第一篇：高等學(xué)校研究生英語系列教材_綜合教程(下)主編熊海虹 課后答案

Unit One

Task 1

1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out

5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations

9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities

13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect

Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience

2.built-in storage space

3.self-protection measures

4.short-term employment

5.distorted and negative self-perception

6.life-changing events

7.all-encompassing details

8.a good self-image

Unit Two

Task1

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining

2.A.attached B.attachment

3.A.historically B.historic

4.A.innovativeB.Innovations

5.A.flawed B.flawless

6.A.controversy B.controversial

7.A.revise B.revisions

8.A.commentary B.commentator

9.A.restrictive B.restrictions

10.10.A.heroicB.heroics

Task 2

1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie

6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3

1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes

6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums

11)anticipated 12)publicity

Unit Three

Task 1

1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C

Task2

LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion

2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.auditedA.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive

4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip

5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate

6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant

7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring

Task3

1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective

6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens

11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)Unit Four

Task 1

1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration

7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders

12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter

Task 2

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Task 1

Step 1

l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g

Step 2

1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive ,6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail

Task 2

1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in

Task 3

1.may have a subtle effect on

2.provide free access toe-books

3.isinthe midst ofa sea change

4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University

5.a voracious book reader

6.you'll stay focused onit

7.the conduit for information

8.your check came asanabsolute godsend

9.lost the thread ofthe story

10.stroll through elegant prose

Unit Five

Task 1

1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B

Task2

1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted

9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

第二篇：熊海虹主編《高等學(xué)校研究生英語綜合教程 下》課后習(xí)題答案

Unit One

Task 1 1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out 5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations 9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities 13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience 2.built-in storage space 3.self-protection measures 4.short-term employment 5.distorted and negative self-perception 6.life-changing events 7.all-encompassing details 8.a good self-image

Unit Two Task1

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining 2.A.attached B.attachment 3.A.historically B.historic 4.A.innovativeB.Innovations 5.A.flawed B.flawless 6.A.controversy B.controversial 7.A.revise B.revisions 8.A.commentary B.commentator 9.A.restrictive B.restrictions 10.10.A.heroicB.heroics

Task 2 1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie 6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3 1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes

6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums 11)anticipated 12)publicity

Unit Three Task 1 1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C Task2 LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion 2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.audited 1 A.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive 4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip 5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate 6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant 7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring Task3 1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective 6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens 11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)

Unit Four Task 1 1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration 7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders 12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter Task 2 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Task 1 Step 1 l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g Step 2 1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive , 6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail Task 2 1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in Task 3 1.may have a subtle effect on 2.provide free access toe-books 3.isinthe midst ofa sea change 4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University 5.a voracious book reader 6.you'll stay focused onit 7.the conduit for information 8.your check came asanabsolute godsend 9.lost the thread ofthe story 10.stroll through elegant prose

Unit Five Task 1 1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B Task2 1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted 9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

Unit Six Task 1 I.C 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C lI.B 12.A Task2 1.Water isnot an effective shield 2.engulfed inflames 3.the rights ofsovereign nations 4.outpaced its rivals inthe market 5.There's no need tobelabor the point 6.She invoked several eminent scholars 7.from two embattled villages 8.According tothe witness's testimony 9.Inspite ofour best endeavors 10.After many trials and tribulations Task2 1)remain2)childish3)reaffirm4)precious5)equal6)measure

7)greatness8)journey9)leisure10)fame11)obscure12)prosperity

Unit Seven Task1 I.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.B Task2 1.patrons b.2.designated b.3.reference d.4.inclination c5.host d.6.diffusing b.7.host c8.inclination a.9.references c.10.patrons a.11.reference a.12.host a.13.diffuses a..14.designate a.15.designate c.Task3 1)alive2)awakened3)trip4)stone5)remains6)beyond7)records 8)social 9)across10)surrounding11)mental12)miracle13)having 14)failure15)participate

Unit Eight Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.C Task2 1.A.outburst B.bursting C.outbreak 2.A.adverse B.adversity C.advised 3.A.distinguishes B.distinct C.distinguished 4.A.sight/vision B.view C.outlook D.visions 5.A.implicit B.implicit/implied C.underlying 6.A.washed B.awash C.washing 7.A.jumped/sprang B.springs C.leap D.jumped 8.A.trail B.trail/track C.trace D.track E.trace 9.A.sensed B.sensible C.sense D.sensitive E.sensational 10.A.prosperous B.prosperity C.prospects D.prophecy Task3 1)echoes2)pays heed to3)hidden4)objectively5)decipher6)presence7)conviction 8)shot9)however10)slaughter11)bare12)trim13)are connected to14)strive15)yield

Unit Nine Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D Task2 I.explain, plain, complained, plain 2.tolerate, tolerant, tolerance 3.consequence,sequence,consequent 4.commerce, commercial, commercial, commercialism, commercially 5.arouse, arising, arise, arousal 6.irritant, irritation, irritable, irritate

