第一篇:財務管理總結(jié) 英文
1.Maximizing a firm’s earnings after taxes.Problems
Could increase current profits while harming firm(e.g., defer maintenance, issue common stock to buy T-bills, etc.).Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.2.Maximizing earnings after taxes divided by shares outstanding.Does not specify timing or duration of expected returns.Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.Calls for a zero payout dividend policy.3.Market value of all of assets
Principals must provide incentives so that management acts in the principals’ best interests
Incentives include, stock options(股票期權(quán)), perquisites(額外所得), and bonuses(獎金紅利)。
4.Wealth maximization does not preclude the firm from being socially responsible.Protecting the consumer
Paying fair wages to employees
Maintaining safe working conditions Supporting education
Protecting environmental issuesCorporate Governance
Corporate governance: represents the system by which corporations are managed and controlled.Includes shareholders, board of directors, and senior management.公司組織形式: :Advantages:Simplicity,Low setup cost,Quick set up,Single tax filing on individual form。Disadvantages:Unlimited liability,Hard to raise additional capital,Transfer of ownership difficulties,Can be simple,Low setup cost, higher than sole proprietorship,Relatively quick setup,Limited liability for limited partners。Disadvantages:Unlimited liability for the general partner,Difficult to raise additional capital, but easier than sole proprietorship,Transfer of ownership difficulties Corporations Advantages:Limited liability,Easy transfer of ownership,Unlimited life,Easier to raise large quantities of capital
Disadvantages:Double taxation,More difficult to establish,More expensive to set up and maintain。
General Partnership--all partners have unlimited liability and are liable for all obligations of the partnership.imited Partnership--limited partners have liability limited to their capital contribution(investors only).At least one general partner is required and all general partners have unlimited liability.Interest paid(earned)on only the original amount, or principal(本金), borrowed(lent).Interest paid(earned)on any previous interest earned, as well as on the principal borrowed(lent).An Annuity represents a series of equal payments(or receipts)occurring over a specified number of equidistant periods Ordinary Annuity(普通年金):Payments or receipts occur at the end of each period.Annuity Due(即付年金):Payments or receipts occur at thebeginning of each period.Student Loan PaymentsCar Loan PaymentsInsurance PremiumsMortgage PaymentsRetirement Savings
of a present amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.When interest rates rise, then the market required rates of return rise and bond prices will fall.L清算價值)represents the amount of money that could be realized if an asset or group of assets is sold separately from its operating organization.續(xù)經(jīng)營價值)represents the amount a firm could be sold for as a continuing operating business.represents either(1)an asset: the accounting value of an asset--the asset’s cost minus its accumulated depreciation;
(2)a firm: total assets minus liabilities and preferred stock as listed on the balance sheet.represents the market price at which an asset trades.represents the price a security “ought to have” based on all factors bearing on valuation.A bond is a long-term debt instrument issued by a corporation or government.[or face value,面值] of a bond is the stated value.In the case of a U.S.bond, the face value is usually $1,000.is a type of stock that promises a(usually)fixed dividend, but at the discretion of the board of directors.Preferred Stock has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and claims on assets.epresents a residual ownership position in the corporation.Cost of Capital is the required rate of return on the various types of financing.The overall cost of capital is a weighted average of the individual required rates of return(costs).1.Weighting SystemMarginal Capital CostsCapital Raised in DifferentProportions than WACC
2.Flotation Costs are the costs associated with issuing securities such as underwriting, legal, listing, and printing fees.a.Adjustment to Initial Outlayb.Adjustment to Discount Rate 1Transactions Motive(交易動機)--to meet payments arising in the ordinary course of business2 Speculative Motive(投機動機)--to take advantage of temporary opportunities 3 Precautionary Motive(預防動機)--to maintain a cushion or buffer to meet unexpected cash needs
:The variability in the market price of a security caused by changes in interest rates.Maturity:Refers to the remaining life of the security.Safety:Refers to the likelihood of getting back the same number of dollars you originally invested(principal).:The ability to sell a significant volume of securities in a short period of time in the secondary market without significant price concession.1 Character – willingness to meet financial obligationsCapacity – ability to meet financial obligations out of operating cash flows 3 Capital – financial reserves(儲備)4 Collateral – assets pledged as securityConditions – general economic conditions related to customer’s business
Strengths:Easy to use and understand2Can be used as a measure of liquidity3Easier to forecast ST than LT flows Weaknesses:
1Does not account for TVM
2Does not consider cash flows beyondthe PBP
3Cutoff period is subjectiveStrengths:1Accounts for TVM
2Considers all cash flows3 Less subjectivity1 Assumes all cash flows reinvested atthe IRR
2Difficulties with project rankings andMultiple IRRs Strengths:
1Cash flows assumed to be reinvested at the hurdle rate.2Accounts for TVM.3Considers all cash flows.Weaknesses:May not include managerial options embeddedin the projectStrengths:
1Same as NPV
2Allows comparison of different scale projects Weaknesses: 1Same as NPV
2Provides only relative profitability 3Potential Ranking Problems
風險與報酬:
Risk: The variability of returns from those that are expected.Systematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios associated with changes in return on the market as a whole.Risk factors that affect a large number of assets,Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk,Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements.It is avoidable through diversification.Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets,Also known as unique risk and asset-specific risk,Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Return:
Income received on an investment plus any change in market price, usually expressed as a percent of the beginning market price of the investment.1There is a reward for bearing risk2The greater the potential reward, the greater the risk3This is called the risk-return trade-off.There is a reward for bearing risk;There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecessarily;The expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away Risk Premiums(風險溢價)
The “extra” return earned for taking on risk Treasury bills are considered to be risk-free The risk premium is the return over and above the risk-free rate
Standard Deviation(標準差), is a statistical measure of the variability of a distribution around its mean.Coefficient of Variation(變化系數(shù))The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribution to the mean of that distribution.Systematic Risk
Risk factors that affect a large number of assets
Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk
Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic Risk
Risk factors that affect a limited number of assets
Also known as unique risk and asset-specific risk
Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Systematic Risk Principle
There is a reward for bearing risk
There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecessarily
The expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset’s systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away Total Risk
Total risk = systematic risk + unsystematic risk
The standard deviation of returns is a measure of total risk
For well diversified portfolios, unsystematic risk is very small
Consequently, the total risk for a diversified portfolio is essentially equivalent to the systematic risk
Returns
Total Return = expected return + unexpected return
Unexpected return = systematic portion + unsystematic portion
Therefore, total return can be expressed as follows:
Total Return = expected return + systematic portion + unsystematic portion
Expected versus Unexpected Returns
Realized returns are generally not equal to expected returns
There is the expected component and the unexpected component
At any point in time, the unexpected return can be either positive or negative
Over time, the average of the unexpected component is zero Portfolios(組合)
A portfolio is a collection of assets
An asset’s risk and return is important in how it affects the risk and return of the portfolio The risk-return trade-off for a portfolio is measured by the portfolio expected return and standard deviation, just as with individual assets
CAPM Assumptions
1.Capital markets are efficient.2.Homogeneous investor expectationsover a given period.3.Risk-free asset return is certain(useshort-to intermediate-termTreasuries as a proxy).4.Market portfolio contains onlysystematic risk(use S&P 500 Indexor similar as a proxy).Beta: An index of systematic risk.It measures the sensitivity of a stock’s returns
to changes in returns on the market portfolio.Net Working Capital(凈營運資本)Current Assets-Current Liabilities.Gross Working Capital(毛營運資本)The firm’s investment in current assets.Working Capital Management
The administration of the firm’s current assets and the financing needed to support current assets.Speeding Up Cash Receipts
Expedite preparing and mailing the invoice Accelerate the mailing of payments from customers
Reduce the time during which payments received by the firm remain uncollected S-l-o-w-i-n-gD-o-w-n Cash Payouts 1.“Playing the Float”
2.Control of DisbursementsPayable through Draft
Payroll and Dividend DisbursementsZero Balance Account(ZBA)
3.Remote and Controlled Disbursing Common Money Market Instruments Money Market Instruments
All government securities and short-term corporate obligations.(Broadly defined)
Treasury Bills(T-bills):Short-term, non-interest bearing obligations of the U.S.Treasury issued at a discount and redeemed at maturity for full face value.Minimum $1,000 amount and $1,000 increments thereafter.Treasury Notes:Medium-term(2-10 years’ original maturity)obligations of the U.S.Treasury.Treasury Bonds: Long-term(more than 10 years’ original maturity)obligations of the U.S.Treasury.Costs arising from relaxing credit standards A larger credit department Additional clerical work
Servicing additional accounts Bad-debt losses Opportunity costs
Analyzing the Credit Applicant
Obtaining information on the credit applicant Analyzing this information to determine the applicant’s creditworthiness Making the credit decision Sources of Information
The company must weigh the amount of information needed versus the time and expense required.Financial statements Credit ratings and reports Bank checking Trade checking
Company’s own experience Credit Analysis
A credit analyst is likely to utilize information regarding:
the financial statements of the firm(ratio analysis)
the character of the company the character of management the financial strength of the firm
other individual issues specific to the firm Inventories form a link between production and sale of a product.Inventory types:
Raw-materials inventory Work-in-process inventory In-transit inventory
Finished-goods inventory
Inventories provide flexibility for the firm in: Purchasing
Production scheduling
Efficient servicing of customer demands
Capital Rationing occurs when a constraint(or budget ceiling)is placed on the total size of capital expenditures during a particular period.Dependent--A project whose acceptance depends on the acceptance of one or more other projects.Mutually Exclusive--A project whose acceptance precludes the acceptance of one or
more alternative projects.Interpretation of the DOL
Key Conclusions to be Drawn from the previous slide and our Discussion of DOL DOL is a quantitative measure of the “sensitivity” of a firm’s operating profit to a change in the firm’s sales.The closer that a firm operates to its break-even point, the higher is the absolute value of its DOL.When comparing firms, the firm with the highest DOL is the firm that will be most “sensitive” to a change in sales.EBIT-EPS Break-Even Analysis--Analysis of the effect of financing alternatives on earnings per share.The break-even point is the EBIT level where EPS is the same for two(or more)alternatives.(每股收益相等時的息稅前盈余水平)
Financial Risk--The added variability in earnings per share(EPS)--plus the risk of possible insolvency--that is induced by the use of financial leverage.Total Firm Risk--The variability in earnings per share(EPS).It is the sum of business plus financial risk.
