第一篇：新編實用英語1教案7單元(zz)

Unit 7

Celebrating Holidays and Making Friends（略）

The First Period

Section I

Teaching time 第 次/第周 日 3、4節(jié)/

5、6節(jié)——漿24班/漿23班

日 1、2節(jié) 熱動班

Teaching aims: 1.Read and discuss announcements, notices and posters in English，2.Learn some expressions used in making announcements, notices and posters , 3.Comprehend the two passages and master the useful expressions in them, and 4.Finish the exercises by themselves or with some help.Teaching important point:

Master the new phrases, sentence patterns and make the students be free to talk about a poster.Teaching difficult point:

Individual, pair or group work to make everyone work in class Teaching methods:

1.Individual, pair or group work to make everyone work in class 2.Task-based learning 3.Communicative approach Teaching aids: 1.a radio player 2.the blackboard 3.Pictures

Teaching procedures

I.Lead-in

Notices and posters are very common in our daily life, and they are often used to offer information about social functions.Therefore, we should not only learn to read them, but also learn to write them.It’s very important to know how to make announcements, notices and posters.The following samples make it clear that we should first tell the general information like how attractive or interesting the thing you want to make known, then give definite information about time, place and price etc.II.Presentation Section I Talking Face to Face

Step1.Read and translate the two samples of posters Notes: 1)The poster gives us a clear idea of the sponsor, time and place.2)The poster uses some parallel sentences to catch its audience’s eye.3)The body of the poster is like a Christmas tree, and the fonts are different.It aims to highlight the effect of the poster.Step 2 Practice:

Teaching time 第 2次/第14 周 12.20日 1、2節(jié)/

5、6節(jié)——漿24班/漿23班

12.21日 1、2節(jié) 熱動班

Section II Being All Ears Pre-listening: provide the students with the new words and expressions;read through the questions and the chart in exercise 1 and 2, and make some predictions as to the content of the dialogue.While-listening: ask the students to listen to the dialogue for the first time and ask them just to understand the main idea of the dialogue not to finish the exercises;listen to the dialogue again and ask them to finish exercise 1;ask the students to repeat the dialogue sentence by sentence after the tape while the teacher will press the button “pause” on the tape recorder;listen to the dialogue as a whole for the last time.Post-listening: ask the students to finish exercise 2, i.e.answering questions.This step aims to change listening to speaking.Notes: The following dialogue and the passage listening can be done in a more or less similar procedure.III.Assignment 1.Do ex.1-3

2.Preview section III.Conclusion:

The Second Period

Passage I Teaching time 第 1次/第15 周 12.24日 3、4節(jié)/

5、6節(jié)——漿24班/漿23班

12.25日 1、2節(jié) 熱動班

Teaching aims: 1.Understand the passage

2.Master some useful expressions in Passage I

3.Get the knowledge of some important western holidays 4.Know something about western culture Teaching important point:

Master the new phrases, sentence patterns and get some information about holidays

Teaching difficult point: Enable students to understand the passage

Teaching methods:

1.Individual, pair or group work to make everyone work in class 2.Task-based learning 3.Communicative approach Teaching aids: 1.a radio player 2.the blackboard 3.Pictures

Teaching procedures Step 1.Lead-in

(In this step, some related information will be provided for the students.)

U.S.Public Holidays & Celebrations 1.Federal Public Holidays January 1st

New Year's Day

3rd Monday in January

Martin Luther King's Birthday

3rd Monday in February

Washington's Birthday

Last Monday in May

Memorial Day

July 4th

Independence Day

1st Monday in September

Labor Day 2nd Monday in October

Columbus Day

November 11th

Veterans Day , 4th Thursday in November

Thanksgiving Day , December 25th

Christmas Day February 12th

Lincoln's Birthday

Note: Virtually all the states observe certain other days during the year;the principal ones are: Normally, if a holiday falls on a Sunday the following Monday is observed;if on a Saturday, the previous Friday.2.Other American Celebration Days

Mother's Day

Second Sunday in May Father's Day

Third Sunday in June Groundhog Day

February 2nd1 Traditionally, if the sun is shining on this day, and a groundhog sees his shadow, he returns to his burrow, and winter continues for six more weeks.Daylight Saving Time

Daylight Saving Time(DST)is achieved by advancing the clock one hour.Most states, the District of Columbia, and U.S.possessions observe Daylight Saving Time beginning at 2.00 am on the first Sunday in April, and ending at 2.00 am on the last Sunday in October.Step 2.Comprehension Questions(The students will be asked some compression questions after they have skimmed the passage to help them develop reading strategies.)(1)What is the origin of Thanksgiving Day?(2)How did the early settlers survive their first winter in the New World?(3)What does a traditional Thanksgiving dinner usually include?(4)What do people do if they can’t join the family for Christmas?(5)Why is Christmas said to be family holiday?

Step 3 Explain the passage in detail(1)Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1.--Thanksgiving Day on the fourth Thursday of November is uniquely an American holiday which dates back to the arrival of some of the first European settlers in the New World.(Para.1)每年11月的第四個星期四的感恩節(jié)是唯有美國才有的節(jié)日。它可以追溯到第一批歐洲人移居到新大陸的時期。

Analysis: “uniquely” means “specifically, solely”;“which” guides an attributive clause.e.g.English is one of the most important courses for the Chinese students which is compulsory in almost all the colleges and universities.2.--However, those early settlers would not have survived their first cold winter without the help of their native Indian neighbors, who taught them how to plant corns, and how to hunt wild deer.(Para.1)然而，如果沒有當?shù)赜〉诎踩说膸椭?，那些早期的移民是無法度過他們在那里的第一個凜冽寒冬。這些土著印第安鄰居教他們如何種植玉米及如何狩獵野鹿。

Analysis: “would not have survived…without” is Subjunctive Mood;“who” guides a non-restrictive attributive clause.e.g.I would like to say that without your help, I could not have completed the project on time.3.--The first Thanksgiving Day was observed after the fall harvest, and people gave thanks to God and to their friends.第一個感恩節(jié)是在秋收后慶祝的，人們借此對上帝和朋友們表示感謝。

Analysis: observe means “ spend and celebrate” and引導并列句

4.--Some American households will even put up a Christmas tree this early, although most will wait until a couple of weeks before Christmas Eve.(Para.2)一些美國家庭甚至會在那時就早早地豎起了圣誕樹, 雖然大部分人將會把這件事留到圣誕夜之前的幾個星期才去做。

Analysis: “this early” means “so early”;“although” guides an adverbial clause.e.g.Some students have begun to prepare for the final examination, although most will wait until a few weeks before the tests.5.--Children are kept busy with gifts they believe to be brought to them by Santa Claus.(Para.3)孩子們則忙于玩著那些他們認為是圣誕老人送給他們的禮物。

Analysis: “are kept busy with” means “be occupied with, be busy doing sth.”;“they believe to be brought to them by Santa Claus” is an attributive clause without “which”, modifying “gift”

e.g.I’ve received several Christmas cards I believed to be given to me by my students.(2)Useful Words and Expressions 1.bless v.祈福, 有福氣, 保佑 e.g.May God bless you.This country is blessed with mild climate and rich land.2.survive: v.continue to live or exist, remain alive after, live or exist longer than e.g.Very few people in this area survived the earthquake.The old lady was so lucky that she survived the accident.It’s difficult for these plants to survive the cold climate in the north.3.hunt v.go after wild animals;look for, try to find 打獵；尋覓, 設法找到 e.g.Nobody is allowed to hunt here.All the people are helping hunt for a missing child.These students are hunting for a part-time job at the market.4.observe v.celebrate;obey 慶祝；遵守

e.g.Do they observe Thanksgiving Day in that country? We always observe birthdays at home.All drivers should observe traffic laws strictly.5.include v.bring in, reckon, as part of the whole包括, 包括在內

e.g.Don’t you think we should include some examples in this paragraph?

This book includes 20 chapters.Her duties include putting the children to bed.6.express v.show or make known by words, looks, action;clearly and definitely state表述，表達；說明

e.g.I find it very difficult for me to express how grateful I am for your kindness.The heartfelt smile expresses her joy at the good news.You should learn to express yourself in good English.She expressed her determination in this letter.7.join v.put together, unite;come into the company聯(lián)接；參加，加入 e.g.Where does the river join the sea? Will you join us in the walk? Why don’t you join in our conversation?

8.associate v.join or connect, be often in the company of...聯(lián)系，聯(lián)絡，有關系;associate … with … 把……和……聯(lián)系起來

e.g.I don’t want to associate myself with that matter.Don’t associate with these dishonest persons.We always associate the Great Wall with China.9.maintain v.continue to keep up, retain 保持，維護；保養(yǎng)，供養(yǎng) e.g.Teachers should maintain close ties with the students.You’d better maintain 30 miles an hour in this area.The workers are busy maintaining the roads before winter comes.How could the students maintain themselves only by doing part time jobs? You should learn to maintain your rights as a citizen.VII.Assignment:

Read Passage 2 and complete Ex.7, P45.Conclusion:

The Third Period

Passage II and Section Ⅳ Trying your hand

Teaching time 第 2次/第15 周 12.27日 1、2節(jié)/

5、6節(jié)——漿24班/漿23班

12.28日 1、2節(jié) 熱動班

Teaching aims Know something about America Translate the business cards by using translation skills;Explain grammar rules, i.e.the basic sentence structures.Teaching important point

Train students’ fast reading skills

Teaching difficult point the basic sentence structures

Teaching methods Asking and answering activities;Writing and discussing method Teaching aids The radio player and the blackboard

Teaching procedures

Passage II When I Was in America Step 1.Warm up

Introductory Remarks For most people the holiday season is a time of joy and family reunions.As we know, most of you come from different parts of Anhui province or even from other provinces.So what do you usually do at holidays? Suppose you were pursuing your study in the U.S., what would you do during the holiday season?(Then collect their ideas and write them on the blackboard.)(At last, the teacher continues.)This passage tells us a story about how an overseas student spent her holiday in America.Step 2.Ask the students to skim the passage and finish Exercise 7 Step 3.Explain the passage in detail(1)Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1.--Rather than lock myself in my loneliness, I have tried each Christmas to learn a little more about the culture of the country and know more about my American friends.2.--Maria, a Mexican-American student, who worked as a temporary secretary in the department when others left for their holidays, must have seen me as I left the mailbox with disappointment showing on my face.(2)Useful Words and Expressions 1.reunion: meeting with family members or old friends, etc.after separation Many students go home for a family reunion on the Mid-autumn Festival.2.emotion: excited state of mind or strong feelings

She told the story in a voice touched with deep emotion.3.loneliness: state of feeling sad or melancholy caused by lacking of companions Loneliness is the worst enemy for the spacemen.She sang to herself to rid her of the loneliness.lonely adj.孤獨的，孤單的 4.repeatedly: again and again

Whatever she says, she’d say it repeatedly.5.crush: crowd of people or things gathered together There was a frightful crush at the gate of the cinema.Section Ⅳ Trying Your Hand Applied Writing

There are three aspects in making notices and posters Learn to write notices and posters 1)Use the content of a notice or poster as the title.In the title, the first letter of each word should be a capital letter, e.g.English Party（英語晚會）or Poster（海報）.2)Be very thoughtful about the content of a notice or poster because you have only a few words to reach your audience.Once you've identified the information you want to convey, think about how to organize it.The most important information must appear earlier or more prominently in the notice or poster.3)Give a clear idea of the sponsor, chair or speaker, place and time.4)Think about the appearance of the notice or poster when you consider how to place the text and what size and font to create.Use pictures or different fonts and colors to highlight the effect of the notice or poster.There is an international football match between China and Germany which will be held on Fri.Jun.31, 3:00-5:00 p.m.in the National Stadium.Please write a poster in English.Sentence writing

Grammar :形容詞與副詞的比較級

英語中大部分形容詞的含義都有程度上的差異。這種程度差異在語法上主要用比較等級的形式表現(xiàn)，“更高”用比較級表示，而“最高”則用最高級表示。如 tall—taller—tallest beautiful—more—beautiful—(the)most beautiful 1.同等程度的比較

1)“與…一樣”——“as/so+形容詞/副詞原級+as” Ted is as bright as John.John behaves as politely as Mark(does).2)“與…一樣”，“并不比…更…（形容詞/副詞的反義）”——“no+形容詞/副詞比較級+than” John is no better than Tom.This room is no larger than that one.2.不同程度的比較

1)“比…更…”——“形容詞/副詞比較級+than” John is brighter than Mark.John behaves more politely than Ted.2)“不如/沒有…”——“not as /so 形容詞/副詞原級 +as” John is not as tall as Bob.John doesn’t behave as/so politely as Bob.3)“不如/沒有…”——“l(fā)ess+形容詞/副詞原級+than” John is less tall than Bob.John behaves less politely than Bob.3.最高程度的比較

1)“在…當中最”——“形容詞/副詞最高級+of（同類比較對象）/in（比較范圍）/(n)ever從句/分詞短語”

Bob is the tallest of the three boys.He works(the)hardest of all.The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.This is the most interesting book I have ever read.2)“比…都更”, “最”——“比較級+than anyone else/比較級+than any other…/nothing+比較級比較級”

George did more work than anyone else.This car runs faster than any other car in the garage.3)“在…當中最不”——“the least+形容詞/副詞原級+of/in/(n)ever從句/分詞短語” He behaved the least politely of the three.This is the least difficult book I’ve ever read.形容詞比較等級經(jīng)常使用程度數(shù)量副詞或其短語以及倍數(shù)等作其前修飾語,說明差異程度.如: nearly as big as a man much more difficult a little heavier far more important a great deal easier two meters longer three times faster 4.對比與比較

