第一篇：海文考研英語：which引導(dǎo)定語從句小結(jié)

海文考研英語輔導(dǎo)：which引導(dǎo)定語從句小結(jié)

關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語等。多數(shù)情況下，可與that互換。但是要注意當(dāng)從句中，介詞提前只能用which，而且，在非限制性定語從句中，which引導(dǎo)的句子單獨翻譯為一句話。

(1)“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders?！?2007-4-3)

考點：board董事會，be responsible for代表，on behalf of代表(注意在寫作中的應(yīng)用)，shareholder股東

解析：這個句子難度為低級，劃橫線部分為主句只有一個難點就是which的先行詞是誰，是句子還是前面的一個名詞，很顯然，這個句子中是指市場價值，而不是這種能力。

翻譯：保護(hù)客戶資料的能力是市場價值的關(guān)鍵，董事會代表股東對市場價值負(fù)有責(zé)任。

難點總結(jié)：介詞短語，which的先行詞，非限制性定語從句一般翻譯為一個單句。

(2)In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another。(2005-翻譯-47)

考點：multi-media 傳媒集團(tuán)(最好不要翻譯為多媒體集團(tuán))，bring together 組織，集合，work in relation to one another 彼此協(xié)作，publishing houses出版社

解析：此句難度為高級，劃線部分為主句，冒號后是主句的同位語，由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句來修飾groups，句尾還有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句來修飾television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses。As在這個句子中是副詞，修飾副詞elsewhere,翻譯為“就像在其他地方一樣”。

翻譯：在歐洲，就像在其他地方一樣，多媒體集團(tuán)越來越成功了，這些集團(tuán)把相互之間有緊密聯(lián)系的電視臺、電臺、報紙、雜志、出版社組合到了一起。

難點總結(jié)：確認(rèn)關(guān)系代詞which，that的先行詞(記得當(dāng)先行詞是兩個或者兩個以上的人或者物時，關(guān)系代詞要用that。)，as的用法。

(3)Dr.Myers and Dr.Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account。(2006-3-4)

考點：take into account考慮(注意要用在寫作中，尤其是建議信中例如：You need to take the following factor into account when you make a decision。)

解析：這個句子難度為低級。Which在此指代的是a correct baseline。

翻譯：麥爾斯博士和沃姆博士指出，他們的工作確定了一個準(zhǔn)確的底線，未來的管理必須將其考慮進(jìn)去。

難點總結(jié)：確定which的先行詞。

(4)For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。

考點：semiconductor半導(dǎo)體，casualty傷亡，解析：這個句子難度為高級，這個句子是主句里套從句，從句里又套從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以分清楚主句特別重要，主句為劃線部分，其中as though 引導(dǎo)一個方式狀語從句，這個從句中又有一個由which(先行詞為the making of semiconductors)引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。

翻譯：曾有一段時間，似乎半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)是另一個將要覆沒的產(chǎn)業(yè)，要知道半導(dǎo)體正是美國人所發(fā)明，它在計算機新時代起著核心作用。

難點總結(jié)：注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)。注意各個連詞的指代和意義。

第二篇：as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用講解

1.as引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法

關(guān)系代詞即可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限定性從句，as在從句中做主語，并與或表語。

1)Such +名詞+as…(像…一樣…/像…之類)The same +名詞+as(和…同樣的)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作賓語)He is not the same man as he was.(作表語)We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.(做主語)2)Such …as引導(dǎo)的定語從句與such…that引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的區(qū)別

He is such a naughty boy as everyone dislikes.He is such a naughty boy that everyone dislikes him.3)結(jié)構(gòu)such as中such作代詞，意為“這樣的人或事”，as在從句中做成分，修飾先行詞。

This book is not such as I expect.(這不是我想要的書)He is such as you can’t rely on.2.As和which引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別

1）as的用法：①在從句中通常做主語代指整個主句，②表示的意思是正如，正像③其引導(dǎo)的定語從句即可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。

As we expect, we won the game.（正如我們預(yù)料的一樣，我們贏了）。

The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know.The earth is round, as we all know.（正如我們所知到的一樣地球是圓的）