7.democratic, dynamic, automated, dramatic

8.dominate, dominant, predominant, predominate 9.celebrate, celebrity, celebrated, celebration 10.temporal, contemporary, temporary Task3 I)encompassing2)standard3)constraints4)presented5)resolution6)constitute 7)entertainment8)interchangeably9)distinction10)fuzzy11)technically 12)devoted to13)ranging14)competing15)biases

Unit Ten Task 1 1)beware of2)unpalatable3)delineate4)Ingrained5)amplify 6)supplanted7)pin down8)discretionary9)stranded10)swept through Task2 1.that happy-to-be-alive attitude2.anl-told-you-so air

3.the-end-justifies-the-means philosophy4.Aheart-in-the-mouth moment 5.a now-or-never chance6.a touch-and-go situation 7.a wait-and-see attitude8.too-eager-not-to-lose 9.a cards-on-the-table approach10.anine-to-five lifestyle 11.a look-who's-talking tone12.around-the-clock service 13.a carrot-and-stick approach14.a rags-to-riches man 15.a rain-or-shine picnic Task3 I)exquisite2)soothe3)equivalent4)literally5)effective 6)havoc7)posted8)notify9)clumsy10)autonomously

第三篇：熊海虹主編《高等學(xué)校研究生英語綜合教程 上》課后練習(xí)答案

Unit One Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 7.D 2.C 8.C

3.B 9.A

4.C 10.D

5.D 11.A

6.D 12.B Task 2 1.public(c)6.public(a)2.discipline(b)

3.strength(a)

4.reference(a)9.references(c)14.reference(b)

5.strength(d)10.personality(a)15.personality(c)7.demonstrated(b)8.discipline(c)11.discipllining(d)12.demonstrates(a)13.public(d)

Task 3 1.employment 6.credit

2.paid 7.cite

3.adjust

4.setting

5.discouraged 10.rules

8.demonstrate

9.teamwork

Unit Two Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 6.A 2.B 7.B

3.B 8.C

4.C 9.A

5.B 10.C

Task 2 1.bud(n.);budding(adj.)3.taste(n.);tasted(v.)

2.access(n.);access(v.)4.fool(n.);fooling(v.)6.garnish(v.);garnishes(n.)8.concern(n.);concerned(v.)10.practiced(v.);practice(n.)5.produces(v.);produce(n.)7.reigns(v.);reign(n.)

9.named(v.);name(n.)

Task 3 1)integration

2)choice

3)handed

4)aspiring

5)steaming 6)masterpieces

7)pleasure

8)partake

9)amazing

10)presented

Unit Three Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C

4.B

5.A

6.B

7.C

8.A Task 2 1.stack up against

2.struck a chord 3.amounted to

4.chopping off 5.appeal to

6.pick up on 10.pulled off

7.turned out 11.thrust upon

8.fade away 12.be kept clear of 9.brought together

Task 3 1)swirling

2)delivered

3)glowed

4)intervals

5)converge 6)wanderings

7)navigate

8)jealousy

9)presence

10)absorbed

Unit Four Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.A 3.C

4.B

5.B

6.C

7.D

8.C

9.A

10.C Task 2 1.maintained(a)

2.romantic(a)

3.essential(a)

4.essentials(c)5.dimension(c)

6.intimate(a)

7.maintains(c)

8.defies(b)9.intimated(d)

10.dimensions(a)

11.defy(a)

12.romantic(b)13.dimensions(b)

14.maintain(d)

15.intimate(c)

Task 3 1)prerequisite

2)date

3)Respect

4)important 5)whomever

6)candidates

7)highly

8)essential 9)suitable

10)sufficient

Unit Five Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

7.B 8.D 9.C 10.A

11.C 12.D 13.B

Task 2 1.A.masterpieces 2.A.committed 3.A.executing 5.A.inventors 6.A.breath 7.A.physical 8.A.discipline 9.A.practice 10.A.reaction

B.mastered B.commission B.execution B.represented B.investors B.breathing B.physiological B.routine

B.performed B.reconciliation

C.mastery C.commitment C.executive C.presented C.innovator C.breathtaking C.psychological C.discipline C.perfect

C.resistance

D.proper D.response

D.present D.breathless

4.A.presentation Task 3 1)written

2)practiced

3)adapted

4)fundamental

5)soul 6)described

7)mental

8)state of being

9)pictured

10)exercises 11)control

12)experiences

13)including

14)individuals

15)medical

Unit Six Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B

2.D

3.A

4.C

5.B

6.A

7.C

8.D

9.B

10.C

Task 2 1.contented

2.convention

3.tall

4.curiously

5.Convention 6.content

7.execute

8.curious

9.execute

10.count 11.content

12.conventions

13.count

14.convention

15.tall

Task 3 1)sheer

2)subject

3)contradictory

4)worldly

5)chaotic 6)sophisticated

7)violence

8)glamorous

9)crime

10)safest

Unit Seven Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A

2.C

3.B

4.B

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A

10.C

Task 2 Step 1 partially proverbial alteration Step 2 unfold refinement liar

unselfishness/selfishness indestructible

considerable

imperfect

criminal traitor

employee mistake philanthropist 5.alteration 10.unfolds 15.proverbial 1.indestructible 6.traitor