1)“越…就越”——“the+比較級, the + 比較級” The older I get, the happier I am.The sooner you start, the more early you’ll get there.2)“越來越”——“比較級+and+比較級” The car was running faster and faster.Jane became more and more beautiful.Exercises: 1.Complete the following sentences using the comparative degree form.1)Her ____(old)sister is much _____(slim)than she is.2)The little girl has become much ____(tall)and _______(heavy)than before.3)Even the grass growing here looks ____(thin)and _____(weak)than in the mountains.4)The situation went from _____(bad)to ___(bad).5)What a pity!The water in the river has become _____(dirty)and _____(clear)than before.6)The _____(early)we operate on him, the _____(soon)he will recover.7)The _____(old)generation should also learn to understand the ____(young)generation.8)This piece of new is ____(important)of all for our company.Please pass it on to the manger in the _____(short)possible time.9)The doctor could treat any patient as ____(well)as, if not ____(well)than, any other doctor.10)The ____(much)time you spend preparing for the contest, the ______(big)your chances are of winning.2.Correct the errors in the forms of comparative or superlative degree in the following sentences.1)The river is longer and narrower than the other two.2)A car runs much faster than a bike is.3)A feather drops very slowly than a stone.4)The climate in Shanghai is much warmer than Beijing.5)She works hard among the four of them.6)You can jump much higher on the moon than earth.7)This hall is less spacious among the three.8)The notice to be made should look beautiful as the one we saw in the magazine.9)This dictionary cost me three times as that one.10)That room cannot hold as much people as this one.3.Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the way of comparison.1)英語口語課常常比寫作課更加生動有趣。

2)新建的立交橋(flyover)比以前的一些要高得多。3)我們公司的工作人員比他們公司要稍微少一點。4)我覺得法語語法比英語語法要難學得多。5)蒙古族舞蹈是這場演出中最充滿活力的。6)在我們幾個人之中，他的家是離機場最遠的。

III.Assignment 1.Do ex.7-9 2.Write an small essay 2.Preview useful sentences and phrases.Conclusion:

第二篇：新編實用英語綜合教程1第1單元教案

新編實用英語綜合教程1第1單元教案

Unit 1(1)Greeting and Introducing People

Teaching purposes:

1.The students should be able to understand greeting and introducing people and make a short conversation to greet and introduce other people.2.The students should be able to communicate personal information.3.The students should be able to master some words and expressions in greeting and introducing people.(Key words and expressions: welcome, present a project report, business card, on business, care for, introduce)Teaching procedures: I.Talking face to face II.Being all ears III.Assignment I.Talking Face to Face Step 1 Lead-in: business cards.1.Warm-up questions:

1)When are business cards exchanged between people? 2)What are usually written on business cards? 3)When do people use passports?

2.Students read and translate the business cards under the guidance of the teacher.Sample1:

International Exchange Section Binhai Foreign Languages School

Prof.Lu Yang

Director

Address:5 Binhai Road, Binhai City, 116000 Tel & Fax: 0411-4673289

E-mail: FLI603@pub.bl.lnpta.net.cn Sample2:

Binhai Electronics Ltd.Li Tiegang

Electronics Engineer Address: No.50Chang-Jiang, Binhai E-mail: ltg6@pub.bl.lnpta.net.cn Tel: 0411-4673289 Handphone: *** Step 2 Sample dialogue: 1.Warm-up questions:

1)How much do you know about the way Americans greet people and give responses? 2)How much do you know about the way Americans exchange their personal information? 3)How much do you know about the the Americans say good-bye to each others? 4)How much do you know about the the Americans introduce themselves to each other? Students speak out the sentences and expressions under the guidance of the teacher.2.Students read the sample dialogues after the teacher and try to find out the useful sentences and expressions for greeting people in the dialogue.Practice the following sentences:

1)Ladies and gentlemen, now let me introduce to you the renowned football star David Beckham.2)Businessmen often exchange business cards to each other when they meet for the first time.3)Would you care for a cup of coffee with me?

4)Our American English teacher told us to call her by her first name instead of her family name.Step 3 Students practice the dialogues in groups.1.Give students several minutes to prepare short conversations in pairs by simulating the five small dialogues.(P 3 in students’ book)

2.Students role-play the similar situations they create, first in groups, and then in front of the class.e.g.Please make a dialogue according to requirements.Task: Imagine you are Zhang and you meet Mr.Smith, an English teacher from the USA at the airport for the first time.The following dialogue is provided for your reference.Zhang: Hello, are you Prof.Smith from the United States?

Mr.Smith: Yes, Robert Smith.Please call me Robert.Thanks for coming to meet me at the airport.Zhang: My pleasure.Welcome to China.My name is Zhang Lin.You can call me Zhang.Here is my card.Mr.Smith: Thank you.Here is mine.And this is my wife.Zhang: How do you do, Mrs.Smith?

Mrs.Smith: How do you do? It’s nice to meet you.Please call me Mary.Zhang: How was the journey, Mary?

Mrs.Smith: Well, it was Ok, although a little tiring.Zhang: Then let’s get your luggage and go to the hotel now.Mr.Smith: Oh, thank you.It’s very kind of you.3.Students do Put-in-Use exercises in groups by reading out lout all the three dialogues they have completed.II.Being All Ears Dialogue 1：

Teaching Procedure(It aims to train the students with proper listening strategies.)

Pre-listening: provide the students with the new words and expressions;read through the questions and the chart in exercise 1 and 2, and make some predictions as to the content of the dialogue.While-listening: ask the students to listen to the dialogue for the first time and ask them just to understand the main idea of the dialogue not to finish the exercises;listen to the dialogue again and ask them to finish exercise 1;ask the students to repeat the dialogue sentence by sentence after the tape while the teacher will press the button “pause” on the tape recorder;listen to the dialogue as a whole for the last time.Post-listening: ask the students to finish exercises, i.e.answering questions.This step aims to change listening to speaking.Notes: The following dialogue and the passage listening can be done in a more or less similar procedure.III.Assignments

1)Pair work: Prepare conversations about introducing oneself to other members of the groups.2)Do all the exercises in the section.Unit1(2)The Way Americans Greet Teaching purposes: 1.Understand the two passages as a whole;

2.Learn to use the strategy of scanning to locate specific information in a passage(reading skills development).3.Master some useful expressions in Passage I(Key words and expressions: greet, speaking of , leave a …impression on, prefer…to…, get/become acquainted with)Teaching procedures: I．Passage I II．Assignment

I.Passage I: The Way Americans Greet Step 1 Warm-up questions:

1.What is the common way for Chinese people to greet others?

(In greeting people, they usually ask personal questions to show intimacy, such as: “Have you had your lunch/dinner? / Where are you going? / What did you do last night?)2.How do Americans greet each other?

(They use greeting clichés like “Hi/Hello/Good morning!/How are you?/How do you do?/ Nice to meet you!/ How is everything going on? Step 2 Students read the passage

1.Comprehension Questions(The students will be asked some compression questions after they have skimmed the passage to help them develop reading strategies.)①.What does an informal greeting really mean to Americans? ②.Why don’t most Americans like using titles in introductions?

③.What do your American friends want to show when they address you with your first name? ④.Why do Americans ask you some personal questions?

Or: The teacher asks one question for each paragraph and the students read the passage paragraph and give their answers to the teacher’s questions:（參考教參P27和ppt.）

In this step, some related information will be provided for the students.)Formation of Common English Names

A common English name is usually composed of two or three parts: the first name is also called forename.If the person is a Christian, his first name will be given at his baptism, so it is also called the given name or the Christian name.Middle name is the second given name.When written, middle name is often shortened to the initial letter.Surname is often the father’s family name, so it is also called family name or last name.For example: Anne Louise Strong, George W.Bush.Step 3 Students summarize the informal ways American use for greeting and bidding farewell in Passage 1.(參考教參Page 27 and ppt.)

Step 4 Students read Paragraph 2 loudly and then complete the following sentences without looking at the passage.(參考ppt.)

Step 5 Students do dictation practice of Paragraph 3.Step 6 Explain the passage in detail 1)Difficult sentences:

①(Title)The Way American Greet

Analysis: In this title, “in which” is omitted after The Way.“in… way” means(to do something)by means of a certain method.Translation: 美國人的致意方式

Example: I think the way she studies is worth studying.②(Para.1)Speaking of ? time, I’ve got to run.Analysis: “Speaking of” is a present participle clause used as an adverbial of cause/time.It means “when it comes to time, I’m reminded of …” Translation: 說到時間，我得趕緊跑了。

Example: a.Speaking of English, I’ve go to a class.談到英語，我得上課去了。

b.Speaking of business cards, I’ve got to print some more now.談到名片，我現(xiàn)在得再印一些。

③(Para 2)However, American introductions are usually rather simple.Analysis: However is a conjunct to denote a contrast of this sentence to the previous one.It means “然而，可是” in Chinese.Translation: 然而美國式的介紹通常相當簡單。

Example: a.In China, family relationships are usually rather close.在中國，家庭關系通常都很緊密。

b.In my hometown, companies are usually rather small.在我家鄉(xiāng)，公司通常都很小。

④(Para 2)“Glad to meet you.I’m Miller.But call me Paul.” Analysis: Miller is the family name and Paul is the given name.Addressing others by their given name usually implies a sort of informal and friendly relationship.Translation: 比起正式稱呼，大部分情形下他們更喜歡直呼其名。

Example: a.These boys prefer football to basketball.比起藍球來，這些男孩子們更喜歡足球。

b.I prefer Chinese food to Western food.比起西餐來，我更喜歡中國食品。

⑤(Para 3)But Americans do sometimes ask such questions.Analysis: Do is used here to emphasize the following verb.It means “的的確確，真的”

Translation: 但是美國人有時確實會問此類問題。

Example: I do appreciate your help.⑥(Para 3)In this way they can get better acquainted with you and have a topic for beginning a friendly conversation with you.Analysis: And is used here to introduce a coordinate clause, which further develops the topic being discussed.Translation: 他們想要得到你對這些詢問的回答，這樣就能更多地了解你，并以此為開端與你友好地侃上一場。

Example: In this way you can improve your spoken English and do(2)Useful Words and Expressions

①.Greet: v.say words of welcome to, express one’s feelings on receiving sb.Example: It is important for the students to learn how to greet people in English.Practice: a.我們經(jīng)常用微笑表達喜悅。

We often express our happiness with a smile.b.她說話經(jīng)常帶濃重的鄉(xiāng)音。

She often speaks with a strong local accent.②.Similarly: 同樣

Example: Similarly, there are also many proverbs in Chinese.Practice: a.同樣，格林教授也無法忍耐惰性。

Similarly, Professor Green couldn’t bear laziness.b.同樣，他們也不愿意依賴他人。

Similarly, they don’t want to depend upon others.③.To sb.:對某人來說

Example: To the parents, a healthy child is the most essential thing.Practice: a.對一個商人來說，利潤是最重要的事。

To a businessman, profit is the most important thing.b.對我來說，一個幸福的家庭是最有價值的東西。

To me, a happy family is the most valuable thing.④.leave an impression on/upon sb.給某人留下印象

leave a deep/good/nice impression on/upon sb.Example: 一個友好的問候會使談話有一個良好的開端。

A friendly greeting will make a good beginning for a talk.Practice: 一個幽默的句子會給一堂課增添一股活力(lively touch)。

A humorous sentence will give a lively touch to the lesson.⑤.such: 如此的,這樣的

Example: Such a life may be too hard to the little girl.Practice: a.這樣的結局對我來說是太匆忙了。

Such an ending maybe too hasty to me.b.這樣一種天氣對游客來說是太熱了。

Such weather maybe too hot to the tourists.⑥.acquaint: v.make familiar with, get to know, reveal to sb.結識，認識

Example: You should try to acquaint him with the facts of the case.Practice: a.I have become acquainted with my new duties.b.The overseas students have make themselves acquainted with their Chinese peers.⑦.prefer: v.like better, would rather do 更喜歡,寧愿

Example: I prefer to have the meeting in the morning rather than in the afternoon.Practice: Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? II.Assignments

1.Students tell the way the Americans greet.2.Recite the first paragraph of Passage I.3.Finish all the exercises in this section.Unit1(3)A Little about Me Teaching purposes: 1.Writing a business card.2.Master the basic sentence structures.3.Learn to use the strategy of scanning to locate specific information in passage II.Teaching procedures: I．Passage II II．Applied writing

III．Sentence Writing and Grammar Review IV．Assignment

I.Passage II: A Little about Me Step 1 Warm-up activity:

T: First ask the students the question “If you write a short passage to introduce yourself, which aspects should be included in it?” and then make some conclusions as follows:

Self-introduction can be made according to different requirements and should be appropriate in different situations.Generally speaking, such aspects as name, personality, interests, appearance, etc.are included.1.The teacher asks a few students to introduce some of their classmates and lets the other student guess who they are.Words for describing appearance and characteristics.(參考教材P28和ppt)Step 2 Students read the passage.T: Today we’ll read a passage concerning self-introduction from which we can get a glimpse of how to write a self-introduction.Step 3 Students try to describe Mike according to the information given in the passage.(教參P29和ppt.)Step 4 Acting out

The students work in pairs to make up and act out an interview between a reporter form the college radio station and Mike Adams about his life and work in China.Step 5 Language points:

1.move to : to go from one residence or location to another e.g.The pressures of city life forced him to move to the countryside 2.be kind to :to be friendly, generous, or warm-hearted e.g.The doctor is always kind to the patients.3.change one’s mind: to reverse a previously held opinion or an earlier decision e.g.The old man is very stubborn and it’s difficult for him to change his mind.4.have everything under control: everything is controlled by … e.g.Some parents want to have everything of their children under control.5.look neat and tidy: to be clean and in order

e.g.She spends a few hours cleaning her house everyday.So it always looks neat and tidy.II.Applied Writing Trying Your Hand

1.Sample analysis: The teacher summarizes the format and the language used in business card.2.The teacher introduce some items often included in a business card.3.Simulated writing and create exercise.III.Sentence Writing and Grammar Review.1.英語五種基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ（主＋謂）

基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ（主＋謂＋表）

基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）

基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

基本句型五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）

2.Students do Exercises 5,6 and 7.IV.Assignments

1.Design a name card for yourself.2.Do the grammar exercises in the Workbook.3.Recite the last paragraph of Passage II.4.Read and learn by heart the new words in Unit 2.5.Prepare the speaking activities in Section I of Unit 2.

