第一篇：托福寫作：詞匯應用和句子結構

托福寫作：詞匯應用和句子結構

首先，我們先來看看詞匯量。所謂詞匯量，從宏觀出發(fā)指的是你所掌握的單詞總數(shù)。比如說你為了參加托?？荚嚕詹栾埐凰?，大門不出在家苦苦求索，用無數(shù)大腦細胞換來的單詞記憶量。這個首先保證的是你的閱讀能力……

TOEFL寫作中詞匯的選用

首先，我們先來看看詞匯量。所謂詞匯量，從宏觀出發(fā)指的是你所掌握的單詞總數(shù)。比如說你為了參加托?？荚嚕詹栾埐凰?，大門不出在家苦苦求索，用無數(shù)大腦細胞換來的單詞記憶量。這個首先保證的是你的閱讀能力，當你看到這個單詞的時候好像形同陌路，也有點似曾相識，但是可以很大程度上幫助你理解整篇文章的意思，如此一來，你做TOEFL閱讀部分的時候，詞匯量的大小決定了你對文章的認知程度。可是對于寫作而言，這個單詞量就要另當別論了，或許你可以有幾萬個單詞在大腦里，可是談到寫作，就很難用單詞量來衡量你的具體應用了；換句話說，你認識他們每一個人，但是他們是不是認識你就不好說了。

很多同學背單詞的堅韌精神讓我佩服不已，但一如既往地記憶的確很好，可是在寫作方面還是有很多苦惱：一般是提筆忘字或者高級詞匯的使用，還有就是句型過于簡單羅列，使得整篇文章缺少亮點和層次感。想要避免提筆忘字，就要談到詞匯要怎么記憶了，純粹的單詞表記憶，破壞了單詞之間的聯(lián)系性，積累寫作方面的單詞，最好不要逐一地背單詞表，按照字母順序排列的單詞，彼此之間的聯(lián)系太少。針對這一特點，市場上TOEFL寫作類的圖書都做了很多調整，經常在每篇范文之后附加了文章中好的詞匯和短語，這樣在你學習了范文的寫法之后，再回味一下文章中的詞匯精華，一舉兩得。如果有充分的時間，可以選擇一些文字類新聞多一些的英文網(wǎng)站，Yahoo，MSN之類的就不錯。通過閱讀新聞來積累單詞，首先很多社會新聞可以成為我們寫作的構思素材，其次多元化的新聞，不容易產生死背單詞的枯燥感。

關于高級詞匯在TOEFL寫作中的應用，我覺得要順其自然。有些考生總是喜歡找一些級別高的單詞，甚至是被人冷落的單詞進行記憶，這就好像讓莎士比亞去考托福一樣，級別相差太多。我見過很多學生，尤其是高中生，因為記憶力還保持在茂盛期，所以偏愛這種類型的記憶；這樣做的優(yōu)點在于你的單詞量擴展得很好，基本可以參加GRE的考試，缺點就是犧牲太多時間，也會損害記憶能力。針對TOEFL考試，詞匯上的升級其實也很簡單，我們來看下邊這個例子：

magnificent? significant ?

important

具體應用到句子中：

1.WTO is planning an important conference about commercial regulations.2.It is a significant contribution to the society.3.We have visited the magnificent Forbidden city.這幾個詞大家都很熟悉，都有“重要，華麗”的意思。可是作為同級比較的形容詞，它們之間的關系則是遞進式的，其強調的重要或者華麗的程度也在逐漸提升。如果你按照這樣的順序來進行記憶，不但可以記牢這幾個單詞，而且可以得到如何應用的真諦。所以所謂的高級詞匯的應用，要從基礎開始，打好基礎之后再進行積累，切忌操之過急。再來看看下邊這個例子：

Humility humiliate humiliated humiliating

這幾個詞匯都是由humility衍生出來的，但是意思大不相同，humility是我們的傳統(tǒng)美德，叫做“謙卑”，和pride正好是反義詞；而humiliate卻是“使人蒙塵”的意思，humiliate和humiliating 一般口語使用偏多，指的是“感覺很丟臉，沒有面子”。例如：I feel humiliated 或者 it is humiliating.有時候，與其花費大量時間去記憶新單詞和詞組，都不如在已經掌握的單詞中進行聯(lián)想性的擴展來的有效和實惠。其實道理很簡單，說一個東西好，很好，到非常好，相當好，甚至好到不能再好，這是一個縱向比較的記憶方法，按照級別的不同進行選擇性的記憶和使用。

我們再看看下邊這個例子：

So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk，what a briliant mission!

