其…(不如)”，“不是…(而是)”的意思。當(dāng)它們放在句首時(shí)，其后跟不帶to的不定式;在其它位置時(shí)其后的不定式可帶也可不帶to:

Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.He decided to write rather than telephone.他決定寫(xiě)信，不打電話。

The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.經(jīng)理相信重要的是投資買(mǎi)新機(jī)器，而不是增加工資。

4、有些動(dòng)詞要求省掉to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

在Why 起首的疑問(wèn)句中跟不帶to的不定式：

Why not come with us? 為什么不跟我們一起來(lái)呢? =Why don’ t you come with us?

5、不定式作賓語(yǔ)而后面還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it來(lái)代替不定式短語(yǔ)，而把真正作賓語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)放在補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：consider認(rèn)為，feel覺(jué)得，find發(fā)現(xiàn)，make使，think認(rèn)為，等等。例如：I think it best to go.我想最好走。

Do you consider it right to send our doctors over?

注意：hope希望，demand要求，suggest建議，這三個(gè)詞不能跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)。

I hope that you’ll be happy.我希望你快樂(lè)。

I suggest that you take him seriously.我建議你要把他當(dāng)回事。

I advise you not to take him seriously.我建議你不要把他當(dāng)回事。

We demanded that they give us a definite answer.我們要求他們給個(gè)確切的答

(三)作定語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在被修飾的詞之后，有些名詞的后面常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的有：ability能力，agreement一致，協(xié)議，ambition抱負(fù)、野心，anxiety焦急，attempt試圖，campaign戰(zhàn)役，chance機(jī)會(huì)，claim聲稱(chēng)，courage勇氣，decision決定，determination決心，drive努力，eagerness殷切的心情，effort努力，failure失敗，hope希望，intention目的意圖，motive force動(dòng)力，movement運(yùn)動(dòng)、協(xié)議，need需要，opportunity機(jī)會(huì)，plan計(jì)劃，promise諾言，readiness樂(lè)意，refusal拒絕，reluctance勉強(qiáng)不愿，resolution決心，tendency傾向，right權(quán)力，struggle斗爭(zhēng)，threat威脅，time時(shí)候，way方法，willingness愿意，wish希望。

與這些詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞或動(dòng)詞常接動(dòng)詞不定式。如ability →be able to, refusal →refuse to 等。

作定語(yǔ)時(shí)不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

There is not any one to save him.沒(méi)有任何能救他的人。

He’s a not a man to tell lies.他不是那種撒謊的人。

(四)作表語(yǔ)。放在系動(dòng)詞之后。

To gamble is to commit suicide, but not to get rich.賭博就是自殺，而不是致富。To criticize others is to make enemies.批評(píng)別人就是樹(shù)敵。

To do everything is to do nothing.什么都做等于什么也做不成。

(五)不定式短語(yǔ)和疑問(wèn)詞連用(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how,還包括

whether)

(1)做主語(yǔ)。

例如：

Who to turn to is what she wants to know.找誰(shuí)幫忙是她想知道的。

It’s problem what to do.干什么還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。

How to be wealthy, healthy and happy will always remain a question mark.(2)做表語(yǔ)。例如：

The question is which to take first.問(wèn)題是先拿哪一個(gè)。

What remains for you to explain is how to put the plan into practice and whose help to seek.剩下需要你解釋的是怎樣實(shí)施計(jì)劃以及尋求誰(shuí)的幫助。

The question is which of the methods to adopt.(3)作賓語(yǔ)，常用這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有ask, consider, decide discuss, explain, forget, find out, guess, inquire, know, learn, remember, see(=understand), show, settle(=decide), tell(=know), think, understand, wonder等。

I’ve found out where to buy them cheaply.我發(fā)現(xiàn)了在哪里買(mǎi)這些東西便宜。

Do you remember when to switch off the machine?

有些雙賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞，也可用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)做直接賓語(yǔ)。常用的有tell, inform, show, advise, ask, teach,等。如：

I showed her how to use the remote control.我向她演示怎樣使用遙控器。

The salesman told him which switch to turn on first.(4)做定語(yǔ)。例句:

I must find a pen with which to fill in this form(=to fill in this form with).(六)作狀語(yǔ)。不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。

(1)表示目的。如:

We waved flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the players.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，有時(shí)用in order to(為了)或so as to(以便)加動(dòng)詞原形，放在句首或句尾均可。例如;In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day.有些不定式習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)放在句首或句尾，作獨(dú)立成分。例如：

To be frank(with you), this is not satisfactory.老實(shí)(和你)說(shuō)，這不令人滿意。

To be fair, she is an honest girl.說(shuō)句公道話，她是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的姑娘。

To tell you the truth, you are wrong..實(shí)話告訴你，你錯(cuò)了。

(2)表示原因。例如:

To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner.不定式短語(yǔ)可以和表示情緒的形容詞和過(guò)去分詞連用，有時(shí)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因，有時(shí)不是說(shuō)明原因，而是和形容詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的情況。

常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)形容詞和過(guò)去分詞有：

able有能力的，afraid 害怕的，amazed 感到驚異的，angry生氣的，anxious 急于的，astonished 感到驚訝的，careful小心的，certain有把握的，clever聰明的，comfortable舒服的，cruel殘忍的，deep深的，delighted 高興的，difficult有困難的，disappointed感到失望的，determined 有決心的，eager 急于的，easy容易的，fit 合適的，foolish 愚蠢的，fortunate 幸運(yùn)的，free自由的，frightened感到害怕的，glad高興的，good好的，happy幸福的，hard艱苦的，lucky 幸運(yùn)的，overjoyed 高興的，pleased高興的，possible 可能的，proud 自豪的，ready 準(zhǔn)備好的，relieved 感到輕松的，right正確的，sad悲傷的，shocked感到驚訝的，sorry難過(guò)的，sure 肯定的，surprised感到驚訝的，unable沒(méi)能力的，useless沒(méi)用的，willing 愿意的，worthy 值得的，wrong 錯(cuò)誤的等。

He’ll be angry to hear these words.聽(tīng)到這些話他會(huì)生氣的。

You’re lucky to have me as your teacher.有我當(dāng)你們老師，你們很幸運(yùn)。

He feels proud to be on the school football team.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)只限于下面幾個(gè)詞：learn得知，find 發(fā)現(xiàn)，see 看見(jiàn)，hear 聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，to be told被告知，make 使得 等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。例如:

He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off.(4)不定式還可以與“be said, be reported,…”等連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。這一結(jié)構(gòu)可變成“It’s said, It’s reported,…”(見(jiàn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)部分)。如：