第二篇:財務管理應屆生英文求職信
Beloved leaders:
Hello!
First of all, I sincerely appreciate your taking the time in his busy schedule to read my letter of the ordinary job-seekers.Ordinary job in this letter you will see I am a true.Xx I am a University School of Management graduates, the school is the financial management professional, as a result of the baptism of four years, I have a solid theoretical foundation for knowledge and professional skills.In “l(fā)earning to be, keep Atsuyuki;learning to do, entrepreneurial success” motto to live for four years has given me a lot of people doing things in knowledge.While studying at the school, in addition to my master the theoretical knowledge of the profession, but also of other elective courses, take full advantage of after-school time and school library resources, extensive knowledge of drawing a large number of extra-curricular.In their continued efforts, the top academic performance, has won various honors in rating schools, the state scholarship.At the same time to participate in the school orchestra, playing musical instruments to learn, appreciate the art of washing people, enrich their college life.I just want to set foot on as a community college graduates, to work or lack of life experience may make you hesitate, but ask you to believe that my ability and confidence.I have been convinced that the “not only can not unexpected.” I hope you can give me a chance, your recognition will be the glory of my life!
Again, thank you for reading my cover letter, no matter the outcome, please accept my heartfelt good wishes!I wish you successful work!
Sincerely,Salute!
第三篇:2013年終財務管理總結(jié)
今年的工作可以分以下三個方面:
一、費用成本方面的管理
1.規(guī)范了庫存材料的核算管理,嚴格控制材料庫存的合理儲備,減少資金占用。建立了材料領(lǐng)用制度,改變了原來不論是否需要、不論那個部門使用、也不論購進的數(shù)量多少,都在購進之日起一次攤銷到某一個部門來核算的模糊成本。
2.在原來的基礎(chǔ)上細劃了成本費用的管理,加強了運輸費用的項目管理,分門別類的計算每輛車實際消耗的費用項目,真實反映每一輛車當期的運輸成本。為運輸車輛的績效管理提供參考依據(jù)。
二、會計基礎(chǔ)工作
(1)認真執(zhí)行《會計法》,進一步對財務人員加強財務基礎(chǔ)工作的指導,規(guī)范記賬憑證的編制,嚴格對原始憑證的合理性進行審核,強化會計檔案的管理等。對所有成本費用按部門、項目進行歸集分類,月底將共同費用進行分攤結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)體現(xiàn)部門效益。
(2)國家財政部門對公司的財務等級評定還是第一次。我們在無任何前期準備的前提下,突然接受檢查,但長寧區(qū)財政局還是對公司財務基礎(chǔ)管理工作給予了肯定。給公司的財務等級分數(shù)也是評定組有史以來,評給最高分的一家公司。
(3)按規(guī)定時間編制本公司及集團公司需要的各種類型的財務報表,及時申報各項稅金。在集團公司的年中審計、年終預審及財政稅務的檢查中,積極配合相關(guān)人員工作。
三、財務核算與管理工作