As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.2）which的用法：①關(guān)系代詞，在從句中做主語或賓語，代指人或事。②當(dāng)代指整個主句時表示的意思是主句和從句之間是因果關(guān)系即因為所以。③其引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。Tom suddenly fell ill, which made us sad.The road was too slippery, which caused lots of accidents.(因果關(guān)系)3）當(dāng)非限定性定語從句放在主句后面時，一下情況要注意：

a.當(dāng)非限定性定語從句是否定詞或表否定時，只能用which.He came here very late, which was unexpected/out of our expectation.Johnson refused to apologize for his blame and flashed the door angrily, which left the atmosphere of the meeting in embarrassment.b.as仍然保持連詞時常含有“正如…/正像…”的含義

Jack has won the first price, as it often happens.He is unusually warm-hearted, loving and generous, as all his friends can see.c.當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時，后面常接動詞的被動語態(tài)。如果從句中行為動詞是主動語態(tài)，一般用which。

She has been absent again, as is expected.Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.d.當(dāng)非限定性定語從句的賓語是一個復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(如賓補)的時候，只能用which。

Betty always tells a lie, which makes her parents feel strange.一、“as / which” 特殊定語從句的先行成分

1.形容詞或形容詞短語作先行成分, 具有形容詞意義的介詞短語也可以充當(dāng)先行成分，My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用who / whom.2.動詞短語先行成分。

這種動詞短語既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動態(tài)動詞短語，它們在從句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代動詞do和as / which一起代替。do可以出現(xiàn)，也可以不出現(xiàn)，但不能用其它動詞代替。

3.句子作先行成分。

這句子可以是整個主句也可以只是主句中的一個從句。有時是連續(xù)幾個句子，有時甚至可以是一個完整的故事。

二、“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置

由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：

1.形容詞做先行成分時：形容詞或形容詞短語（含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。

2.動詞短語作先行成分時：動詞短語作先行成分時，“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當(dāng)從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時，“as”特殊定語從句可以移至句子之首。

3.句子作先行成分時：“as”特殊定語從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語，“as”特殊定語從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定語從句與否定詞的相對位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同的意義。由于“as”特殊定語從句具有這一特點，所以有時它的位置不能隨便移動。在非正式的文體里，“which”特殊定語從句可以出現(xiàn)在先行成分之中。

三、“as/which”特殊定語從句的語義功能

一般說來，as與which的語義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時，它們的語義功能則有差異。

1.表示結(jié)果（which）

表示結(jié)果的特殊定語從句與其先行成分之間存在著一定的因果關(guān)系，從句中往往使用有結(jié)果意義的詞，如動詞result, make, enable, cause和形容詞interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。

2.表示評注（as）

表示評注的特殊定語從句對其先行成分所述事實的正確性有肯定的傾向，它通常與那些表示客觀事實，普遍真理或某種習(xí)性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規(guī)律”、“眾所周知”或“經(jīng)常發(fā)生”等意義的詞語，如natural, known to all, usual等。

3.有無狀語意義

“as”特殊定語從句具有狀語意義（主要是方式狀語意義），而“which”特殊定語從句則無狀語意義?！癮s”特殊定語從句的狀語意義要求它在語義上與其先行成分的語義保持一致，“which”特殊定語從句則不受這種限制。