It’s reported that an explosion has happened and it’s known that three have been killed.(七)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞不定式一般有三種時(shí)態(tài)形式，即一般式、進(jìn)行式和完成式。

(1)一般式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)：表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生或在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的事情。例如：

We’re happy to have you on our side.有你在我們這邊我們很高興。

I saw him go out.(2)進(jìn)行式(to be+現(xiàn)在分詞)：表示主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：

She’s said /believed to be living nearby.(3)完成式(to have+過(guò)去分詞)：表示在主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的事情。

如：I’m glad to have met your parents here.我很高興在這兒見(jiàn)到了你父母。

動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式和下列動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)連用，表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情：plan, hope, expect, be, intend, mean, wish, 等。注意一定是它們的過(guò)去時(shí)。另外還有should/would like/love。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“本打算/想/計(jì)劃…”的意思。例如：

The game were to have taken place in Room

He planned to have gone abroad last week.(八)不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式有兩種：

一般式：to be+過(guò)去分詞

完成式：to have been+過(guò)去分詞

You’re lucky to have been accepted.你很幸運(yùn)已經(jīng)被接受了。

These criminals are to be hanged.這些罪犯是將被絞死的。

(九)為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省略，但to有時(shí)保留，有時(shí)不保留。例如：

You will make it if you try(to).如果你努力，你會(huì)成功的。

George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to.George 說(shuō)要離開(kāi)上海，但是我不認(rèn)為他真的愿意走。

后面常省略不定式而保留to的結(jié)構(gòu)，還有：

used to常常 be going to 打算

mean to打算 ought to應(yīng)該

plan to 計(jì)劃 want to要想

(十)兩個(gè)不定式由and, or, except, but, than 連接時(shí)，第二個(gè)可省略to，尤其是兩個(gè)不定式緊密相連時(shí)。例如:

I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.We had nothing to do except(to)look at the posters outside the cinema.句子中but后面的不定式帶不帶to，取決于but前面的句子里含不含do，只要有與do/did有關(guān)的詞(do作謂語(yǔ)，to do作定語(yǔ)等等)，but后面的不定式就省掉to。例如：

I can do nothing but go there alone.除了獨(dú)自一個(gè)到那里去，我別無(wú)選擇。

1.用動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)完成下列句子：

1)Let’s _______(早回家).→ go home early

2)I am going _____(問(wèn)問(wèn)題).→ to ask some questions

3)I’ve been hoping ______(會(huì)見(jiàn)格林先生)ever since I left school → to see Mr.Green

4)It is difficult ______(照顧這么多小娃娃).→ to look after so many babies

5)He likes _____(在月光下散步).→to walk in the moonlight

6)She is afraid ____(獨(dú)自去).→ to go alone

7)I pretended ______(睡著了).→ to be asleep

8)I should like _____(今晚去看那個(gè)話劇).→to go to watch that drama tonight

9)Be careful ____(別著涼).→not to catch cold

10)Mr.Green seemed ____(越來(lái)越不喜歡他).→to dislike him more and more

11)It is too heavy _____(你搬不動(dòng)).→for you to carry

12)You have to work hard ____(考試及格).→to pass the examination

13)Tom intends ____(找個(gè)新工作).→to look for a new job

14)What do you want ____(吃)? →to eat

15)I hate _____(這么早離開(kāi)),but I am afraid ____(我不得不這么早離開(kāi)).→to leave so early;I have to

16)The enemy soldiers refused ____(再戰(zhàn)斗下去).→ To fight anymore

17)He decided _____(成為物理學(xué)家).→to become a physicist

18)The woman came out ____(看看在發(fā)生什么事).→to see what was happening

19)I mean _____(完成這個(gè)任務(wù)), one way or another.→to accomplish the task

20)He was planning _____(和她一起去).→to go with her

21)He seems _____(過(guò)去是個(gè)獵手).→to have been a hunter

22)I happened _____(看過(guò)這本書(shū)).→to have read the book

23)I happened ____(正挨著他站著)when he was shot.→to be standing next to him

24)The enemy is believed ____(已被擊敗).→to have been defeated

25)The teacher wanted the composition ______(當(dāng)堂做完).→to be finished in class

26)He appears _____(是你的朋友)but I doubt if he is.→to be your friend

第三篇：語(yǔ)法填空解題技巧之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

語(yǔ)法填空解題技巧之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

導(dǎo)學(xué)案

Teaching aims:

1.Skills for Grammar blanks

2.Grammars: nonfinite verb Key Points:

nonfinite verb Step one

語(yǔ)法填空不可怕；看看空中缺個(gè)啥？ 連代情冠介考查；形副出現(xiàn)多變化?？蘸笕艚o詞一個(gè)；詞性變化為上策。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)；名詞單復(fù)不放過(guò)。

Step two

1.什么是謂語(yǔ)？謂語(yǔ)由什么詞性充當(dāng)？

2.一個(gè)句子中那個(gè)部分最重要？

注意：

一山不容二虎

句子

動(dòng)詞

our duty is environment protect

Step three

非謂語(yǔ)形式

1.______ from the hill, we can see our school.2.______from the hill, our school is beautiful.A.See

B.Seeing

C.To see

D.Seen 3._____ the film, he didn’t notice the mouse.4._____the film, he bought a copy of the film.A.Watch B.Watching C.Watched D.To watch 總結(jié)：

Step four

口訣：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)

(2014 新課標(biāo)2)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about____(be)late for school.… … so I had a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike ____(catch)my attention.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____(stop)until we reached the next stop.Still, the boy kept _____(ride).Step five Exercise 1(2014 新課標(biāo)1)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.It ___(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.It took years of work _____(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014廣東)We ______(tell)that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week,…… We got a little _____(sunburn)(曬傷), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.(2013 廣東)Suddenly, he ______(find)that he had run out of salt.but everyone added a little, always ______(think)that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.(2012廣東)He suddenly appeared in class one day, ____(wear)sunglasses.(2011廣東)I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man _____(sit)at the front.He ____(pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.(2010 廣東)After a four-day journey, the young man ____(present)the water to the old man.He spit it out, _____(say)it was awful.Exercise 2 I can’t believe I made it into San Francisco at long last!This morning, I went to the airport to catch my 10:00 am flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had ___1__ electronic ticket, I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there, I couldn’t believe __2__eyes.The flight was put off for two hours!I made a__3__(decide)to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an__4__(early)flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was another flight __5__ will leave in 40 minutes, so I ran to the boarding gate of that flight.When I got there, I asked the gate agent __6__ I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait __7__ my name to be called if they had a seat available.So, I waited, and waited, and waited.The gate agent __8__(begin)calling out names.Guess what? The last name__9__(call)was mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer a window, __10__ I was just happy to get on board.I didn’t want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight.語(yǔ)法填空解題技巧之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

