第一篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)史論文

以《乞力馬扎羅山的雪》為例淺談海明威作品的悲觀主義

2009級(jí)英語(yǔ)專業(yè) 黃娜

從《老人與海》,《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》,《永別了，武器》到《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》,我都能隱隱約約的感覺(jué)到海明威在作品中透露出的悲觀。

在幫助海明威獲得羅貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的《老人與?！分校Ｃ魍O力地把圣地亞哥塑造成一個(gè)百折不撓、堅(jiān)強(qiáng)不屈、敢于面對(duì)暴力和死亡的“硬漢子”形象，但是圣地亞哥最終還是沒(méi)有獲得大馬哈魚(yú)，仍然是悲劇的。又例如海明威在1940年發(fā)表了以西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)為背景的反法西斯主義的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》。作品描寫了主人公美國(guó)青年喬頓，他志愿參加西班牙人民的反法西斯斗爭(zhēng)，奉命在一支山區(qū)游擊隊(duì)的配合下，在指定時(shí)間炸毀一座具有戰(zhàn)略意義的橋梁。這本來(lái)是英雄史詩(shī)般的行為，讀者大多盼望這樣一個(gè)偉大的英雄能夠高唱?jiǎng)P歌回到祖國(guó)，受到英雄般的待遇，人民需要英雄。但是小說(shuō)的結(jié)果又是悲觀的。喬頓雖然成功完成了任務(wù)，炸毀了橋梁，但他自己也身負(fù)重傷，在敵強(qiáng)我弱的情況下阻擊敵人，毋庸置疑等待他只有死亡，結(jié)局僑頓確實(shí)死了。

這樣的情節(jié)在海明威的作品中很多。但是筆者今天重點(diǎn)談?wù)勗凇镀蛄︸R扎羅山的雪》中海明威這種悲觀主義。

1.故事中透露著對(duì)死亡的悲觀。首先聲明我是個(gè)樂(lè)觀主義者。雖然小

時(shí)候這種價(jià)值觀的作文，老師一般會(huì)發(fā)回重寫。因?yàn)檫@和歌頌美好的生活的主題嚴(yán)重不搭調(diào)。為什么說(shuō)故事透露出對(duì)死亡的悲觀呢？這部《乞力馬扎羅的雪》是海明威晚年的一部短篇小說(shuō)。故事大致上是對(duì)于一個(gè)臨死前的人的精彩描述。主要講述一個(gè)作家哈里去非洲狩獵,途中汽車拋錨,皮膚被刺劃破,染上壞疽病。他和他的妻子在等待一架飛機(jī)來(lái)把他送到醫(yī)院治療。故事圍繞“死亡”和“即將死亡”來(lái)寫,但根本的主題是哈里回到過(guò)去,從過(guò)去走到現(xiàn)在的歷程回顧。哈里熱愛(ài)這個(gè)世界,他有很多經(jīng)歷,跟不同女人的經(jīng)歷,以及自己所從事的不同職業(yè)的經(jīng)歷,他都想寫下來(lái)但卻沒(méi)來(lái)得及寫,他最終沒(méi)有能達(dá)到心中的目標(biāo),死前,他悔恨至極。雖然故事說(shuō)的是哈里，但是可以看出也體現(xiàn)了作者真實(shí)情況的反應(yīng)。他和故事主人公有很多相似之處。例如都是作家，都經(jīng)歷了不同的女人，也都是喜愛(ài)狩獵，敢于冒險(xiǎn)。但是在面對(duì)死亡的時(shí)候都充滿了恐懼。道出了所有人與生俱來(lái)的害怕死亡的事實(shí)。

2.文章開(kāi)始就體現(xiàn)了對(duì)生活的悲觀。生活本來(lái)可以很美好的。可是《乞力馬扎羅的雪》一開(kāi)篇就把獵隊(duì)的所有人送入到絕境，小說(shuō)的主人公哈里的壞疽危及生命，煩躁不安的他認(rèn)為自己就要死了，而且是由于一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的小小的疏忽釀成此悲劇。他覺(jué)得這樣悄無(wú)聲息的，毫無(wú)價(jià)值的死太冤了。這種故事情節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)固然增加了故事的可看性，但是把生活描述太過(guò)于坎坷和悲劇。