第三篇：新編大學英語 Book I Unit 7 教案

UnitSevenChoices in Life

Useful Information

Each day we all make many choices;most of these choices are small---what to wear, what to eat, what to do with any leisure time we might happen to have, to name just a few, still, there are many important choices that we make in life---which university to attend, what to study, what type of job to seek, whom to marry, etc.Sometimes we may become tired of making choices, but we always know that we will continue to make them as long as we live, because that is better than having them made for us.We may sometimes ask for advice about a choice we must make, but ultimately most of the decisions as to which choices are best will be made by ourselves, both important an unimportant.We also know that we will undoubtedly have to suffer the consequences of making poor choices and that we will often rejoice in the many fortunate choices we make.It is not surprising that one of the most common old sayings in English is, “you pay your money and make your choices”, meaning that you can do what you want to when it comes to making a choice but then you will have to live with the outcome.Many writers have written about the important of choices throughout our lives.One of the most popular and beloved poems in the English language has “choice” as its subject matter.In this poem, “The Read Not Taken”, Robert Frost describes walking along a path through the woods and coming to a fork in the path.He must choose which fork to take, that is, which way to go, knowing that he will probably never be able to come back and try the other way.He ends his poems by saying, “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.” This poem is seen as a metaphor for the important choices in life which do, indeed, make “all the difference” for us.In Frost’s case, the choice is often interpreted as his choice of career, to take the risk of becoming a poet, knowing that thousands of poets never really succeed.Some choices bring risk with them.“Risk” may be defined as “the possibility of loss or injury”.In this sense, we may want to avoid taking a risk, but sometimes it is necessary to do so if we are to move forward and develop ourselves to our full potential.As Boris Pasternak the 20th century Russian Nobel prize-winning writer stated, “Art is unthinkable without risk.” Also, the American psychologist William James wrote, “It is only by risking our persons from one hour to another that we live at all”, stressing that in order to have to have a full life we must take risks.He stated further that “There if no more miserable human being than one in whom nothing is habitual but indecision”, stressing that we must constantly make decisions which, of necessity, involve choice and risk if we are to lead full and happy lives.We may all think of the term “risk” in different ways, but it can be interesting to come to a decision as to what we mean by “risk” and then think about the important choices and/or risks that have thus far been involved in our lives.Part One Preparation

1.Decision Making

Many decisions:

(1)choose a good wife/ husband.(2)Find a well-paid and suitable job.(3)Choose a good university and appropriate major.(4)Choose what kind of people to make friends with.(5)Choose what to eat on a day-to-day basis.(6)Should I skip the English class since I’m not feeling well today?

(7)Should I go to school by bike or on foot.(8)Where should I study tonight, in the dorm or classroom?

2.Some phrases and expressions

range from…to…from…to…plan to do sth.manage to do sthpick…upget ready for

complain aboutbreak downyell at

stop…from…h(huán)ave a mealpay for

ask…to do sthsoap operaturn up

in a…voiceleave forturn off

take outinsist onday and night

report…to…plead with(懇求)…not to do sth

offer to do sthget admission to some place

dream aboutin this waygive up

have more trust in sbsacrifice…for…pull through(度過難關)

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

New words and expressions

1.expression

1)verbalization;articulation(表示，表達)

e.g.The scenery was beautiful beyond expression.2)appearance(神色，表情)

e.g.“I don’t understand,” he said, with an expression of complete surprise on his face.3)meaning, feeling(感情)

e.g.She puts great expression into her violin playing.4)statement(陳述)

e.g.“shut up” is not a polite expression.2.used to和be used to

used to意思為：過去常?！?后跟原形動詞.e.g.I used to live in London.People used to burn candles in order to get light.人們在過去常點蠟燭用來照明。

It used to be said that…常言道…

Be used to 意思為：習慣于… 后跟動名詞或名詞

e.g.He is used to working hard/hard work.I am not used to being spoken to like that.像那樣的態(tài)度對我說話，我是看不慣的。

Get used to…弄慣become used to習慣于

e.g.You will soon get/become used to our ways.你不久會習慣于我們的方式。

3.instead of, instead

兩者的區(qū)別：instead of后跟名詞或動名詞，instead是副詞，后面跟詞語。e.g.We should do something instead of just talking about it.Could I have tea instead of coffee?

If Tom can’t attend the meeting, I could instead.I don’t want to go home.Let’s go to a movie instead.4.suggest 表示“建議”時，有下列常見用法：

e.g.Mary suggested that we order pizza for lunch.“I suggest buying the green bag,” said Linda.I suggest a tour of the museum.Whom would you suggest for the job?

What did you suggest to the manager?

Other phrases and expressions

Take risksinstead oftake caretake…as a jokegrow upfall to pieces

color: affect, influenceinhibit: hold backfalse alarm(虛驚)Be likely to do sthconfuse…with…in front of

By the thought ofat the thought ofon thinking

Instead ofthrow…at sbdevelop into

Tear one’s fleshbe faced withseparate…from… Tell…from…think aboutput…into practice Be certain abouttake actiontake steps/measures As soon asin some waystay away from(避開)

Be about to dowalk away frommistake…for… Be mixed upone thing at a timeend in

Inhibit…from…prevent…from…stay in bed

In relation toeven ifget angry

Get injuredtake the riskput in danger(使遭受危險)Take the chance of(冒…的危險)be faced with

Cross sb’s mind(突然想起，掠過腦際)deal with: handle [take action about 處理，對付]

Be eager to do sthblow up: explodecolor vt.influence Earn one’s livingswitch ontear one’s flesh(肉體受到嚴重傷害)Free of/frommatch…with…be willing to do Lead to(success)prevent…from…laugh at sb

Be ready to do sthdeal withagree with sb

Share with sbfire into sb(向…開槍)confuse…with…

Throw a brick at…develop into…make out(理解，證明)On the top ofcarry off(奪去搶走，獲得獎品等)

At sunriseadvise sb to doin the first place In the second placein the third placetake…away from Instead ofsucceed in doingmake an effort Most important of allno sooner…than…on the other side Arrive attell ofa great deal of Rejoice to do sth(高興/欣喜做…)for nothing(徒勞無功)For no purpose(徒勞無功，沒有好結果)wage against(向…開戰(zhàn))in jest as a joke(開玩笑地，不嚴肅地)agree to sth

succeed in doing sthlater on(以后，后來)break into

be fond ofadd up(加在一起)allow sb to doshare withrun out ofin return for(換得/來)meet face to faceat the end ofend with

decline to do sth(拒絕做…)pay back(償還)belong to sb/sth at the age ofstrike a deal(達成協(xié)議)go through

talk…over(商議/量)invite sb to…

第四篇：新編英語教程1練習冊答案第一單元

UNIT1 一.Translation 1.By the time I got to the meeting room on the top floor, they had already left.2.This programme caters for many different types of interest and tastes among the public.3.The old song has brought back memories of those good old days.4.They finished the project one week earlier than they had expected to.5.At last the jury was convinced that the middle-aged man had nothing to do with the murder.6.This is the third time I have been in Shanghai, and I’ve noticed that Shanghai has taken on a new look.二.Vocabulary 1.take in: make a garment smaller 2.take up: start 3.take after: look like 4.take over: obtain, have control over 5.take down: write 6.take to: become fond of

7.take off: regard someone as something

第五篇：新編英語教程7課文翻譯_(Unit_1-14_Text_I_譯文)

新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)Unit 1 英國人和美國人的空間概念

人們說英國人和美國人是被同一種語言分離開的兩個偉大的民族。英美民族之間的差異使得英語本身受到很多指責，然而，這些差異也許不應該過分歸咎于語言，而應該更多的歸因于其他層面上的交流 ：從使很多美國人感到做作的英式語音語調到以自我為中心的處理時間、空間和物品的不同方法。如果說這世上有兩種文化間的空間關系學的具體內容迥然不同，那就是在有教養(yǎng)（私立學校）的英國人和中產(chǎn)階級的美國人之間了。造成這種巨大差異的一個基本原因是在美國人們借助空間大小來對人或事加以分類，而在英國決定你身分的卻是社會等級制度。在美國，你的住址可以很好的暗示你的身分（這不僅適用于你的家庭住址，也適用于你的商業(yè)地址）。住在紐波特和棕櫚灘的人要比布魯克林和邁阿密的人高貴時髦得多。格林尼治和科德角與紐華克和邁阿密簡直毫無類似之處。座落在麥迪遜大道和花園大道的公司要比那些座落在第七大道和第八大道的公司更有情調。街角辦公室要比電梯旁或者長廊盡頭的辦公室更受尊敬。而英國人是在社會等級制度下出生和成長的。無論你在哪里看到他，他仍然是貴族，即便是在魚販攤位的柜臺后面。除了階級差異，英國人和我們美國人在如何分配空間上也存在差異。

在美國長大的中產(chǎn)階級美國人覺得自己有權擁有自己的房間，或者至少房間的一部分。當我讓我的美國研究對象畫出自己理想的房間或辦公室時，他們毫無例外的只畫了自己的空間，而沒有畫其他人的地方。當我要求他們畫出他們現(xiàn)有的房間或辦公室時，他們只畫出他們共享房間里自己的那部分，然后在中間畫一條分隔線。無論是男性還是女性研究對象，都把廚房和主臥劃歸母親或妻子的名下，而父親的領地則是書房或休息室，如果有的話；要不然就是工場，地下室，或者有時僅僅是一張工作臺或者是車庫。美國女性如果想獨處，可以走進臥室、關上門。關閉的門是“不要打擾”或“我很生氣”的標志。如果一個美國人家里或辦公室的房門是開著的，則說明他現(xiàn)在有空。在這樣的暗示下，人們不會認為他想把自己關閉起來，而會認為他正處于一種隨時響應他人的準備就緒的狀態(tài)中。關閉的門是用于會議、私人會談、生意往來、需要集中精力的工作、學習、休息、睡覺、穿衣服和性的。

相比之下，中產(chǎn)階級和上流階級的英國人從小是在和兄弟姐妹共享的兒童室里長大的。最大的孩子一般獨占一個房間，直到他9歲10歲左右去上寄宿學校時再空出來。擁有自己的房間和很早就習慣于共享房間之間的差異似乎并無重大意義，但這卻對英國人對待自己空間的態(tài)度有著重大的影響。一個英國人可能從來都不曾有過永久的屬于自己的房間，他也很少會去企盼或者認為自己應該有權擁有這樣的房間。即使是下議院的議員也沒有自己的辦公室，他們通常在俯瞰泰晤士河的陽臺上處理事務。所以英國人會對美國人需要一個安穩(wěn)的地方去工作（即辦公室）這樣的需求感到困惑不解。在英國工作的美國人如果沒有得到他們認為適當?shù)姆忾]的工作空間，也許會非常生氣。就出于保護自我的目的而將墻壁作為屏蔽物的需求而言，美國人應該位列德國人和英國人之間。

英國人和美國人的行為特點之間的顯著差別有著極其重要的意義，尤其是在我們假設人和其他動物一樣，有時也有一種內在的封閉自己的需求的情況下。我的研討班的一個學生生動的刻畫了當這種看不見的行為特點之間產(chǎn)生沖突時可能發(fā)生的情狀。很顯然他在和美國人交往中承受了很大的壓力。仿佛沒有什么是正常的，而且從他的評論里可以清楚地了解到他認為我們美國人不知道如何舉止得體。通過分析他的抱怨，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他煩悶的一個根源是似乎沒有哪個美國人能夠辨別出這樣的細微的暗示：即有時他不想讓別人擾亂他的思緒。正如他自己所說的：“我在公寓里漫步，好像每次當我想獨處的時候我的室友就會和我搭話。很快他就在問‘你怎么了？’而且想知道我是否生氣了。這時我真的生氣了，然后就會沖他說些什么?！?/p>

盡管需要花費一些時間，但最終我們還是能夠分辨出在這個事例的沖突中，美國人和英國人各自所遇到的不同的麻煩，以及這些特征之間的明顯差別。當美國人想獨處時，他會進到自己的房間里并且關上門——他借助于建筑物來屏蔽他人。對美國人來說，拒絕同在場的人談話，對其采取“冷處理”，是最極端的拒絕形式，同時也是非常不高興的明顯的表示。而另一方面，英國人由于從小就沒有自己的房間，從來沒有利用空間作為躲避他人的避難所的習慣。他們實際上在潛意識里設立了一系列的屏障，他們認為這些屏障其他人應該能夠理解或辨別。因此，當英國人和美國人在一起時，他越不想和這個美國人說話，這個美國人就越可能找他說話，因為他想確保一切正常。這種沖突會一直持續(xù)下去，直到這兩個人開始互相了解彼此。重要的是雙方對空間和建筑的需求并不一樣。