主講人 王立超

Teaching aims:

1.Skills for Grammar blanks

2.Grammars: nonfinite verb Key Points:

nonfinite verb Step one（歸納概括語(yǔ)法填空的考點(diǎn)，引起學(xué)生興趣）

語(yǔ)法填空不可怕；看看空中缺個(gè)啥？ 連代情冠介考查；形副出現(xiàn)多變化?？蘸笕艚o詞一個(gè)；詞性變化為上策。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)；名詞單復(fù)不放過(guò)。

Step two（刨根溯源，探究非謂語(yǔ)的由來(lái)）

1.什么是謂語(yǔ)？謂語(yǔ)由什么詞性充當(dāng)？

2.一個(gè)句子中那個(gè)部分最重要？

注意：

一山不容二虎

句子

動(dòng)詞

our duty is environment protect

Step three（總結(jié)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式和功能，為解題做鋪墊）

非謂語(yǔ)形式

1.______ from the hill, we can see our school.2.______from the hill, our school is beautiful.A.See

B.Seeing

C.To see

D.Seen 3._____ the film, he didn’t notice the mouse.4._____the film, he bought a copy of the film.A.Watch B.Watching C.Watched D.To watch 總結(jié)：

Step four（師生共同解題，更好的理解解題思路和口訣的應(yīng)用）口訣：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)

(2014 新課標(biāo)2)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about____(be)late for school.… … so I had a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike ____(catch)my attention.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____(stop)until we reached the next stop.Still, the boy kept _____(ride).Step five Exercise 1（大膽放手，讓學(xué)生自己操作，自己講解。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解題能力的同時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的疑難之處。）

(2014 新課標(biāo)1)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.It ___(be)unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.It took years of work _____(reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014廣東)We ______(tell)that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week,…… We got a little _____(sunburn)(曬傷), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.(2013 廣東)Suddenly, he ______(find)that he had run out of salt.but everyone added a little, always ______(think)that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.(2012廣東)He suddenly appeared in class one day, ____(wear)sunglasses.(2011廣東)I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man _____(sit)at the front.He ____(pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.(2010 廣東)After a four-day journey, the young man ____(present)the water to the old man.He spit it out, _____(say)it was awful.Exercise 2（強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練）

I can’t believe I made it into San Francisco at long last!This morning, I went to the airport to catch my 10:00 am flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had ___1__ electronic ticket, I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there, I couldn’t believe __2__eyes.The flight was put off for two hours!I made a__3__(decide)to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an__4__(early)flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was another flight __5__ will leave in 40 minutes, so I ran to the boarding gate of that flight.When I got there, I asked the gate agent __6__ I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait __7__ my name to be called if they had a seat available.So, I waited, and waited, and waited.The gate agent __8__(begin)calling out names.Guess what? The last name__9__(call)was mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer a window, __10__ I was just happy to get on board.I didn’t want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight.教學(xué)反思：

第四篇：新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

新概念英語(yǔ)二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法詳解和總結(jié)

《

一、學(xué)習(xí)前的準(zhǔn)備

《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)》旨在全面訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的4項(xiàng)技能、理解、口語(yǔ)、閱讀、寫(xiě)作。使學(xué)生具有使用語(yǔ)言的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，具有以下知識(shí)便可進(jìn)入《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)》的學(xué)習(xí)：

1、動(dòng)詞be與have現(xiàn)在時(shí)與過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法。

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，能夠識(shí)別并懂得如何構(gòu)成。

3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別；懂得動(dòng)詞第3人稱(chēng)單數(shù)上添加-s,-es, 或-ies后綴。

4、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別并會(huì)運(yùn)用常見(jiàn)的規(guī)劃動(dòng)詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)形態(tài)。

5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別。

6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（一般）：能夠識(shí)別。

7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別。

8、將來(lái)時(shí)：能夠認(rèn)識(shí)并運(yùn)用going to, shall與will構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)。

9、助動(dòng)詞：can, may與must的基本用法；能夠識(shí)別could, might與would的形式。

10、能夠用do/does/did等助動(dòng)詞造疑問(wèn)句與否定句；能運(yùn)用疑問(wèn)代詞與副詞。

11、能夠回答以助動(dòng)詞與疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句。

12、副詞：能夠用-ly與-ily后綴組成副詞；能夠識(shí)別well, hard, fast等特例。

13、冠詞：定冠詞與不定冠詞。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的用法。

14、名詞：能夠用-s,-es，-ves后綴組成名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式；會(huì)用常見(jiàn)的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：men, women, children, teeth r等形式。

15、代詞：人稱(chēng)代詞、所有格代詞、反身代詞；所有符號(hào)“'”加s('s)。

16、形容詞：基本用法；規(guī)則的比較級(jí)；不規(guī)則的比較級(jí)：good, bad, much與little.17、介詞：常見(jiàn)的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方位介詞的用法。

18、關(guān)系代詞：能夠識(shí)別并使用who/whom, which/that。

19、this/that;these/those。

20、省略形式：it's, I'm, isn't, didn't等。

21、There is/it is;there are/they are。

22、祈使句。

23、一周7天的名稱(chēng)、日期、季節(jié)、數(shù)字、時(shí)辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。

24、報(bào)時(shí)。

二、新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)總結(jié)和詳解

1.簡(jiǎn)單句的結(jié)構(gòu):

主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)+方式狀語(yǔ)+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)還可以放在句首

2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

感嘆句：what+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)，how+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)

頻度副詞：位于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間，常見(jiàn)頻度副詞及其程度的深淺： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always buy CDs on Sundays.3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)

直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)：

主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)

直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù)，也可以說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的，或者是為誰(shuí)做的。所以間接賓語(yǔ)要用名詞或者賓格代詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。

He gives me a book.me間接賓語(yǔ), a book直接賓語(yǔ)

直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一個(gè)介詞to或for，to表示動(dòng)作對(duì)誰(shuí)而做，for表示動(dòng)作為誰(shuí)而做。

主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋直接賓語(yǔ)＋介詞+間接賓語(yǔ) Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bought a coat for my mother.4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，注意頻度及時(shí)間副詞的位置 receive/take

5.復(fù)習(xí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don’t stand in my way./by the way/no way

spare/to spare

6.冠詞用法

（一）1．不定冠詞用于修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)發(fā)音為元音時(shí)要用冠詞an, 如果是輔音用a即可。

2．不定冠詞還可以用來(lái)修飾一類(lèi)事物，有時(shí)候也可以省略： A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3．不可數(shù)名詞加冠詞表示一類(lèi)事物：Apple is a fruit.4．如果特制某人,某物或上文提過(guò)的人或物時(shí)要用定冠詞the 5．Some表示一些，可以修飾可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞。

