第一篇：英國-名詞解釋匯總

Chapter One Land and People

1.British Isles

2.Great Britain

3.Lake District

4.Common law

5.The Church of England

6.the British Commonwealth

Chapter Three History

1.Roman Conquest

2.Alfred the Great

3.William the Conqueror

4.Magna Carta

5.Great Council

6.The Hundred Years’ War

7.Black Death

8.The Wars of the Roses

9.The Gunpowder Plot

10.Renaissance

11.Christianity

12.Islam

13.Puritanism

14.The Bill of Rights

15.The Glorious Revolution

16.The Germanic tribes

17.The Enclosure Movement

18.The Industrial Revolution

19.The Reformation

Chapter Four Government and Politics

1.The British monarchy

2.The House of Lords

3.The House of Commons

Chapter Seven Education

1.Public School

2.Open University

3.Oxbridge

第二篇：英國文化 名詞解釋

1.The Kiwi

It is the name of one of the native birds in New Zealand.It is flightless.In colloquial English the Kiwi,capitalized,is also used to refer to a New Zealander.2.The Open Polytechnic in New Zealand

It is the largest educational institution in New Zealand.Most of its students study part-time.It offers more than 700 courses in a wide range of subjects.Multimedia learning is one of its characteristics.3.The Bill of Rights in the USA

It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It guarantees freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.4.“The Wizard of Menlo Park”

It refers to Thomas Alva Edison.He was the most famous of all American inventors.Among his many important inventions are electric lamp,phonograph,motion pictures and so on.As he was so clever and talented and his workplace were located in Menlo Park,New Jersey,he earned the title.5.Martin Luther King Jr.A black Baptist minister,he was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.In 1963,King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream”speech.As a civil rights leader,King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty,but also to raise the self image of the black.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest,King was awarded the Nobel Peace-Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.6.The Strategy of Preemption in the USA

President Bush put forward the strategy of preemption.By preemption,when it determined that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to have such weapons,the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the US is attacked.This has come to be known as the Bush doctrine.7.Early Jazz Music

It appeared in the southern New Orleans at the end of the 19 century.It was a blend of folk music,work chants,spirituals,marches,and European classical music.Instruments are used as a trumpet,a trombone,and percussion instruments like the drum,banjo,and guitars.Jazz developed into the 1920’s with two different styles,namely,the Chicago style jazz and the New York style.8.The Canadian Identity

It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian,different from other countries,and the very reason for making Canada so special.For example,two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.9.The Canadian Mosaic

Canada is a nation of immigrants.When it is described as a mosaic,it means that the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their old customs,languages and traditions.This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.10.The Inuit

The Inuit used to be called the Eskimo who lives in far north of the arctic climate by hunting.Today,some of these people still live this way;while others make a living through selling carvings and handicrafts.th

第三篇：英國文學(xué)史-名詞解釋

名詞解釋

1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.3．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.4．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.5．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.6．Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)

7．The Lake Poetsall lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.As a group, they followed no single “school” of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review.They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.8．Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.9． Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.、

第四篇：英國文學(xué)史-名詞解釋（模版）

名詞解釋

Heroic Couplet:a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Sonnet:14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.3．Blank verse:poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.4．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.5．Sentimentalism:it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century.It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.6．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.7．Lake Poets:the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.8．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.9．Realism:seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner.This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.10．Aestheticism:an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousness:it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author.It is a narrative mode.12．Dramatic Monologue:a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter:a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.14．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy:a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual;may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death;a type of lyric poem.16．Canto:a section of a long poem.The cantos can be a great poem

17．Ode:a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects.Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine.Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc.This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet.The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文學(xué)史

中古時期

1.《貝奧武甫》: the natural epic of the English people;Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements

2.《高文爵士和綠衣騎士》

3.杰弗里 喬叟）：the Father of English Poetry;The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)

文藝復(fù)興時期

1.:-the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.the first English Essayist;Essays《隨筆集》-Of Studies, Of Truth(philosophical and literary works)

3.first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.:Poet's poet;The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)

5.:

Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)

17世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)

1.:the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分離：莫憂傷》

2.Paradise Lost《失樂園》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained《復(fù)樂園》（how Christ overcame Santa)——stories were taken from Bible

3.the son of Renaissance;Pilgrim's Progress《天路歷程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)

18世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)

Novel：

1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism(novels, prose, dramas, poetry)

2.:representative of English realistic novel;(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)

3.(fictional, satirical-human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)

4.:the Father of English novel;The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《湯姆 瓊斯》，satiric

Poetry：

5.:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓園挽歌》

6.:perfected in heroic couplet;An Essay on Criticism《論批評》

7.:pre-romantic;Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《經(jīng)驗之歌》-London, The Tiger