這句話是某英文網(wǎng)站對神舟七號的評價，這個屬于句子的倒裝，但是強調的內容是amazing。這個詞意思很廣泛，而且同義詞也有很多，例如incredible, wonderful, 甚至unbelievable，這里用amazing是表示難以置信的好，類似incredible，是對太空行走這次任務完成的積極評價，這就是高級詞匯的同等記憶了，這幾個詞都有“美妙，奇妙，難以置信”之類的意思，記憶的方法屬于橫向比較，也就是說，都是表示好到不能再好之類的意思，但是好的方向不同，所以單詞的選擇會有區(qū)別。

托福寫作中句子句型的使用

我們來看看句子吧。如果說單詞是句子的靈魂，那句子就是文章的基石，而句型則是不同品質的基石，可以讓整篇文章充滿多樣的色彩，讀起來讓人很有興趣。雖然句型的變化很多，可是針對TOEFL文章的特點，一篇接近300字的議論文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同時，也需要文章有精彩的內容?？墒俏恼缕邢?，我們僅僅需要熟練地應用幾個不同的句型，就一定會給評分人留下很深刻的印象了

句子中的修辭

我們看看下邊的幾個例句：

1.Knowledge will never lieh

知之為知之，不知為不知，是智也。

這個句子使用了擬人的修辭手法，賦予了knowledge生命，形象化了知識的嚴謹性，同時也避免了直接翻譯的繁瑣冗長。

2.That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。

那一信息使所有正在找工作的人為之一震。

這個句子也間接使用了擬人的手法，人性化了Information這個詞，come可以把人們接受信息的過程表達的更生動。

3.Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life

自信在你一生中扮演極其重要的角色

這個句子中never和fail表示雙重否定，用以加強肯定的成分。

這幾種句子中的修辭手法都可以使句子的意思表達起來更生動，讓人讀起來容易接受，同時也避免了直接翻譯的很多缺點。

強調句的應用和舉例說明

孔子《論語》中的這個經典語句可謂家喻戶曉，一句“有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎”道出了中華民族作為禮儀之邦的特點。在托福中，這句話可以應用在關于friendship的文章，這句話直譯過來說的是：有朋友從很遠的地方來看你難道不是一件很開心的事情嗎？通過中文理解，我們知道這句話所強調的部分是：一件很開心的事情?！伴_心”有很多詞匯可以選擇，常用的有happy和glad，高級一點的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高級一點的還有incredible和delightful。應用到實際寫作中，可以使用it is 做一個強調句來凸顯這句話的特點，例如：

It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。

在這個句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很平常，每個人都會寫，所以即使是評卷人看到這個句子也不會覺得稀奇，那么作為強調句，恰好是delightful這個詞，代表了一種發(fā)自心底的喜悅和開心，讓讀過這個句子的人都有眼前一亮的感覺，這也就達到了強調句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快樂之意，但是和delightful相比就顯得不夠級別了，明顯高興的程度不一樣，delightful更能顯示一種喜悅帶來的興奮，迎接千里迢迢來訪的朋友這樣的表達最恰當不過了?？梢云鸬綇娬{作用的句型結構有很多，我們能夠用到的同位語從句和倒裝句都有這樣的作用，例如：

It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth.這句話中that后邊引導的就是要強調的內容，即an undeniable fact.為了突出harm the Earth是一個不可否認的事實，做成這樣一個句子。

Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute.這句話強調的就是only后邊的effective measures，而且翻譯過來是只有同過有效的措施，強調的唯一性，無二法門。

倒裝句子的特點就是把句子倒過來說，這樣的解釋過于直白但卻很實際。根據(jù)英語句型結構特點，因為要強調才會選擇去倒裝。我們看看下邊的兩個例子：

1.So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it.2.So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk.句子中劃線的部分就是倒裝結構的重點強調所在，關于倒裝句的作用，前邊已然講過，這里就不多說了。在TOEFL的具體應用中，我們需要在寫作實踐里進行檢驗。

Only through education can we rise in the world.Only by receiving education can we rise in the world.從句什么時候使用

在托福寫作中，從句句型還是應用比較廣泛的，常用的主語、賓語從句，定語從句，還有我們講過的同位語從句。我見過的托福寫作范文中，包括CBT和IBT的兩類作文，段落中從句出現(xiàn)的頻率都是很高的，尤其是第一段introduction中，一般做背景介紹的時候都會使用賓語從句，例如：some people claim that… 在文章的主體部分中，為了體現(xiàn)句式的變化，各種從句交替應用就顯得很重要；即使在iBT導入了first draft的概念之后，對文章的內容要求也沒有改變要求，需要體現(xiàn)完整性和統(tǒng)一性。有一點值得注意，從句雖好，但不宜過多重復，這就好像美酒雖好，但不要貪杯的道理一樣。好鋼用在刀刃上，從句的優(yōu)點是簡單句不能比擬的，但只有簡單句結合從句，才能體現(xiàn)句子的多變性；也只有全部的句子都為主題句服務，文章的整體性才會更好的體現(xiàn)。以下是議論文寫作中比較好的一些從句例子：

1.Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle.賓語從句，一般出現(xiàn)在首段背景介紹部分。

2.Horror movies, in which there might be bleeding and terrifying scenes, are not recommended for children.定語從句，一般在主體部分中比較常見，用以解釋說明，達到簡化句子的目的。

3.As long as you are a student, you should always behave yourself.狀語從句，讓步狀語從句比較常見的使用although或者though來引導，這里介紹一個使用as long as來引導的句子，這個例句可以解釋成做一天和尚撞一天鐘。

4.When it comes to psychology, most people believe that it is a behavioral study.時間狀語從句，例句中的應用表示了“當談到…的時候”，這是一種美式英語中經常出現(xiàn)的句式，口語和書面語都可以使用，推薦各位掌握。