6．在姓名，城市，地名，過(guò)名，月份，節(jié)日，星期前不加冠詞，季節(jié)前也一般不加，特指時(shí)加。

put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth.off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out

7.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 短語(yǔ)：在短語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞后面的介詞或副詞叫小品詞，有些小品詞既可以緊跟在動(dòng)詞后面也可以跟在動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面，而有些則只能緊跟著動(dòng)詞使用。

8.形容詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)

單音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí)最高級(jí)：

?直接加-er,-est: small-smaller, smallest ?以e結(jié)尾的加-r,-st: large-larger, largest

?以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i加-er,-est: busy-busier, busiest

?重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞，雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger, biggest

以ow, er, le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞和個(gè)別單音節(jié)詞也直接加-er,-est：narrow, common, clever, simple，polite, quiet…

多音節(jié)詞及雙音節(jié)詞：more/less, most/lest

不規(guī)則變化：good/bad/many/little/far…

少數(shù)單音節(jié)詞也要通過(guò)加more/less, most/lest構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)：pleased, glad, tired, fond，注意：形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the 不定代詞的用法，如果不定代詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)：Everyone is here.enter/enter for

9.介詞（表示時(shí)間）?in:

表示一天中的某段時(shí)間：in the morning/afternoon/evening 表示月份/年份：in March, in 1990 表示季節(jié)：in spring/winter

in+一段時(shí)間可以表示在一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后，可以與現(xiàn)在時(shí)，過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)連用。

?on:

表示星期：on Monday 表示具體日期：on June 1st

表示具體時(shí)間：on that day/that evening/on that night ?at:

表示確切時(shí)間：at 10 o’clock

表示用餐時(shí)間：at lunch time/teatime

表示其他時(shí)刻：at noon/night/midnight, at this time ?during+一段時(shí)間 ?from…till ?till/untill直到

not any=no，語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng) 10.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

結(jié)構(gòu)：be+過(guò)去分詞 用法：

?主語(yǔ)不清或不需要提及時(shí)

I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.?強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，用by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者 The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by 雙重名詞所有格：

one of +形容詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格+名詞復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù)名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格

one of my father’s friends/a friend of my father’s one of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours 1.復(fù)習(xí)

動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的用法：

want/help/ask/teach/advise sb.to do, 代詞要用賓格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages 2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)：

be going to結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 be+副詞詞組：

be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create 3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)： 名詞所有格：

如果名詞復(fù)數(shù)以S結(jié)尾一般只加‘，如果名詞是以S結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞如人名，可以加’S, 也可以直接加‘，如：Keats’ work, the Johns’ house

名詞所有格也可以用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的 1． 時(shí)間：today’s, new centry’s

2． 國(guó)家，城市名詞：the country’s, the city’s

3． 機(jī)構(gòu)組織：the station’s waiting room, the university’s library 4． 車(chē)，船，用具: the car’s wheel, the computer’s harddisk 5． 專(zhuān)有結(jié)構(gòu)：at one’s wit’s end, 6． 價(jià)值：ten pound’s worth of meat, 7． 時(shí)間：in twenty minutes’ time 4.過(guò)去完成時(shí)： ask/ask for

except/except for/apart from

which of/neither of/both of/neither of 5.直接引語(yǔ)/間接引語(yǔ)

（一）如果引語(yǔ)的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)，那么間接引語(yǔ)要做相應(yīng)變化：時(shí)態(tài)，人稱(chēng)，時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞

?時(shí)態(tài)變化：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)——一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)——過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)——過(guò)去完成時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)——過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might

?時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化：

here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that… ?人稱(chēng)變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q(chēng)。Nervous/irritable

Office/study/desk afford

6.條件狀語(yǔ)從句：主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)“能夠”，“必須”還可以用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

police/policeman

pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/remember

one/you可以指任何人：

One must never tell lies.You must never tell lies.7.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： must/have to

as作為介詞，以…身份，與like相同

as作為連詞，因?yàn)?，正?dāng)。。時(shí)候，以。。方式，如同。。那樣 dress/suit/costume grow/grow up 8.have用法

give in, give away, give up, give up beside/besides

9.can/could/may/might

might as well表示“還是。。的好”，“還不如。?！?He will never pass.He might as well give up.10.動(dòng)名詞： 動(dòng)名詞 1． 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式在起名詞作用時(shí)稱(chēng)為動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞可以做主語(yǔ)，標(biāo)語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，介詞賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)（即復(fù)合名詞）

2． 動(dòng)名詞的幾種形式：

主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式

一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done

3.做主語(yǔ)：

Finding work is difficult now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4.做表語(yǔ)：

My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5.做賓語(yǔ)：

I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6.介詞賓語(yǔ)：

He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.常用的一些加動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞詞組（注意總結(jié)）：take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in，7.做定語(yǔ)：

waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain(引水機(jī))，parking slot…

8.動(dòng)名詞的否定： 在動(dòng)名詞前面加not，I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/amusing 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house

2.介詞用法：見(jiàn)書(shū) 3.復(fù)習(xí)

there be句型

it做為虛主語(yǔ)可以用來(lái)表示時(shí)間，天氣，溫度，距離，人或指代一個(gè)句子或不定式。

4.Summary of Unit two 5.并列句

我們可以將幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起,組成并列句,常用以下連詞:

and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also

主謂一致:

?當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and , both…and 連接時(shí),通常用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ).Both the girls and the boy are his friends.?當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，這被稱(chēng)為就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用.以下一些動(dòng)詞很少用與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):

appear(看起來(lái)), appreciate(鑒賞), believe(相信), feel(感覺(jué)到), forget(忘記), hear(聽(tīng)見(jiàn)), know(知道), like(喜歡), look like(看起來(lái)像), notice(注意到), remember(記得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(認(rèn)為), understand(理解), have(擁有),love(愛(ài)), seem(看起來(lái)), show(顯示), mind(介意), sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái)), hate(討厭), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲)，引號(hào):

?引號(hào)位于一行之上,應(yīng)該在句尾其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào), 如逗號(hào),句號(hào),問(wèn)好之外.?引語(yǔ)的第一個(gè)詞以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭.?在said, asked, 等詞后面用逗號(hào),只有當(dāng)它們位于句尾時(shí)才在它們后面用句號(hào).?當(dāng)said, asked等詞置于引語(yǔ)之間時(shí),句子的后半部分以小寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭.?當(dāng)一個(gè)新的說(shuō)話人開(kāi)始講話時(shí), 要另起一個(gè)段落.7.復(fù)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)/不規(guī)則過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞

常用不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞在英語(yǔ)里約有300多個(gè)

put up(搭建), put out(撲滅), put on(穿上), put sb.up(為某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄寫(xiě)), put off(推遲), put away(放好，放到一邊去)

8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)/定語(yǔ)從句(見(jiàn)復(fù)合句部分)?與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間副詞:

yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never，so far(迄今為止), up till now(直到現(xiàn)在), up to now(直到現(xiàn)在), since(自從), for a long time(很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間), in the past/in the last few years(在過(guò)去的幾年里), these days(目前)，?某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始變終止的動(dòng)詞), 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不

能與表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配:

例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend, 這些動(dòng)詞并非不能用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而是不能接由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).但是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用.Jane has gone away for a month.(wrong)Jane has been away for a month.(right)His father has died for two years.(wrong)His father has been dead for two years.(right)

has gone to(去了某地,指人還在那里), have been to(去過(guò)某地, 人已經(jīng)不在那里了)。

9.一般過(guò)去時(shí)對(duì)比過(guò)去完成時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10.冠詞用法 定冠詞用法(1)特指

(2)地理名詞前加定冠詞 ?河流the yellow river ?山脈

the Alps, the Himalayas

?海峽海灣the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel(3)由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞前要加定冠詞

?國(guó)名及政治組織名the United States, the United Kingdom ?某些機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)校及建筑名

the British Museum

?由普通名詞構(gòu)成的報(bào)刊雜志名

the New York Times, the Times 零冠詞 1.街名

2.廣場(chǎng)名

3.車(chē)站, 機(jī)場(chǎng), 公園, 橋梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge

4.大學(xué)名

Yale University, Cambridge University

5.節(jié)日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6.多數(shù)雜志名

Time, Reader’s Digest 7.物質(zhì)名詞一般意義

Water boils at 100 degrees.We can not live without air.8.抽象名詞Life is short.Art is difficult to appreciate.1.used to do 用法

Used to do 表示過(guò)去常常做某事現(xiàn)在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock.Experience, save, very/too

2.比較級(jí)/最高級(jí), 比較狀語(yǔ)從句（見(jiàn)復(fù)合句-比較狀語(yǔ)從句）A/one的區(qū)別 3.介詞用法

Passed/past, next/other 4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): is/am/are done 一般過(guò)去時(shí): was/were done

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): is/am/are being done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): have/has been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí): had been done 一般將來(lái)時(shí): will be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí): would be done

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí): was/were being done

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式: can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done，Call at(拜訪某地), call out at(大聲喊), call on(拜訪某人), call sb up(給某人打電話), call off(取消)

5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(感官動(dòng)詞)+doing表示正在發(fā)生的事情,+do 表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作.So/such

So+adj./adv.such+n.固定用法：so many

6.一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/be going to do

will/be going to do一般情況下可以相互替換,但是要表示說(shuō)話人決定做某事或者表示建議,請(qǐng)求, 肯定或不肯定等含義時(shí)只能用will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable

7.將來(lái)完成時(shí)

Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(當(dāng)心), look up(查詢(xún),), look sb.up(拜訪某人)

8.as if /though+虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)總結(jié) as if /though 常在描述行為的動(dòng)詞后面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner…than, hardly…when, country/countryside, continuously, continually, No sooner…than 一…就… 與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用

I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝

No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly…when 幾乎沒(méi)來(lái)得及…就… 與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用

He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardly…when放在句首, 主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝

Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.9.直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)

1.引語(yǔ)前用that, 口語(yǔ)中可以省略 2.根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q(chēng)

3.時(shí)態(tài)變化: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)-一般過(guò)去時(shí), 一般過(guò)去時(shí)-過(guò)去完成時(shí), 一般將來(lái)時(shí)-過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí), 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)-過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí), 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-過(guò)去完成時(shí), can-could, may-might, must-had to，4.一些指示代詞及表示地點(diǎn)及時(shí)間的詞

this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week-the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next(following)day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take

如果意思上沒(méi)有必要改變就不用變了，比如在同一天說(shuō)的話.She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.幾種特殊的間接引語(yǔ)

?特殊疑問(wèn)句, 語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z(yǔ)序 “Where are you going?” he asked.He asked me where I was going.?一般疑問(wèn)句, 要加if/whether

“Will you come tomorrow?” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.?祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語(yǔ)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣來(lái)選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動(dòng)詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

10.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法, make/do

對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬, if從句中談?wù)摰氖窍胂蟮那闆r,主句則推測(cè)想象的結(jié)果 結(jié)構(gòu): 主句用過(guò)去時(shí), 從句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this offer.注意: 如果if從句中的動(dòng)詞是be, 那么應(yīng)該在第一和第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)名詞后用

were.Make/do用法

make conversation(聊天), make the bed(鋪床), make a promise(許諾), make trouble(找麻煩), make progress(取得進(jìn)步), make money(賺錢(qián)), make a speech(演講,講話), make mistakes(犯錯(cuò)誤), make up one’s mind(下定決心)

do one’s best(盡最大努力), do one’s homework(做家庭作業(yè)), do a few jobs(做家務(wù)), do sb.a favour(幫忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做練習(xí)), do shopping(購(gòu)物), do business(做生意)

1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need, must, have to 1.need 一般作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用

?需要某物He needs a hat.Does he need a hat? ?需要做某事need to do

I need to have a rest.You need to finish your work.?需要被…,主語(yǔ)與need 后的動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系:need doing=need to be done The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.2.need用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般為否定形式needn’t(不必要), 可以用來(lái)回答含有must, have to 的一般疑問(wèn)句, 與don’t have to 同義

Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn’t.3.need 完成式needn’t have done

4.mustn’t 表示不應(yīng)該,一般口氣比較強(qiáng)硬,沒(méi)有商量.You mustn’t get up late.Remark/observe, notice 2.have 用法總結(jié)

have a ride(騎), have a look(看), have a wash(洗), have a swim(游泳), have a fight(打架), have quarrel(吵架), have a try(嘗試), have a rest(休息), have a smoke(吸煙), have a good sleep(睡覺(jué))

Pick sb up(接), pick up(拿出,學(xué)習(xí),找到), pick out(挑出), 3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could/be able to do

1.can 表示可能性

If you want, I can go with you.2.表示天生或?qū)W到的能力, 可以用can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)中，在將來(lái)時(shí)中要用will be able to

3.表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事要用can Look!He can stand on his head.4.表示成果的完成某個(gè)具體動(dòng)作時(shí)通常不用could而用be able to, 表示某動(dòng)作沒(méi)有成功用couldn’t

Can he borrow a book successfully?

Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister.No, he couldn’t.At 詞組

At first(開(kāi)始), at once(立即), at present(目前), at last(最后), at any rate(無(wú)論如何), at heart(本質(zhì)上), at least(至少), at times(不時(shí)), at a loss(不知所措)

4.復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)名詞用法

1.動(dòng)名詞可以做句子的主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ)

2.在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后面要用動(dòng)名詞, 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3.有些動(dòng)詞后面既可用動(dòng)名詞也可以用不定式,所表達(dá)的意思沒(méi)有區(qū)別,常見(jiàn)的詞: start, begin, continue, delay, mean，4.有些動(dòng)詞后面加不定式表示一件具體的事情，加動(dòng)名詞表示一種習(xí)慣.I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5.復(fù)習(xí)

Steal/rob, pay back

Steal表示偷偷摸摸的偷, 其賓語(yǔ)一般為物品 rob表示搶劫,其賓語(yǔ)一般是人或者某個(gè)處所 pay back 還錢(qián), 報(bào)復(fù) 6.介詞用法 7.復(fù)習(xí)

suggest 用法, 當(dāng)建議用時(shí)后面加虛擬should +動(dòng)詞原形, should 可以省略.8.復(fù)習(xí)

Summary of Unit 39.復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成： ?用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句：

現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)需與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。

?用過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，用語(yǔ)較正式的文體，代替被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.?不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，不定式表示目的：

To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flowers.?通過(guò)從句構(gòu)成復(fù)合句：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同謂語(yǔ)從句），關(guān)系從句（定語(yǔ)從句），狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，方式，目的，結(jié)果，比較，讓步）10.復(fù)合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for

1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win 2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 形容詞變副詞： 1．

直接在形容詞后加-ly，careful-carefully, slow-slowly，2． 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily

3． 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late

4． 有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠(yuǎn)： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately，3.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall

4.Some, any的用法

?some, any 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，注意，當(dāng)期待對(duì)方的答案為肯定回答時(shí)用some

?many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語(yǔ)中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money.I don’t have much money.??當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞在詞組中表示主要目的時(shí)不要定冠詞：

in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university，go to school/church/work/ go to the cinema/theatre

?most表示大多數(shù)或非常：

Most students came to class today.We are most excited.The most是many/much的比較級(jí)，或者構(gòu)成形容詞副詞的比較級(jí)，只能表示最多或用在形容詞或副詞前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5.Would/used to do

would do 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，也可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性的行為，與used to do有時(shí)可以替換。不能替換的情況：

?used to do表示與現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)烈對(duì)照時(shí)，不可以用would I used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.?used to do描寫(xiě)過(guò)去狀態(tài)，would只表示過(guò)去特有的習(xí)慣和行為。I used to be a teacher.I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.?一個(gè)故事的開(kāi)頭不能用would表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，只能用used to do或者一般過(guò)去時(shí)：

When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I used to go to the cinema).I would sit there for hours.used to do(過(guò)去常常做某事)/be used to doing（習(xí)慣做某事）6.比較級(jí)最高級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)：

很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great many

handsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrive

take part in/take place 7.介詞用法：

at表示某個(gè)具體的位置 in表示在。。里面 off表示離開(kāi)

in/with還可以表示穿戴,with可以表示帶有或長(zhǎng)有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beard

?make sb.do迫使某人做某事，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加to

His father made to quit his job.He was made to quit the job.?Let sb.do表示允許某人做某事 Let’s表示建議：

Let’s go out for a walk.Let us go out please.否定：Don’t let us…/Let’s don’t… 8.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)/強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：

據(jù)說(shuō)：it is said/ it was said that

強(qiáng)調(diào)：It is/was+ 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who從句 I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago.It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)用do+動(dòng)詞原型

I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/grow Gain/earn Pick/cut

9.表示目的的幾種方式：

?帶to的不定式及其變體：in order to, so as to

I came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study English

So as not to/in order not to

Every morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use常用賓語(yǔ)+不定式，不定式常表示賓語(yǔ)的目的： I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.?So that/in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，主句一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用shall, may, can, will

He speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用should, could, might, would

The teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主語(yǔ)和從句主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)還可以用不定式+for+名詞/代詞 He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：

arrive, come, go, leave用在現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)句子里可以表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情。

Spring is coming.I am leaving Beijing in two days.I’m meeting a guest this evening.名詞修飾名詞：

car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg

1.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：將來(lái)完成時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成時(shí) cost/price/value

2.時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：過(guò)去完成時(shí)/過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) check/control great/big soil/ground

3.間接引語(yǔ)（祈使句）

祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ? 所使用的謂語(yǔ)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣來(lái)選擇 “Stay here,” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動(dòng)詞: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid

insist/suggest/order/demand后要用虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)should+do，should 可以省略 He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4.虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)（過(guò)去條件句的虛擬）（見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off

5.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：

1． Must/have to do表示必須做某事，must表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，have to do 可以用在任何時(shí)態(tài)

2． Should do/ought to do都可以表示應(yīng)該做某事，ought to do語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)，一般用在肯定句。

3． Had to do 表示過(guò)去必須做某事，should have done, ought to have done表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而沒(méi)做。

I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4． Could have done表示本能夠做某事而沒(méi)做。I could have saved more people.5． Might/must have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的推測(cè)

6． Couldn’t have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的否定推測(cè)，表示不可能 He couldn’t have stolen the wallet.Let sb.down, let sb.off, let sb.out, let sb.in Agree/accept Dress up/dress 6.Have用法： have sth.done:

?使別人為我們做某事

I have the car repaired.He has his hair cut.The officer had the clock checked.?表示某種遭遇：

I have my wallet stolen.He had his teeth knocked out.My sister has her bike stolen.集合名詞：

當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞作為一個(gè)整體使用時(shí)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，當(dāng)這個(gè)名詞作為一個(gè)組成整體的若干人時(shí)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見(jiàn)的有：family, crew, government, staff, class

7.表示成功的做成某事：

managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing 表示沒(méi)成功做某事：

did not manage to do, wasn’t able to do, didn’t succeed in doing couldn’t do, tried to do could do表示可能做某事 ?say:

表示說(shuō)，講時(shí)，后面不能跟間接賓語(yǔ)，如果加用間接賓語(yǔ)加to，say sth.to sb.表示道別，背誦 表達(dá)思想，意見(jiàn) 表示據(jù)說(shuō)

詞組：say a good word, say a prayer ?tell:

表示說(shuō)，講后面可跟雙賓語(yǔ), tell sb.sth.常用于講（實(shí)話，謊話，秘密）辨別，分辨

說(shuō)出時(shí)間 8.動(dòng)名詞：

有些動(dòng)詞和形容詞詞組后要加動(dòng)名詞：

?admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest

?look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst out

?opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in addition to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get to

?be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing

動(dòng)名詞完成式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：having been done 當(dāng)一個(gè)行為動(dòng)作由另一個(gè)行為動(dòng)作緊跟著時(shí)，第一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以用after doing,來(lái)表達(dá)，動(dòng)名詞完成式強(qiáng)調(diào)第一個(gè)行為動(dòng)作在第二個(gè)行為動(dòng)作開(kāi)始之前完成。

After he had been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/advice enjoy/entertain/amuse 9.licence/license 10.介詞用法： 1.復(fù)習(xí)：

official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officer hang/hung, hang/hanged 2.復(fù)習(xí)：summary of unit 4

74.get out(滾出去，出去)/get into（進(jìn)去）/get on（進(jìn)展）/get on with（繼續(xù)，相處）/get off（逃脫）/get sth.off（取下）/get over（恢復(fù)，結(jié)束）/get though（通過(guò)考試，吃完）

變成：

grow: 漸漸變成，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程，比get更正式 get: 口語(yǔ)中最常用，同grow

turn: 變得和以往完全不同，往往是變壞，變色，變聲，變質(zhì)，turn red/pale/sour

go: 進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)，不好的狀態(tài)，go bad ,go sour come: 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，come real, come true, come loose，fall: 陷入，變成某種狀態(tài)，后面不能加形容詞比較級(jí)，fall asleep, fall ill As usual/than usual between/among

manager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president 75.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

1． 用who, which引導(dǎo)，前面用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意思，如去掉不影響整個(gè)句子的意思。

The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2． Which可以指代前面的一句話

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.3． 與限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別，限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞修飾限定，如果沒(méi)有定語(yǔ)從句整個(gè)句子的意思就會(huì)改變，而非限定性從句只是起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用，去掉以后不影響句意。例：

The visitors who knew the danger could not go any further.那些知道危險(xiǎn)的游客們不敢再往前走，（一部分人）

The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客們知道了危險(xiǎn)不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexion wax/candle

78.keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in

79.倒裝句：

1． 條件句中的倒裝,（見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)）

2． 否定意義的副詞放在句首，整個(gè)句子要倒裝：never, seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasion

Hardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.3． Only+ 狀語(yǔ)，only after, only then

Only in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over

80.on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 80.Cloth, clothing, clothes，salute, greet, clear/clean

81.形容詞修飾名詞順序：

特性——形狀，大小，長(zhǎng)短——顏色——名詞 a beautiful broad red carpet a small blue case an ugly long face laugh/laugh at wash/wash up

82.在主句用though, if, although, until, when, while引導(dǎo)，可以省略主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞

Though(he is)poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until(you are)invited, you should not come.If she(is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood

83.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí)如果后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，必須用it做形式主語(yǔ)，think, find, feel, consider, make

He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84.Too…to的用法 to/enough的區(qū)別 85.Out of

1． Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（與in介詞相反）2． Out of breath/work/pring/cash/stock（沒(méi)有，不足）3． Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairly

Enough: 修飾形容詞或副詞/修飾名詞/做代詞使用 88.Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into 89.free/single queue/row funny-amusing

90.And 連接的兩個(gè)名詞如果作為一個(gè)整體出現(xiàn)則用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash

91.Make for/make out/make up/make up for 92.So/neither的倒裝句 so/neither+be+ 主語(yǔ)

so/neither+助動(dòng)詞+ 主語(yǔ) so/neither+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 主語(yǔ) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), do, does/am, is, are 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí), am, is, are 一般過(guò)去時(shí), did

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), have, has 一般將來(lái)時(shí), will, shall, 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，was, were 過(guò)去完成時(shí)，had 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí), would 93.重音：

重音在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上為名詞，重音在第二個(gè)音節(jié)為動(dòng)詞：

present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit

94.介詞：

appear:強(qiáng)調(diào)觀察者的主觀看法 He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(別人覺(jué)得他像)seem：根據(jù)某種跡象得出一種結(jié)論或看法 It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表舉止給人感覺(jué)像)look：根據(jù)外表推斷

He looks like a king.（他看起來(lái)像，但實(shí)際不是。）

第五篇：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

初中英語(yǔ)分類(lèi)練習(xí)

——非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式分為動(dòng)名詞，分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式。

Climbing mountain is a good exercise.(Climbing..., 動(dòng)名詞起名詞作用）

Do you know the man wearing a white shirt.（wearing..分詞起形容詞作用）

He gets up early to catch the first bus.(to catch...不定式起副詞作用)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：

1)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。

Miss Mary teaches us English.瑪麗教我們英語(yǔ)。（teaches 動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)）

Mr.Li came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.（to have a talk....不定式作狀語(yǔ)）

2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞受主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。

Mike likes the pop music.（動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)形式）

Lucy has nothing to do today。（do 用原形）

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特征：如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，后面須跟賓語(yǔ)。

Studying English is my favorite.（studying 后跟賓語(yǔ)）

To help him is my duty.幫助他是我的責(zé)任。（help 后跟賓語(yǔ)）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以帶有自己的狀語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)。

Working under such a condition is terrible.(under such a condition 是 working 的狀語(yǔ)）It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.（for him 作不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍有語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式）

Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.（Seen from...是分詞的被動(dòng)形式）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可以當(dāng)成名詞或者形容詞來(lái)使用。

Our coming made him happy.（coming 起名詞作用）

There are two big swimming pools here.(swimming 起形容詞作用)

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化：

不定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)

一般to writeto be written

進(jìn)行to be writing

完成to have writtento have been written

完成進(jìn)行to have been writing

現(xiàn) 在 分 詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)

一般writingbeing written

完成having writtenhaving been written

過(guò)去分詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)

一般written

動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)

一般writing being written

完成having writtenhaving been written●動(dòng) 詞 不 定 式：

動(dòng)詞不定式是由 to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在句中起名詞，形容詞和副詞的作用，可以擔(dān)任除謂語(yǔ)以外的其它任何成分。

1.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)：

To mast a language is not an easy thing.To teach English is my favorite.It's my pleasure to help you.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)放在原主語(yǔ)的位置上。

It's very kind of you to have given us much help.你給了我們那么多的幫助真是太好了。

It's necessary to find the witness.有必要找到目擊者。

2.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)：

某些及物動(dòng)詞可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，這些動(dòng)詞有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.What I wish is to learn English well.I like to help others if I can.3.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