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)Unit 2 游客/旅游者/觀光客

我曾對游客最深入細致的研究，是在托塞羅做的。在這里，你想要躲開游客是不可能的。托塞羅是威尼斯環(huán)礁湖中的一個小島：在這里，三十多所農(nóng)舍，環(huán)繞著一個威廉王（諾曼帝國）征服英國（1066年）時建的大教堂，隱現(xiàn)在葡萄架和野花叢中，一條運河和一條小路從環(huán)礁通向小村。葡萄園被一條條運河切割成豆腐塊。紅的黃的船帆在葡萄架間緩緩行駛。鐘樓的鐘每天要響三次（鐘呀，鐘呀，神明的譴責），與周圍小島的鐘聲大合唱交織在一起。那兒有個客棧。有一年夏天我在那住過。在那寫書，觀察游客。在過去，托塞羅象一朵天空的孤云?，F(xiàn)在卻成了威尼斯的一個出游勝地。游客多得很。他們從班船，從租的機動船，從豪華的游艇，一下子涌進小島。小島都要容納不了了。一天到晚，都有游客在纖路上漫步。他們在找什么？哥特式教堂貼著古老的馬賽克，裝飾成一幅地獄的景色。大部分已經(jīng)重修了。還有一幅表情憂傷而莊重的圣母瑪利亞象。拜占庭藝術是高品位的，要有專門知識的人才能欣賞的。游客中大概十有八九沒有這個欣賞能力。他們信步走進教堂，隨便看看。他們走出教堂，到村子的綠茵上。在石椅上互相照相。這石椅據(jù)說是阿提拉的寶座。游客們無情地撕扯著野玫瑰。人們看著帶花古朵的野玖瑰，盼著看它開放。這玫瑰花使小島一天到晚沉浸在芳香中?？墒撬鼈円槐徽∠聛?，這花就蔫了，所以就被扔進了運河。美國游客到飯店去吃喝。英國人說他們付不起賬。所以他們自帶食物，鉆進葡萄園去吃。實在遺憾，等他們走時，就留下一片狼藉。每個星期四，德國人在一個領導的率領下，排隊走在纖路上，好象是上戰(zhàn)場的部隊。在飯店，他們訂下五十人的中餐，邊吃邊聽領導用手提喇叭給他們上課。吃完飯，他們排隊進教堂，在那兒又聽一番講解。至少，他們知道他們看了點什么。他們排隊回去上船。他們利利落落，不隨地丟果皮雜物。

然而，和游客比起來，島民的行為更有意思。不管他們意識到?jīng)]有，他們被迫整個夏天要生活在游客的眼皮底下。他們自然就要從這情形中得到一點經(jīng)濟利益。意大利人是天生的演員。在11點的頭班威尼斯客輪開來到下午6點的末班船離開之間，全島變成一個舞臺。島民都是演員，扮演一個角色色。隔壁布拉諾島上的年輕人，穿上船夫裝，搖起平底船，把從汽艇上下來的游客擺度到村子里。有一個還帶了一個頑皮地令人生畏的小弟弟。他叫埃里克，總是死纏著每一個人，要他們買他的染成金色的死海馬?！白Ｄ愫眠\!”他唱道。我特別喜歡他。滿臉堆笑、笑容可掬的老太太們，坐在家門旁，賣明信片和小飾物，還當眾做著威尼斯式樣的枕套花邊。實際上，花邊是她們從布拉諾拿的貨，是那里的姑娘們做的。老婦人賣不出去，還可以退貨。老太太的一雙手，飽經(jīng)風霜，凈是老繭，是做不了這種細活的。她們之所以這樣做，據(jù)說是因為要是游客看見它們是怎么織出來的，他們就更愿意買。但可惜沒有幾個人光顧，欣賞那做工。小小孩蹣跚地遞上四葉苜蓿，想討地點小費。又是一片“祝你好運!”的叫聲。教士們也按輪船的班點，安排他們的宗教活動。戲就是這樣上演著。游客們是不可想象地小氣。除了空煙盒和飛舞的每日郵報，他們不留任何東西?；ㄟ吿F了。他們不買情有可原。但他們本可以買幾張明信片，買幾根貝殼項鏈，給上小孩幾個便士。但他們看起來都是鐵公雞，一毛不撥。

等到最后一班船一走，大舞臺的帷幕就落下了。平底船夫脫掉亞麻夾克，摘下笨重的草帽，帶上埃里克，回布拉諾。小埃里諾非常不滿意他所掙到的錢。他說要是這樣下去，他就要餓死了。慈祥的老太太也收起了她們的笑臉，把花邊枕頭放在一邊，開始干起每天要干的溺死小貓之類的工作。賣苜蓿小孩的父親，趴在地上，去找第二天要賣的四葉苜蓿。最后一次教堂鐘聲響過，月亮也出來了。飛舞的每日郵報刮進了湖中，托塞羅又恢復了原樣。Unite 3 地鐵

在某種程度上，地鐵無疑是紐約所有缺乏身分的因素的生動象征。幾乎每一站都有瘋狂和令人迷失方向的氣息。地鐵站的天花板很低，遠景很長，沒有什么標志性建筑，熒光燈管、電燈泡和霓虹廣告的光線融合成光怪陸離的混合體。整個站臺對人的感觀是極大的傷害。列車停止和轉彎時發(fā)出的噪音之尖銳刺耳實在讓人無法描述。人們在感到擁擠時毫無顧忌地亂推亂搡。你的觸覺會感受到前所未有的煎熬。當天氣暖和時，氣味會讓人無法忍受。在站臺之間，唱片行會播放45轉/分的重金屬唱片，供應午餐的柜臺會提供熱狗，如果你咬下去一口，你會先感受到有如橡皮般有彈性的外殼，然后會吃到柔軟多油的棉籽飯般的中心部分。顧客們坐在那里，嘴邊糊滿了熱狗皮和面包屑之類的東西，他們會不時打個飽嗝，而他們的腮

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)幫子也會隨之不時鼓起。

地下的空間似乎能夠吸引每一種怪異的激情。一個身材矮小、穿著古舊的人總會拿本圣經(jīng)、帶著一面美國國旗和一個擴音器出入于曼哈頓的地鐵。他會翻開圣經(jīng)，用滄桑而又單調的聲音引述上面的經(jīng)文。因為周圍的噪音太大以至于他的正常嗓音不能被人很好的聽見，他在每一站都使用擴音器，并且總是號召人們進行救贖。

還有乞丐。在這令人無比厭惡的地鐵上，在乞丐之間，紐約的身份競爭得到了光大和發(fā)揚。這種競爭在第七大道的城際快車上達到了癲狂的程度。在一些夜晚，一些乞丐互相撕斗，相互咒罵并且互相警告對方滾回到自己的車廂去。一個拿著拐杖和杯子的普通盲人只能算是平庸的乞討者。人們需要的是娛樂表演。有兩個男孩，其中一個拿著一只小手鼓，上了車。大點的男孩在列車起步時開始擊打手鼓，小點的男孩就開始跳通常認為是土著舞的舞蹈。然后，如果車廂內有空間的話，他會開始進行空翻表演。他從車廂的一頭跑到另一頭，先順著車行駛的方向在空中來一個完整的空翻，雙腳著地。然后他會逆著車行駛的方向奔跑，再來一個空翻。他會來回做上好幾次這樣的空翻，其間穿插一些土著舞表演。這樣的表演一般需要較長的時間才能很好的完成，例如列車從第42街行駛到第72街期間。表演完畢后，兩個男孩會拿著裝飲料用的紙杯沿著車廂索要小費。

裝飲料用的紙杯是傳統(tǒng)的容器。在第七大道的線路上有一個年輕的黑人，他通常在第42街上車，然后開始唱“我希望我已經(jīng)結婚了”這首歌。他很年輕，看起來身體非常健康。但他會上來唱這首“我希望我已經(jīng)結婚了”，并且在唱到最高音的時候從他經(jīng)久不變的防風外衣里掏出一個裝飲料用的紙杯，然后沿著車廂來回走動，希望能得到一些小費。我從未見到他得到一分錢。然而最近由于他開始了解身份競爭，他的生活開始有了改觀?，F(xiàn)在他上車后只會在他解開防風大衣時唱“我希望我已經(jīng)結婚了”這首歌，他不但會拿出他的紙杯，還會露出一塊紙板，上面寫著“我母親患了硬化癥，我的一只眼是瞎的”。他最出彩的地方是“硬化癥”這個詞，他故意拼錯這個詞，在中間加上很多多余的輔音字母，很好的營造出一種駭人的德國生理學課本般穩(wěn)固的感覺。所以現(xiàn)在他干得好多了。他似乎可以以此謀生。他不再是懶惰者、消磨時間者或者是游蕩者。他可以帶著超然的態(tài)度看待他人的沒落。

在東部的城際快車線路上，比如說第86街，列車停下后人們互相擁擠，成群地擠出車廂，而在灰綠色陰影中的一條長凳上，在那些大梁和1905年鋪設的瓷磚下面，有一位懶散地斜靠著椅背的老人似乎在酣睡，他穿著一件棉風衣，衣服的袖子已經(jīng)被扯掉了。他就穿了這么多東西。他的膚色死灰，間雜著蒼白的斑點。他雙腿以一種紳士般的方式交叉，他酒鬼特有的臉耷拉在長凳的后面。顯然那些同時又身為臭名昭著的小偷的其他酒鬼曾經(jīng)扒光了他的所有衣服，只剩下這件風衣，他們也曾試圖把這件風衣扒走，（但最終沒有成功），只能夠將袖子拽掉，然后任由這位老人裸坐在長凳上人事不省，但他們還是給他保留了一個紳士般的姿態(tài)。經(jīng)過的路人都會短暫地凝視一番，看看他灰白斑駁的軀體，但沒有人停下腳步；沒人知道到底要經(jīng)過多久才會有警察過來屏住呼吸將他從陰暗中轉移出來，并將他安置在法律的溫暖懷抱中去。那樣的話，他至少會穿上一件普通的綠色工作服，重新?lián)碛性谝雇淼牡罔F長凳上值得尊敬的一席位置。Unit 4 文體與目的

使用語言的協(xié)調過程錯綜復雜，正如我們在前一章節(jié)看到的，部分原因是口頭語和書面語中的種種限制。但是，正如我們所熟知的，這些限制并不能很好的被劃分到“說”和“寫”這兩類范疇中去。英語的文體范圍非常寬泛，其分層也可以無窮無盡。當我們在譴詞造句時，我們必須確保它們和我們對其在這種層次上的特定部分的期待一致，而且它們應該符合搭配和語法的傳統(tǒng)習俗――我們考慮的應分層上的同一點。

如此強調在使用英語時符合傳統(tǒng)習俗似乎很荒謬，因為我們很可能會覺得那些使用英語時有創(chuàng)造性和非傳統(tǒng)的人往往獲得那些大獎。我們決不能確切地說那些大獎都是這樣頒發(fā)的，但是無論我們的觀點如何，大家似乎對以下事實沒有什么異議：在我們還沒有正確地掌握傳統(tǒng)搭配之前，諸如“看，媽媽：沒有手！”這樣的表達方式對我們不會有絲毫的印象深刻的感覺。在我們試圖像格特魯?shù)隆に固梗℅ertrude Stein）那樣寫作之前，我們必須學會按照最嚴格的傳統(tǒng)習俗學習和使用英語――而且就這一點我們可以從上一章引用的羅伯特·格雷夫斯（Robert Graves）先生的話語里得到支持。

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)如果沒有規(guī)范，要辨別和實踐創(chuàng)造性將變得極為困難。也許你曾經(jīng)品嘗過多種含有姜糖的冰淇淋，也許你曾經(jīng)碰巧見到它們被冠以非常吸引人的名頭：“冰凍熱冰淇淋”。這是一個因偏離傳統(tǒng)搭配而非常有效的例子。諾埃爾·科沃德（Noel Coward）的戲劇的名稱“苦澀的甜蜜”是一個更著名的例子，而我們大部分人有時也曾被類似“The hand that rocked the cradle has kicked the bucket”（注：直譯為“晃動搖籃的人蹬腿了”，即“母親死了”）這樣古老的俏皮話逗樂。在以上這些例子中，我們都偏離了傳統(tǒng)的搭配方式――但是我們并沒有忽視它們。正是由于我們了解“苦澀”和“甜蜜”相互排斥而且通常不在一起使用，這樣的組合才會有效?！氨鶅鰺岜苛堋钡挠行匀Q于這種組合和對“冰凍的”和“熱的”的常規(guī)搭配（比如說“冰冷的”和“滾燙的”）之間的對立。

因此，我們的策略應該是首先學習常規(guī)搭配以及這些搭配所屬的文體范疇：這里有必要再次強調和實際用法保持一致的重要性。我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)如果我們尊敬的人以“親愛的瓊斯先生”開始一封信的話，他們會用“您的真誠的”來結尾，而如果他們用“親愛的先生”開始的話，他們在結尾會使用“您的忠誠的”這樣的語句。有經(jīng)驗和有教養(yǎng)的人不會混淆這些公式――而且他們會看低那些確實混淆這些慣用套路的人。當然，不光是開頭和結尾不能混淆：語法結構的類型以及詞句的選擇――整個文體――在這兩類信件中都趨向于（而且始終如一的）截然不同。的確有一些有遠見的公司已經(jīng)摒棄了那種曾經(jīng)使得商業(yè)信函越來越糟糕的更傻氣的、更僵化的俗套（類似“Further to yours of the 23rd ult.”這樣的表達方式）：但是一種明顯的形式感還是保留了下來?，F(xiàn)在寄往或來自公司或政府部門的信函會使用（在“親愛的先生”后）類似于“鑒于您6月23日的來信??”之類的語句。它不會以諸如“謝謝您最近的來信”這樣非正式的不準確的語句開頭，這樣的開頭更適用于以“親愛的瓊斯”開頭的書信。更不用說其他適合別的類型的書信的表達方式了，從極端僵硬正式型（尤其是和一些機構往來的書信，這里書信人的個性特征并不重要）到非常熟悉親密型（這里書信人的個性特征無比重要）：“親愛的弗蘭克，收到你那天的便函真是太棒了?！痹诿總€例子里，有經(jīng)驗的書信人都采用了適合自己信件所要求嚴肅程度的文體并且自始至終保持這種文體。他不會在一封以“親愛的先生”開頭的信里說“替我問候你的妻子”，也不會在一封以“親愛的瓊斯先生”開頭的信里以“先寫這么多/就此擱筆”作為結尾。

這里我們有必要回顧一下前面章節(jié)里提到過的關于期待搭配的問題。在使用于需要相對精確和相對不太羅嗦的場合時，通常情況下經(jīng)常反復使用的期待搭配（如“冰冷”）最有可能給與我們陳詞濫調的印象。正如在使用語言時經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況一樣，一個沒有語境的具體表達方式到底算不算陳詞濫調通常不是問題所在。例如我們在劇院的幕間休息時散步，我們的同伴說“我仰慕品特（Pinter）在這出戲里表現(xiàn)出的非凡的洞察力”，我們不會有任何構成我們通常對陳詞濫調的自然反應的那種厭惡感。實際上，我們可以想象出很多非正式的場合，在那里“非凡的洞察力”不但不是陳詞濫調，還很可能聽起來很高調和專業(yè):凡事都取決于我們在文體范疇的特定部分到底期待什么。但如果“非凡的洞察力”適用于非正式場合的口頭評論，這并不意味著這些詞句同樣適用于正式的評論文。