(1)按公司要求對分公司以及營業(yè)點的收入、成本進行監(jiān)督、審核,制定相應的財務制度。統(tǒng)一核算口徑,日常工作中,及時溝通、密切聯(lián)系并注意對他們的工作提出些指導性的意見,與各分公司、營業(yè)點的核算部門建立了良好的合作關(guān)系。
(2)正確計算營業(yè)稅款及個人所得稅,及時、足額地繳納稅款,積極配合稅務部門使用新的稅收申報軟件,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)違背稅務法規(guī)的問題并予以改正,保持與稅務部門的溝通與聯(lián)系,取得他們的支持與指導。
(3)在緊張的工作之余,加強團隊建設,打造一個業(yè)務全面,工作熱情高漲的團隊。作為一個管理者,對下屬充分做到“察人之長、用人之長、聚人之長、展人之長“,充分發(fā)揮他們的主觀能動性及工作積極性。提高團隊的整體素質(zhì),樹立起開拓創(chuàng)新、務實高效的部門新形象。
(4)作為基層管理者,我充分認識到自己既是一個管理者,更是一個執(zhí)行者。要想帶好一個團隊,除了熟悉業(yè)務外,還需要負責具體的工作及業(yè)務,首先要以身作則,這樣才能保證在人員偏緊的情況下,大家都能夠主動承擔工作。
新的一年意味著新的起點、新的機遇、新的挑戰(zhàn),我們決心再接再厲,更上一層樓。XX年我們將向財務精細化管理進軍,精細化財務管理需要“確保營運資金流轉(zhuǎn)順暢”、“確保投資效益”、“優(yōu)化財務管理手段”等,這樣,就足以對公司的財務管理做精做細。要以“細”為起點,做到細致入微,對每一崗位、部門的每一項具體的業(yè)務,都建立起一套相應的成本歸集。并將財務管理的觸角延伸到公司的各個經(jīng)營領(lǐng)域,通過行使財務監(jiān)督職能,拓展財務管理與服務職能,實現(xiàn)財務管理“零”死角,挖掘財務活動的潛在價值。雖然,精細化財務管理是件極為復雜的事情,其實正所謂“天下難事始于易,天下大事始于細”。
第四篇:財務管理總結(jié)
一:名詞解釋:(6*3)
1財務管理:財務管理是組織企業(yè)財務活動,處理財務關(guān)系的一項經(jīng)濟管理工作。2系統(tǒng)風險(不可分散風險):股票風險中通過投資組合能夠被消除的部分稱為可分散風險,而不能夠被消除的部分稱為不可分散風險或系統(tǒng)風險。
3敏感項目:運用營業(yè)收入比例法要選定與營業(yè)收入保持基本不變比例關(guān)系的項目,這類項目被稱為敏感項目,包括敏感資產(chǎn)項目和敏感負債項目。其中敏感資產(chǎn)項目包括現(xiàn)金,應收賬款,長期投資,存貨等項目;敏感負債項目包括應付賬款,應付費用等。
4長期籌資渠道(方式)類型:政府財政資本銀行信貸資本非銀行金融機構(gòu)資本其他法人資本民間資本企業(yè)內(nèi)部資本國外和我國港澳臺地區(qū)資本
5直接(間接)籌資:直接籌資是指企業(yè)不借助銀行等經(jīng)融機構(gòu),直接與資本所有者協(xié)商融通資本的一種籌資活動;間接籌資是指企業(yè)借助銀行等經(jīng)融機構(gòu)而融通資本的籌資活動。
6最佳資本結(jié)構(gòu):指企業(yè)在適度財務風險的條件下,使其預期的綜合資本結(jié)構(gòu)成本率最低,同時企業(yè)價值最大的資本結(jié)構(gòu),它應作為企業(yè)目標資本結(jié)構(gòu)。
7營業(yè)杠桿:亦稱經(jīng)營杠桿或營運杠桿,是指企業(yè)在經(jīng)營活動中對營業(yè)成本中固定成本的利用。
8內(nèi)部報酬率:P228
9獲利指數(shù):又稱利潤指數(shù),是投資項目未來報酬的兌現(xiàn)值與初始投資的現(xiàn)值之比。
10授信額度:是指借款企業(yè)與銀行間正式或非正式協(xié)議規(guī)定的企業(yè)借款的最高限額。
11可轉(zhuǎn)換債券:是指根據(jù)發(fā)行公司債券募集辦法規(guī)定債券持有人可將其轉(zhuǎn)換為發(fā)行公司的股票的債券,應規(guī)定轉(zhuǎn)換辦法,并應按轉(zhuǎn)換辦法向債券持有人換發(fā)股票。
12融資租賃:又稱資本租賃,服務租賃,是由租賃公司按照承租企業(yè)的要求融資購買設備,并在契約或合同規(guī)定的較長期限內(nèi)提供給承租企業(yè)使用的信用性業(yè)務,是現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的主要類型。
13售后租回:在這種形式下,制造企業(yè)按照協(xié)議先將其資產(chǎn)賣給租賃公司,再作為承租企業(yè)將所售資產(chǎn)租回使用,并按期向租賃公司支付租金。
14杠桿租賃:這種融資租賃形式由于租賃受益一般大于借款成本支出,出租人借款購物出租可獲得財務杠桿利益,故被稱為杠桿租賃。
15資本結(jié)構(gòu):廣義的資本結(jié)構(gòu)是指企業(yè)全部資本的構(gòu)成及其比例關(guān)系;狹義的資本結(jié)構(gòu)是指企業(yè)各種長期資本的構(gòu)成及其比例關(guān)系,尤其是指長期債務資本與股權(quán)資本之間的構(gòu)成及其比例關(guān)系。