11.refinement 2.mistook

7.considerable 3.unselfishness 8.liar

4.imperfect

9.employees 14.partially 12.philanthropist 13.criminal

Task 3 1.So far as I'm concerned 2.should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved 3.has been engrossed in conversation with all night 4.draw conclusions from the results of a single survey 5.He had no friends nor acquaintances 6.did she tell him about the attack 7.as we had seen 8.that he had had a family himself 9.the problems you mention are inherent in the system 10.young people conscientious in their work/young people who are conscientious in their work 11.deviated from her custom 12.at the peril of your own life/at your own peril 13.taken on a new dimension 14.capable of looking after myself 15.in much the same way as it was 200 years ago 16.rescue the sailors from the sinking ship 17.Portugal participated in the war 18.due to our ignorance

Unit Eight Vocabulary in Action Task 1 Step 1 1.boot---e, m

2.bound--c, j 3.fatal--b, q

4.negotiate--g, n 5.net---a, f, 1

6.the odds--h, i 7.reward--k, o

8.vacuum---d, p Step 2 1.boot(m)

2.vacum(p)

3.rewarded(o)

4.reward(k)

5.net(f)6.negotiating(n)7.odds(h)

8.odds(i)

9.Fatal(b)

10.negotiations(g)

Task 2 1.A.black and white

B.in black and white

C.black-and-white 2.A.on the scene

B.sets the scene

C.behind the scenes 3.A.make no difference

B.make a difference

C.make any difference

D.make all the difference 4.A.work on

B.works against

C.work out 5.A.spread to

B.spreading out

C.spread through

Task 3 1.A 6.B

2.B 7.C

3.B 8.B

4.D 9.D

5.A 10.C

Unit Nine Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A

2.D

3.B

4.B

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.A

9.C

10.A

Task 2 1.crammed(b)

2.balloon(a)

3.crash(a)

4.crammed(a)

5.crashed(a)6.crammed(d)

7.ballooned(c)

8.crash(b)

9.balloon(b)

10.slumped(b)11.trust(c)

12.trust(d)

13.liberal(c)

14.slump(c)16.trust(b)

Task 3 1)A

2)D 3)B

4)B

5)C

6)C

7)A

8)A

Unit Ten Vocabulary in Action Task 1 I.A

2.C

3.D

4.B

5.B

6.B

7.C

8.D

9.A

10.B

Task 2 1.underlying

2.immune

3.impart

4.imperative

6.diffused

7.foremost

8.scholarly

9.illuminated

Task 3 1)deeper

2)contribute

3)explore

4)potential

6)productive

7)likely

8)produce

9)Nationally

15.liberals(b)9)D

10)D

5.vulnerable 5)how

10)dedicated

10.eloquence

第四篇：《高等學(xué)校研究生英語綜合教程_下》課后習(xí)題答案

Task 1

Unit One

1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.Values c.19.Refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out 5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations

9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.Adversities 13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect

Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience 2.built-in storage space 3.self-protection measures 4.short-term employment

5.distorted and negative self-perception 6.life-changing events 7.all-encompassing details 8.a good self-image

Task1

Unit Two

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining2.A.attached B.attachment3.A.historically B.historic4.A.innovativeB.Innovations5.A.flawed B.flawless

6.A.controversy B.controversial 7.A.revise B.revisions

8.A.commentary B.commentator9.A.restrictive B.restrictions10.Task 2

10.A.heroicB.heroics

1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie

6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed10.award

Task 3

1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes 6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability10)stadiums11)anticipated12)publicity

Task 1 Unit Three

B Task2

1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.10.C LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion

2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditoryE.auditedA.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive

4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip 5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affectionD.passionate

6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant 7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring

Task3

1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective 6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)

Task 1

Unit Four

1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration 7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter

Task 2 Task 1

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Step 1

l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g Step 2

1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive , 6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail

Task 2 1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.Task 3

on/about10.in

1.may have a subtle effect on 2.provide free access toe-books 3.isinthe midst ofa sea change

4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University 5.a voracious book reader 6.you'll stay focused onit 7.the conduit for information

8.your check came asanabsolute godsend 9.lost the thread ofthe story 10.stroll through elegant prose

Task 1 Unit Five

1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14Task2

.A15.B

1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

第五篇：熊海虹主編《高等學(xué)校研究生英語綜合教程_上》1-10單元原文+翻譯(個(gè)人整理方便學(xué)習(xí))

Unit One

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS

David G.Jensen

核心員工的特征

大衛(wèi)·G．詹森 What exactly is a key player? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted.I asked a clientto define it for me.“Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.On my team of seven process engineer and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said.“Key players are essential to my organization.And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just that: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave.We recruit only key players.”

