第一篇：nature投稿準則

Nature投稿總則

在Nature雜志上發(fā)表科學論文的準則是：

．報道原始科學研究（主要成果和結論不得在其它地方發(fā)表過或投過稿，請見后面的“投稿指南”）

．具有突出的科學重要性

．令有關的學科讀者感興趣。

在Nature雜志上發(fā)表的論文在科學家之中和在一般大眾中具有極廣泛的影響。

誰決定哪篇論文能發(fā)表

Nature雜志對每周所投來的170篇論文只能發(fā)表其中的10%左右，因此其選稿標準是極其嚴格的。

對于哪篇論文能使廣大讀者感興趣的評判，是由Nature雜志的編輯，而不是審稿員作出的。原因之一是，每位審稿員只能讀到所投來稿件中的很小一部分，而編輯卻能看到所有的來稿，就能具有更寬闊的視野。

Nature雜志并未聘用一個由資深科學家組成的編輯委員會也不隸屬于任何特定的科學學會或科學機構，因此它避免了某些編輯委員會成員因學術觀點或種族偏見在決定取舍時受到影響，也縮短了作出決定所需的時間。

由于Nature雜志的編輯有權決定發(fā)表哪篇論文，因此決定取舍就較快，在學科之間較公平，這些決定也不受外來干擾。

一篇來稿的編輯過程

有意向Nature雜志投稿的作者首先須參考“投稿指南”，這可以很容易地從以PDF格式讀取或直接向Nature雜志索取。遵照這一“投稿指南”將保證來稿的水平、長度和格式（特別是圖片和表格的編排）能符合Nature雜志的要求，也將減少處理來稿時所需的時間。來稿不但需要5份拷貝，還應提交已在其他地方發(fā)表過的或與所投稿件相關的論文。

1．對一篇新投稿的論文的第一道關卡是編輯部面員判斷該論文能否引起廣泛興趣而是否需送交同行評議。這一決定主要是由對此課題最了解的編輯作出，但還要向特約科學顧問（通過電話或電子郵件）征求非正式咨詢，并在幾位編輯部同仁之間就該論文進行討論以取得一致意見。所以最好隨該論文附有一封自薦信，簡要說明作者為何認為該論文適于在Nature雜志發(fā)表而不應在該領域的某種優(yōu)秀專業(yè)雜志上發(fā)表。

把一篇論文送交同行評議的初始標準是科研成果新穎、引入注意（出入意料或令人吃驚），而且該項研究看來在該領域之外具有廣泛的意義。初始評判并不是對所陳述研究的科學正確性的反映，或它對該領域人員的重要性的反映。

2．一旦編輯們對某一篇論文原則上具有足夠興趣，既可送交審稿員，對審稿員的挑選通常是由對相關課題最熟悉以及將處理同一領域其它論文的編輯作出。大多數論文要同時送交2-3位審稿員，但有些論文會送交更多位審稿員，或者偶爾也會只送交一位審稿員。在挑選特定的審稿員時所考慮的因素中包括：

．該審稿員是否具有明確地、公平地評估該論文的專業(yè)背景

．是否能考慮到相關的論文

．該審稿員近來是否評審過其它論文

．該審稿員是否能在所要求的時間內評審該論文。

審稿員的報告

理想的審稿員報告會指出

．誰將對這些新研究成果感興趣及其原因

．在作者的立論得以確立之前必須指出其專業(yè)失誤。

雖然Nature的編輯本身能判斷一篇論文是否能讓其他領域的讀者感興趣，審稿員往往能提出很有幫助的咨詢意見，例如所陳述的研究工作并不像編輯所想的那樣重大，或者低估了自身的意義。

雖然Nature的編輯認為審稿員所指出的任何專業(yè)失誤很重要，但他們對于是否錄用該論文并不嚴格受審稿員觀點的束縛。Nature的編輯可能會再次征求審稿員的意見，所投稿件在審稿員看來能否可在不丟失基本

信息的前提下濃縮成一封來信。

競爭者

一位Nature編輯打算送審一篇論文時，若審稿員也正在從事著與論文內容相競爭的研究工作，從而有可能影響其觀點。為了避免這種利益沖突，Nature雜志要求候選的審稿員在承擔任務之前公開任何的沖突或商業(yè)利益，并要求審稿員不得復印論文或在未被聘請為審稿員的同事中傳閱。