3.對(duì)人的描寫過(guò)于悲觀和狹隘。人本來(lái)是偉大的，我喜歡正面描寫的人，堂堂正正，光明磊落。死而后已的形象。但是在故事中哈里由于害怕死亡，所以他恨不得毀掉一切以換取自己的生存，無(wú)法容忍別人還在健康的活著，他不停的找機(jī)會(huì)和海倫吵架，用各種各樣的難聽(tīng)的、攻擊性的話去刺激她，把自己遭受的一切不行強(qiáng)加在她的身上，而其實(shí)這種內(nèi)心的憤怒與發(fā)泄又都源于內(nèi)心的對(duì)于死的恐懼，死亡的憂懼?jǐn)_得他五內(nèi)俱焚。他想以寫作掩飾心靈驚顫，想借酒澆滅精神痛苦，想以往日的榮耀抵平今日的失誤，其實(shí)這些都沒(méi)有用，只是更加使得自己遭受著百般的折磨，墜入毀滅自己的深淵。不可否認(rèn)，任何一個(gè)垂死的人，都同哈里一樣，知道死亡近在咫尺的時(shí)候，有著無(wú)法抗拒的恐懼和對(duì)人世間的留戀。

4.把死亡描寫的過(guò)于恐懼?？謶謥?lái)源于人的內(nèi)心。雖然我們都知道：無(wú)論我們?nèi)绾慰範(fàn)?，作為生命、希望，只有死亡具有終結(jié)一切的意義。但是只要我們活著，能做些有意義的事情，死亡就不可怕。故事中哈里等待死亡一步步逼近的時(shí)候，他懼怕的過(guò)分敏感，毛骨悚然，不禁讓人覺(jué)得心疼他，可是死神不管你是否愿意或者是如何掙扎，怎奈恐懼，終將如期降臨在哈里的身上。哈里這樣去對(duì)待死亡是完全沒(méi)有意義的。

5.反映了海明威的世界觀的局限。從全文的思想意義上看，里面的人物都帶有一定的悲觀主義色彩。主人公哈里，是寫作生涯取得一定成就之后在奢靡中迷失自己的人。但作為一個(gè)作家的警覺(jué)，他意識(shí)到了自己的迷失。他企圖回到非洲，那個(gè)曾經(jīng)給過(guò)他歷練的地方，找回自己。但其實(shí)他明白，過(guò)去的自己，再也找不回了。傷口生壞疽而死不是真正的原因，“哀大莫過(guò)于心死”，但好在，死的時(shí)候他已清醒認(rèn)識(shí)了自己，認(rèn)識(shí)了人生。

悲觀主義也許就是海明威想要表現(xiàn)的思想之一，也是海明威獨(dú)具風(fēng)格的藝術(shù)形式。若干年以后，以硬漢形象著稱的海明威把雙筒獵槍塞進(jìn)自己的嘴里但求一死，也許海明威早在許多年前就借哈里的相同身份體驗(yàn)了美麗而殘酷的死亡。并以這樣的方式詮釋了其悲觀主義。

第二篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)史名詞解釋

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God?s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God?s chosen people who would enjoy God?s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:（影響）(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan?s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作：Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要這么多，我就刪掉了3、4、5條。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

? New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

? Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

? 浪漫主義的影響： The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation?s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published ?Nature? in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented?The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.? and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson?s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, ?transcend ere?: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the individual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ?oversoul?.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超驗(yàn)主義的影響：it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1）Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2）Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3）Focuses on the lives of the common people

4）Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作：William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

現(xiàn)實(shí)主義影響：Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters：

Mark Twain（筆名）

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane?s is the first American naturalism work.Norris?s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser?s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers? detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影響：.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韻律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter（音步）.Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman?s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman?s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway?s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald?s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第三篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)史梗概