1核心員工究竟是什么樣子的?幾乎每次進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí)，我都會(huì)從雇主們那里聽到“核心員工”這個(gè)名詞。我請(qǐng)一位客戶——一位正參與研究的人事部經(jīng)理，給我解釋一下?！懊考夜径加猩贁?shù)幾個(gè)這樣的員工，在某個(gè)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，你可以指望他們把活兒干好。

在我的小組中，有七名化工流程工程師和生物學(xué)家，其中有那么兩三個(gè)人是我賴以生存的，”他說，“他們對(duì)我的公司而言不可或缺。當(dāng)請(qǐng)你們公司替我們招募新人的時(shí)候，我們期待你們會(huì)去其他公司找這樣的人：其他公司經(jīng)理不想失去的員工。我們只招募核心員工?！?This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change.They want to hire a “key player” from another company.Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies, and what they're looking for is exactly the same.“We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people.If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” It's just a bit riskier.2這是一段充滿了鼓動(dòng)性的談話，目的是把獵頭們派往競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的公司去游說經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的員工們做一次職業(yè)變更。他們想從另一家公司招募核心員工。然而，每家公司也從新人中招人。他們要尋找的是完全一樣的東西?！拔覀儼阉麄兒凸卷敿?jí)員工表現(xiàn)出的特質(zhì)進(jìn)行對(duì)照。假如他們看起來有同樣特征的話，我們就在他們身上賭一把?！敝皇沁@樣有點(diǎn)兒冒險(xiǎn)?！癐t's an educated guess,” says my hiring manager client.Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk.You need to help them identify you as a prospective “key player”.3“這是一種有根據(jù)的猜測(cè)，”我的人事經(jīng)理客戶說。作為未來的一名員工，你的工作是幫助人事部經(jīng)理降低這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，你需要幫助他們認(rèn)定你有潛力成為一名核心員工。4 Trait 1: The selfless collaborator

John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been

written about a great deal.It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry.“It's teamwork,” says Fetzer“ The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out.You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset” 4特征1：無私的合作者

職業(yè)顧問和化學(xué)家約翰·費(fèi)策爾最早提出了這個(gè)特征。關(guān)于這個(gè)特征，人們已經(jīng)寫了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反復(fù)談及，是因?yàn)檫@一特征是學(xué)術(shù)界和企業(yè)間最明顯的差別?！斑@里需要合作，”費(fèi)策爾說，“企業(yè)的環(huán)境并不需要單打獨(dú)斗，爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝，所以表現(xiàn)出合作和無私精神的員工就脫穎而出了。在企業(yè)環(huán)境中，沒有這樣的思維方式就不可能成功?！?5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent-researcher role and outshining other young stars.You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of a common goal—and documenting the results on your resume.This approach, combined with a liberal use of the pronoun “we” and not just “I” when describing your accomplishments, can change the company's perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator.Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations—and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.5許多博士后和研究生在進(jìn)行這種過渡的過程中表現(xiàn)得相當(dāng)費(fèi)力。因?yàn)樯杏心敲撮L(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間他們都在扮演一個(gè)獨(dú)立研究者的角色，并且要表現(xiàn)得比其他年輕的優(yōu)秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：為追求一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)和來自其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室和學(xué)科的科學(xué)家們合作——并且為你的個(gè)人履歷上的內(nèi)容提供事跡證明。這個(gè)方法，加上你在描述業(yè)績(jī)時(shí)開明地使用代詞“我們”，而不是“我”，能使公司對(duì)你的看法從 “單干戶”轉(zhuǎn)變成“合作者”。更為有利的是，要在你實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)部，以及在和你們實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作的人們之間，培養(yǎng)一個(gè)良好聲譽(yù)：一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)并發(fā)動(dòng)合作的人——還要保證讓那些會(huì)接聽調(diào)查電話的人們談及你的這個(gè)品質(zhì)。6 Trait 2: A sense of urgency Don Haut is a frequent contributor to the aas.sciencecareers.org discussion forum.He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position.Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues.He is among those who value a sense of urgency.6特征2：緊迫感

唐-豪特是一位給aaas.sciencecareers@org 網(wǎng)站論壇頻繁寫稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科學(xué)家。許多年前他轉(zhuǎn)向了企業(yè)，并一直做到高級(jí)管理的職位。他在3M公司一個(gè)部門負(fù)責(zé)策略和商業(yè)開發(fā)工作，這個(gè)部門每年上繳的稅收高達(dá)24億多美元。他就是一個(gè)重視緊迫感的人。7 “Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut.“One way that companies win is by getting 'there' faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where 'there' is!This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions.This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小時(shí)，生意始終在進(jìn)行，那意味著一年365天，一周7天，一天24小時(shí)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也同樣在進(jìn)行，”豪特說，“公司取勝的方法之一就是要更快地到達(dá)‘目的地’。這就是說，你不僅要把所有能支持公司快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的功能都調(diào)動(dòng)起來，而且還得知道如何決定‘目的地’是哪里。這樣，不僅對(duì)那些行動(dòng)快速的人們，也對(duì)那些思維敏捷，并有勇氣按自己的想法行事的人們都提出了要求。這需要全公司各部門的運(yùn)作，而不僅僅是管理部門的工作?！?8 Trait 3: Risk tolerance Being OK with risk is something that industry demands.“A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information.He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion,” wrote one of my clients in a job description.8特征3：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)容忍度