大多數(shù)時候我們常常隨意選取那些最經(jīng)常聽到的評論搭配，然后不加選擇的加以使用，而沒有意識到在一個需要精確的場合這樣的詞句有多么空洞。在最近我的本科班學生的作文里，以下這些是在嚴肅的文學評論里必須被稱為陳詞濫調的一些最常見的搭配：

崇高的想象力；無法效仿的敘事技巧；有機整體；精湛的技藝；完美的藝術；威嚴的高度；悲劇的高度；內在氛圍；本質氛圍；內在吸引力；本質吸引力；本質特征。

這里還忽略了那些從陳腐的到諸如“基本基礎”的累贅的搭配。我們必須發(fā)展我們的批判意識來辨別出這樣的表達方式,它們也許會唬住沒有經(jīng)驗的人，但實際上卻非常機械，在我們寫作時既不反映任何精確的判斷，也沒有向讀者傳遞任何準確的信息。事實上讀者可能會得出這樣的結論：作者沒有能力給出判斷，想通過一些贅述糊弄過去：這樣的結論在很多情況下是完全正確的。在寫作時運用陳詞濫調通常伴隨有含糊不清的表述，這會加深讀者的這種印象，即作者沒有進行認真的思考：“他的詩充滿了特別的意思”；“他的詩擁有自己獨特的風格”，“他畫出了英國工業(yè)生活的身體和靈魂”，“他的修飾性的想象力總是追隨一條結構化的主線”。這些到底反映了懶惰還是有意糊弄？

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)Unit Five The Santa Ana Joan Didion圣安娜颶風

洛杉磯今天下午的空氣中存有某種不安，某種不自然的平靜，某種緊張的氣息。言下之意,今晚將刮起圣安娜颶風。這股熱風將從東北呼嘯而下，穿過克侯恩關口和圣哥根尼奧關口，沿著66號高速公路吹起一場沙塵暴，將沿途的山林干化到燃點。不消幾天我們將能看到峽谷里的濃煙，聽到夜里的警報。雖然我沒有聽說或者讀到圣安娜颶風要來了，可是我知道它會來，而且我今天見到的所有人幾乎都知道。我們之所以知道是因為人人都有切身感受。嬰兒會煩躁。女傭會慍郁。而我則重燃了一場和電話公司之間本要熄滅的口舌之戰(zhàn)，然后收拾敗局躺了下來，徹底臣服于空氣之中的某種莫名其妙的氣氛。和圣安娜颶風一起生活就得接受它，不管是有意還是無意地看，這都是種頑固的人類行為機械論。

我想起當我初次搬到洛杉磯，住在一個孤單的海灘旁時，有人告訴我，說過去本地的印第安土著會在這種惡風刮起的時候投身大海。我可以想見原因。在圣安娜颶風期，太平洋會泛起不祥的光澤，而且在夜晚人們不但會因為橄欖樹上孔雀的尖叫聲，而且會因為那沒有風浪的怪誕海面感到煩躁不能入眠。熱度出乎人們的常識。天空泛著一層黃光，這種光有時叫做―地震天氣‖。我那唯一的鄰居好多天都不肯出門，夜晚也沒有燈，她丈夫帶著把彎刀在附近走動。一天他跟我說他聽到非法入境者的聲音，第二天說是條響尾蛇。

在那樣的夜晚，雷蒙德·查恩德樂曾經(jīng)寫過圣安娜颶風的情況，―每一個聚眾酗酒的集會最后都演變成了一場斗毆，原本溫和的小妻子會摸著餐刀的刀刃研究研究丈夫的脖子。什么事都可能發(fā)生。那就是這種風帶來的影響。我當時還不明白颶風對我們大家?guī)淼挠绊懹惺裁匆罁?jù)，可是最終它證明來自民間的智慧中存在著科學道理。圣安娜颶風是以它經(jīng)過的一個峽谷的名字命名的，它是一種焚風，就象奧地利和瑞士的焚風一樣，或者象以色列的哈姆辛風（譯者注：春季從沙哈拉大沙漠吹向埃及的干熱風）。世上有多種強有力的惡劣大風，可能最著名的是法國的米斯特拉爾寒風以及地中海的西洛可熱風。但是焚風有其顯著特點：它出現(xiàn)于山脈的下風坡，雖然一開始空氣團是寒冷的，但是它在下坡的途中升溫，從而最終形成熱干風。不管焚風起于何時何處，醫(yī)生們都會接診到頭痛、惡心、過敏等癥的病例，如―神經(jīng)過敏癥、―抑郁癥等。在洛杉磯一些教師不會試圖在圣安娜颶風期間進行正式的課程，因為此時孩子們變得無法管教。在瑞士自殺率會在焚風期間上升，瑞士某些州的法庭認為此風是給罪犯減刑的一個考慮因素。據(jù)說外科醫(yī)生十分注意焚風，因為焚風期間血液不會正常凝固。數(shù)年前一名以色列物理學家發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅僅是在焚風期間，而且在此前的十或十二小時內，空氣中所帶的正負離子的比率之高遠勝平時。似乎沒人知道為什么會這樣，有人說是因為摩擦所致，有人認為是太陽干擾。不論是哪種情況，都有正離子在那里，而過量的正離子所產(chǎn)生的結果，用最最簡單的話講，就是令人不愉快。再怎么認為這是機械論的觀點都不過分。

東部人普遍抱怨說，在加州南部根本沒有―天氣‖，說日子和季節(jié)無情地溜走，溫和得使人麻木。這是一大誤解。事實上加州的氣候的特征是具有少見的惡劣天氣：兩個亞熱帶強降雨期延續(xù)數(shù)周之久，洪水沖垮許多小山，將各個支流送入大海；在出現(xiàn)圣安娜颶風的年份，大約有不連續(xù)的二十天由于颶風引起的干燥天氣而無法幸免火災。在對圣安娜颶風的第一次預報時，林業(yè)局便會從加州北部空運人力和物力到南部的森林中，而且洛杉磯消防部也取消常規(guī)的非消防任務。圣安娜颶風曾在1956年造成馬利布失火，1961年造成貝爾空失火，1964年造成圣巴巴拉失火。1966-1967年冬，十一名消防隊員在和圣安娜大火的戰(zhàn)斗中喪身，此火燒遍了圣加百利山。

只用看看洛杉磯在圣安娜颶風期間的頭版新聞就能了解到這個地方的概況。近年來最長的一次圣安娜颶風期發(fā)生在1957年，通常它只持續(xù)三四天，而那年卻持續(xù)了十四天，從十一月二十一日持續(xù)到十二月四日。第一天圣加百利山上的25，000英畝地著火，風速達每小時一百英里。圣安娜颶風席卷城鎮(zhèn)時，風力達十二級，也就是蒲福風力等級中的臺風級。油田井架被刮倒，市民們接到命令不準上街以免被飛行的物體打傷。十一月二十二日，圣加百利山上的火勢一發(fā)不可收拾。二十四日有六人在車禍中喪生。到了那個周末，洛杉磯時報報道的車禍死亡人數(shù)達到了二十人。十一月二十六日，加州帕薩迪納市的一位著名律師由于經(jīng)濟因素而意志消沉，槍殺了他的妻子和兩個兒子并飲彈自盡。十一月二十七日，加州南門市的一名離異者，二十二歲，被謀殺后從一輛行駛的小汽車內拋尸。十一月三十日，圣加百利的火勢仍然失控，市內的風速達每小時八十英里。十二月的第一天，四個人死于非命。到第三天大風才漸弱。

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)對于沒有在洛杉磯生活過的人們來說，他們是很難想象圣安娜颶風在當?shù)厝诵哪恐械男蜗蟮?。燃燒中的城市就是洛杉磯自身最深刻的形象。那桑尼爾·韋斯特認為，在電影《蝗蟲之日》中，以及在1965年華特暴動期間，洛杉磯最難以磨滅的形象就是大火。在哈博高速公路上行駛幾天的路程都能看到這座城市陷入一片火海，這種結局正是我們能預料到的。洛杉磯的天氣具有大災難、大天災的特性，而且，就如同新英格蘭地區(qū)的漫長的嚴冬天氣決定了當?shù)厝说纳罘绞侥菢?，圣安娜颶風的狂暴劇烈和不可捉摸同樣也影響著洛杉磯生活的整體品質，突顯了它的無常、它的反復。大風向我們揭示：我們離危險的邊緣并不太遠。? Unit Six How to Get Things Done Robert Benchley如何把事情辦好

許許多多人都來問過我，問我是怎么做到完成這么多事情還能一直保持著看起來很沉迷于酒色似的。（譯者注：直譯，我猜他大概是說看起來一直在浪費時間）整個國家成百上千的人都奇怪我怎么會有時間去完成我的繪畫、工程、寫作和慈善工作，當我——根據(jù)影印業(yè)部分（譯者注：大概代指新聞媒體）和社會記錄——把時間統(tǒng)統(tǒng)花在騎馬打獵，打扮成路易十四參加衣著華麗的舞會，或是和三千名洛杉磯學生一起、一個字一個字讀出《向加利福尼亞問好》上面。―又工作又玩?！麄冋f。

我在完成工作這方面難以置信的精力和高效的秘密很簡單。我把它小心地置于一個著名的心理學原理之上并且精煉它以至于它現(xiàn)在幾乎過于精練了。我很快將不得不開始重新讓它變得粗俗易懂。

那個心理學原理是這個：任何人可以完成任何量的工作，只要那工作不是他當時被希望去做的。讓我們看看這在實際中是怎么體現(xiàn)的。比如說我有五件事要在這周結束前完成：（1）一筐子等待回復的信件，其中有些是1928年10月的（譯者注：作者時間1949年）（2）幾個等待被安裝好并被排好書的書架（3）要剪個頭（4）一堆科學雜志要看完并剪裁截取（我在收集整理我能找到的所有關于熱帶魚的參考文獻，想著哪天給我自己買一條）以及（5）給這報紙寫一篇稿子。

現(xiàn)在。有這么五項工作在周一早晨直盯著我，那么我會吃完早飯直接就上床，為了接下來的幾乎是超人的精力付出儲存健康和力氣就不怎么奇怪了。―健全的精神寄寓于健全的肉體‖是我的座右銘，并且，不是說笑，我要假裝我不知道這拉丁語意思。我覺得當我的身體不得不為我這種貪得無厭的頭腦服務的時候我至少要正確的對待它。

當我在周一的早上躺在我的床上儲存力量的時候，我排出了一個日程表。―我首先要做什么？‖我問我自己。好吧，那些信真的需要回復了并且那堆科學雜志也得剪。現(xiàn)在我的秘密程序進來了。我把它們放在需要完成的事物清單里的最后而不是最前面。我自己騙自己說：―首先你必須要為那個報紙碼字?！疑踔涟堰@個大聲的說了出來（小心沒有人聽見我，要不然他們會讓我一直躺在床上）并且糊弄我自己，使我真的相信我那天必須要寫完那篇文章而其他事可以等著。我有時候自我欺騙的太厲害以至于用鉛筆列了個單子在上邊寫―第一，新聞稿件‖，下邊畫了紅色的下劃線。（畫紅色下劃線太難了，因為在床邊的桌子上永遠也沒有一只紅色鉛筆，除非我周日晚上上床時帶了一支。）

當計劃表列好之后，我跳下床，開始享用我的午餐。我發(fā)現(xiàn)一頓可口豐盛的午餐——最好再來點糯米類的點心——將會是一日工作的最好開始。因為午餐和甜點可以使人有效避免緊張或興奮過度。我們學者最需要保持冷靜，否則我們就會把時間浪費在焦慮和不安中。

酒足飯飽之后，我坐到書桌前，對著我的英文打字機，開始削鉛筆（這些削尖的鉛筆是用來在吸墨紙上戳孔的，而且我發(fā)現(xiàn)一支鉛筆最多也只能戳破六個洞）。然后我對自己說道（有可能的話大聲說出來）：“開始動筆吧，伙計！”

很快，我的計劃表就開始奏效了。我的余光先是瞥見了那一疊報刊，這是我事前特地放在那里的。我用打字機在紙張的抬頭上敲出我的名字和地址，便向后一仰，靠在椅背上。那疊雜志觸手可及（這也是計劃中的一部分）。我抬頭掃了一眼以確定沒有人在注意我，然后便悄悄從那疊雜志中摸了一本。天吶！看看這是什么！第一篇文章就讓我霍地站了起來，這是威廉·畢比博士寫的一篇文章，還配上了令人毛骨悚然的插圖！很快，我就徹底忙碌于剪報工作了。

關于argyopelius——一種被稱為“銀斧頭”的深海魚——可有件有趣的事情，那就是它們的眼睛竟然長在腰上！光知道魚還有腰就足夠我震驚的了，更別說還發(fā)現(xiàn)腰上長著眼睛！我簡直都無法下手剪那張圖片。你看看，僅僅是隨便翻翻插圖版的周末畫報都能讓一個人獲益匪淺！不過說起來這終究是一件苦差事，6 / 16

新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)任何一個意志薄弱的人都有可能半途而廢，只是當你手頭上還有更重要的事要完成的時候，它就絕不會是件難事（看到了吧，我始終在進行自我催眠，讓我自己相信寫報社約稿才是正事）。

所以，我花了半個下午就把所有的科學雜志都通讀了一遍，還做好了一份干凈整齊的剪報（包括一種“毒蛇魚”，我真希望你能看見，你肯定會笑翻的），然后我又開始痛苦地琢磨起那篇報社約稿來了。