諺語的選擇和使用方法

諺語，即proverb。很多都陪伴我們一路成長，有很多的警世名言都可以應用到寫作中，可以給你的文章提升說服力。諺語的應用一般要注意一下幾點：

第一，要考慮到東西方文化的差異。畢竟我們的文章是給外國友人欣賞的，所以要注意諺語的背景。說句不客氣的話，我們上下五千年的歷史長河里流淌了太多的文化，有太多東西讓這些可愛的閱卷人看不懂了。

例如：no pain, no gain 不勞無獲，no sacrifice , no gain 不入虎穴，焉得虎子

這兩個no…no…的成語很多人都知道，其含義可以被全世界人接受，所以在TOEFL的文章中被頻繁使用。但是，no hunt, no bark 這個成語，直譯過來是說不去打獵就不需要聽到狗叫了，成語里的典故講的是韓信說過的一句話：鳥盡弓藏，兔死狗烹。這句話我們很容易理解，而因為文化背景的區(qū)別，從原文理解起來對西方邏輯有點困難，所以不建議各位在托福的寫作中應用。

第二，學會靈活地運用諺語。挑選諺語是第一步，接下來的就是你如何去使用它了。比較常見的是作為主旨句出現(xiàn)在段落之中，這個前邊提到了一些，例如：Knowledge will never lie 和It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。表示友誼重要性的還有Friendship never sinks即友誼之船永不沉沒，等等。

以下提供一些寫作中比較常見的好的諺語，希望各位斟酌使用。

Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧

Patience is the road to understanding 理解萬歲

All roads lead to Rome 條條大路通羅馬

Attitudes define everything.態(tài)度決定一切

Every coin has its two sides.有利有弊

One’s meat is another’s poison.己所不欲，勿施于人

講了這么多的句型和從句，應用起來也要注意方法，切忌移花接木，強買強賣。我見過很多考生喜歡寫強調句，因為格式簡單，模仿起來也容易，但是如果在每一個段落都出現(xiàn)倒裝或者強調句，那也就不能凸現(xiàn)強調的意義了，反而讓人感覺重復，索然無味。有些時候文章的段落里是不需要大篇幅應用從句的，強行介入的從句反而會使句子讀起來文字繁冗羅列，好像負擔很重的樣子；諺語的使用要謹慎小心，合理的使用可以讓閱卷人對你佩服的五體投地，盲目的應用可能會讓人曲解你所表達的意思，所以我們不要做畫蛇添足的事，對于TOEFL文章而言，更多精力要放在段落的整體性上，不需要應用的語法和詞匯就干脆不用，寧缺毋濫。

構思協(xié)調結構，結構配合論證，論證揣摩方法，文章才會有整體感和說服力；單詞組成句子，句子形成段落，段落構成文章，不僅僅針對TOEFL，任何一篇好的文章都不是一個孤立的個體，而是一點一滴積累起來的，有一種群擁而起的感覺。文章中閃光的詞匯和句型，都是點滴的精華，使得你的文章可以讓人讀后有一種賞心悅目的感覺，如果這樣的話，你的作文就成功了，因為只有讀者說好的文章才是真正意義上的好文章。

以下貢獻一篇IBT托福的議論文范文，文章結構上遵循規(guī)則，總分總的格式貫穿到底。內容上句式尋求清晰明了，語言也符合first draft的要求，論證則以例證為主導，通篇閱讀下來有很好的整體性, 推薦各位考生模仿。

Private highway or Public transportation

I believe that our government should spend more money on transportation.Here is why.First of all, public transportation such as buses and subways can deliver a great amount of people at the same time.For instance, subways can always transfer hundreds of people to their destinations as soon as possible.Long distance buses will give a handful of help to many people who work in a different city as they live.In addition, local buses are heroes for making our everyday life easier.Secondly, public transportation can effectively relieve the traffic congestion in rush hour.For example, living in a metropolitan like New York or Toronto, people are highly recommended to take public transportation.Not only the gasoline price today is scaring people away, but they always agree that it can take them forever to get out of a traffic jam in rush hour.Last but not least, buses and subways today are typically powered by low emission fuels and even electricity.The government should realize that this will make a great contribution to the city’s environment.In the other hand, environmental problem has been raised as a global concern.I think our government should not consider the future impact of car emissions at last;otherwise they will eventually spend more money from their budget to save the environment.As a matter of fact, highway improvement is somehow required as well.Nowadays, in the city I am living, almost every family owns a car.My parents are living outside the city, they drive to work everyday.In holidays, they will invite me to have a trip.We can plan the trip wherever we want to go.People have more freedom to travel with cars, and it turns out that highways are always occupied during weekend.To conclude, public transportation requires more attention from our government.For instance, such as the quality of buses, the appropriate increase of routes and the safety concerns.