Nature雜志歡迎作者推薦合適的獨立審稿員（附具體聯(lián)系辦法），但編輯有權不使用這些審稿員。Nature雜志尊重作者提出的關于不把論文送交一個或兩個（但不是更多）競爭小組審稿的要求。Nature雜志的經驗是，競爭者們往往會很熱情地推薦他們認為優(yōu)秀的論文。速度

Nature雜志盡可能快地對所收到的稿件作出決定。如果論文未被考慮，作者通常在一周之內會得到通知。（屆時并不通知作者其論文已經送交審稿，但會通知作者一個登記號碼，在今后有關此論文的所有通訊中都將引用此號碼）。

Nature雜志盡一切可能迅速提交審稿員的報告。大多數審稿員遵從與Nature雜志的預先約定，在7天或其它協(xié)商好的時限內作出關于一篇論文的審稿報告，大多數審稿員通過電子郵件送交報告。如果審稿員未能在商定的時間內遞交報告，編輯部將用電話、傳真或電子郵件催促。

極重要論文

當然，每位作者均認為自己的論文很重要，特別是在那些競爭性較強領域更是如此，往往要求盡可能給予最快的處理。Nature雜志對所到的全部稿件都力爭提供這種服務。

在特殊場合，所收到的論文陳述的研究對于編輯來說確屬非常重要，以致認為須特殊提出審稿要求。如果編輯知道與此有競爭的類似研究正在其它刊物的編輯印刷中，Nature雜志將提供一種快捷程序，能在48小時內對一篇論文進行審稿。并且在預期審稿報告中不要求作出重大修改的情況下，在收到審稿報告之前就進行排版。在類似這樣非常罕見的情況下，有可能在投搞的兩周之內即能發(fā)表。

決定

一旦收到了所有的審稿員對一篇論文的報告后，負責這篇論文的編輯就要寫一篇包括該論文的內容及審稿員意見的摘要、一篇推薦，并起草一封給作者的信供與其他編輯進行內部討論之用，包括生物學或理科的編輯。因此，Nature雜志能保證所有編輯所采用的準則是一致的，也能保證論文受到了同行專業(yè)的評審。

一旦編輯們達成了共識，一封關于決定采用稿件的信會連同審稿員的報告（匿名，除非審稿員明確要求署名）發(fā)送給作者，通常采用傳真或電子郵件。

決定信意味著什么

Nature雜志編輯的信將向一篇論文的作者提供如下意見：

．該論文被采用發(fā)表，作者無需作進一步的修改。但實際中，這種情況極少存在。

．一旦作者按審稿員的評述作一些修改后，原則上該論文就會被錄用發(fā)表。在此情況下，修改后的稿件不再第二次送給審稿員征求意見，只要編輯核查了審稿員的建議已經被采納，該稿件就被錄用。

．在作者未按審稿員的評述作出反應之前，關于發(fā)表該論文的最后決定會被推遲。在這些情況下，作者會被要求做進一步實驗解決某些或全部審稿員所提出的問題，再把修改后的論文寄回某些或全部審稿員以征求第二次意見。修改稿應包括對所有審稿員的所有評述逐點作出回答。

．由于審稿員提出了相當多的專業(yè)反對意見，以及/或作者所聲稱的結論未能充分地成立，該論文被拒絕。在這些情況下，決定信將明確指出是否能考慮接受再次投稿。如果編輯請作者再次投稿，作者應確保所有審稿員的評述獲得滿意的解決（而不單是其中幾位），并且修改稿應包括對審稿員評述逐點作出的回答。只有當負責該論文的編輯認為作者對所有審稿員的批評意見作出認真的改進而不是小修小改后，再次投稿才會被送回到審稿者。（僅作小修小改的論文將被退還作者，而不會送回審稿者。）