這一次，我進展到了寫標題的階段。當我心滿意足地寫好標題之后，才發(fā)現(xiàn)我竟然拼錯了個單詞。于是我只好把整張紙取出來，再換一張新的進去。就在此時，我瞥見了信簍里的那堆信。

如果說有什么事情是我最憎惡的話（你可以很確定，當然有），那就是回信。不過，當我還有一篇約稿要完成的時候，我突然有種很想寫信的情緒，于是我偷偷用手指從信簍里拈了一封未回的信來。我想如果我先寫幾封信練練手的話，也許我寫約稿時會更有靈感。這一封信，無論如何是該回了。這封信是一個在安特衛(wèi)普的朋友寫給我的，那是1929年的夏天，當時我還在歐洲，他寫信希望我能順道過去看望他。他當然不會就這么巴望著郵輪等待我的回音，但出于禮節(jié)，我仍然得給他回封信。所以，我沒有往打字機里送入新紙，而是從我的個人文具中抽出幾張體面的信箋，飛快地給我的朋友寫了一封回郵。趁著興致，我把信簍里的信件一一回復了。對于那尚未動工的約稿，我心里著實感到有些愧疚，但一看到一整摞貼好郵票的信封，還有那一疊整理好的剪報，我的心里多少得到了些慰藉。明天我就認認真真地寫約稿，真的！

第二天早晨，我起得晚了些，不過在中午之前，打字機里已經(jīng)放入新的紙張，上面干凈利落地打上了我的姓名和地址。我簡直精力充沛得像臺發(fā)電機！我已決意寫一篇關于“吹笛戲蛇”的文章，并且我對自己擬定的題目——戲蛇者說——感到十分滿意。不過，想要寫好“吹笛戲蛇”，我必須讀它的歷史有所了解。又有什么能比書本更能提供歷史資料呢？也許在墻角那一摞書里，就有一本是關于“吹笛戲蛇”的！我是為了手頭的研究工作才去看那些書的，這一點誰也無法指責我，何況也沒有那個學者能把所有有用的知識都牢記于心。

于是，我光明正大地離開我的書桌，開始瀏覽那一摞書的書名。那一摞書已經(jīng)在墻角里堆了好幾個星期了，想從里面找出一本書，特別是關于“吹笛戲蛇”的書，簡直是不可能?，F(xiàn)在最迫切的事情就是把它們安置到書架上，那么一切就會一目了然了。書架正好就在邊上，就在這一摞書的旁邊！我仿佛聽到一道圣旨在耳邊說：“要是想寫好那篇文章，就得先架好書架、整理好圖書！”這簡直是再清楚不過的了。

物理學原理告訴我如果想要架起書架，我需要釘子、錘子還有類似托架一樣東西來使它固定在墻上。你總不能伸出舌頭舔一舔就把它粘在墻上吧。但是家里沒有釘子和錘子（也許有，但這會兒也不知放在什么地方），所以接下來我得戴上帽子出門去買。盡管我把約稿一再拖延，但我感到戴上帽子去買釘子是此刻最合理的事情。不過，當我戴上帽子的時候，我很不爽地發(fā)現(xiàn)我實在該去理發(fā)了。我倒是正好可以一箭雙雕，或者起碼是二箭雙雕，在回來的路上順便去理個發(fā)。我想去外面呼吸點新鮮空氣會有助于我的文思的，所有醫(yī)生都會這么建議。

幾個小時之后，我一身清爽地回來了，帶著釘子、托架、晚報、黃油餅干還有淡淡的丁香花香。我吃了點餅干，又掃了兩眼今天的晚報（這也許會使我改變寫“吹笛戲蛇”的初衷），然后開始干活，不一會兒，書架就架好了——雖然有些晃——書本也按首字母排好了序，以便于隨時查閱。這里面沒有一本是關于“吹笛戲蛇”的，不過有一本關于賀加斯畫作的倒有些意思，還有一本書深入闡釋了電影發(fā)展史，也很不錯。電影事業(yè)實在令人嘆為觀止了，也許什么時候我會寫一篇關于這方面的文章。不過，當然不會是現(xiàn)在，因為現(xiàn)在都過了六點鐘了，而我手頭還有一篇關于“吹笛戲蛇”的約稿要完成。明天一早立刻就寫！千真萬確！

所以，你看，在短短的兩天內，我就完成了四項任務，而這一切只不過是讓自己相信第五件事才是我必須完成的正事。到了明天，我會另外選一件正事來做，例如把書架拆下來再裝到別的地方去什么的，那么我的第五項任務就能順利完成了。

唯一麻煩的是，按照這個速度，我很快就會完成所有的任務，又得愁眉苦臉地面對那篇報紙約稿，那件星期一早晨就定下來的第一件正事。

? Unit Seven The Aims of Education Alfred North Whitehead教育的目的

人文修養(yǎng)是種思維活動，是對美與人文情懷的學習。而割裂的知識對此毫無幫助。僅有滿腹經(jīng)綸的人

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)是普天下最無趣的廢物。我們所要培養(yǎng)的人應是在某領域人文修養(yǎng)與專業(yè)知識兼?zhèn)涞娜?。專業(yè)知識賦予他們發(fā)展的起點，人文修養(yǎng)賦予他們哲學的深度與藝術的高度。我們必須牢記自我發(fā)展才是有價值的知識發(fā)展，而自我主要發(fā)展于16至30歲之間。而在孩子12歲之前，母親對于孩子的培養(yǎng)至關重要。有的人年少時在學校平平無奇，后來卻功成名就，人們往往對此感到驚奇。對此，坎特伯雷大主教的一句話闡釋了我的觀點，他說：―18歲前難窺端倪，18歲后大氣方成。

要培養(yǎng)孩子去思考，我們最應該警惕的是避免灌輸一種我稱之為―惰化‖的思想，即，不經(jīng)應用，證實或相互結合，合陳出新，一味灌輸給孩子的思想。

教育史上最駭人聽聞的現(xiàn)象莫過于某一時代曾經(jīng)一度天才輩出的學府，數(shù)代人后充斥著的卻只有迂腐，循規(guī)蹈矩之士。其原因就在于他們被灌輸了太多的 ―惰化思想‖。以惰化思想教育學生不僅無益，而且有害------corruptio optimi，pessima（最壞的事情便是使最好的事情變壞）。除僅有的幾次知識變革之外，過去的教育從根本上受到了惰化思想的侵蝕。有些見過世面的聰慧女子雖未接受過教育，卻在中年之際成為社會中最為有人文修養(yǎng)的人。其原因便在于她們免于惰化思想的駭人重荷。每一次為人文帶來巨大飛躍的知識變革都是對惰化思想的強烈抵制。但而后，教育機構竟可悲地忽視了人類的心理作用，再一次使人文學科為新惰化的思想所束縛。

面對這靈魂的枯竭，我們的教育體系應如何是好？我們要闡明兩條教育戒律：―不可教太多學科‖和―教學要深入‖。

教太多門學科，但每門卻只教一小部分會使學生消極的接受互不相關的思想，這些對學生們來說沒有絲毫啟迪作用。教育中所灌輸給孩子的思想應當少而精，并盡可能多的使之相互組成新思想。孩子們應能消化所學，并能理解在這些思想在現(xiàn)實生活中的應用。教育伊始，孩子就應能體驗到發(fā)現(xiàn)的樂趣。有新發(fā)現(xiàn)時，所學思想將會使他理解生活中的種種事件。盡管這里的理解需要邏輯分析，并不僅僅指的是邏輯分析。這里的理解指的是法國諺語―理解了緣由，也就寬恕了一切‖ 中的理解。迂腐之士譏笑學以致用的教育。但教育不學以致用，那又是什么呢？是天分，要小心翼翼的藏在手帕里嗎？當然，不管一個志向為何，教育就應當是學以致用的，教育對圣奧古斯汀有用，教育對拿破侖也有用。學可致用因為理解可致用。

對于文學教育對理解力的貢獻，我并想多談。我也不想評判古典或現(xiàn)代文學的教育價值。我只想說我們所需要的理解是對于―今―的理解。過去的知識為當下的我們服務，這是它唯一的用處。而厚古薄今是對于年輕人的傷害是最致命的。―今‖包含了過往的一切。―今‖是一片圣土，因為―今‖既是過去的終點，又是未來的起點。同時人們應當明白兩千年前的時代并不比兩百年前的時代―古‖。不要被迂腐的時代考究所欺騙。薩?？死锼购途S吉爾的時代并不比莎士比亞與莫里哀的時代 ―古‖。各個時代圣人之間的交流自是一次振奮人心的偉大盛會，但如果說有一間會議廳能化想象為現(xiàn)實，那就只有―今‖；而各個時代的圣人為來此參會而跨越的那些時間，或長或短沒什么區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在談一下科學與邏輯教育。像我之前所說，科學與邏輯教育中也存在著惰化思想，這些不經(jīng)應用的思想有害無益。應用某一思想，我的意思是使之融入學生的生活中，與其中的感性認識，感覺，愿望，欲望和隨時間不斷變化的思維活動聯(lián)系起來。我知道有些人憑借消極的吸收互不相干的思想來鞏固自己的內心。但人文修養(yǎng)并不是那樣提升的（可能除了某些報社編輯之外）。

在科學教育中，對于某一思想，應先證明它。但容我先拓展一下在這里―證明‖的意思-----我是指證明某一思想的價值性。除非某一思想具有正確的論點，否則它就沒有什么價值可言。因此，不管是通過邏輯論證亦或是實驗證明，證明某一思想的本質之處在于證明其論點是正確的。雖教師們對于某思想論點正確與否的證明不甚重要，但德高望重的教師們的論斷的確具有權威性，這些論斷能為我們創(chuàng)造一個論據(jù)充足的起點。當我們第一次接觸某一組論點時，我們應先評斷它們的價值，這也是我們所有人在后半生都要做的。從嚴格意義上說，除非某件事比較重要，否則它并不值得我們去嘗試證明它正確與否。狹義上講，我們并不需要在時間上嚴格將這兩個證明和評價步驟分開，這兩步幾乎可以同時進行。但以能否致用而言，應優(yōu)先評判其價值。

而且我們并不應孤立地應用某一論點。特別是不能只為某一論點而進行一系列實驗1，再為論點2進行一系列實驗，如此直到學完一本書。沒什么比這更無聊了。相互聯(lián)系的正確思想應當結合起來使用，各種

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)各樣的論點也應可以任意順序不限次數(shù)地應用。從理論主題中選出一些重要的實際應用，而后以系統(tǒng)的理論闡述研究它們。理論闡述要保持簡短，但要保證闡述的嚴格與規(guī)范。闡述也不應太長，太長則不利于他人深刻準確地理解。吞下太多理論知識卻不消化完只會是徒勞無獲。而且理論也不應該與實踐相混淆。孩子應當明白什么時候是在證明思想，什么時候是在應用思想。我的觀點是所證明的應被應用，而只要條件允許，所應用的也應被證明?？偠灾?，證明和應用是一個事物的兩面。Unit 8 Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter From Harlem James Baldwin 第五大道住宅區(qū)：一封來自黑人的來信。The projects in Harlem are hated.They are hated almost as much as policemen, and this is saying a great deal.And they are hated for the same reason: both reveal, unbearably, the real attitude of the white world, no matter how many liberal speeches are made, no matter how many lofty editorials are written, no matter how many civil rights commissions are set up.哈萊姆的居民憎恨住房的建設計劃和警察的巡邏,其原因在于兩者都令人難以忍受地揭示了白人世界對黑人的真正態(tài)度 The projects are hideous, of course, there being a law, apparently respected throughout the world, that popular housing shall be as cheerless as a prison.誠然，這些工程（建筑）丑陋不堪，從表面上看也符合一個世界公認的法則：普及型住房應該和監(jiān)獄一樣令人郁悶。(民眾的住房應當像監(jiān)獄那樣單調陰郁)They are lumped all over Harlem, colorless, bleak, high, and revolting.The wide windows look out on Harlem’s invincible and indescribable squalor: the Park Avenue railroad tracks, around which, about forty years ago, the present dark community began;the unrehabilitated houses, bowed down, it would seem, under the great weight of frustration and bitterness they contain;the dark, the ominous schoolhouses, from which the child may emerge maimed, blinded, hooked, or enraged for life;and the churches, churches, block upon block of churches, niched in the walls like cannon in the walls of a fortress.寬大的窗戶俯瞰著哈萊姆的破敗，它一成不變，難以描述：那里有帕克大街的車軌，在此周圍，大約40年前，現(xiàn)今黑暗的社區(qū)就開始形成了；那里有無法修復的房子，耷拉著，似乎在承載著其中失敗與痛苦的巨大壓力；那里有黑暗的、帶來壞運氣的學校教室，因為從這些校舍里出來的孩子可能是傷殘的、瞎眼的、吸毒的或一生憤怒的人；那里還有很多教堂，街區(qū)連著街區(qū)，教堂的墻壁都裝飾著神像，就像加農(nóng)炮加在堡壘的堞垛上。Even if the administration of the projects were not so insanely humiliating(for example: one must report raises in salary to the management, which will then eat up the profit by raising one’s rent;the management has the right to know who is staying in your apartment;the management can ask you to leave, at their discretion), the projects would still be hated because they are an insult to the meanest intelligence.對于智力最低的人都是一種侮辱。Harlem got its first private project, Riverton--which is now, naturally, a slum--about twelve years ago because at that time Negroes were not allowed to live in Stuyvesant Town.Harlem watched Riverton go up, therefore, in the most violent bitterness of spirit, and hated it long before the builders arrived.They began hating it at about the time people began moving out of their condemned houses to make room for this additional proof of how thoroughly the white world despised them.And they had scarcely moved in, naturally, before they began smashing windows, defacing walls, urinating in the elevators, and fornicating in the playgrounds.Liberals, both white and black, were appalled at the spectacle.I was appalled by the liberal innocence--or cynicism, which comes out in practice as much the same thing.1 Other people were delighted to be able to point to proof positive that nothing could be done to better the lot of the colored people.They were, and are, right in one respect: that nothing can be done as long as they are treated like colored people.The people in Harlem know they are living there because white people