第二篇：托福寫作詞匯

寫作關鍵用詞及短語匯總 數(shù)量詞

一些 a range of;a variety of;a series of;an array of 無數(shù) innumerable;countless 許多 plenty of;many;much;a great deal of;a lot of;ample 非常多（大）的 tremendous 依序列舉 list in sequence

時間詞

過時的 outdated;antiquated;outmoded;obsolete;anachronistic 短暫的 ephemeral;transitory;transient;short-lived 不合時宜的 anachronism 可持久的 durable;able to stand wear;last a long time 一再 time after time;again and again 初始的 preliminary 前述的 aforementioned;aforesaid;former 自古到今 from ancient times to the present day;down through the ages 年輕人 young people;youngster;youth;young adult 老式的 old-fashioned;out of date;dated 偶爾 from time to time;now and then;once in a while;at times 時常 often;frequently;repeatedly 永遠的 eternal;perpetual;lasting throughout life 重整辦事優(yōu)先順序 reshape priorities 目前 so far;by far 一次就可完成的事 one-time event 正/反意見（opinion）罵 yell at;reprimand;chide;scold;reprove 支持 support;endorse;back up;uphold 譴責 condemn;express strong disapproval of 錯的 mistaken;erroneous;wrong incorrect 錯事 wrongdoing;had acts;misbehavior 做相反的 do the reverse of;do the opposite 歸咎 blame…on;put the blame on …;…is to blame 瓦解 disintegrate;break up;separate into small parts 支持某一方 in favor of;on the side of 不會犯錯的 infallible 意見不和 clashes of opinion 一致的 unanimous;in complete agreement 不恰當 inappropriate;improper;unsuitable;inadequate 批判 criticize;blame;find fault with;make judgments of the merits and faults of… 我們想念…we are convinced that…;we are certain that..我愿意 I incline to;I am inclined to;I am willing to;I tend to 有用的 useful;of use;serviceable;good for;instrumental;productive 有意義的 meaningful;fulfilling 他們不愿承認這一點 they have always been reluctant to admit this… 在大家同意下 by common consent of… 否定 deny;withhold;negate 承認 admit;acknowledge;confess;concede 于事無補 of no help;of no avail;no use 使…受益 benefit…;do good to…;is good for…;is of great benefit to…

成語及俗語及搭配方式

想法 frame of mind;mind set;the way one is thinking 想出 come up with 找出 come up with;find out 利用 use;take advantage of 夸耀 brag about;boast about;show off;speak too highly of 照顧 take care of;take charge of;attend to;watch over 對…很了解 have a deep knowledge of… 對抗權威 stand up against authority;resisit boldly the authority 對…有信心 have confidence in 說清楚 articulate;verbalize;put in words;utter 接受…之美意 embrace the offer of… 累積 amass;accumulate;heap up;assemble 連系 tact;get in touch with;contact with 排除這可能性 rule out the possibility 等于 is equivalent to;equal 選擇 choose;elect;opt for;pick;single out 發(fā)出 deliver;give out;hand over 繞路 detour;take a detour;take a roundabout way 禁止進入 is kept out;is barred from 小看 make little of 壞了 out of order;on the blink;is not working 分別 distinguish between;make a distinction between;tell…from 依靠 count on;depend on 忽視 neglect;give too little care to 存在 come to be;come into existence;come to birth;come into being 考慮 consider;take into consideration;take into account 考慮到 in consideration of 用盡力氣 exhaust one’s strength;use up one’s strength 開動 initiate;set going 準備…brace for;prepare for 在于 lie in;rest on;rest with 主動 take the initiative 不算 exclusive of;not counting;leaving out 應該得到 deserve;have right to;is worthy of 避免 avoid;shun;get around;circumvent 幻想 fantasy;play of the mind 以此標準來算 by this criterion;by this standard 乍看之下 at first glance 面對 in the face of;in the presence of 以 by means of;by virtue of;by the use of 不惜代價 at all costs 每況愈下 from bad to worse 承受錯誤造成的后果 in reaping the harvest of his mistakes 取得同意…get the go-ahead to 不擇手段 unscrupulously;by hook or by crook 想法與作法 beliefs and practices 內情 ins and outs;turns and twists 關鍵時刻 the critical moment 雖然 although;notwithstanding;albeit;though

功能用法與功能詞用法

根據(jù) according to;on the basis of;on the ground of(that);in the light of;in line with;in accordance with 逃避問題 evade the question 增大 enlarge;extend;aggrandize 澄清 clarify;make clear 賠償 compensate for;give…as compensation for 實現(xiàn) carry out;implement;realize;make…come true 假定 suppose;assume;postulate;hypothesize 極端的 radical;extreme 極端的措施 drastic measures 剩下的 the rest;the remainder;what is left 換言之 in other words;put another way 結果 result;aftermath;consequence 優(yōu)點 advantage;strength;strong point;merit;benefit 簡言之 put simply;in short;in brief;in a nutshell 舉例而言 for instance;for example;to illustrate;let us cite 特別是 an illustration;to cite a concrete case 特別是 especially;more than others;particularly;in particular 既然…now that…;seeing that… 跡象 inkling;hint;clue;a slight suggestion 缺點 disadvantage;demerit;shortcoming;drawback;weakness 除去 do away with;eliminate;remove;get rid of 缺少 for lack of;for a deficiency of 畢竟 after all;all in all 范圍 scope;field;realm 潛力 potential;行為 conduct;behavior;doings 隔絕 isolate;insulate 分辨出 identify;recognize 不易懂的 elusive;hard to understand 展開 unfold 回饋 feedback 主導的人物 a dominant figure;a controlling man;the most influential person 觀點 viewpoint;point of view;perspective;standpoint 正在進行中 is underway 只是一種姿態(tài) is merely a gesture 立場 position;stand;stance 意向 inclination;leaning;intention 特權 privilege;a special right 來自 stem from;come from 一件事的不同說法 alternative statements of fact