企業(yè)要求員工能承受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！耙幻舐氄咝枰憩F(xiàn)出僅憑不準(zhǔn)確、不完整的信息就做出決策的能力。他或她必須能接納不確定因素并冒著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做出結(jié)論，”一位客戶在職業(yè)描述中寫道。Haut agrees.“Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk-personal, organizational, and financial.This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful, studied research.Further, great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself, so scientists often fall in love with the process.In a business, you need to understand the process, but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business.Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people.” 9豪特贊同這一說法?！吧虡I(yè)成功通常有這樣一個(gè)特質(zhì)：那就是能接受不確定因素和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——個(gè)人的，組織上的和財(cái)務(wù)上的。這就讓許多科學(xué)家感到不適應(yīng)，因?yàn)閷W(xué)術(shù)上的成功其實(shí)是依靠認(rèn)真而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯?。更進(jìn)一步說，偉大的科學(xué)常常是由找尋答案的過程和答案本身兩者同時(shí)來定義的。因此科學(xué)家們往往沉迷于過程。在企業(yè)里，你需要了解過程，但最終你會(huì)迷上答案，然后根據(jù)你認(rèn)為該答案對(duì)你的企業(yè)所具有的意義來冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。像這樣敢冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是一套技能組合，是所有雇主在他們最好的員工身上所尋找的東西?！?10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate's degree of comfort with failure.Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances.So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it.Everyone knows how to talk about successes—or they should if they're in a job search—but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures, and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink.“For my organization, a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures, and he or she needs to have real failures, not something made up for interview day.If not, that person has not taken enough risk.” says Haut.10風(fēng)險(xiǎn)容忍度的另外一個(gè)要點(diǎn)是求職者對(duì)失敗的承受度。失敗很重要，因?yàn)檫@表示你不怕冒險(xiǎn)。所以各家公司總會(huì)尋找有可能犯錯(cuò)誤并敢于承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤的求職者。大家都知道如何談?wù)摮晒Α蛘弋?dāng)他們?cè)趯ふ夜ぷ鞯臅r(shí)候應(yīng)該知道。但很少有人樂意談?wù)撌?，更少有人知道如何從失敗的邊緣吸取教?xùn)和獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)?！皩?duì)我的企業(yè)來說，求職者需要坦然地談?wù)撍蛩氖。宜蛩枰姓嬲氖〗?jīng)歷，而不是特意為面試而杜撰的東西。如果做不到的話，那么這個(gè)人冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還不夠，”豪特說。11 Trait 4: Strength in interpersonal relationships Rick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics.Leach made the transition to industry recently, on the business side of things'“.I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role, interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure.”Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen,“ he says, ”but working for a business requires something else entirely—people skills.The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets.To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been valued and measured only by his mastery of things,“ says Rick.11特征4：善于處理人際關(guān)系

瑞克·李奇在迪科德遺傳工程公司從事業(yè)務(wù)拓展。李奇最近才轉(zhuǎn)行到企業(yè)，做業(yè)務(wù)方面的工作。我向他咨詢這個(gè)重要特征，是因?yàn)樵谒男聵I(yè)務(wù)角色中，人際溝通能力在成功和失敗之間發(fā)揮著很大的作用?！翱茖W(xué)家畢生都在積累知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)技術(shù)上的敏銳感，”他說，“但為企業(yè)工作需要完全不同的東西——人際交往的能力。想轉(zhuǎn)行到企業(yè)界的科學(xué)家們必須優(yōu)先考慮他們的社會(huì)關(guān)系資源而不是技術(shù)資源。對(duì)一個(gè)以前一直根據(jù)專業(yè)知識(shí)水平被評(píng)價(jià)的人來說，突然之間要根據(jù)他的人際交往能力來評(píng)價(jià)他，真是十分令人恐懼?！?12 It would be a mistake, however, to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach.Indeed, the key players I've met who work at the bench in industry have succeeded in great measure because they've been able to work with a broad variety of personalities, up and down the organization.12然而，如果認(rèn)為只有像李奇那樣的生意人才需要熟練的人際溝通技巧，那就錯(cuò)了。事實(shí)上，我所遇見的在企業(yè)工作的核心費(fèi)工們之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因?yàn)樗麄兡軌蚺c公司上下各種各樣的人共事。Unit Two

CULINARY DELIGHTS IN CHINA 中餐被公認(rèn)為全球最佳美食之一，其種類之豐富，工藝之繁復(fù)，使其理所當(dāng)然地成為游客大快朵頤的樂事之一。