16營運資本:廣義的營運資本是指總營運資本,簡單來說就是指在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動中的短期資產(chǎn);狹義的營運資本就是指凈營運資本,是短期資產(chǎn)減去短期負債的差額。
17貨幣市場基金:是指投資于貨幣市場上短期有價證券的一種基金。該基金資產(chǎn)主要投資于短期貨幣工具如國庫券,商業(yè)票據(jù),銀行定期存單,企業(yè)債券等。18商業(yè)票據(jù):是一種較為常見的企業(yè)短期融資形式,是大型工商企業(yè)或金融企業(yè)為籌措短期資金而發(fā)行的無擔保短期本票。
19證券化資產(chǎn):是指實施了資產(chǎn)證券化的資產(chǎn)。
20信用標準:是企業(yè)同意向顧客提供商業(yè)信用而提出的基本要求。通常以預期的壞賬損失率作為判斷標準。5C評估法:是指重點分析影響信用的五個方面的一種方法,五個方面包括品德(Character)能力(capacity)資本(Capital)抵押品(collateral)和情況(conditions)
22股票股利:指股份有限公司以股票的形式從公司凈利潤中分配給股東的股利。23股權(quán)登記日:是有權(quán)領(lǐng)取本期股利的股東資格登記截止日期。
24除息日:又稱除權(quán)日,是指從股價中除去股利的日期,及領(lǐng)取鼓勵的權(quán)利與股票分開的日期。
25剩余股價政策:p366
26股票分割:是指將面值較高的股票分割為幾股面值較低的股票。
27要約回購:是指公司通過公開向股東發(fā)出要回購股票的要約來實現(xiàn)股票回購計劃。
28協(xié)議回購:是指公司與特定的股東私下簽訂購買協(xié)議回購其持有的股票。29租賃:是指出租人以收取租金為條件,在契約或合同上規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),將資產(chǎn)租借給承租人使用的一種經(jīng)濟行為。
二:簡答(2*6)
1財務管理的目標:它是企業(yè)理財活動所希望實現(xiàn)的結(jié)果,是評價企業(yè)理財活動是否合理的基本標準。隨著市場經(jīng)濟體制的逐步完善,財務管理理論在不斷地豐富和發(fā)展。其中財務管理的目標,也在不斷推陳出新。到目前為止,先后出現(xiàn)了4種比較具有代表性的觀點,分別是:利潤最大化原則、股東財富最大化原則、企業(yè)價值最大化原則和企業(yè)資本可持續(xù)有效增值原則。
財務管理目標又稱理財目標,是指企業(yè)進行財務活動所要達到的根本目的,它決定著企業(yè)財務管理的基本方向。財務管理目標的作用可以概括為四個方面:
(1)導向作用。(2)激勵作用。(3)凝聚作用。(4)考核作用。
企業(yè)財務管理目標具有以下特征:(1)財務管理目標具有相對穩(wěn)定性。隨著宏觀經(jīng)濟體制和企業(yè)經(jīng)營方式的變化,隨著人們認識的發(fā)展和深化,財務管理目標也可能發(fā)生變化。但是,宏觀經(jīng)濟體制和企業(yè)經(jīng)營方式的變化是漸進的,只有發(fā)展到一定階段以后才會產(chǎn)生質(zhì)變;人們的認識在達到一個新的高度以后,也需要有一個達成共識、為人所普遍接受的過程。因此,財務管理目標作為人們對客觀規(guī)律性的一種概括,總的說來是相對穩(wěn)定的。
(2)財務管理目標具有可操作性。財務管理目標是實行財務目標管理的前提,它要能夠起到組織動員的作用,要能夠據(jù)以制定經(jīng)濟指標并進行分解,實現(xiàn)職工的自我控制,進行科學的績效考評,這樣,財務管理目標就必須具有可操作性。具體說來包括:可以計量??梢宰匪???梢钥刂?。
(3)財務管理目標具有層次性。財務管理目標是企業(yè)財務管理這個系統(tǒng)順利運行的前提條件,同時它本身也是一個系統(tǒng)。各種各樣的理財目標構(gòu)成了一個網(wǎng)絡,這個網(wǎng)絡反映著各個目標之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。財務管理目標其所以有層次性,是由企業(yè)財務管理內(nèi)容和方法的多樣性以及它們相互
A以利潤最大化為目標:
2各種投資方式的優(yōu)缺點:
1投入資本籌資的優(yōu)缺點:@優(yōu)點 主要有:投入資本籌資所籌得的資本屬于企業(yè)的股權(quán)資本,與債務資本相比較,它能提高企業(yè)的資信和借款能力;投入資本籌資不僅可以籌取現(xiàn)金,而且能夠直接獲得所需的先進設備和技術(shù),與僅
籌取現(xiàn)金的籌資方式相比,它能盡快地形成生產(chǎn)營運能力;投入資本籌資的財務風險較低。@缺點 主要有:投入資本籌資通常資本成本較高;投入資本籌資未能以股票為媒介;產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系有時不夠明晰,也不便于產(chǎn)權(quán)的交易。2 普通股籌資的優(yōu)缺點:
@優(yōu)點主要有:(1)普通股籌資沒有固定的股利負擔。公司盈利,可適當分配股利給股東。公司少盈利或無盈利,也可少分配或不分配股利給股東。(2)普通股股本沒有規(guī)定的到期日,無需償還,它是公司的永久性資本,除非公司清算,才予以清償。(3)利用普通股的風險小,它不存在還本付息的風險。(4)發(fā)行普通股籌集股權(quán)資本能提升公司的信譽。