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)do not think they are good enough to live anywhere else.No amount of “improvement” can sweeten this fact.Whatever money is now being earmarked to improve this, or any other ghetto, might as well be burnt.2A ghetto can be improved in one way only: out of existence.4 Similarly, the only way to police a ghetto is to be oppressive.None of commissioner Kennedy’s policemen, even with the best will in the world, have any way of understanding the lives led by the people they swagger about in two’s and three’s controlling.Their very presence is an insult, and it would be, even if they spent their entire day feeding gumdrops to children.3They represent the force of the white world, and that world’s real intentions are, simply, for that world’s criminal profit and ease, to keep the black man corralled up here, in his place.The badge, the gun in the holster, and the swinging club make vivid what will happen should his rebellion become overt.Rare, indeed, is the Harlem citizen, from the most circumspect church member to the most shiftless adolescent, who does not have a long tale to tell of police incompetence, injustice, or brutality.的確，哈萊姆區(qū)的居民，從最謹慎的神職人員到最懶散的青年，無一不對警察的無能、不公和粗暴抱怨連連。I myself have witnessed and endured it more than once.The businessman and racketeers also have a story.And so do the prostitutes.(And this is not, perhaps, the place to discuss Harlem’s very complex attitude towards black policemen, nor the reasons, according to Harlem, that they are nearly all downtown.)5 It is hard, on the other hand, to blame the policeman, blank, good-natured, thoughtless, and insuperably innocent, for being such a perfect representative of the people he serves.He, too, believes in good intentions and is astounded and offended when they are not taken for the deed.He has never, himself, done anything for which to be hated--which of us has?--and yet he is facing, daily and nightly, people who would gladly see him dead, and he knows it.而他知道這一點。There is no way for him not to know it: there are few other things under heaven more unnerving than the silent, accumulating contempt and hatred of a people.天底下沒有幾樣東西比一個民族的沉默和日漸增長的輕蔑和仇恨更加令人膽寒的了。4He moves through Harlem, therefore, like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country;which is precisely what, and where, he is, and is the reason he walks in twos and threes.And he is not the only one who knows why he is always in company: the people who are watching him know why, too.Any street meeting, sacred or secular, which he and his colleagues uneasily cover has as its explicit or implicit burden the cruelty and injustice of the white domination.And these days, of course, in terms increasingly vivid and jubilant, it speaks of the end of that domination.The white policeman, standing on a Harlem street corner, finds himself at the very center of the revolution now occurring in the world.He is not prepared for it--naturally, nobody is--and, what is possibly much more to the point, he is exposed, as few white people are, to the anguish of the black people around him.5Even if he is gifted with the merest mustard grain of imagination, something must seep in.He cannot avoid observing that some of the children, in spite of their color, remind him of children he has known and loved, perhaps even of his own children.He knows that he certainly does not want his children living this way.He can retreat from his uneasiness in only one direction: into a callousness which very shortly becomes second nature.他只能夠朝一個方向逃避他內心的不安，那就是變得冷漠無情，而這很快就成為他的第二本能。He becomes more callous, the population becomes more hostile, the situation grows more tense, and the police force is increased.One day, to everyone’s astonishment, someone drops a match in the powder keg and everything blows up.Before the dust has settled or the blood congealed, editorials, speeches, and civil-rights commissions are loud in the land, demanding to know what happened.What happened is that Negroes want to be treated

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)like men.? Unit Nine Roots of Freedom Edith Hamilton自由的根基

在原子時代，向自由發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn)是發(fā)人深省的。今日，擺在我們面前的是一個奇異的新世界，我們都在思考到底該如何生存在這樣一個世界里。我們該如何對待我們最寶貴的財富——自由？我們所知道的世界，即西方世界，在不斷開拓新的空間的過程中逐漸形成。

大約2500年前，希臘人始獲自由。在那之前，這世上還沒有自由。絢爛的文明和偉大的帝國散布在地球上，自由這東西卻不見蹤影。埃及、巴比倫、尼尼微這些國家推行專政，一人獨掌大權統(tǒng)治無力的大眾。希臘雅典這個小國家里的小城市，卻沒有無力的大眾。那里的人們由一位無意獨攬大權的人領導。帝國的統(tǒng)治者們堅決主張大眾應對其絕對地服從。雅典人卻不這么認為，他們認為只有在戰(zhàn)爭中才應如此，而且，倘若統(tǒng)治者的決策是維護大眾利益的，他們自會心甘情愿的服從。古希臘偉大的政治家伯利克里曾說過：―我們的政府是自由的政府，但我們仍遵守法律，尤其是那些維護被壓迫者權益的法律，以及那些一旦違背便使人蒙羞的未成文的?法律‘?！?/p>

雅典人自愿遵守的，不僅是他們通過的那些成文的法律，還包括不成文的、自由的人們生活在一起所必須遵守的法律。他們善待彼此，互生憐憫，若無這些品質，生活將變得只有荒漠里的隱士才能忍受。雅典人從不認為，一個人能隨心所欲，他就算是自由的。他若能自我約束，他便自由。服從于自己所認同的行為規(guī)范即是自由。雅典人幸而未把生活看成是自己的私事。各人為雅典人的共同利益都各有其責任，這種責任不是外界向其強加的，而是緣于這座城市是他的驕傲，是他的安身之處。世界上第一個政府的信條就是，那些能自我約束和為國家承擔責任的人將享有自由。正是這個理念，為日后希臘人的豐碩建樹奠定了基礎。

但自由的獲得并不如原子彈的發(fā)明一樣。一朝獲得自由并不代表永遠享有自由。人們若不珍視自由并為之奮斗，自由就會消亡。自由的維持，須以長久的警惕為代價。雅典帶來了這種思想上的轉變。這種轉變雖悄然發(fā)生，但至關重要，貫穿全國。雅典人樂于、自豪于為他們的城市做貢獻，從來沒想過要從中獲得什么物質利益。后來，雅典人的思想態(tài)度發(fā)生巨大的轉變，他們把城市看成是為他們的工作支付薪酬的雇主。他們看重的，不再是人民給予國家什么，而是國家給予人民什么。人們需要的是一個能給他們提供舒適生活的國家，當這成為最重要的目標時，自由、自立和責任的觀念就會模糊甚至消失。雅典越來越像是一個擁有巨大財富的合營公司，所有雅典人共同擁有這份財富。

雅典人開始認為他們需要的自由就是免于責任的自由。到了這時候，結局只有一種。人們如果堅持擺脫自立和為大眾利益負責的擔子，就不再自由。承擔責任是每個人為自由所必須付出的代價。這沒有什么條件可言。古希臘的雅典人拒絕承擔責任的時候，他們便不再享有自由。

亞里士多德曾說過：―好的東西千古流傳?！?雅典人失去了自由，但這個世界并沒有失去自由。美國著名政治家詹姆斯?麥迪遜（James Madison）在1776年左右提到過―人類自我統(tǒng)治的能力‖?？梢钥隙?，他不知道自己說的就是希臘。也許他想不起雅典這個例子，但人類一旦產(chǎn)生某個念頭，便揮之不去。在原子時代也是如此。這個念頭存在于這個或者那個人的思想里，盡管未被付諸行動。我們無法確定它是否即將成為行動，唯一能確定的，就是總有一天會這樣。

Unit Ten Fear of Death Carll Tucker資源匱乏的恐慌

我討厭跑步。每天一清早，當繞著紐約中央公園的人工湖沉重的慢跑時，我總能清醒的意識到自己有多么厭惡它。這太無聊了。有人覺得慢跑有益于思考，還有人覺得途中景色讓人樂在其中。對于我而言，這根本無助于思考也并無美景可享。跑步時，我滿腦子不是又有跑步就是一片空白?？上覜]法子穿過這人工湖徑直到家，只能繞著跑，說來它還幫了大忙。

從許多慢跑者倦怠的神色中不難斷定，討厭跑步的人原來不只我一個，他們同樣感到痛苦無奈，這沒比付賬單開心多少吧。即便如此，我們仍一如既往的跑，甚至死心塌地的選擇跑。普天之下有這么多選擇，我們卻寧愿去做一件不喜歡并且巴不得趕快結束的事，這究竟是為什么？

不管什么潮流，有多少人追逐，就有多少種理由。他指望靠此降低一再飆升的血壓；他希望借此逃避旁人的電話干擾，火冒三丈的配偶或是烏七八糟的家鎖；他以此回避生活的艱難抉擇或是人生的碌碌無為。

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)人人都有其煩惱和動力。我的苦衷便是體能的每況愈下，使我在網(wǎng)球比賽中輸給兩年前的手下敗將。而我的動力就是挽回顏面打敗他。

然而除了這些大大小小的理由外，還有一個更深層的原因。人們突然間如此癡迷于改善自身健康絕非偶然。不錯，現(xiàn)代人都渴望健康，但僅靠此舉很難使其區(qū)別于前人。

由于目光短淺，經(jīng)濟學家總是一廂情愿的認為所有問題皆由經(jīng)濟因素而起。慶幸的是慢跑和經(jīng)濟根本扯不上任何關系，也毫無理由可尋。的確，慢跑是很便宜，但不跑更省錢。慢跑帶動的寥寥無幾的裝備需求恐怕是商人最看不上眼的買賣。

一些哲學家爭論道：慢跑以及其他體能鍛煉是人們給自己制定的一項任務。生活中的個人義務越來越少。工作時間減少，做禮拜也可有可無?？萍紴槲覀凃v出更多的時間。但如何填補這些時間則需要去想象去努力。自由時間是一條又寬又險的河，足以使那些不會游泳的人沉沒。一個人承擔的義務越多，耗費時間就越多，相對危險的自由時間就越少。于是慢跑就成了一項的任務。跑步的過程中，他將不屬于自己，而完全服從于他所能接受的自己。

一些神學家也許對此有更進一步的爭議。他們認為正是由于現(xiàn)代社會人們的無神論和缺乏自信使得我們焦慮不安的想盡可能活得長久。據(jù)他們所說，我們跑步，是為了生存，相信這才是我們所要享受的人生。

所有的這些說法或多或少都有些道理。迷信的滋生以及對戰(zhàn)爭的熱情復蘇無不暗示著，我們渴望得到承諾。況且看到如此多的中老年人在健身的名以下深受折磨，誰還會懷疑我們對死亡的恐懼，遠遠超出了以往任何一代呢？

但依我之見，這種現(xiàn)象背后還有鮮為人知的原因。它背后的驅使力更甚于對死亡的恐懼，那就是資源的匱乏。我們看到土地的流失，河流失去了孕育生命的能力，空氣，即使在平流層也存有致命的垃圾。我們看到無法挽回的浪費，感受到意識中那深深的恐懼 ―― 我們正在毀壞賴以生存的地球。同時我們也或多或少的感到無助，并想方設法保護環(huán)境。我們重復利用汽水瓶，修復老房子和保護離自己最近的自然資源 －－我們的身體健康，希望這種小的舉動可以拯救正被破壞的地球。跑步變成了一種為我們貪婪和浪費的一種贖罪。

這就是我為什么要跑步 ―― 為了贏一場網(wǎng)球賽。

Unit Eleven Beyond Invalidism, Part One Norman Cousins 1 The sense of being locked into a body that is inadequate for its needs, the sense of living under a lowering ceiling, the sense of having to separate oneself from vital prospects, the sense of coming to terms with bleakness — all these are the stuff of invalidism.The person who is put on notice by the physician that he or she has a ―bad heart‖ tends to live a life of reduced expectations, to take slower and fewer steps, and to move tentatively in the outside world.2.How does one avoid the feeling of being an invalid when underlying corditions create and indeed seem to dictate it? When a physician tells you that your heart is weak and must be spared the strains that other people routinely and joyously bear, how do you go through life without flinching when you approach stairs or hilly streets or children reaching out to be lifted? 3 Perhaps the best way to answer these questions is to begin by reflecting on the way the human body works.A weak body becomes weaker in a mood of total surrender.思想上先繳了械，身體便會更加孱弱。The mechanisms of repair and rehabilitation that are built into the human system have a natural drive to assert themselves under conditions of illness, but that natural tendency is deferred or deflected by an erosion of the will to live, or by the absence of confidence in one‘s physician or in one‘s own ability to play a vital part in the attack on disease.Obviously, it is absurd to suppose that there is no illness or somber circumstance that can‘t be reversed.But it is also true that under conditions of extreme illness we need all the help we can get.For the same reason it is necessary to put all our own powers to work in our own behalf.We want to get the most out of whatever is possible.An integral part of this process is respect

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)for the human body — an organism of astounding tenacity, resiliency, and recuperative capability.And, since the human body tends to move in the direction of its expectations — plus or minus — it is important to know that attitudes of confidence and determination are no less a part of the treatment program than medical science and technology.5 The day after I came home from the hospital, I arranged with a building contractor to construct a new study and storage facility for all the Saturday Review files and other books and records that had been moved out from the East.The only place available for the new construction was above a steep hill in back of the house.This meant I would have to climb the equivalent of four flights of stairs every time I wanted to go to the study.6 The building was completed in about three months.I have never felt the slightest hesitation in making the ascent, which I have done at least twice daily.The sense of pleasurable anticipations is enough to allow me to endure any strain.I do know this, however: if I had any distasteful expectations or reactions my body would supply all the signs of chest pressure to accommodate that distaste.More and more, I am inclined to accept the notion that the body produces its own poisons under circumstances of apprehension or emotional strain and that this factor is intimately involved in serious illness, whether it takes the form of cardiac disease, joint disabilities, or even cancer.The title of Kenneth Pelletier‘s book Mind as Healer, Mind as Slayer may say it all.Nothing is more amazing or heartening to me than to see the way in which many persons with severe afflictions or handicaps nonetheless manage to affirm life.Just in the act of mobilizing their emotional resources they help to potentiate themselves physically.I am not saying here that no one ever need feel disadvantaged;all I am doing is making a distinction between being an invalid and thinking and acting like one.9 I know that I am still at risk.I know that, without warning, my heart could suddenly fail.If that should happen, I will have no complaints.As I told Dr.Shine, I have nothing but gratitude for a heart that has seen me through an eventful life and several medical ordeals, beginning in childhood.10 Death is not the enemy;living in constant fear of it is.I have no intention of swathing myself in cotton to soften a possibly fatal episode.I will continue to live and think as actively and creatively as it is physically possible for me to do, knowing that longevity by self can be sterile but that vital feelings and thoughts give meaning and depth to life and provide a true sense of possibilities of human existence.11 I have already lived more than an average lifetime, but I want to continue to live long enough to see the establishment of a world under law and a planet made safe and fit for human habitation.I hope, too, to live long enough to see the conquest of human squalor.What stands in the way is not insufficiency o natural resources but the way people choose to think about their problems and opportunities.In any event, I am grateful that I am able to continue working for those causes that seek to free our age from gross indignities and the fear of nuclear devastation.12 What seems especially important to me in retrospect is that I am the beneficiary of the best that modern medical science has to offer.For many years, deaths from heart attacks have outnumbered fatalities from all other diseases.That number is now on the decline and will, I believe, decline further still with the full recognition, not just by the profession but by the general public, that a comprehensive program of treatment involves both the full utilization of medical science