．該論文被拒絕，并不重新考慮再次投來修改稿的可能性。在這些情況下，作者被明確告知，不應把修改稿再次投稿，因為很可能修改稿會在沒有得到審稿的情況下退回。如作者認為自己有一個非常重要的科學案例需要被再次考慮（例如審稿員漏過了該論文的要點），他們可以以書面形式提出申訴。但考慮到Nature雜志篇幅極其有限，并且任何時候都有大量的優(yōu)秀論文處于被考慮之中，編輯們不可能給予這些申訴以優(yōu)先的考慮。

請注意，在初次投稿后很少有不作重大修改而發(fā)表的論文。Nature雜志對于其發(fā)表而感到十分自豪的一些論文，原先并非十分強，但卻能引起興趣，然而在審稿員和編輯的廣泛關注后才真正變得引人注目。

第二篇：Man or nature

1、Man or nature, which do you think is more

powerful? 1: As we all know, men can not live without the earth, at least for now.Nature has the power to destroy everything in the world.Therefore, to live longer, people are trying their best to find another planet to settle down.2: Perhaps it disturbs many people that, man or nature, which you think is more powerful.What do you think of it, 3? 3: I don’t believe that nature can destroy the world we live.If it blows down our buildings, we can build another one.The firm faith won’t be put an end, that’s the most important thing which nature cannot defeat.2: Yeah, I can’t agree more.The scientists are now exploring the universe to find a planet which is fit for human living on.Obviously, men are so powerful for their smart mind and never give up spirit.Nothing could beat human-beings.4: Well, I have something to say.Universe is a misery for us at present.What if we can’t find other planets to live on? Don’t you see that nature is punishing us in its own way.We have to watch the disasters happen but with nothing to do.1: Yeah, people have suffered a lot from the natural calamities.However, we haven’t found a proper planet.3: But I still hold the true faith that men can make it as long as they never give up.4: Everyone’s points of view differ.However, no matter which is more powerful, we should take measures to protect our own home.

第三篇：人與自然 People and Nature

地球是我們賴以生存的家園，人類在這個地球上快樂地生活了一代又一代。它為我們提供了豐富的生活資源。例如：我們每天不可缺少的淡水、優(yōu)美的自然環(huán)境和清新的空氣，而且她還生活著我們人類共同的朋友——動物和植物。

The earth is our home living, human on earth in this happy life from one generation to another.It provides us with abundant resources of life.For example: our everyday indispensable fresh water, beautiful environment and fresh air, and she also lives with our common human friends--animal and plant.可是，隨著科學技術的不斷發(fā)展，人們在享受自然的同時，卻又無情地在不斷破壞著這個給我們提供賴以生存的條件的自然環(huán)境。南極的黑洞、河流的污染以及電視上頻頻報道的洪澇災害和某種生物的瀕臨絕種等等這一切都是我們破壞和諧自然所付出的沉重代價。

However, with the development of science and technology, people in the enjoyment of nature at the same time, but ruthlessly in breaking this gives us the conditions for the survival of the natural environment.The black hole, the pollution of the river and on TV has been flooding and some

biological endangered and so on which we are all destroyed natural harmony paid heavy price.近年來，全球氣候變暖，最高氣溫達到了40攝氏度左右。由于水資源的日漸匱乏，不僅對農業(yè)生產造成了極大的危害，而且還威脅著人們的生活用水。這些環(huán)境的變化，讓我們原本和諧的自然環(huán)境，早已變得千瘡百孔。

In recent years, the global climate warming, the maximum temperature reached 40 degrees celsius.Due to the growing scarcity of water

resources, not only on the agricultural production caused great harm, but

also a threat to people living water.These changes in the environment, let us was originally a harmonious natural environment, have already become in a disastrous state.迄今為止，人類仍然沒能停止對地球環(huán)境無情的破壞。任意的捕殺各種動物，肆意的破壞森林資源，讓我們這一代人有時候只能借助于文獻資料去認識某種已經絕跡了的生物。

So far, people still can't stop the relentless destruction of earth

environment.Any of various animal killing, wanton destruction of forest resources, let us this generation person sometimes resorted to literature to understand some extinct creatures.現(xiàn)在甚至連我們的母親河“黃河”也無可避免的遭受到人類的嚴重破壞。黃河經常爆發(fā)的洪水，讓農民伯伯的房屋和田地都被沖跨。是誰做的呢？是人類，一切都是因為他們亂砍亂伐的行為造成的惡果。如果大家都懂得尊重環(huán)境、愛護環(huán)境，那么就不會有今天這樣的生存局面。