@缺點主要有:(1)資本成本較高。一般而言,要高于債務資本。(2)利用普通股籌資,出售新股票,增加新股東,可能會分散公司的控制權(quán);另一方面,新股東對公司已積累的盈余具有分享權(quán),會降低每股收益,導致普通股股價下跌。
3長期借款籌資的優(yōu)缺點:
@優(yōu)點主要有:(1)借款籌資的速度較快。一般時間較短,程序簡單,可快速獲得現(xiàn)金。(2)借款資本成本較低。長期借款籌資的利息可在所得稅之前列支,故可減少企業(yè)實際負擔成本。(3)借款籌資彈性較大。借款時,企業(yè)與銀行直接協(xié)商貸款時間,數(shù)額和利率等;用款時,企業(yè)可根據(jù)自身財務狀況和銀行再協(xié)商,對企業(yè)而言,靈活性大。(4)企業(yè)利用借款籌資,與債券一樣,可發(fā)揮財務杠桿的作用。
@缺點主要有:(1)借款籌資風險較高。借款有固定的利息負擔和償還期限,故企業(yè)的籌資風險較大。(2)借款籌資的限制條件較多。這可能影響到企業(yè)以后的籌資和投資活動。(3)借款籌資數(shù)量有限。一般不如股票,債券那樣可一次性的籌集到大筆資金。
4債券籌資的優(yōu)缺點:
@優(yōu)點主要有:(1)債券籌資成本較低。與股票的股利相比,債券的利息允許在所得稅之前支付,發(fā)行公司可享受稅上利益,公司實際的負擔的債券成本低于股票成本。(2)債券籌資能夠發(fā)揮財務杠桿的作用。無論公司的盈利多少,債券持有人只收取固定的利息,而更多的收益可分配給股東或留用公司經(jīng)營,增加了股東和公司的財富。(3)債券籌資能保障股東的控制權(quán)。債券持有人不參與公司的管理決策,因而就不會分散股東的控制權(quán)。(4)債券籌資便于調(diào)整公司資本結(jié)構(gòu)。
@缺點主要有:(1)債券籌資的財務風險較高。債券有固定的到期日,必須定期支付利息,發(fā)行公司必須承擔按期付息償本的義務。(2)債券籌資的限制條件較多。(3)債券籌資的數(shù)量有限。公司利用債券籌資一般受一定額度的限制,多數(shù)國家對此都有限定。
5融資租賃籌資的優(yōu)缺點:
@優(yōu)點主要有:(1)融資租賃能夠迅速獲得所需資產(chǎn)。融資租賃集融資與融物于一身,一般必先籌集現(xiàn)金后購置設備來得更快,可使企業(yè)盡快形成生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營能力。(2)融資租賃的限制條件少。(3)融資租賃可以免遭設備陳舊過時的風險。(4)融資租賃的全部租金通常在整個租期內(nèi)分期支付??梢赃m當降低不能償付的危險。(5)融資租賃的租金費用允許在所得稅前扣除,承租企業(yè)能夠享受稅上利益。
@缺點主要有:租賃籌資的成本較高,租金總額通常要高于設備價值的30%;
承租企業(yè)在財務困難時期,支付固定的租金也將構(gòu)成一向沉重的負擔;另外,采用租賃籌資方式如不能享有設備殘值,也可視為是承租企業(yè)的一種機會損失。6優(yōu)先股籌資的優(yōu)缺點:
@優(yōu)點主要有:(1)優(yōu)先股一般沒有固定的到期日,不用償付本金。(2)優(yōu)先股的股利既有固定性,又有一定的靈活性。(3)保持普通股股東對公司的控制權(quán)。(4)從法律上講,優(yōu)先股股本屬于股權(quán)資本,發(fā)行優(yōu)先股籌資能夠增強公司的股權(quán)資本基礎(chǔ),提高公司的借款舉債能力。
@缺點主要有:(1)優(yōu)先股的資本成本雖低于普通股,但一般高于債券。(2)優(yōu)先股籌資的制約因素較多,例如,為保證優(yōu)先股的固定股利,當企業(yè)盈利不多時,普通股就可能分不到股利。(3)可能形成較重的財務負擔。影響公司的形象。
7可轉(zhuǎn)換債券籌資的優(yōu)缺點:
@優(yōu)點主要有:(1)有利于降低資本成本??赊D(zhuǎn)換債券的利率通常低于普通債券,轉(zhuǎn)換前,低于普通債券的成本。轉(zhuǎn)換為股票后,節(jié)省股票發(fā)行成本,降低股票資本成本。(2)有利于籌集更多的資本。同時能穩(wěn)定公司的股價。(3)有利于調(diào)整資本結(jié)構(gòu)。通過促使可轉(zhuǎn)換債券持有人轉(zhuǎn)股,還可以借助誘導,促其轉(zhuǎn)換,借以調(diào)整資本結(jié)構(gòu)。(3)有利于避免籌資損失。
@缺點主要有:(1)轉(zhuǎn)股后可轉(zhuǎn)化債券籌資將失去利率降低的好處。(2)若確需股票籌資,但股價并未上升,可轉(zhuǎn)換債券持有人不愿轉(zhuǎn)股時,發(fā)行公司將承受償債壓力。(3)若可轉(zhuǎn)換債券轉(zhuǎn)換時股價高于轉(zhuǎn)換價格,則發(fā)行遭受籌資損失。(4)回售條款的規(guī)定可能使發(fā)行公司遭致?lián)p失。
3資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論:
資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論是關(guān)于公司資本結(jié)構(gòu)(或轉(zhuǎn)化為債券資本比例),公司綜合資本成本率與公司價值三者之間關(guān)系的理論。它是公司財務理論的核心內(nèi)容之一,也是資本結(jié)構(gòu)決策的重要理論基礎(chǔ)。