寫作關鍵（常用詞）

交織 intertwine;interweave 好奇心 the eager desire to know;curiosity 尊敬 respect;esteem;think highly of 頑固的 headstrong;obstinate;stubborn 暗淡的 gloomy;dark;dim 巨大的 huge;gigantic;colossal;vast;enormous;tremendous 探索 explore;fathom 執(zhí)行 carry out;execute;do 現(xiàn)代 modern times;modern age;contemporary age 偏見 prejudice;bias;partiality;predilection 混亂 chaos;commotion;confusion;disturbance;tumult 無彈性（僵硬）rigid 無缺點的 flawless;airtight 無藥可救 incurable 無法避免的 unavoidable;inevitable 細密的計劃 elaborate plan 取消 cancel;annul;abolish 解藥 a cure for…;a remedy for;謎 puzzle;riddle;enigma 機會平等 equality of opportunity 較有影響力的國家 a predominant country 遵守 abide by;conform to;observe;comply with 熱情的 passionate;ardent;zealous 模糊的 ambiguous;vague;obscure 影響長遠的 far-reaching 失望 despair;loss of hope;without hope 幼稚 childish;childlike;na?ve 挑剔的 picky;choosy;fastidious 破壞 destroy;ruin;break to pieces;devasate 技巧的 skillful;adept;dexterous 警覺的 alert;watchful;on guard;wary of 忍受 bear;put up with;endure;stand 證據(jù) evidence;facts;proof;grounds;testimony 很容易地 easily;with little problem;with little hindrance 令人驚訝的 amazing;astonishing;astounding 生動的報導 vivid description 爭取 compete for;try hard to win 遺產 heritage;legacy;inheritance 保護 protect;safeguard;preserve;shelter 了解 understand;comprehend;catch the meaning of;catch on 匯露 reveal;make known;disclose 放大 amplify;magnify;enlarge 動力 impetus;driving force;momentum 自滿的 complacent 第一流的 first-rate;excellent 安全處 refuge;asylum;haven;sanctuary 強調 emphasize;stress;highlight 短視的決定 short-sighted decision 真正的 genuine;authentic;real 怪異的 eccentric;peculiar;odd 明顯的 distinct;clear;explicit;obvious 得到…的注意 capture one’s attention 事事干涉的 meddlesome;interfering 背景 setting;background 假的 fake;false;counterfeit 夸大報導 dramatize 退步 setback 古人 the ancients 古老的 old;ancient;archaeic 逃犯 infringe(on);violate 使害怕 intimidate;frighten 帶來生氣 enliven 對手 rival 吸引人的 intriguing 旁觀者 onlooker 準確地說 to be exact;to be precise;precisely 突然醒悟 it dawned on me that 仔細思考之后 after long deliberation;after careful thought 對比及其相關用詞 可互換的 interchangeable 可與…相比 is comparable with(to)普遍的 prevailing;common;prevalent 是一個對比 is a sharp contrast to 比作 is likened to;is compared to 多樣化的 heterogeneous 單一性的 homogeneous

寫作關系/邏輯用詞

一般而言 in general;generally speaking;by and large 滿于現(xiàn)狀 be happy with what you are 預測未來 project into the future 另一個觀點是… another way of looking at the matter is… 不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… 評估社會文化因素 assess(evaluate)sociocultural factors 那并非說… that does not mean that…

那有這回事 there is no such thing as 一個有待克服的困難是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… 由…造成 caused by;attributable to;due to;resulting from 由…組成 is made up of…;is comprised of;consist 必須從兩方面考慮此問題 this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: 限制 limit;restrict;refrain;restrain;keep within limits;confine;keep in check 一般人認為… conventional wisdom suggests that… 這方法有陷阱 the method had pitfalls: 說服 convince;persuade;cause to believe 具體的 specific;concrete;tangible 刻意的 intentional;on purpose;intended 費時間去了 解…take time to acquaint oneself with… …是此問題的核心 …is at the root of the issue 無法估計 is beyond calculation;incalculable 無資格的 disqualified

第三篇：托福寫作如何利用詞匯

官方網(wǎng)站：

托福寫作如何利用詞匯

一般來說，托福寫作詞匯使用有3方面的技巧：選詞時要符合語言習慣并與社會文化諸多背景一致;選詞時要考慮主題、對象及情景;應把握好英語和漢語詞匯無法對應的部分。

技巧

一、托福寫作詞匯的選擇要符合語言習慣

由于東西方社會歷史文化的差異，許多詞所引申或代表的內容也大相徑庭，Phoenix在西方象征“復活”、“再生”，而漢語的這一詞卻表示“祥瑞”。

如果沒有廣泛的閱讀積累，養(yǎng)成經常查字典的良好習慣，單憑想當然地選詞，勢必會詞不達意。即使同一事物，在美國和英國也可能有不同的表達。

技巧

二、在托福寫作考試中特別要注意區(qū)分同義詞

由于歷史的原因，現(xiàn)代英語除本族語外，還包括大量的法語和拉丁來源的飼，這就使英語的同義詞相當豐富?？偟膩碇v，英語本族語大多是短詞，小詞，聽起來樸素)親切，大量用于口頭表達：法語來源的詞莊重文雅，多與行政、宗教、軍事、服飾等有關;拉丁來源的詞，書卷味濃，如ask，question，inter-rogate這三個不同來源的同義詞在不同的主題、對象、情景下用法就不一樣。同義詞除了來源的不同會影響措詞的選擇外，它們在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。