8.:A Red Red Rose《一朵紅紅的玫瑰》

Drama:

9.:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造謠學(xué)?！?/p>

浪漫主義時期1798-1832

1.《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麥女》；features: poet of nature and human heart

2.the first critic of the Romantic school;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子詠》

3.:vigorous, strong and beautiful;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰爾德 哈羅爾德游記》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty);Don Juan《唐 璜》(a broad critical picture of European life);When We Two Parted《昔日依依別》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希臘》

4.Ode to the West Wind《西風(fēng)頌》-贊頌西風(fēng)，希望與其緊密相連;Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普羅米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)

5.sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery;Ode to a Nightingale《夜鶯頌》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希臘古甕頌》

6.:Father of Historical Novel;combine historical fact and romantic imagination

7.wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic;Pride and Prejudice《傲慢與偏見》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智與情感》；Emma《愛瑪》

8.《窮親戚》;Dream-children《童年夢幻》;A Reverie《幻想曲》

維多利亞時期

1.summit： realistic novel

2.critical realist writer;humour, wit, happy endings;A Tale of Two Cities《雙城記》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution);David Copperfield《大衛(wèi) 科波菲爾》；Oliver Twist《霧都孤兒》；Hard Time《艱難時世》；Great Expectations《遠(yuǎn)大前程》； Dombey and Son《董貝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外傳》

3.: Vanity Fair《名利場》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time;to criticize the values measured by wealth)

4.:novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights;Adam Bede《亞當(dāng) 比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《織工馬南》

5.: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850;Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《過沙洲》

6.: dramatic monologues;My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 7.：簡·愛是一個心地純潔、善于思考的女性，她生活在社會底層，受盡磨難。但她有倔強的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小說以濃郁抒情的筆法和深刻細(xì)膩的心理描寫，引人入勝地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的愛情經(jīng)歷，歌頌了擺脫一切舊習(xí)俗和偏見。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)之上的深摯愛情，具有強烈的震撼心靈的藝術(shù)力量。其最為成功之處在于塑造了一個敢于反抗，敢于爭取自由和平等地位的婦女形象。《呼嘯山莊》：描寫吉卜賽棄兒希斯克利夫被山莊老主人收養(yǎng)后，因受辱和戀愛不遂，外出致富，回來后對與其女友凱瑟琳結(jié)婚的地主林頓及其子女進(jìn)行報復(fù)的故事。

: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯 格雷》

20世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)

1.: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism;Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔絲》；Jude the Obscure《無名的裘德》

2.: From the Four Winds《四季的風(fēng)》；The Man of Property《有產(chǎn)業(yè)的人》；The Silver Box《銀盒》

3.《華倫夫人的職業(yè)》；Pygmalion《皮革馬利翁》(transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duchess);The Apple Cart《蘋果車》

4.: aestheticism;The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快樂王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林 格雷的畫像》

5.《兒子和情人》； The White Peacock《白孔雀》

6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of-consciousness;feminist;To the Lighthouse《到燈塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《達(dá)洛維夫人》

7.《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic);Dubliners《都柏林人》

第五篇：名詞解釋

一、名詞解釋

26．憲法 就是規(guī)定一個國家的根本性問題，使民主制度法律化，集中體現(xiàn)統(tǒng)治階級意志和利益，具有最高法律效力，反映階級力量對比關(guān)系的國家根本法。27．中國人民政治協(xié)商會議

中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是中國人民愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的組織，是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，實現(xiàn)各民 主黨派及其他愛國民主人士進(jìn)行政治協(xié)商的重要機構(gòu)。28．選舉制度

選舉制度是關(guān)于依照選舉國家代表機關(guān)的代表和國家公職人員的有關(guān)制度的總稱。其選 舉內(nèi)容一般包括選舉的基本原則，選舉權(quán)利的確定，組織選舉的程序和方法，以及選民和代表

之間的關(guān)系等。29．民族區(qū)域自治

民族區(qū)域自治是在國家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，按照憲法和法律的規(guī)定，在少數(shù)民族居住的地方建立 自治地方，實行區(qū)域自治，設(shè)立自治機關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)，自主管理本民族區(qū)域瞞事務(wù)的政治制度。

30．政治權(quán)利和自由

是指憲法和法律規(guī)定的公民參與政治生活和國家管理，表達(dá)對國家事務(wù)、社會事務(wù)的意見 和建議的權(quán)利。1．憲法實施的監(jiān)督 答：憲法實施的監(jiān)督憲法實施的監(jiān)督是為了保證憲法的貫徹實施，而對一切違憲活動所進(jìn)行的審查和糾正。2．多黨制 答：多黨制是指在一國家內(nèi)存在著三個以上的政黨，其中沒有一個政黨能長期保持絕對優(yōu)勢，而只能靠選舉時的一時獲勝或與其它政黨結(jié)成聯(lián)盟來掌握國家政權(quán)的一種制度。3．差額選舉 答：差額選舉差額選舉是相對于等額選舉而言的，就是候選人的名額多于應(yīng)選人名額的選舉。4．結(jié)社自由 答：結(jié)社自由是指的公民為了一定的宗旨依照法定程序，組成或參加某種持續(xù)性社會團(tuán)體的自由。5．國務(wù)院