美國(guó)文學(xué)史梗概

一、殖民地時(shí)代和美國(guó)建國(guó)初期

最早來(lái)自這片新大陸的歐洲移民主要是定居在新英格蘭的清教徒和馬薩諸塞的羅馬天主教徒，二者雖然在教義上有很多不同之處，但他們都信奉加爾文主義：人生在世只是為了受苦受難，而他們唯一的希望是爭(zhēng)做上帝的“選民”，死后進(jìn)天國(guó)，相信“原罪”。這時(shí)的文學(xué)作品也主要反映了這些思想，和歐洲文學(xué)一脈相承。

代表作家：考頓·馬瑟，喬納森·愛(ài)德華茲，安妮·布拉茲特里特，愛(ài)德華·泰勒。

二、18世紀(jì)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利后，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)進(jìn)入穩(wěn)步發(fā)展時(shí)期

這一時(shí)期是啟蒙主義文學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)期，主要文學(xué)指導(dǎo)思想是“自然神論（”Deism），強(qiáng)調(diào)理性，認(rèn)為“宇宙的運(yùn)動(dòng)始于上帝”；自然萬(wàn)物是“神的體現(xiàn)”，人生在世，不再是受苦受難以換取來(lái)世的新生，而是要消滅種族、性別和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人間樂(lè)園”。

主要特點(diǎn)：作家多是美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的積極擁護(hù)者和參加者；文學(xué)指導(dǎo)思想除了自然神論之外還有“唯理主義”和“新古典主義”，18世紀(jì)末還開(kāi)始萌發(fā)了“早期浪漫主義”；文學(xué)種類主要有歷史、日記和政論，也有詩(shī)歌，諷刺小品和勸人向善的故事，18世紀(jì)末還產(chǎn)生了話劇。

啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)中出現(xiàn)大量?jī)?yōu)秀的散文作品，并多出自開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)字?，如本杰明·富蘭克林，托馬斯·潘恩，以及托馬斯·杰斐遜。

三、19世紀(jì)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期

這一時(shí)期的文學(xué)先后發(fā)展了浪漫主義，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義。

浪漫主義：18世紀(jì)70年代－19世紀(jì)30年代是浪漫主義發(fā)展的初期，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前30年（1830－1860）為極盛時(shí)期，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后10年逐漸衰微并向現(xiàn)實(shí)主義過(guò)度。浪漫主義注重“想象”、“激情”和“個(gè)性解放”，認(rèn)為人本質(zhì)是善良的，鏟除邪惡和拯救人類的手段是拋棄一切傳統(tǒng)束縛，摧毀一切陳規(guī)陋習(xí)而回歸到“自然的原始狀態(tài)中去。超驗(yàn)主義是其一分支，強(qiáng)調(diào)“天人合一”，認(rèn)為上帝、人類和自然都是“超靈”的組成部分。

代表作家及作品：愛(ài)默生《自然》，索羅《瓦爾登湖》，霍桑《紅字》，麥爾維爾《白鯨》，惠特曼《草葉集》。

現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：是美國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物，西部開(kāi)拓運(yùn)動(dòng)、工業(yè)化、科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步都促進(jìn)了其發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義的作家一般為實(shí)用主義和民主主義的信徒，他們追求和反映的是具有顯而易見(jiàn)效果并被經(jīng)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了的相對(duì)真理，他們創(chuàng)作題

材的是普通人平常事，是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)藝術(shù)的最高表現(xiàn)。

豪威爾斯是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的奠基人，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了馬克·吐溫，鼓勵(lì)和幫助了亨利·詹姆斯，影響了自然主義作家弗蘭·克諾里斯和斯蒂芬·克萊恩。