比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean，thin，underweight，gaunt，lanky，skinny等來表達，而sleder表示“苗條”是褒義的，skinny卻是貶義的，underweight則是中性的詞。即使同是褒義詞，表達的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite兩個同義詞當用來描繪女子時，都意為“個子小”的，但petite同時還有“勻稱”的意義，而 little更強調“可愛的”或“可憐的”，根據(jù)不同的上下文，它還有“纖小”、“嬌小”或“弱小”等不同意義。因此在選詞表達思想時，一定要分清主題，對象及情景。技巧

三、措詞選擇應把握好英語和漢語詞匯無法對應的部分

不是所有的托福寫作詞匯都有相應的漢語表達，一些不同的英語詞匯也有可能用同樣的漢語來表達，這就使我們在用英語來表達思想對面臨更多選擇上的困難。比如 family和home兩詞都可譯成漢語的“家”，但它們卻不是同義詞。Family主要指家庭成員，與人有關，而home主要指所居住的地點、住宅。Except和besides有時都譯成同樣的漢語“除了”，但他們的意思卻是相反的。

因此我們不能依賴于單純的漢語譯意。否則我們可能會被誤導。盡管許多英語對應的漢語詞匯都能表達它們真正的意思，但往往有些英語詞匯沒有準確的漢語對應詞;所以只有在不同的上下文中才能確定它們真正的意思，比如send一詞，如果單把它理解成漢語的“送”的話，象這樣的句子“她送信給我”也許會被寫成 she sent me the letter.所以經過上文的討論，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在托福寫作考試中，托福寫作詞匯的運用還是很有一番學問的，考生在實際運用中要特別注意。

第四篇：托福寫作重點詞匯句型下載

托福寫作重點詞匯句型下載 官方網(wǎng)站：

托福寫作重點詞匯句型下載。下面為大家整理了2014年托福寫作考試中常用的一些詞匯句型，同學們可進行下載并記憶運用，以便更好地準備托福寫作考試。

有目標的進行托福寫作準備，莫過于掌握最熱門的托福寫作詞匯和托福寫作句型了。下面將2014年托福寫作熱門詞匯和句型匯總，并輔以實例做了詳細的說明，希望對同學們托福寫作提高有所幫助!(MA)Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should

governments spend more money on improving public transportation(buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.Governments should definitely spend more money on improving all forms of public transportation.The widespread use of private cars has contributed to some serious problems in society, including depletion of natural resources, increased pollution and the loss of a sense of a sense of community.By encouraging the use of public transportation, governments can do a lot to counteract these problems.Cars depend on oil and gasoline, which are nonrenewable resources.Once we have used them up, they are gone forever.Every time a person gets into a private car to go to work, to the store, or anywhere, gasoline is used up just to take one person to one place.The more people drive their cars, the more resources are used up.When people use public transportation, on the other hand, less oil and gasoline are used up per person.Cars cause pollution.Every time a person drive his car somewhere, more pollution is put into the air.In many big cities, the high amount of air pollution causes health problems for the residents.Public transportation means fewer cars on the road, and that means less pollution.Cars tend to isolate people from each other.When a person use a private car, he is alone or only with people that he already knows.He doesn’t have the opportunity to see other people or talk to them or feel that he is part of a larger community.When he uses public transportation, however, he is surrounded by neighbors and other fellow city residents.He has a chance to be with people he might not otherwise see, and maybe even to get to know them a little.Environment problems and increased isolation are some of the most serious problems of modern society.Encouraging the use of public transportation is one way government can work against these problems and start creating a better world.

第五篇：托福寫作句子美化

句子美化

A：狀語前置

在英文寫作里，狀語前置是一種相當常用的句式變換手法。

狀語前置就是把一個由副詞、介詞、現(xiàn)在分詞或者動詞不定式形成的小短語放在句首。這種句式最大的好處是讓你的句子產生了一種長短結合的跳躍的節(jié)奏感。

新托福作文狀語前置用法全集

☆ Historically, in America workers have been mercilessly exploited by big corporations.For example, garment industry workers, railway workers and fruit pickers were suffering many hardships and paid very little.☆ Clearly, this is a positive alternative for motivated parents and their children.☆ Undoubtedly, the most basic elements of writing are to be found in pictures.B 句中做手腳

☆ 同理，在新托福作文的句中也經?？梢砸胄《陶Z，它會讓句子顯得更加靈活多變。

? Shopping, a necessary part of daily life, is increasingly time-consuming(消耗時間的)in North America.? We’II all die in the end, and because of this, we should cherish every moment of life.? In America, those who move long distances are generally the kind of people who play the major role in holding the community together, in large part because / partly because they are more confident and have better career opportunities.? The internet is a simple collection of screens ? 改成 ☆ The Internet is, simply, a collection of screens of information(known as webpages)that reside on thousands of computers around the world.☆ A positive attitude, after all, is essential for a student’s academic performance.☆ Upon reflection, I recognize, sadly, my experience of being a high-school student and those of the high-school students today are not as different as I hoped.☆ Many scientists believe that human activity has very little, if any, impact on the recent warming trend on Earth.C副詞領路人