中國(guó)美食 Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture, which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found scattered everywhere throughout the world.Today, the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before.A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants, while today there are over 100,000 restaurants of different sizes in the city.1中國(guó)美食是中國(guó)文化一道絢爛的風(fēng)景線，這點(diǎn)從世界各地隨處可見的中餐館可以窺見。當(dāng)今，烹飪業(yè)正以前所未有的速度在發(fā)展。10年前，北京只有幾千家餐館，而今天卻有10萬多家大小不等的餐館遍布市內(nèi)。2 Regional Chinese Cuisines It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming(1368-1644)dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of Chinese based op regional cooking.They came from Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces.In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes, as almost every place has its own local specialties, and as the different cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.2地方美食

眾所周知，明朝以來出現(xiàn)了八大菜系，分別是山東菜、四川菜、廣東菜、福建菜、江蘇菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。除了這些傳統(tǒng)菜系，中國(guó)的烹飪業(yè)也經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化：每個(gè)地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系匯集于諸如北京這樣的大城市。Sichuan, known as Nature's Storehouse, is also a storehouse of cuisine.Here, each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare.The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spices used are quite different.Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food, yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily , distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines.What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds, the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one's tongue and mouth.Besides this unique spice, Sichuan dishes are usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper.Using fermented bean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods.Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world.In recent years, there have appeared many more renowned restaurants specializing in Sichuan cuisine, such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant.3被譽(yù)為“天府之國(guó)”的四川也是個(gè)美食之都。在那里的任何一家餐館都能找到既可口又經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的美食。川菜的原料雖簡(jiǎn)單，但調(diào)料卻大有講究。川菜以口味辣著稱，但僅是口味辣還不能使川菜區(qū)別于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和貴州菜。川菜的特別之處在于花椒的使用。嘗過花椒之后，人們的舌頭和嘴巴會(huì)留下酥麻的感覺。除了花椒之外，川菜還常用辣椒粉之類的調(diào)料。因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套獨(dú)特的烹飪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受歡迎。近幾年涌現(xiàn)了一大批著名的專做川菜的餐館，比如譚魚頭。4 Guangdong Province is located in southern China, with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round.As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade, the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of China as well as throughout the world where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine.Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes.Various soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country.4廣東省在中國(guó)南部，全年氣候溫和，物產(chǎn)豐富。它還是最早對(duì)外開放的通商口岸之一。廣東的餐飲文化獨(dú)具特色，對(duì)中國(guó)其他地方乃至全世界產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。廣東菜以其好生猛海鮮、追求新奇、細(xì)致考究的烹飪方法而著稱。廣東菜中的各式煲湯如今已深受全國(guó)各地人民喜愛。Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River.One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature.Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as in other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.5浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲瓏，是長(zhǎng)江下游區(qū)域菜肴的代表。西湖醋魚是其中的一道名菜。這道菜鮮美，酥嫩，帶著自然的清香。中國(guó)乃至世界各地的中餐館大都能找得到這道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般純正。因?yàn)橹挥泻贾輷碛衼碜晕骱聂~和水。6 Every Dish Has a Story The names of Chinese dishes are diverse, but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular.A good name can make the dish more interesting;however, some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people, both Chinese and foreigners.If you only translate the names literally with no explanation, you could make a fool of yourself.6每道菜都有一段故事