Even our mother river “ the Yellow River ” are inevitably subjected to

human serious damage.The Yellow River often flooding, let farmer houses and fields were red cross.Who did it? It is human, all because they deforestation behavior result.If everyone know how to respect the environment, protect the environment, then there will be no today's survival situation.今天人們所謂的珍惜動物，大多都是受到了人類的殘殺和自然環(huán)境的破壞，日益稀少后才被人類重視起來的。吃野生動物的現(xiàn)象在這個社會上越來越普遍。你可曾想過？有一天，你以前嘴里所吃小動物的就是今后被人們認為的國寶！你可曾想過？如果我們在吃一種弱小的野生動物的同時，再去拯救另外一種將要絕跡的野生動物，那樣就可以做到真正的生態(tài)平衡嗎？

Today people called treasure animal, mostly from human carnage and destruction of the natural environment, the increasingly scarce before being human attention.Eat wild animal phenomenon in the society is more and more prevalent.Have you ever thought of that? One day, your mouth eating small animal 's future is considered to be the national treasure!Have you ever thought of that? If we eat a small wild animal at the same time, to save another will be extinct in the wild animal, so we can do the real ecological balance?

☆★☆原創(chuàng) People and Nature 人與自然 英語作文☆★☆

第四篇：the nature of prejudice 講義

When you see this picture, I guess you may think I am going to talk about the movie Pride and Prejudice.No!Today our group will talk about the prejudice intercultural studies.（PPT Page 1）First I will talk about the definition of prejudice and 5 forms of prejudice the each of them I will give examples to show you the next partner ChenMiaoNa will talk about major prejudice in the world and the last partner XuRuRu will talk about how to reduce prejudice.The world prejudice stemmed from the Latin.……（PPT Page 2）

The briefest of all definitions of prejudice is ……（PPT Page 2）

Here are my examples.In ancient of china, we Chinese had prejudice to females.Even the Chinese characters.Besides there also is some sayings about looking down upon females.For example, the Confucius said long hair little brains（PPT Page 3）

And nowadays there exists prejudice to women.For example in application to a job.Women should make promise about give birth to a child in three years or she must be married.That’s too unfair for women.（PPT Page 3）

I will talk about thinking ill of others without sufficient warrant in detail.（PPT Page 4）

For example, there is prejudice to gays and lesbians homosexuality.The oppose people think ill of them and dislike them.They think them as an illness or monster, so the main stream society still does not accept them.（PPT Page 5）

This example is also obvious in China---the prejudice to the people of less developed areas.Some cities’ primary schools don’t accept their children.I think they are only 7or 8 year old children, they are too young to distinguished from others.They are also diligent and smart..（PPT Page 5）

Besides, prejudice has the emotional flavor of favorableness.This means prejudice prefer to some things.But all prejudices are wrong.For example, college graduates have the hesitation of going to big cities or going to small towns.Big cities have more competitions.Many of them are favor of the big cities.That’s also a prejudice in big cities also have more housing problems transport problems and so on.（PPT Page 6）

I think……（PPT Page 7）

Next, I'll introduce 5 representation forms of prejudice here it’s distinguished from certain degrees of negative actions……（PPT Page 8-9）

Think you（PPT Page 10）

第五篇：作文Human and nature

Human and nature

It is known to us that the nature is more than important to our human beings.It does a lot of great contributions to us.The nature can provide us with food, fresh air, fuel, water and so on in order to satisfy our needs.In other words, we our living depend on it.We can not live without them.We should spare no effort to protect our nature from damaging.However, in recent years, Thousand of trees have been cut down and the air was polluted so seriously.People do quite a lot of harm to the nature in order to gain their own profit.As a result, we are gradually receiving the earth’s punishment.Now we are lacking of energy and facing the environment problem.If the human beings continue to destroy the earth., one day human would be killed by theirselves.In conclusion, nature is our good friend.We should treat them friendly.It is we everyone’s duty to protect the nature.We should call on everyone to take actions to protect the nature and creat our beautiful home together.In the meantime, the government should take measure to punish those who destroy the earth.Let the nature benefit of mankind.