(一)早期資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論:
三種觀點:凈收益觀點凈營業(yè)收益觀點傳統(tǒng)折中觀點
(二)MM理論:
其基本結(jié)論可以簡答地歸納為在符合該理論的假設之下,公司的價值與其資本結(jié)構(gòu)無關(guān)。公司價值取決于其實際資產(chǎn),而非各類債務和股權(quán)的市場價值。
(三)新的資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論
代理成本理論信號傳遞理論優(yōu)選順序理論
第五篇:財務管理總結(jié)
論述(總結(jié)兩道)
財務管理的概念:是組織企業(yè)財務活動、吹了財務關(guān)系的一項經(jīng)濟管理工作。
企業(yè)財務活動:是以現(xiàn)金收支為主的企業(yè)資金收支活動的總稱。
分四個方面:1.企業(yè)籌資引起的財務活動。2.企業(yè)投資引起的財務活動。3.企業(yè)經(jīng)營引起的財務活動。4.企業(yè)分配引起的財務活動。
企業(yè)財務關(guān)系:指企業(yè)在組織財務活動過程中與各有關(guān)方面發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系。(內(nèi)部和外部)分七個方面:1企業(yè)同其所有者之劍的財務關(guān)系。2.企業(yè)同其債權(quán)人之間的財務關(guān)系。3.企業(yè)同其被投資單位的財務關(guān)系。4.企業(yè)同其債務人的財務關(guān)系。5.企業(yè)內(nèi)部各單位的財務關(guān)系。6.企業(yè)與職工之間的財務關(guān)系。7.企業(yè)與稅務機關(guān)之間的財務關(guān)系。
企業(yè)財務管理的特點:1.財務管理是一項綜合性管理工作。2.財務管理與企業(yè)各方面具有廣泛聯(lián)系。3.財務管理能迅速反映企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營狀況。.以股東財富最大化為目標(能夠成為現(xiàn)代理財最佳目標)
1、股東財富最大化是指通過財務上的合理運營,為股東創(chuàng)造最多的財富。
2、股東財富最大化目標體現(xiàn)以下優(yōu)點:1.股東財富最大化目標考慮了現(xiàn)金流量的時間價值和風險因素,因為現(xiàn)金流量獲得時間的早晚和風險的高低,會對股票價格產(chǎn)生重要影響。2.股東財富最大化在一定程度上能夠克服企業(yè)在追求利潤上的短期行為,因為股票的價格很大程度上取決于企業(yè)未來獲取現(xiàn)金流量的能力。3.股東財富最大化反映了資本與收益之間的關(guān)系,因為股票價格是對每股股份的一個標價,反映的是單位投入資本的市場價格。
3、資金用于投資,與外界(包括市場、競爭對手、政府等)進行貨幣和實物資產(chǎn)的交換。
4、約束條件:1.利益相關(guān)者的利益受到了完全的保護以免收到股東的盤剝。2.沒有社會成本,公司在追求股東財富最大化的過程中所后妃的成本都能夠歸結(jié)于企業(yè)并確實由企業(yè)負擔。在以上這些假設前提下,股東財富最大化的過程中將不存在與相關(guān)者的利益沖突,因此,經(jīng)營者就能專注于一個目標-------股東財富最大化,從而實現(xiàn)公司價值的最大化。
簡答(總結(jié)七道)
財務管理的環(huán)境:又稱理財環(huán)境,指對企業(yè)財務活動和財務管理產(chǎn)生影響的企業(yè)外部條件的總和。
經(jīng)濟環(huán)境(1.經(jīng)濟周期;2.經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平;3.通貨膨脹狀況;4.經(jīng)濟政策)
法律環(huán)境------為核心(1.企業(yè)組織法規(guī);2.財務會計法規(guī)3.稅法)
金融市場環(huán)境(1.金融市場與企業(yè)理財;2.金融市場的構(gòu)成;3.金融工具;4.利息率及其測算。資金的利率由三部分構(gòu)成:1.純利率Ko:指沒有風險和沒有通貨膨脹情況下的均衡點利率;2.通貨膨脹補償IP:短期無風險證券利率=純利率+通貨膨脹補償;3.風險報酬:又稱違約風險報酬DP:指借款人無法按時支付利息或償還本金而給投資人帶來的風險;又稱流動性風險報酬LP:某項資產(chǎn)迅速轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)金的可能性;又稱期限風險報酬MP:一項負債到期日越長,債權(quán)人承受的不確定因素就越多,承擔的風險也越大。
利率公式:K=Ko+IP+DP+LP+MP)。
社會文化環(huán)境:包括教育、科學、文學、藝術(shù)、新聞出版、廣播電視、世界觀、理想、信念以及同社會涉毒相適應的權(quán)利義務觀念、道德觀念、組織紀律觀念、價值觀念、勞動態(tài)度。