中國(guó)菜名五花八門，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，說明它如何博得人們的喜愛。一個(gè)好名字能使這道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪異了，聽起來讓人一頭霧水，不要說外國(guó)人難以理解，就是中國(guó)人往往也不是很清楚。你要是望文生義，準(zhǔn)得鬧出笑話來。Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example.These popular buns are all of the same size and handmade.When served in neat rows on a tray, they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers.The wrapping is thin, the fillings are juicy, the meat, tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy.Then, why the name? 7拿天津“狗不理”包子來說吧?！肮凡焕怼奔兪止ぶ谱?，大小均等，深受歡迎。這些包子整整齊齊地放在托盤上時(shí)，看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花。皮兒很薄，餡兒飽蘸肉汁，口感柔軟，香而不膩。可為什么叫“狗不理”呢? 8 There is an interesting story behind it.Goubuli steamed buns were first sold in Tianjin out 150 years ago.A local man by the name of Gouzi(Dog)worked as an apprentice in a shop selling baozi(steamed buns).After three years, he set up his own baozi shop.Because his buns were so delicious, he soon had a thriving business with more and more people coming to buy his buns.As hardworking as Gouzi was, he could not keep up with demand so his customers often had to wait a long time to be served.Impatient, some people would call out to urge him on, but as he was so busy preparing the buns, he didn't answer.People therefore came to call his buns Goubuli, meaning ”Gouzi pays no attention.“ This eccentric name, however, has had very good promotional effects, and has been used ever since.Goubuli is now a time-cherished brand name in Tianjin.8“狗不理”的背后有一段有趣的故事。大約150年前，“狗不理”包子在天津初次亮相。當(dāng)?shù)赜袀€(gè)小伙子，名叫狗子，在一家包子店當(dāng)學(xué)徒。三年后，自己?jiǎn)为?dú)開了一家包子店。他做的包子味道鮮美，因此生意十分紅火，吸引了越來越多的顧客。狗子工作十分賣力，可他還是滿足不了大家的需要，顧客們只得等很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。有些顧客等得不耐煩了，就在外面嚷嚷著催他快點(diǎn)，可狗子忙著做包子呢，哪有時(shí)間搭理。后來人們就把他做的包子稱作“狗不理”，意思是“狗子不搭理他們”?？删褪沁@個(gè)有點(diǎn)怪里怪氣的名字，反倒起了很好的廣告作用，這個(gè)名字一直沿用到了今天。如今“狗不理”已經(jīng)成為天津的老字號(hào)。9 In Zhejiang cuisine, there is a well-known dish called Dongpo Meat.This dish of streaky pork is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork are braised with green onion, ginger cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar.The finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and, like the Goubuli buns, not at all greasy.This dish was named after Su Dongpo(1037-1101), a great poet of the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127), who created it when he was an official in Hangzhou.It is said that, when he was in charge of the drainage work for the West Lake, Su Dongpo rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it Dongpo Meat, to commemorate this gifted and generous poet.9浙江菜里有一道深受歡迎的菜，叫東坡肉。這道菜是把五花肉切成大塊，配上青蔥，在鍋底放些生姜，然后加料酒、醬油和糖用慢火做出來的。這道菜色澤紅亮，酥嫩多汁，如“狗不理”一樣毫無肥膩之感。它以北宋時(shí)代大詩人蘇東坡的名字命名。蘇東坡在杭州做官時(shí)發(fā)明了這道菜。據(jù)說，他當(dāng)時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)西湖的排污工程，經(jīng)常拿紅燒肉犒勞工人。后來為了紀(jì)念這位才華橫溢、慷慨大方的詩人，人們就把它稱作東坡肉。Fujian cuisine boasts a famous dish called Buddha Jumping over the Wall, the number one dish of the province.This dish is prepared with more than 20 main ingredients including chicken, duck, sea cucumber, dried scallop, tendon, shark lip, fish maw and ham.All these ingredients are placed into a ceramic pot, with cooking wine and chicken broth, and then cooked over a slow fire until the meat is tender and juicy and the soup becomes smooth and thick.Then it is served with more than a dozen garnishes such as mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots and pigeon eggs.It is famous for leaving a lingering aftertaste in the mouth.The story behind the name of the specialty goes as follows: 10佛跳墻是福建萊里的一道名菜，亦被稱作福建第一菜。這道萊的主料不下20種，有雞肉、鴨肉、海參、干貝、蹄筋、魚唇、魚肚、火腿配料10多種，有蘑菇、冬筍、鴿蛋等。所有的原料均放在一個(gè)陶罐里，加上料酒和雞湯后，用文火燉，一直燉到肉汁鮮美，柔潤(rùn)細(xì)膩，湯味渾厚。輕舔一口，余香滿口。這道特色菜的背后有這么一個(gè)故事： 11 Buddha Jumping over the Wall was created in a restaurant called Gathering Spring Garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu(1875-1908).It was named Eight Treasures Stewed in a Pot and the name was later changed to blessing and Longevity.One day, several scholars carne to Gathering Spring Garden for a meal.When the dish was served, one of the scholars improvised a poem: ”Fragrance spreads to the neighborhood once the lid lifts, / One whiff and the Buddha Jumps the wall, abandoning the Zen precepts” Hence the name of the dish!11佛跳墻是由福州市一個(gè)叫聚春園的餐館在清朝光緒年間發(fā)明的，早先菜名為八珍鍋，而后改為福壽全。一日，幾位秀才到聚春園飲酒。菜上桌時(shí)，其中一位即興賦詩一首“壇啟葷香飄四鄰，佛聞棄禪跳墻來?！狈鹛鴫@一菜名便由此得來。12 Warmth and Hospitality Expressed by Food In the eyes of Chinese, what is important about eating, especially at festivals, is to eat in a warm atmosphere.Often the young and old still sit in order of seniority, and the elders select food for the young while the young make toasts to the elders.Chinese people like to create a lively, warm, and harmonious atmosphere during meals.12食物傳達(dá)的溫馨和盛情