答：中華人民共和國國務(wù)院，即中央人民政府，是最高國家權(quán)力機關(guān)的執(zhí)行機關(guān)，是最高國家行政機關(guān)。1．柔性憲法

是指制定和修改憲法的機關(guān)和程序都與普通法律相同，即由國家的立法機關(guān)議員按普通立法形式通過，就可以制定或修改的憲法。

2．-黨制，就是指一個國家的政權(quán)完全掌握在一個政黨的手里，只有該黨才是唯一合法的政黨的制度。由于法律上禁令，這些國家的其它政黨沒有合法存在的機會，或者是由于歷史的原因，這些國家尚未出現(xiàn)過其它政黨。3．選舉制度

選舉制度是關(guān)于依照選舉國家代表機關(guān)的代表和國家公職人員的有關(guān)制度的總稱。選具體內(nèi)容一般包括選舉的基本原則，選舉權(quán)利的確定，組織選舉的程序和方法，以及選民和代表之間的關(guān)系等。4．經(jīng)濟制度

經(jīng)濟制度是指一國通過憲法和法律所確認(rèn)和調(diào)整的，以生產(chǎn)資料所有制形式為核心的各種經(jīng)濟關(guān)系存在和發(fā)展的各種原則、規(guī)則和政策的總和。5．國家機構(gòu)

就是一定的社會的統(tǒng)治階級為實現(xiàn)其統(tǒng)治職能而建立起來的進(jìn)行國家管理和執(zhí)行統(tǒng)治職能的國家機關(guān)的總和。1．愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線

新時期愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是在長期的革命建設(shè)過程中已經(jīng)結(jié)成的由中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，有各 民主黨派和各人民團(tuán)體參加的，包括全體社會主義勞動者，擁護(hù)社臺主義的愛國者和擁護(hù)祖國統(tǒng)一的愛國者的廣泛的愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線。它是在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的政治聯(lián)盟，是我國人民民主專政的重要內(nèi)容之一。2．政權(quán)組織形式

國家的政權(quán)組織形式也稱為國家政體，是指特定社會的統(tǒng)治階級為治理社會所采取的政 權(quán)的組織形式；它是國家形式的一個重要方面。3．秘密投票

是指與記名投票或以起立、舉手、鼓掌等公開表示自己意愿的方法相對立的一種選舉方 法。它要求選舉人只需在投票時在正式代表候選人名下注明同意或不同意’，也可以另選他人或者棄權(quán)，而無須在選票上署名。4．聯(lián)邦國家

聯(lián)邦國家是由若干成員單位（邦、州、共和國等）聯(lián)合組成統(tǒng)一的復(fù)合國家。在聯(lián)邦制的形式下，除聯(lián)邦有一部憲法外，各成員單位都有自己的憲法，除設(shè)有聯(lián)邦的立法機關(guān)與聯(lián)邦政府外還設(shè)有自己的立法機關(guān)與政府，聯(lián)邦與成員單位之間的職權(quán)劃分由聯(lián)邦憲法確定，各自在自己的范圍內(nèi)行使。5．批評建議權(quán)

是指公民對于國家機關(guān)及其工作人員的不當(dāng)行為進(jìn)行批評，并提出改善的建設(shè)性意見的 權(quán)利。

26．不成文憲法

是指以國家的一般法律、慣例或法院判例形式出現(xiàn)的憲法。27．政黨制度

所謂政黨制度，就是有關(guān)政黨的產(chǎn)生、其法律地位和作用；政黨的活動方式、其參與或影響國家政權(quán)的規(guī)定等各種制度的總稱。28．政治制度

政治制度是指統(tǒng)治階級實現(xiàn)其階級統(tǒng)治的政權(quán)組織形式及其有關(guān)制度的總稱，如國家的政權(quán)組織形式、國家的結(jié)構(gòu)形式以及選舉制度、文官制度、自治制度等。29．職業(yè)代表制