自然主義：是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的發(fā)展和繼續(xù)，是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與19世紀(jì)科學(xué)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的“分析法”和“因果律”互相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，有時(shí)被稱為“悲觀的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”，認(rèn)為人是一種軟弱無(wú)能的動(dòng)物，被置于機(jī)械化的世界匯總而成為這一世界中難以駕御的幾種勢(shì)力（包括環(huán)境、自然、遺傳等）的犧牲品

其里程碑是：19世紀(jì)70、80年代左拉的小說(shuō)的出版，90年代克萊恩的《紅色英勇徽章》，1900年德萊塞《嘉莉妹妹》，1912年《金融家》，1925年《美國(guó)的悲劇》。

四、20世紀(jì)美國(guó)文學(xué)經(jīng)歷了兩次世界大戰(zhàn)，跨越了三個(gè)時(shí)代

a)斯文時(shí)代（1880－1914，The Genteel Age）：這是一個(gè)跨世紀(jì)的，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的時(shí)代。此時(shí)的美國(guó)文學(xué)與歐洲文學(xué)之間有著某種曖昧關(guān)系，本質(zhì)上是歐洲式的和美國(guó)的小歐洲新英格蘭式的。此時(shí)以西奧多·羅斯福為代表的民族主義在文學(xué)上有著強(qiáng)烈的反映，人們還念念不忘美國(guó)與歐洲的文化聯(lián)系與差異。

b)爵士時(shí)代（1918－1929, The Jazz Age）：一戰(zhàn)后，產(chǎn)生了一代不受約束，幻想破滅了和玩世不恭的年青人，被格特魯?shù)隆に固挂蚍Q為“迷惘的一代”。

c)經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條時(shí)代（1929－1941，The Depression Era）：20年代的玩世不恭的態(tài)度在此時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為一種憤憤不平的悲觀主義，30年代美國(guó)文學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向了“社會(huì)抗議文學(xué)”，“心理之學(xué)”和追求人的精神世界。

美國(guó)文學(xué)先后經(jīng)歷了現(xiàn)代主義，和后現(xiàn)代主義思潮：

現(xiàn)代主義：一戰(zhàn)后到50年代，是一場(chǎng)自覺(jué)地反傳統(tǒng)的文學(xué)藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，表現(xiàn)無(wú)意識(shí)的荒謬心態(tài)，如斯坦因，喬伊斯的小說(shuō)，運(yùn)用意識(shí)流的手法，如福克納的《喧嘩與騷動(dòng)》和《我彌留之際》；在組織構(gòu)架上偏愛(ài)用神話，如艾略特的《荒原》，龐德的《詩(shī)章》，喬伊斯的《尤利西斯》；風(fēng)格上以“意象”為主，語(yǔ)言上主張簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確；題材上主要反映一戰(zhàn)參與者的生活、思想、感情和前途命運(yùn)，如多斯珀索斯的《三個(gè)士兵》，海明威的《太陽(yáng)照樣升起》，《永別了，武器》，描寫了精神崩潰與幻想破滅的一代人。

邪惡是這是文學(xué)的主要題材之一，艾略特、弗羅斯特、奧尼爾、卡明斯、埃利森的作品中都有體現(xiàn)。

后現(xiàn)代主義：在二戰(zhàn)后，納粹極權(quán)主義大屠殺、原子彈、自然環(huán)境的破壞、世界人口過(guò)剩和饑荒造成西方人的精神摧殘與危機(jī)，作家繼續(xù)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代主義反傳統(tǒng)的文藝實(shí)驗(yàn)，而且企圖與當(dāng)時(shí)業(yè)已形成規(guī)范的現(xiàn)代主義文藝形式?jīng)Q裂。后現(xiàn)代主義

主張否定社會(huì)秩序，表現(xiàn)支離破碎的世界，認(rèn)為文藝批評(píng)就是現(xiàn)象學(xué)形式的理論。此時(shí)，美國(guó)黑人文學(xué)，猶太文學(xué)，南方文學(xué)，反戰(zhàn)文學(xué)和女權(quán)主義文學(xué)競(jìng)相發(fā)展。