有些表示幅度或者范圍的副詞，如果放在形容詞的前面引導形容詞，經?？梢云鸬阶屗鼈兒竺娴男稳菰~更加明確的作用。

例如: The ability to speak English is increasingly important in a global society.The medicine doesn’t cure the illness.It merely(just)stops the pain.The product’s success can’t be solely（-only，但注意solely只能作副詞）attributed to the advertising.類似的副詞還有：approximately（大約），markedly(顯著地)，substantially（大幅度地，顯著地，在比較正式的文章和演講中異常常用），considerably（顯著地，可觀地），slightly 微小地，marginally c略微地，和fractionally 本意是分數(shù)地，但一般就近似“微小程度地”意思。

D倒裝是進步的階梯

倒裝這種語法現(xiàn)象同學們都學過，但經常想不到去積極使用。在新托福作文里如果找準機會用一次，會讓考官感到一股暖流涌上心頭。

☆ Not only should the parents spend more time with their children, they should also try to communicate with their children more often.☆ Only in this way can the problem of child obesity be effectively controlled.☆ Under no circumstances should teachers punish their students physically.☆ Strange as it may seem, parents’ attention sometimes hinders(阻礙)students’ academic progress.☆近義詞：

hinder / impede / obstruct

☆ Neither of these factors is the case any longer.☆ Never have there been more appropriate vehicles for direct marketing than the Internet and E-mails.E強調但不強勢

用It is… that..或者It is… who…

Parents and siblings have a far greater impact on the development of their personality traits.Though friends definitely play a significant role in shaping teenagers’ personality, it is the parents and siblings that have a far greater impact on the development of their personality traits.F虛擬不等忽悠

The recent crisis could not have occurred without the participation of the biggest players on Wall Street.Had I lived in a small town, my life would have been confined to(被限制)very few possibilities.G抽象畫法的of Importance / help / value / interest / significance / necessity / quality等。比如 :

☆ Fossil fuel is of great importance to the development of industry, transportation and tourism.☆ Whether people in the developing world are suffering is of no interest to many wealthy citizens in industrial countries.H 被動也瘋狂

It can be argued that… It has been noted that… It’s observed that..It’s believed that…

It’s commonly accepted that… It’s generally recognized that… It is reported that..（注意這里可以用現(xiàn)在時）It’s estimated that…

I變性表決心

請注意這里的變性是指“改變詞性”的句式變換手法。寫作中的變性主要有三種： 改變前: People are concerned because the traditional values are gradually disappearing from the tribes.People are concerned about the gradual disappearance of the traditional tribal values.改變前: Some people don’t fulfill their responsibilities as parents.改變后: Some people don’t fulfill their parental responsibilities.Telecommuting（在家遠程上班）can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.Telecommuting can benefit employers and employees.Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries(受益者)of telecommuting.J副詞排成隊

☆ Athletes tend to move gracefully, energetically and powerfully.Some people argue that the new instruction methodology can help students develop intellectually and emotionally.☆All this material is now quickly, inexpensively and readily available from the comfort of our desks and work stations.☆ After the surgery, most young patients feel physically and mentally back to normal within a week.M雙重否定就是肯定

☆1t is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.意思是：去做某事是現(xiàn)實的

☆ Not surprisingly, It is not uncommon that It was not unusual that

三、托福句庫必備排比法 1．詞語排比(1)名詞

We have nothing but truth, goodness and beauty.我們除了真實、善良和漂亮之外，一無所有。? She gave up her family, her honor, and her fortune for liberty.? 她放棄了家庭、榮耀和財富，只是為了追求自由。? 用family，honor，fortune：比來突出她對自由的渴望以及毅然為之所做出的犧牲非常大。

?(2)動詞 ? Since now, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and prepare ourselves for new challenges.? 從現(xiàn)在開始，我們必須重新振作，整裝待發(fā)，迎接新的挑戰(zhàn)。? 三個簡單的動詞“重新振作、整裝待發(fā)、迎接挑戰(zhàn)”，卻能夠有力地號召大家為當前的工作做好準備，起到鼓舞人心的作用。? During our life, we should never stop studying, thinking, and practicing.? 在我們的一生中，我們必須不斷學習，不斷思考，不斷實踐。? 用三個動詞精煉、抽象地概括了人一生不斷成長的過程，道出了人生的本質。

?(3)形容詞 ? What an ugly, greedy, and selfish man!? 這是一個多么丑陋、貪婪，自私的人呀！? 連用三個形容詞塑造了一個丑陋的形象，也流露出了作者的厭惡之情。? Skateboarding is both exciting and dangerous.? 滑板運動又興奮又危險。(4)副詞

In they all came, one after another, some shyly, some boldly, some gracefully, some awkwardly…(Dickens)他們都進來了，一個接著一個，有的害羞，有的膽大，有的優(yōu)雅，有的笨拙??（狄更斯）

2．短語排比(1)名詞短語

Four things are not to be brought back: a word spoken, an arrow discharged, the divine decree and past time.(E.P.)四件事情是無法收回來的：說出去的話，放出去的箭，神圣的法會，以及過去的時間。

Only depend on those values can we succeed – hard work and tolerance, fair play and courage…

我們要成功，就需要依靠以下這些價值觀：努力工作和忍耐力，公平競爭和勇氣??