是指按職業(yè)團(tuán)體劃分選舉單位選舉代表或議員的制度。30．出版自由

出版自由是指公民以出版物形式表達(dá)其思想和見解的自由，它是言論自由的延伸，比言論自由有更深更廣的影響。26．柔性憲法

是指制定和修改憲法的機關(guān)和程序都與普通法律相同，即由國家的立法機關(guān)議員按普通 立法形式通過，就可以制定或修改的憲法。27．政黨制度

政黨制度，就是有關(guān)政黨的產(chǎn)生、其法律地位和作用；政黨的活動方式、其參與或影響國家

政權(quán)的規(guī)定等各種制度的總稱。28．直接選舉

直接選舉是相對于間接選舉而言的，就是由選民直接投票選出代表機關(guān)的代表。是一種

比間接選舉更為民主的選舉方式。29．單一制

是指由若干個不具有獨立性的行政單位或自治單位組成的單一主權(quán)的國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式，是 由中央統(tǒng)一行使國家主權(quán)的國家。30．申訴權(quán)

是指公民本人或者其親屬遭到國家機關(guān)的不適當(dāng)?shù)奶幏只蛱幜P時，或受到不公正的待遇 時，有權(quán)向有關(guān)國家機關(guān)申訴理由要求重新處理或者平反，或要求糾正對他的不公平待遇。1．國家性質(zhì)，在憲法學(xué)上，國家性質(zhì)一般是指以有關(guān)的憲法內(nèi)容和憲法規(guī)范所規(guī)定和反映的一國在政治、經(jīng)濟和文化方面的基本特征以及該國社會制度的根本屬性。2．多黨制是指在一國家內(nèi)存在著三個以上的政黨，其中沒有一個政黨能長期保持絕對優(yōu)勢，而只能靠選舉時的一時獲勝或與其它政黨結(jié)成聯(lián)盟來掌握國家政權(quán)的一種制度。3．差額選舉是相對于等額選舉而言的，就是候選人的名額多于應(yīng)選人名額的選舉。4．國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式是國家形式之一。指的是國家的內(nèi)部構(gòu)成形式，即國家的整體與部分之 間、中央與地方之間的相互關(guān)系。

5．結(jié)社自由是指公民為了一定的宗旨依照法定程序，組成或參加某種持續(xù)性社會團(tuán)體的自由。

1．新時期愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線是在長期的革命建設(shè)過程中已經(jīng)結(jié)成的由中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的，有各民主黨派和各人民團(tuán)體參加的，包括全體社會主義勞動者，擁護(hù)社會主義的愛國者和擁護(hù)祖國統(tǒng)一的愛國者的廣泛的愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線。它是在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的政治聯(lián)盟，是我國人民民主專政的這重要內(nèi)容之一。

2．國家的政權(quán)組織形式也稱為國家政體，是指特定社會的統(tǒng)治階級為治理社會所采取的政權(quán)的組織形式；它是國家形式的一個重要方面。

3．即秘密投票，指的是與記名投票或以起立、舉手、鼓掌等公開表示自己意愿的方法相對立的一種選舉方法。他要求人選舉人時只需在投票時在正式代表候選人名下注明同意或不同意，也可以另選他人或者棄權(quán)，而無須在選票上署名。4．聯(lián)邦國家是由若干成員單位(邦、州、共和國等)聯(lián)合組成統(tǒng)一的復(fù)合國家。在聯(lián)邦制的形式下，除聯(lián)邦有一部憲法外，各成員單位都有自己的憲法，除設(shè)有聯(lián)邦的立法機關(guān)與聯(lián)邦政府外還設(shè)有自己的立法機關(guān)與政府，聯(lián)邦與成員單位之間的職權(quán)劃分由聯(lián)邦憲法確定，各自在自己的范圍內(nèi)行使。

5．批評建議權(quán)是指公民對于國家機關(guān)及其工作人員的不當(dāng)行為進(jìn)行批評，并提出改善的建設(shè)性意見的權(quán)利。

1．近代意義的憲法所謂近代意義的憲法，專指限制王權(quán)，規(guī)定國家機關(guān)權(quán)限、組織及其相互關(guān)系，確認(rèn)公民權(quán)利、自由的國家根本法。

2．解釋憲法是指由法定的機關(guān)對憲法條文的內(nèi)容、詞義及適用范圍所作的具有法律效 力的說明。

3．兩黨制就是指在一個資本主義民主國家內(nèi)，政治上存在著兩個政黨，它們通過控制 議會多數(shù)議席，取得組織政府的權(quán)利，交替地掌握政權(quán)，實施其綱領(lǐng)。

4．申訴權(quán)是指公民本人或者其親屬遭到國家機關(guān)的不適當(dāng)?shù)奶幏只蛱幜P時，或受到不 公正的待遇時，有權(quán)向有關(guān)國家機關(guān)申訴理由要求重新處理或者平反，或要求糾正對他的不公平待遇。直接選舉

5·職業(yè)代表制 是指按職業(yè)團(tuán)體劃分選舉單位選舉代表或議員的制度。