小說(shuō)家托馬斯·品欽，詩(shī)人西爾維亞·普萊斯，戲劇家艾瑪穆·阿米里·巴拉卡為典型的后現(xiàn)代主義作家。

索爾·貝婁，艾倫·金斯伯格，拉爾夫·埃里森，田納西·威廉斯，阿瑟·密勒和愛(ài)德華·阿爾比是從現(xiàn)代主義向后現(xiàn)代主義過(guò)渡的著名作家。

20世紀(jì)美國(guó)文學(xué)的兩個(gè)特征：

1.現(xiàn)代主義作家一般是反對(duì)傳統(tǒng)觀念而提倡“個(gè)人主義”的或者說(shuō)他們打破了美國(guó)社會(huì)、道德和文學(xué)的常規(guī)。

2.現(xiàn)代作家潛心探索一種真正屬于美國(guó)人民的寫作手法和語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格，他們?cè)噲D以純美國(guó)的方式進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作。

第四篇：中國(guó)近代文學(xué)史論文

假期的時(shí)候看了《駱駝祥子》，它講述了一個(gè)祥子在舊中國(guó)想要通過(guò)自身奮斗而創(chuàng)造新生活卻最終墮落的悲劇故事。祥子從農(nóng)村來(lái)到城里，作為一個(gè)城市貧民的代表，他在奮斗的過(guò)程中遭遇了許多的挫折。從洋車被亂兵搶走到被迫與虎妞結(jié)婚，是他一步步度走向墮落，到最后他甚至?xí)鲑u人命來(lái)?yè)Q取錢財(cái)。祥子的夢(mèng)想其實(shí)并不難實(shí)現(xiàn)，他只是想要一輛車，一輛自己的車。可是社會(huì)的黑暗是他一次次的絕望，他用不知多少汗水換來(lái)的一輛洋車，最終卻也還是落得被亂軍搶走。

祥子的婚姻也是他的一次悲劇。祥子想要娶一個(gè)可以和他一起奮斗的女子，溫柔而且可以和他一起吃苦。可是他最終卻被虎妞算計(jì)了，而不得不與她成婚?；㈡ぁ獫娎倍行挠?jì)的中年婦女，生就一副男兒性格，很會(huì)打理事物，將人和車場(chǎng)管理的井井有條。頗有心計(jì)的她安排好了一場(chǎng)騙局，卻沒(méi)料到早早的被父親——?jiǎng)⑺臓敗鸫?，但他還是騙取祥子和她結(jié)了婚，但卻沒(méi)料到父親會(huì)狠心拋下她不管，賣了廠子到外地去了?；㈡ぞ褪遣幌雱趧?dòng)而靠資本獲得錢財(cái)?shù)娜?，這與祥子的理想生活相差太大，而且虎妞是何等厲害的角色，她想了許多辦法來(lái)改變祥子，這也使祥子對(duì)他婚姻的厭惡感大大加強(qiáng)了。最終由于虎妞的好吃懶做引起難產(chǎn)而死去為祥子婚姻的結(jié)局，這一切結(jié)局都是又虎妞自己一手造成的，用伎倆換取了婚姻，卻算來(lái)算去結(jié)果把自己的命也算了進(jìn)去。

祥子對(duì)這個(gè)強(qiáng)加的婚姻感到委屈恥辱，如果他對(duì)虎妞，對(duì)這個(gè)家也不是只有恨而沒(méi)有留戀，那樣的話虎妞的死應(yīng)帶給他解脫的興奮，但實(shí)際上他是痛苦的。因?yàn)榛㈡ひ矌Ыo了他溫暖，一回家就可以吃到溫?zé)峥煽诘娘埐耍㈡つ盟椒垮X維持生活，給他買車，圓了他買車的夢(mèng)，在他生病時(shí)照顧他。祥子也覺(jué)得“不管怎樣，他覺(jué)得自己已足有了家，一個(gè)家總有他的可愛(ài)處”，“生命的延續(xù)不過(guò)是生兒養(yǎng)女——只要有個(gè)小孩，生命便不會(huì)是空的”。虎妞其實(shí)也是喜歡祥子的，只是她對(duì)祥子的喜歡演變成了一種占有，她想不斷的改變祥子，讓祥子時(shí)時(shí)刻刻都陪著自己，遠(yuǎn)離車夫這種低賤的行業(yè)。但可惜的是虎妞不理解祥子，她不知道祥子真正向往的是什么樣的生活，這也是祥子這場(chǎng)婚姻的失敗之處,在那樣的時(shí)代，沒(méi)人能理解他。