(2)動詞短語

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.(Kennedy)

(3)介詞短語

Our government is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.我們的政府是民有、民主、民享的政府。

(5)不定式短語

The time has come to relearn our history, to reaffirm our responsibility and to choose our new target.是到了重新學習歷史、重新確認責任、選擇我們新的目標的時刻了。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier for more people now than in the past to get an education.文章1 Never does the topic referring to education fail to arouse the attention of public, with the increasing awareness of the importance of education as well as the growing amount of educational resources.I maintain that people are now easier to become educated than in the past.First of all, educational level of a country is considered as a vital factor to a country's international competitiveness.More and more countries are willing to give money to educational institution.Government issues fund to universities or colleges to make sure that almost every student are able to afford the tuition and get education.Government also provides teachers with excellent conditions in order to attract more scholars to engage in educational field.Government also equips universities or colleges with high quality facilities to encourage teachers and students to get involved in all kinds of researches.Therefore, with the help of government, education has become easier for most people.What’s more, various open classes and learning materials are available on the internet so that people can learn whenever or wherever they want.They need not to go to school to get education.As a university student, I can benefit a lot from the shared online educational materials.For example, I am able to have access to the classes that are offered in Harvard University, Stanford University and other famous universities all over the world.I really enjoy the convenience that internet has brought to us.Therefore, I believe that people have more opportunities to get education with the help of internet.Last but not least, the awareness of education has increased dramatically in modern society, and the reasons may be that a strong educational background is beneficial to all of us.Under a heavy influence of global unemployment crisis, most people find that it is hard to find a job.However, a person with master degree may possess more chances to get an ideal job.In a word, the pressure of living in modern society also serves as an important motivation that stimulates people to become educated.All in all, with the help of government and the wide spread of internet as well as increasing awareness of education, it is surly easier for people to become educated than in the past.文章2 The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen/witnessed the development and advancement of many fields and areas of society.Education is an area that has developed tremendously in the past hundred years.The rise of the middle class, the standardization of education, and the opening of many more schools has made it possible for more people now than in the past to get an education.In China specifically, education reform began with the opening up and reform period of the 1980’s.During this time China also opened up its economy and changed from a state run economy to a market economy.A market economy in China has made it possible for the development of the middle class.Historically throughout the world, education belonged to the social elites.People from the lower class, which always outnumbered the upper class, did not have the money or resources to become educated.The middle class is a group of people who are not necessarily the elites of society, but have the money to pay for education.Since the 1980’s, the middle class has been rapidly growing, increasing ten-fold 十倍the number of children who have the opportunities to get an education.With the rise of the middle class, also comes an increase in pressure on the government.倒裝Since more people can afford education, more pressure is put on the government to provide teachers and schools for the children of the middle class.The government is then spurred into action to increase funding and resources for education nationwide.This has then prompted the opening of schools in many areas beyond the major cities and the training of many new teachers.More teachers and more schools mean that more people will be educated.The government’s attention on education has helped with the standardization of education in China.This standardization has created nationwide tests that have made it so that every student, no matter his or her background or hometown, has the opportunity to attend high school and apply for college.Not only do more students have the opportunity to attend school, but they also have the opportunity to continue their education further than previous generations.The rise of the middle class, the increased involvement of the government, and the standardization of education has made it so that more people, now than ever, have the opportunity to become educated.范文

It has been argued that despite the continued advancement of science and technology, our lives have changed in a way that is more tremendous than ever.I, however I disagree.First, environmental problems are still on the waiting list.Technology-dominated industrialization has generated such problems as global warming, acid rain and urban smog, which has given rise to a series of adverse effects-climate change, death of aquatic life and respiratory diseases.Although quality of life has improved, there are still many things that could be improved in China, like safety and living conditions.If the most significant transformation in living standards has taken place, how is it possible that ecocide is still a real and ever-present danger? Second, world peace still hangs by a thread.Take the Iraq War for example.It broke out eight years ago and since then Iraqis have been living in hell.Their homes are torched and destroyed and their families have been torn apart.It is certain that they have not received all the benefits of advanced technology.Superpowers are busy with the nuclear experiments, but the highly technological work brings anything but world peace.If the most significant transformation in living standard has taken place, how is it possible that some on this planet are still in great agony?

Lastly, the pace of life is increasingly faster and shows no sign of slowing down.Undoubtedly, development in IT industries and communication devices has enabled people to enjoy more convenient lives.However, it is also the seemingly almighty technologies that have put people in suffering.Wherever you go, cell phones make it possible for your boss to spot you and give you more work, whether you like it or not.Computers, which give companies the ability to teleconference and conduct online interviews, have turned our homes into a mere extension of our offices.If the most significant transformation in living standards has taken place, how is it possible that people now are still suffering from deprived sleep, unbalanced diet and strained family relations?

All in all, science and technology have been and will continue to develop, but the fundamental transformation of our lives has not yet taken place.(363 words)