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)and full development of the human healing system.The fact that the belief 13 I look up at the calendar as I put down these final notes and see that it is two years and five months since the heart attack of December 22, 1980 Dr.Shine has gone out of his way to congratulate me, using the word ―magnificent‖ to describe my process, even though he feels I may still be at substantial risk.The portion of the heart muscle has been strengthened and has adapted itself to my needs.Dr.Cannon says it is difficult to believe that bypass surgery could have achieved a better functional result than has been achieved without it.The original treadmill results that produced the finding of severe coronary insufficiency have been reversed.最初檢測出了嚴重冠狀動脈功能不全的踏車試驗結果已經(jīng)被逆轉了。I manage to set aside time each week for the sports I enjoy — doubles or singles in tennis, and golf with old friends.Golf does not really qualify as exercise, but it is a game that offers tangible and tantalizing possibilities for measurable improvement of one‘s skill.Besides, it provides an arena for banter and the rewards of companionship in an outdoor setting.I maintain a full working schedule, and I pay visits to the hospital at the request of physicians to see ill persons in need of a morale boost.The different between what I did before the heart attack and what I am doing now is that I now maintain some semblance of control I try to run my schedule instead of letting the schedule run me.我努力駕馭時間表，而不是被時間表所束縛。Unit Twelve Charles Darwin Thomas Henry Huxley 1 Very few, even among those who have taken the keenest interest in the progress of the revolution in natural knowledge set afoot by the publication of “The Origin of Species,” and who have watched, not without astonishment, the rapid and complete change which has been effected both inside and outside the boundaries of the scientific world in the attitude of men's minds towards the doctrines which are expounded in that great work, can have been prepared for the extraordinary manifestation of affectionate regard for the man, and of profound reverence for the philosopher, which followed the announcement, on Thursday last, of the death of Mr.Darwin.很少有人，即使是那些對由于《物種起源》一書的發(fā)表而推動的自然知識的變革進程極度感興趣的人，以及那些滿懷訝異關注著導致科學界內外人士對待這一巨著中闡明的觀點的態(tài)度發(fā)生迅速而徹底變化的人，能夠預料到上周四宣布達爾文死亡之后人們對于達爾文這一思想家的異乎尋常的摯愛和崇敬之情。Not only in these islands, where so many have felt the fascination of personal contact with an intellect which had no superior, and with a character which was even nobler than the intellect;but, in all parts of the civilised world, it would seem that those whose business it is to feel the pulse of nations and to know what interests the masses of mankind, were well aware that thousands of their readers would think the world the poorer for Darwin's death, and would dwell with eager interest upon every incident of his history.In France, in Germany, in Austro-Hungary, in Italy, in the United States, writers of all shades of opinion, for once unanimous, have paid a willing tribute to the worth of our great countryman, ignored in life by the official representatives of the kingdom, but laid in death among his peers in Westminster Abbey by the will of the intelligence of the nation.不止是在英倫三島，那里有如此多的人深切感受到一個無與倫比的靈魂的魅力，感受到一個比這一靈魂更加高貴的品質；在文明世界所有疆域里，似乎那些密切關注世界進程以及關心人民利益的人都能意識到他們數(shù)以千計的讀者將會認為達爾文的死是我們這個世界的一大損失，并將急迫地研讀他一生中的每一事件來緬懷他。在法國，在德國，在奧匈帝國，在意大利，在美國，所有持不同觀點的作家在這一刻一致同意為我們這一偉大同胞的價值表示致敬，盡管他一生都不被英國當局認同和尊敬，他死后還是遵由這一國家中智者的意愿被安葬在西敏寺的其他偉人之間。

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)3 It is not for us to allude to the sacred sorrows of the bereaved home at Down;but it is no secret that, outside that domestic group, there are many to whom Mr.Darwin's death is a wholly irreparable loss.And this not merely because of his wonderfully genial, simple, and generous nature;his cheerful and animated conversation, and the infinite variety and accuracy of his information;but because the more one knew of him, the more he seemed the incorporated ideal of a man of science.Acute as were his reasoning powers, vast as was his knowledge, marvellous as was his tenacious industry, under physical difficulties which would have converted nine men out of ten into aimless invalids;it was not these qualities, great as they were, which impressed those who were admitted to his intimacy with involuntary veneration, but a certain intense and almost passionate honesty by which all his thoughts and actions were irradiated, as by a central fire.我們不應提及在唐寧鎮(zhèn)那失去親人的家庭的沉重的悲傷；但有一點已不是秘密，那就是除了達爾文的親友，還有很多人認為他的死是無法挽回的損失。這不僅是由于他親切、率真和慷慨的本性；也不僅是由于他愉快生動的談吐，以及他龐雜而準確的信息量；而且由于人們對他了解的愈多，就愈感到他是科學工作者的典范。他的推理能力極為敏銳，他的知識面極為寬廣，他的堅毅勤奮令人嘆為觀止，他身體的困難十有八九會讓普通人淪落成沒有生活目標的病弱之人；使那些不知不覺中感受到達爾文的親切并因此而尊敬他的人們印象深刻不是他這些偉大的品質，而是如火焰一樣照亮他思想和行為的那種獨特的強烈而近乎熱烈的誠實。It was this rarest and greatest of endowments which kept his vivid imagination and great speculative powers within due bounds;which compelled him to undertake the prodigious labours of original investigation and of reading, upon which his published works are based;which made him accept criticisms and suggestions from anybody and everybody, not only without impatience, but with expressions of gratitude sometimes almost comically in excess of their value;which led him to allow neither himself nor others to be deceived by phrases, and to spare neither time nor pains in order to obtain clear and distinct ideas upon every topic with which he occupied himself.正是這種極其稀有的偉大的天賦使得他的生動的想象和偉大的推測能力處于合理的范疇內。這種態(tài)度使得他能夠不被只言片語迷惑，并且能夠不辭辛苦地盡力對他所從事的每一個議題取得清楚明確的看法。不同的是，面對大自然這一幾乎沒有任何破解希望的難題，我們的現(xiàn)代哲學家沒有退縮不前，以赫拉克利特和德謨克利特的理論為基礎，他把全部的生命奉獻到了攻克這一難題的事業(yè)里，得到的結果和他們早先提出的理論相似甚至完全一致。One could not converse with Darwin without being reminded of Socrates.There was the same desire to find some one wiser than himself;the same belief in the sovereignty of reason;the same ready humour;the same sympathetic interest in all the ways and works of men.But instead of turning away from the problems of Nature as hopelessly insoluble, our modern philosopher devoted his whole life to attacking them in the spirit of Heraclitus and of Democritus, with results which are the substance of which their speculations were anticipatory shadows.對達爾文所取得成績的正確評價，甚至正確的定位在當前來說是不現(xiàn)實甚至不應該期望的。凡事都需要時間――為我們對自然不斷擴展的征服感到欣喜需要時間，哀悼帶領我們取得勝利的英雄同樣需要時間。6 The due appreciation, or even enumeration, of these results is neither practicable nor desirable at this moment.There is a time for all things–a time for glorying in our ever-extending conquests over the realm of Nature, and a time for mourning over the heroes who have led us to victory.7 None have fought better, and none have been more fortunate, than Charles Darwin.He found a great truth trodden underfoot, reviled by bigots, and ridiculed by all the world;he lived long

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新編英語教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 譯文)enough to see it, chiefly by his own efforts, irrefragably established in science, inseparably incorporated with the common thoughts of men, and only hated and feared by those who would revile, but dare not.What shall a man desire more than this? Once more the image of Socrates rises unbidden, and the noble peroration of the “Apology” rings in our ears as if it were Charles Darwin's farewell: 8 “The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways–I to die and you to live.Which is the better, God only knows.” 他發(fā)現(xiàn)了深藏在我們腳下的、被偏邪之人攻擊、被全世界嘲笑的真理；他活著的時候看到了這一真理，主要通過他自己的努力，無可爭議地在科學中占有了一席之地，并成為普通人思想中不可分割的一部分，只被那些想攻擊卻又不敢攻擊的人憎惡和恐懼。

Unit Thirteen The Scopes Trial Frederick Lewis Allen（暫缺）品讀密西西比

河的臉，遲早幻化成一本神奇的書——這書于未經(jīng)訓練的旅人是死的語言，卻毫無保留地告訴我它的思想，如同有聲述說般將其最珍藏的秘密公布。這不是一本讀過一遍就棄置一旁的書，因為每一天它都有新故事要頌。綿延一千二百英里，每一頁均不無趣味。。讀不懂它的旅人總為水面上一種獨特隱約的酒窩所著迷（那也是在少數(shù)幾個偶然間，他沒有完全忽視酒窩的時候，才有的事）對于水手而言，那卻是一段印成斜體的文字；事實上那不僅僅是酒窩，而是最大號字體的圖例，且還要在末尾附加一連串呼號的感嘆符，因為它意味著那里埋藏著一艘沉船或一塊暗礁，隨時都有可能將漂流而過的最堅固的船舶摧毀。這是河水所能作出的最模糊，最簡單的表達，在被水手視作最可怕的信號。事實上，不能讀懂此書的旅人，只能從中看到形形色色的美麗圖畫，陽光為畫筆，云朵繪陰影，而對于受過訓練的眼睛，這些絲毫不是圖畫，而是最無情，最嚴肅的讀物。

而今我已掌握此河的語言，開始了解構成大河的每一個瑣碎特征，我認識它們，如同認識字母表的每一個字母，我獲得了一份寶貴的財富。但我同時遺失了某件東西，我遺失了某件在我有生之年都無法再恢復的東西。所有的優(yōu)雅，美麗，詩情，均不復存在于此壯麗的大河！猶記得我初當汽船水手時所目睹的一次奇妙的日落。河中很寬一部分區(qū)域被夕陽染成血紅。遠處和中央的紅光耀成金黃，一根獨木穿越金光漂浮而來，烏黑且顯眼，有一處水面上閃現(xiàn)一道斜長的記號；另一處水面則為沸騰翻滾的漪所擊碎，那多彩的漣漪仿佛一塊蛋白石；在微紅的赤暈最淡的地方，有一處光滑的地方覆有優(yōu)雅的圈紋并放射狀的線條，精美勾勒，無與倫比；左岸是茂密的灌木叢，這林里投下的昏暗的蔭在一處被一條長且參差的痕跡阻斷，那道痕跡像銀子般閃耀著；在林墻上方的高處，一棵禿桿兒的死樹搖曳著唯一一根帶葉的枝條，在夕陽無阻傾瀉的流動光輝中如火焰般閃耀著。優(yōu)雅的曲線，倒映的影像，蔥籠的高地，和緩的遠處；在整個背景之上，遠近處處，持續(xù)地浮動著光芒，那光漸漸消融在夜色中，每一刻都為河流綴以新的色彩奇跡。

我如同著了魔般久久佇立，在一種無言的狂喜中沉醉其間。世界于我是嶄新的，在家我從未見過此等景象。但正如我所說的，從某天開始，我不再留意月亮太陽和暮光在河的臉上的杰作，不再留意那種燦爛和魔力；又有一天，我停止注意這所有。從那天起，即使日落的奇景再重復，我也將不帶任何狂喜之情地看過，還會暗自這樣評價：―這個太陽預示明天要起風；那段浮木顯示河水在上漲，情況不妙；水面上傾斜的記號恰是一個陡峭的沙洲，若是這沙洲像那樣繼續(xù)延伸，這幾天夜里必會有汽船要遭殃；那片翻滾的?沸水‘顯示那里有一片消融的沙洲或是一段變道的河床；遠處平滑水域里的線條和圈紋警示著那片棘手的區(qū)域正十分危險地慢慢變淺；樹林的陰影里銀色的條紋，是一條新增殘樁的突出物，這截樹樁占據(jù)了所能找到的最有利于他給汽船造成麻煩的地形；那棵僅有一條帶葉樹枝的死樹，已經(jīng)支撐不了多久了，不知道沒有這位指路的老朋友，一個人還如何在夜間穿越他的盲區(qū)？‖

不，所有的浪漫和美麗都離這河遠去了。它的任何特征于我的價值不外乎那些對于安全掌舵汽船有益的可用之處。自那些天起，我從心底里同情醫(yī)生。美人雙頰的可愛紅暈對一位醫(yī)生而言除了伏于某致命疾患之上的征兆外還能意味著什么呢？她那耀目的魅力于他而言不正充滿一種隱匿萎敗的標志與象征嗎？究竟他有否瞧見她的美，還是他看她僅是以一種職業(yè)的眼光，且兀自只對他不健康的狀態(tài)予以評價？他可曾猶疑自己在掌握了技能之后是得到更多還是遺失得更多呢？

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