債券投資的優(yōu)缺點:優(yōu)點:1.本金安全性高;2.收入比較穩(wěn)定;3.許多債券都具有較好的流動性。缺點:1.購買力風險比較大;2.沒有經(jīng)營管理權(quán);3.需要承受利率風險。
股票投資的優(yōu)缺點:優(yōu)點:1.能獲得比較高的報酬;2.能適當降低購買力風險;3.擁有一定的經(jīng)營控制權(quán)。缺點:1.普通股對公司資產(chǎn)和盈利的求償權(quán)均居最后;2.普通股的價格受眾多因素影響,很不穩(wěn)定;3.普通股的收入不穩(wěn)定。
財務戰(zhàn)略的含義:戰(zhàn)略源于軍事領(lǐng)域。財務戰(zhàn)略實在企業(yè)總體戰(zhàn)略目標的統(tǒng)籌下,以價值管理為基礎(chǔ),以實現(xiàn)企業(yè)財務管理目標為目的,以實現(xiàn)企業(yè)財務資源的優(yōu)化配置為衡量標準,所采取的戰(zhàn)略性思維方式、決策方式和管理方針。財務戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)總體戰(zhàn)略的一個重要組成部分,企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略需要財務戰(zhàn)略來支撐。
財務戰(zhàn)略的特征:1.屬于全局性、長期性和導向性的重大謀劃;2.涉及企業(yè)的外部環(huán)境和內(nèi)部條件;3.對企業(yè)財務資源的長期優(yōu)化配置安排;4.與企業(yè)擁有的財務資源及其配置能力相關(guān);5.受到企業(yè)文化和價值觀的中藥影響。
長期籌資的動機:1.擴張性籌資動機;2.調(diào)整性籌資動機;3.混合型籌資動機
長期籌集的原則:1.合法性原則;2.效益性原則;3.合理性原則;4.及時性原則
資本成本的概念、內(nèi)容和種類
概念:是企業(yè)籌集和使用資本而承付的代價,資本指企業(yè)所籌集的長期資本
內(nèi)容:包括用資費用和籌資費用。用資費用指企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營和對外投資活動中因使用資本而承付的費用,如向債權(quán)人支付的利息,向股東分配的股利等?;I資費用指企業(yè)在籌集資本活動中為獲得資本而付出的費用,如向銀行支付的借款手續(xù)費,因發(fā)行股票、債券而支付的發(fā)行費用等。
屬性:資本成本作為企業(yè)的一種成本,具有一般商品成本的基本屬性,又有不同于一般商品成本的某些特性。
種類:1.個別資本成本率;2.綜合資本成本率;3.邊際資本成本率。
公司制企業(yè)(股份有限公司):指依照國家先關(guān)法律集資創(chuàng)建的,實行自主經(jīng)營、自負盈虧,由法定出資人(股東)所組成的,具有法人資格的獨立經(jīng)濟組織。公司制企業(yè)的主要特點為:
1.獨立的法人實體。2.具有無限的存續(xù)期。3.股東承擔有限責任。4.所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營權(quán)分離。5.籌資渠道多元化。公司分為有限責任公司與股份有限公司。兩者不同點:1股東的數(shù)量不同(有限有最高和最低要求,股份只有最低要求,沒有最高限制)。2.成立條件和募集資金的方式不同(有限條件比肩寬松,只能由發(fā)起人集資;股份條件比較嚴格,可以向社會公開募集資金)。3.股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓的條件限制不同(有限轉(zhuǎn)讓要經(jīng)股東會討論通過,股份可以自由轉(zhuǎn)讓,充分的流動性)。
畫書重點(總結(jié)兩道)
應收賬款的功能、成本與管理目標
功能:指它在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營中的作用。主要有兩個方面1.增加銷售的功能;2.減少存貨的功能。成本:1.應收賬款的機會成本;2應收賬款的管理成本(包括調(diào)查顧客信用情況的費用、收集各種信息的費用、賬簿的記錄費用、收賬費用、其他費用);3.應收賬款的壞賬成本。管理目標:通過應收賬款管理發(fā)揮應收賬款強化競爭、擴大銷售的功能,盡可能降低應收賬款投資的機會成本、壞賬損失與管理成本,最大限度地提高應收賬款投資的效益。
應收賬款的日常控制:1.企業(yè)的信用調(diào)查(1直接調(diào)查;2.間接調(diào)查——財務報表、信用評估機構(gòu)、銀行);2.企業(yè)的信用評估(1.5C評估法——品德、能力、資本、抵押品、情況;
2.信用評分法);3.監(jiān)控應收賬款;4催收拖欠款項(收款過程:信件→電話→個人拜訪→收款機構(gòu)→訴訟程序)。
股利政策的內(nèi)容:1.股利分配的行駛,即采用現(xiàn)金股利還是股票股利;2.股利支付率的確定;
3.每股股利額的確定;4.股利分配的時間,即何時分配和多長時間分配一次。
股利政策的評價指標:1.股利支付率(公司現(xiàn)金股利總額與凈利潤總額的比例火車公司每股股利與每股利潤的比例);2.股利收益率(公司每股股利與每股價格的比率)。股利政策的類型:1.剩余股利政策;2.固定股利政策;3.穩(wěn)定增長股利政策;4.固定股利支付率股利政策;5.低正常股利加額外股利政策。