盡管婚姻帶給祥子痛苦，他也不想毀掉它，可現(xiàn)實(shí)連這么低微的要求都不能滿足他，是多么的悲哀!祥子與虎妞的婚姻悲劇又是性格悲劇祥子是來(lái)自農(nóng)村的城市個(gè)體勞動(dòng)者，農(nóng)村的生活在他的性格以至于他的形象的各個(gè)方面都留下了深刻的印記。無(wú)論是他的健壯、木訥或者勤快、樸實(shí)，還有他的狹隘、保守或者謹(jǐn)小慎微，即從外表，生活習(xí)慣，到心理狀態(tài)，精神氣質(zhì)，無(wú)不帶有濃厚的泥土氣息，顯示出來(lái)自鄉(xiāng)間的特點(diǎn)。祥子性格上最大的特點(diǎn)，是通過(guò)個(gè)人奮斗改變自己祥子的婚姻的社會(huì)地位和生活命運(yùn)的強(qiáng)烈愿望。他所承受的是來(lái)自整個(gè)社會(huì)的沉重壓迫，孤立的零散的個(gè)人奮斗自然難以取得成功；即使有了自己的車子并且始終保有，又何嘗能夠擺脫這些壓制而成為真正可以獨(dú)立自主，幸福生活的勞動(dòng)者?他自身的身份地位是他的這種想法不切實(shí)際。這種不切實(shí)際的打算，使他一開(kāi)始就陷入了盲目性，一切真誠(chéng)的努力都是毫無(wú)意義的，等待他的只能是失敗和悲劇，攢錢買車是祥子理想的全部，他拼命拉車，生活節(jié)儉，無(wú)不良嗜好?？孔约旱碾p手買了車，日子好一些，他才會(huì)考慮娶親，而這強(qiáng)加的婚姻使他要靠雙手立業(yè)成家的愿望成了泡影，他感到委屈和恥辱。祥子本打算，假如有了車，生活好一些，“而且愿意娶親的話，他必定要到鄉(xiāng)下娶個(gè)年輕力壯，吃得苦，能洗能做的姑娘?！被㈡げ皇呛线m的人選，她想要靠資本過(guò)活，而且又會(huì)耍手段，祥子正是因?yàn)樽灾屏Σ粡?qiáng)，才中了虎妞設(shè)下了圈套?；㈡は胍加邢樽樱龑?duì)祥子和對(duì)別人比起來(lái)真是好上百倍。祥子被軍閥逃兵搶去心愛(ài)的車，逃出回到人和廠時(shí)“虎妞仿佛是招待個(gè)好朋友”，當(dāng)他病未好利索就拼命拉車，心疼他的也是虎妞，“她真是一百一的客氣，愛(ài)護(hù)”，這對(duì)于無(wú)親無(wú)故的祥子，是溫暖的，所以祥子認(rèn)為虎妞是做朋友的不錯(cuò)人選?？伤环舷樽拥幕橐隼硐耄汉每葱⒛贻p、和順。從祥子不接受虎妞也是因?yàn)榉饨▊鹘y(tǒng)觀念對(duì)祥子的影響。虎妞不但又丑又老，婚前還用欺騙手段得到丈夫，婚后還傲慢地支配丈夫，祥子在新房里轉(zhuǎn)悠，他感覺(jué)整個(gè)生命就是一部委屈。所以祥子看虎妞是母老虎，怕她，又恨她，怎么能接受他呢?祥子不接受虎妞理應(yīng)拒絕，但他又不能擺脫掉虎妞；虎妞的私房錢可以弄上的二三輛車，“不為要她還不為要那幾輛車嗎”?同時(shí)祥子又狹隘、愛(ài)面子，怕別人說(shuō)他貪圖劉四家財(cái)，怕別人笑他依賴虎妞生活，怕別人罵他不正大光明。祥子的矛盾不僅造成了自己的痛苦，也給虎妞帶來(lái)了不幸。祥子與虎妞生活習(xí)慣與情趣及掙錢的方式方法上也有矛盾與分歧，這些矛盾與分歧是由各自的性格決定的，它使這場(chǎng)婚姻的悲劇色彩更加的濃重。