第三篇：第二十課 That,which 和 who 定語從句

第二十課 That，which 和 who 定語從句 一.本課要點及示例

在這一課里, 我們要學(xué)習(xí)以 that, t-h-a-t, that, which, w-h-i-c-h, which 和 who, w-h-o, who 開頭的短句.這種短句在整個句子里有修飾的功用.首先我們還是聽一段對話, 內(nèi)容是說彼得和瑪麗快要畢業(yè)了, 兩個人見面談起畢業(yè)典禮的事情.請你注意聽兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語調(diào).F: Next week we graduate from high school.I can hardly wait.M: But first there are two more examinations which I have to pass.F: And there are three more papers that I have to write.M: Did you get your cap and robe for the graduation ceremony? F: Yes, but the robe which they gave me is too long.The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.M: The one that they gave me is too short.Maybe we should trade.在剛才那段對話里有些句子包含了用 that, which 和 who 開頭的短句, 現(xiàn)在我請英文老師再把這些句子念一遍給你聽.M: There are two more examinations which I have to pass.F: There are three more papers that I have to write.F: The robe which they gave me is too long.F: The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.M: The one that they gave me is too short.二.THAT 聽了剛才那段對話, 你可能已經(jīng)注意到用一個短句來修飾一個詞的時候, 它的位置是在那個詞的后面, 比方: “穿著長禮服戴著方帽子的學(xué)生,” 英文應(yīng)該這樣 說: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops.現(xiàn)在我們來練習(xí)這類句子, 每個句子都跟彼得和瑪麗快要畢業(yè)有關(guān)系.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽男老師念句子.然后跟著女老師把句子重復(fù)一遍.M: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.F: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.M: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.F: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.M: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.F: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.M: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.F: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.三.WHICH 剛才那些句子里用來修飾的短句都是用that 開頭的, that 可以用來指人或是東西.但是在專門指東西或事情的時候可以用 which, w-h-i-c-h, which 代替.The robe that they gave Mary is too long.這句話也可以這樣說: The robe which they gave Mary is too long.下面我們作一組練習(xí), 學(xué)學(xué)這種句子, 練習(xí)的作法是由老師用 “什么” what 提 出一個問句, 比方 “什么是文憑? ”What is a diploma? 然后老師念一個用 which 開頭的短句修飾的詞, 比方 “高中畢業(yè)生得到的文件” The paper which a high school graduate receives, 所以剛才那個問題的答案就是: “文憑是高中畢業(yè)生 得到的文件.”A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives.在這 組練習(xí)里, 你可以學(xué)習(xí)到怎么用英文來解釋什么是 “學(xué)位” degree, d-e-g-r-e-e, degree, 什么是 “畢業(yè)舞會” prom, p-r-o-m, prom 等等.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽老師問問 題, 并且在學(xué)生回答問題的時候也一起回答.M: What is a graduation robe? M: the robe which the graduates wear F: A graduation robe is the robe which the graduates wear.M: What is a graduation ceremony? M: a ceremony which the graduates attend F: A graduation ceremony is a ceremony which the graduates attend.M: What is a diploma? M: the paper which a high school graduate receives F: A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives.M: What is a degree? M: the paper which a university or college graduate receives F: A degree is the paper which a university or college graduate receives.M: What is a prom? M: the dance which the graduates go to

F: A prom is the dance which the graduates go to.四.WHO 下面我們來學(xué)習(xí)用 who, w-h-o, who 作剛才那種短句, 比方有一句話: “老師就 是教書的人” A teacher is a person who teaches.在這句話里, who 指的就是 “人” person p-e-r-s-o-n, person.下面我們來作一組練習(xí),首先由老師提出一個疑問句.比方: “誰將在典禮上致 辭? ”Who will give a speech at the ceremony? 接著老師念出一個用 who 開頭 的短句修飾的詞.比方: “參加畢業(yè)典禮的官員們” The officials who attend the graduation ceremony.所以剛才那個問題的答案就是: “參加畢業(yè)典禮的官員 們將在典禮上致辭.” The officials who attend the graduation ceremony will give a speech at the ceremony.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽老師問問題, 并且在學(xué)生回答問題 的時候也一起回答.M: Who will wear long robes and caps with square tops? M: the students who graduate F: The students who graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops.M: Who will attend the graduation ceremony? M: the students who graduate F: The students who graduate will attend the graduation ceremony.M: Who will receive a diploma? M: the students who graduate from high schools F: The students who graduate from high schools will receive a diploma.M: Who will receive a degree? M: the students who graduate from universities or colleges F: The students who graduate from universities or colleges will receive a degree.M: Who will make a speech at the ceremony? M: the graduate who has the best record in school F: The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech at the ceremony.五.從句修飾賓語

現(xiàn)在我們再來學(xué)習(xí)用短句.在剛才作的幾組練習(xí)里用的短句都是用來修飾主 語的.下面我們要用這種短句來修飾賓語.比方有一句話: “父母和朋友向畢業(yè) 的 3

學(xué)生祝賀.”Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated.在 這句話里, 短句 who graduated 修飾句子里的賓語 the students.下面我們來作一組練習(xí)把兩句簡單的話合并成用短句修飾賓語的句子.練習(xí)的作法是這樣的: 老師先念一個句子 “彼得跟學(xué)生閑談” Peter chatted with the students, 接著老師又念第二個句子 “典禮中坐在他附近的學(xué)生” The students sat near him at the ceremony.請你用 who 把第二個句子改為短句, 用來修飾第 一句話里的 “學(xué)生”, 所以答案就是 Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony.現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí), 每作完一句還是請你聽正確答案.M: Peter talked to the student.M: The student gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.F: Peter talked to the student who gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.M: Peter chatted with the students.M: The students sat near him at the ceremony.F: Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony.M: Parents and friends congratulated the students.M: The students graduated.F: Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated.M: Students met their friends and relatives.M: Their friends and relatives came to the graduation ceremony.F: Students met their friends and relatives who came to the graduation ceremony.M: The graduates took pictures of their friends.M: Their friends were in the same classes.F: The graduates took pictures of their friends who were in the same classes.下面我們用同樣的方式練習(xí)怎么用以 which 開頭的短句來形容一個句子的賓 語, 比方老師說: “學(xué)生聽演講” Students listened to the speech.接著老師又說: “校長在典禮中演講” The principal gave a speech at the ceremony.你就把第二 句話改成短句來修飾第一句話里的賓語 “ 演講”, 所以正確答案就是 Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony.好, 現(xiàn)在我 4