We expect you to be with us.我們希望你和我們?cè)谝黄稹?/p>

Please ask him to come here quickly.請(qǐng)叫他快過(guò)來(lái)。

4.動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ) ：

What I should do is to finish the task soon.我應(yīng)該做的是趕快完成任務(wù)。

The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.當(dāng)務(wù)之急是馬上去找孩子。

5.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)：

There are many ways to solve the problem.有許多方法能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告訴你。

6.不定式作狀語(yǔ)：

We went to the hospital to see our teacher.我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看了我們的老師。

She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.她在做試驗(yàn)，從一種西藏花中提取某種有用的藥物。

動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：

not + to + 動(dòng)詞原形

The teacher told us not to swim in that river.老師告訴我們不要在那條河里游泳。

It's unfair not to tell us.沒(méi)告訴我們真是不公平。

帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式：

疑問(wèn)詞who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，使含義更加具體。

Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方還不知道。

I don't know when to begin.我不知道什么時(shí)間開(kāi)始。

Can you tell me where to get the battery.你能告訴我哪兒能買(mǎi)到電池嗎？

Do you know how to get to the station.你知道怎樣去車(chē)站嗎？

帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的不定式：

動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成方法是： for + 邏輯主語(yǔ) + 不定式。

注意：邏輯主語(yǔ)用賓格形式，for 本身無(wú)實(shí)際意義，它只表明后面的主語(yǔ)從邏輯上分析是不定式的主語(yǔ)。It's necessary for us to help each other.我們互相幫忙是必要的。

There are much work for me to finish, 有許多工作要我去完成。

動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式： 表示不定式動(dòng)詞同所修飾的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

He is the man to be examined.他是受檢查的人。

There are much work to be done.有好多工作要做。

●動(dòng) 名 詞

動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞原形 + ing 構(gòu)成，同現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，在句中可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。

1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)：

Talking like that is not polite.Learning from others is important.Putting on more clothes is not so good.（注：動(dòng)名詞可以象動(dòng)詞不定式一樣，用 it 先行祠代替，而把動(dòng)名詞寫(xiě)在后面。

It's no use waiting here, let's go home.It's very difficult climbing this mountain.2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)

The nurse's job is looking after the patients.Seeing is believing.3)動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)

有些動(dòng)詞須用動(dòng)名詞來(lái)作賓語(yǔ),它們是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep.Please stop smoking in the house.I like reading in the forest.Do you mind my opening the windows?

4）動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)

She is studying in the reading room.He slept in the sleeping bag.（動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞

He pretend not knowing it at all.他假裝全然不知。

We considered not doing it now.我們考慮現(xiàn)在不做這件事。

動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式 ：

（當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞和它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示。）

His being looked down upon made him sick.I can't really stand being treated like that.動(dòng)名詞的幾種特殊情況：

1)有些動(dòng)詞的后面能跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，有些動(dòng)詞能跟不定式，有些兩者都可以，它們的具體含義有時(shí)還不一樣。

能跟動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有：

avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help, 等。

能跟不定式的動(dòng)詞有：

decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage,能跟動(dòng)名詞和不定式的動(dòng)詞有： love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start,動(dòng)詞后面跟動(dòng)名詞還是不定式，含義不相同，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，表示習(xí)慣的，一般性的動(dòng)作多跟動(dòng)名詞，一次性的具體的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作多跟不定式。

I like to go with you.我想和你一塊兒去。

I like reading.He promised to help her.We love watching VCD.2)remember, forget, regret后面跟動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，后面跟不定式時(shí)，不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

I remember meeting him in the street.I remember to write a letter to my parents.3)“stop + 動(dòng)名詞”表示停止動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作，“stop + 不定式”表示停下來(lái)做不定式所表示的動(dòng)作。

Stop smoking, please.請(qǐng)不要抽煙。

Let's stop to have a rest.咱們停下來(lái)休息一下吧。

4)動(dòng)名詞和分詞的區(qū)別：

動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞和它所修飾的詞沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

reading text 閱讀課文 〔動(dòng)名詞〕 developing country 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 〔分詞〕

a sleeping bag 睡袋 〔動(dòng)名詞〕 boiled water 開(kāi)水 〔分詞〕

●分 詞

分詞是由動(dòng)詞 +ing 或 動(dòng)詞 + ed 構(gòu)成，它在句中起形容詞或副詞的作用，可以作定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)。workingworkedwashingwashed

分詞可分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種，現(xiàn)在分詞的形式同動(dòng)名詞一樣，在動(dòng)詞后面加 ing。而過(guò)去分詞的形式則在動(dòng)詞后面加 ed.分詞在句中可作定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。

1.分詞作定語(yǔ)

China is a developing country.That's an interesting story.The girl singing for us is ten years old.作定語(yǔ)的分詞要放在被修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞詞組則放在被修飾的名詞之后，如被修飾的名詞是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分詞放在被修飾名詞的后面。

The working people have played a great role in the activity.The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.There is nothing interesting.沒(méi)什么有趣的事。

分詞和動(dòng)名詞都可以作定語(yǔ)，判斷是分詞還是動(dòng)名詞，可以根據(jù)它們和被修飾詞有無(wú)邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系來(lái)判斷，有主謂關(guān)系的是分詞，否則判斷為動(dòng)名詞。

a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分詞）

a swimming pool 游泳的池子（動(dòng)名詞）

2.分詞作狀語(yǔ)

Being a student, he likes to help others.Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.She is there waiting for us.Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.3.分詞作表語(yǔ)

The story is interesting.We are interested in computer.The glass is broken.The water is boiled.4.分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

可以跟賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等詞。I saw him walking in the street.I heard them singing in the classroom.We found the boy sleeping.have 后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用過(guò)去分詞常表示動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的，而是由別人做的。I have my hair cut.我理發(fā)了。（是別人給我理發(fā)）

She has her bike repaired.她把自行車(chē)修理了。（別人修理的）

They have their house rebuilt.他們重修了房子。

分詞的否定形式。not + 分詞

Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.不知道下一步干什么，她停下來(lái)等著。

Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.小女孩沒(méi)完成作業(yè)不敢去學(xué)校。

分詞的時(shí)態(tài) 分詞的一般時(shí)表示動(dòng)作同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或之前發(fā)生。

Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.看到老師進(jìn)來(lái)，學(xué)生們停下來(lái)不玩了。

Coming into the room, he lied on his bed.回到家后，他就躺在床上。

分詞的完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前面發(fā)生。

Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。

Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.晚飯后，我出去散步了。

Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.他知道自己比賽獲勝，高興地把帽子扔上了天。

分詞的被動(dòng)形式 分詞的被動(dòng)形式表示分詞動(dòng)作同所修飾的名詞有一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系。The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.正在建設(shè)的娛樂(lè)大樓明年完工。