祥子與虎妞最大的差別在于思想，他們的悲劇也源于此。無(wú)論祥子怎么忍讓或者是試著和虎妞相處，他們之間總有隔閡甚至是矛盾。在現(xiàn)代的婚姻中已經(jīng)沒(méi)有了社會(huì)的逼迫，但是還是會(huì)有很多人因?yàn)殄X財(cái)與權(quán)力的逼迫和誘惑選擇不適合自己的婚姻。其實(shí)這樣的婚姻又何嘗不像祥子一般，想逃又逃不掉，相適應(yīng)卻又適應(yīng)不了，最終只會(huì)是自己人生的一大悲劇。面對(duì)如此的婚姻，應(yīng)該很清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)到其中的利與弊，然后才可以做出正確的選擇，避免人生陷入困境。

第五篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)史簡(jiǎn)述

A Short Summary of the History of American Literature

In American Literature, Colonial and Revolutionary period, American Romanticism, The Realistic Period and American Modernism are the four important periods.During 17C and 18C is the American colonial and Revolutionary Period.Puritanism is the main school of this period, which is the practices and belief of puritans.The American puritans accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.Jonathan Edwards was one of the great writers of the Puritanism, his works include The Freedom of the Will, The Nature of True Virtue and so on.Philip Freneau is “a poet of the American Revolution” and “the father of American Poetry”.The Rising Glory of American and The Wild Honey Suckle are his famous works.Puritanism gradually declined at the end of 18C.As a result of the impact of European Literary Romanticism, there rapidly came into being the rise of romanticism in American.The American romanticism flourished from 1815 to 1865, which advocated importance to individual dignity and value, and they shared some characteristics— moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception.Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history.It laid emphasis on spirit, individual and nature.Washington Irving is a writer of this period, who has been called “the father of American Literature”.He wins the international fame for The Sketch Book, which marked the beginning of American Romanticism.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the New England Transcendentalist.Nature, his famous work, is regarded as the “manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.American industrialization was one of the important factors of the development of American Realistic Literature, which was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age” from 1865 to 1914.American Realism came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.It turned from an emphasis on the faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic.Realists looked for truth in any place.William Dean Howells is the champion of realism.He writes about the rising middle class and the way they live.The Rise of Silas Lapham, his masterpiece, is a fine example of the American realism.Mark Twain is a great literary artist and social critic.He writes about the story of the low class and is famous for his colloquial style and localism.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is his famous fiction, which has been regarded as one of the greatest books of western literature and western civilization.After the WWI, some young writers wondered pointlessly and restlessly, while at the same time they were called the “Lost Generation”.Then, there came into being the modernism from 1914 to 1945, it is used to show the literary art possessing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the WWI.It means cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss.It refused to accept the traditional ideological influences.F.Scott Fitzgerald is widely regarded as one of the 20th century’s greatest writers.This Side of Paradise is his first novel, it became immensely popular for the simple reason that it caught the tone of the age.Ernest Hemingway is the famous writer of this period.He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.A Farewell to Arms is his masterpiece in which the author deals with the war directly.This is what I want to say about the history of American literature.