們開 始作練習(xí), 每作完一句就請你聽正確答案.M: Mary didn't like the robe.M: She got the robe for the graduation ceremony.F: Mary didn't like the robe which she got for the graduation ceremony.M: Mary wore the robe.M: She traded the robe with Peter.F: Mary wore the robe which she traded with Peter.M: Students listened to the speech.M: The principal gave a speech at the ceremony.F: Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony.M: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas.M: They earned the diplomas.F: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas which they earned.M: Students showed each other the pictures.M: They took the pictures.F: Students showed each other the pictures which they took.M: Students danced to the music.M: The band played music at the prom.F: Students danced to the music which the band played at the prom.六.聽短文回答問題

今天我們要聽的文章是談到美國中學(xué)和大學(xué)的畢業(yè)典禮.文章里許多句子都 是我們剛才練習(xí)過的, 比方哪些學(xué)生可以畢業(yè), 在典禮上誰致辭, 典禮之后舉 行畢業(yè)舞會, 畢業(yè)典禮是令人回味的活動等等.現(xiàn)在請你注意聽.In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day.The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate.The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium.The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates.Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops.The

graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech.The school principal and other officials will also make speeches.Then each graduate will receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school.The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma.The paper which the students receive in college is a degree.After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who come to congratulate them.They take pictures of each other.They will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom.Graduation is a memorable event.剛才那段文章你聽懂了嗎? 等一會兒我會請英文老師再用慢速度念一遍給你 聽.現(xiàn)在我們先來聽今天測驗的三個問題.第一個問題是: M: Who attends the graduation ceremony? 第二個問題是: M: What do graduates do at the ceremony? 第三個問題是: M: What do students often do after the ceremony? 現(xiàn)在我們再聽英文老師用慢速度把整段文章念一遍.In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day.The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate.The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium.The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates.Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops.The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech.The school principal and other officials will also make speeches.Then each graduate will receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school.The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma.The paper which the students receive in college is a degree.After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who

come to congratulate them.They take pictures of each other.They will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom.Graduation is a memorable event.現(xiàn)在請你回答今天測驗的三個問題, 回答之后請你聽老師念正確答案.第一個問題是: M: Who attends the graduation ceremony? F: The school principal, officials, the graduates, their teachers, parents and friends attend the graduation ceremony.第二個問題是: M: What do graduates do at the ceremony? F: They listen to speeches, and they receive diplomas or degrees.第三個問題是: M: What do students often do after the ceremony? F: They chat with their teachers, friends and relatives.They also take pictures of each other.

第四篇：英語定語從句說課稿

英語定語從句說課稿

一、說教材

二、說教法

三、說學(xué)法

四、說教學(xué)程序

一、說教材 1．教材分析

各位老師下午好，我今天說課的的內(nèi)容是定語從句：主要從四個方面來說的：本課時的內(nèi)容是高中英語必修一Unit4的語法第一課時，初次導(dǎo)入含引導(dǎo)詞who, which, that的定語從句，這里的定語從句出現(xiàn)得比較凌亂，因此我把這些語法整合起來教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生有個完整的認(rèn)識。2．教學(xué)目標(biāo)

1）知識目標(biāo):

A.掌握定語從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法。

B.掌握定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞who, which和that的基本用法。2）能力目標(biāo)：

A.能口頭上用簡單的定語從句描述人或物。B.能在筆頭上用定語從句描述人或物。3．教學(xué)重點

1).引導(dǎo)詞which, who及 that的基本用法。2).復(fù)習(xí)和鞏固定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法。4．教學(xué)難點

引導(dǎo)詞that的特殊用法。用定語從句造句。

二、說教法

根據(jù)英語“課標(biāo)”的要求，課程要從學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、生活經(jīng)驗和認(rèn)知水平出發(fā)，因此，我將在教學(xué)中采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)，設(shè)置情境交際教學(xué)等。1.任務(wù)型教學(xué)，每個環(huán)節(jié)布置一個不同層次的任務(wù)，讓不同層次的學(xué)生在完成每個任務(wù)的時獲得成就感，同時，不同難易的任務(wù)有效地鍛煉了不同層次的學(xué)生能力。2.設(shè)置情境交際法，盡量設(shè)置學(xué)生感興趣的話題，讓學(xué)生充分利用新學(xué)的知識。

3.把枯燥的語法規(guī)則學(xué)習(xí)融入有趣的口語訓(xùn)練，交際應(yīng)用當(dāng)中。4.通過筆頭訓(xùn)練鞏固所學(xué)語法知識。達(dá)到口頭，筆頭的完美結(jié)合。

三、說學(xué)法

1.列舉法，舉例加深對定語從句的理解。2.在說練中體會語法的含義及用法。四.說教學(xué)程序 Leading in導(dǎo)入

以一個笑談式的問題引出本課的主題。比如，在師生問答中很隨意地引出下列對話：

T: Do you like the boy? S：Which one?

T: The one who has big eyes.??

在學(xué)生猜出答案之前給學(xué)生輸入盡量多含who的定語從句。Your classmate is the boy / man who ?? 4.小結(jié)：

定語從句的定義，結(jié)構(gòu)及引導(dǎo)詞who的用法。5.練習(xí)

讓學(xué)生翻譯及個含有定語從句的句子。

The man who stood here a minute ago is my father.Do you know the thief who stole your money?

6.導(dǎo)入which的用法。利用下列對話引出含有Which的定語從句。T: May I borrow a pen? S: Which oen?

T: The one which has a rabbit on it.The one which is very long.然后把學(xué)生的鋼筆收集起來，一次展示幾支，讓學(xué)生用定語從句描述自己的鋼筆，并且領(lǐng)走。

Which pen is yours?

The pen which ?? is mine.8.小結(jié)

引導(dǎo)詞which的用法。

9.教學(xué)難點：指出某些只用that不用which的特殊情況，或只用which 不用that的情況。

10.練習(xí)

一．翻譯下列句子

1).這就是下學(xué)期將要教我們英語的老師。2).我昨天看見的老外來自澳大利亞。3).他在我們昨天參觀的工廠工作。4).你想買的自行車太貴了.二．對了答案之后，把復(fù)印好的關(guān)于定語從句的題發(fā)給學(xué)生下去做，進(jìn)行鞏固，下節(jié)課繼續(xù)講定語從句。這個作業(yè)具有承上啟下的作用。

我的說課內(nèi)容到此結(jié)束，謝謝各位老師。

第五篇：高中英語語法定語從句小結(jié)

定語從句

1.① 關(guān)系代詞（who,whom,whose,which,that,as）

A.從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與先行詞一致

one of +動詞復(fù)數(shù)-------He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai

the only one +動詞單數(shù)-------He is the only one of the students who has been to ShanghaiB.who/whom

介詞放在句尾，二者都可用------This is the girl(who/whom)we have been looking for.C.whose=of which

The classroomare broken is unoccupied.The classroomare broken is unoccupied.D.介詞+關(guān)系代詞

⑴v.+prep.which he had been⑵n.+prep.They are still living in the little house ’ve been⑶adj.+prep.The woker E.只用that

⑴.先行詞是最高級、序數(shù)詞

⑵.先行詞是all,some/any/no/every+thing ,none

或only,any,few,little,no,all,none of,the very+先行詞

⑶.先行詞既有人又有物

⑷.who/which…….that…..?

⑸…… which…….that……

② 關(guān)系副詞(when,where,why)

A.when=on which

先行詞：occasion

B.where=in which

先行詞：case,point,situation,condition,stage

C.why=for which

先行詞：reason

2.A． when=and thenwhere=and there

B． as/which

(1)as在句前、句中、句后------which在句后

(2)非限制性定語從句放在主句之后，用as

定語從句是否定句或表示否定時，用which---He came here very late, which was unexpected

(3)As anybody can see

As we had expected

As often happens

As has been said before

As is mentioned above

As I understand

As appears

(4)As+被動語態(tài)------Which+主動語態(tài)