在中國(guó)人看來，吃最重要的，尤其在過節(jié)時(shí)，莫過于是吃飯時(shí)的溫馨氣氛。吃飯時(shí)，年長(zhǎng)的和年少的按照年齡大小依次坐好，在歡樂祥和的氣氛中，說說笑笑。席間，長(zhǎng)輩為晚輩夾菜，晚輩給長(zhǎng)輩敬酒，營(yíng)造出一派歡樂、溫馨、和諧的氣氛。A hostess or host in China will apportion the best parts of the dishes to guests.Using a pair of serving chopsticks, she or he places the best part of a steamed fish or the most tender piece of meat on the plate of the most important guest.Such a custom is still popular, especially among the elder generation, as a way of expressing respect, concern and hospitality.13在中國(guó)，主人會(huì)把最好的萊分給客人。他們用公筷把清蒸魚最好的部分或最嫩的肉夾給最重要的來賓。這種習(xí)俗用來表達(dá)尊敬、關(guān)懷和好客之意，至今在老一輩的中國(guó)人中還是很流行。Such culinary customs have had a certain influence on the character of the Chinese people.In a.sense, it has strengthened the collective spirit of the nation.At a party or a banquet, everyone first takes into consideration the needs of the group;with the eating process also being a time to show humility and concern for others.14這種飲食習(xí)俗對(duì)中國(guó)人的性格也有幾分影響。從某種意義上說，它增強(qiáng)了人們的集體主義精神。無論在聚會(huì)還是在宴席上，人們首先考慮大家的需求，把吃飯當(dāng)成是謙卑有禮和關(guān)懷他人的場(chǎng)合。15 In China, food eaten during festivals is particularly important.At different festivals, people partake of different fare.For example, on the eve of the Spring Festival, people in the north always eat.jiaozi, meat and vegetable dumplings, at family reunions.This is a way of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the New Year.The Lantern Festival is a day of celebration, and on this day people like to eat yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour, to symbolize family reunion and perfection.At the Duanwu Festival, people eat zongzi, glutinous rice wrapped in triangular shape in reed leaves, to commemorate the beloved poet Qu Yuan(c.1339-c.278 BC), who drowned himself in the Miluo River after being politically wronged.Legend has it that people at the time threw zongzi into the river in the hope that the dragon would not take him away.This later gradually developed into a custom of making and eating zongzi during the Duanwu Festival.15中國(guó)人特別在乎過節(jié)時(shí)吃什么，不同的節(jié)日吃不同的食物。比如除夕夜全家團(tuán)圓時(shí)，北方人吃肉餃或菜餃，象征辭舊迎新。元宵節(jié)吃元宵，元宵是糯米粉做的甜團(tuán)子，象征家庭團(tuán)圓、美滿。端午節(jié)吃粽子，人們用蘆葦葉子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是為了紀(jì)念受人愛戴的詩人屈原。屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨羅江。傳說古時(shí)候人們把粽子投到江中，希望水中的龍不要帶走他。之后，端午節(jié)包粽子和吃粽子的習(xí)俗就慢慢形成了。Unit Three Leisure without literature is death and burial alive.—Seneca, Roman philosopher

WHY HARRY'S HOT? 沒有文學(xué)的休閑生活猶如死亡抑或活埋。

——西尼加(古羅馬哲學(xué)家)

《哈利波特》風(fēng)行之迷 J.K.Rowling swears she never saw it coming.In her wildest dreams, she didn't think her Harry Potter books would appeal to more than a handful of readers.“I never expected a lot of people to like them,” she insisted in a recent interview.“Well, it turned out I was very wrong, obviously.It strikes a chord with an enormous number of people.” That's putting it mildly.With 35 million copies in print, in 35 languages, the first three Harry Potter books have earned a conservatively estimated $480 million in three years.And that was just the warm-up.With a first printing of 5.3 million copies and advance orders topping 1.8 million, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth installment of the series, promises to break every bookselling record.Jack Morrissey, 12, plainly speaks for a generation of readers when he says, “The Harry Potter books are like life, but better.” 1J．K．羅琳發(fā)誓說自己從來沒有過這種預(yù)想。她做夢(mèng)也沒有想到會(huì)有那么多人對(duì)她的書感興趣?！拔覐膩頉]有指望過有這么多人喜歡它，”在最近的一次訪談中她仍然這樣說，“可是，很顯然，我大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。它在許多人心中產(chǎn)生了共鳴?！彼f得很委婉?！豆ㄌ亍废盗袇矔那叭齼?cè)被翻譯成了35種語言，已出版3,500萬冊(cè)，據(jù)保守估計(jì)，這三冊(cè)書在三年時(shí)間里已經(jīng)賺了四億八千萬美金。而這還只是個(gè)開始?！豆锊ㄌ亍废盗袇矔牡谒膬?cè)《哈利波特與火焰杯》初版530萬冊(cè)，加上高達(dá)180萬冊(cè)的訂單，有望創(chuàng)造新的暢銷書銷售記錄。12歲的杰克·莫里西的話很清楚地表達(dá)了他們這一代讀者的想法。他說：“《哈利波特》就如同生活，但比生活更美好?！?Amazingly, Rowling keeps her several plotlines clear of each other until the end, when he deftly brings everything together in a cataclysmic conclusion.For pure narrative power, this is the best Potter book yet.2讓人稱奇的是，羅琳讓每一冊(cè)書的情節(jié)相互獨(dú)立，但最后，她卻能夠巧妙地把它們銜接起來，形成一個(gè)意想不到的結(jié)局。單從敘述能力而言，《哈利波特與火焰杯》也是《哈利波特》系列叢書中最好的一本。When the book finally went on sale at 12:01 am.Saturday, thousands of children in Britain and North America rushed to claim their copies.Bookstores hosted pajama parties, hired magicians and served cookies and punch, but nobody needed to lift the spirits of these crowds.In one case, customers made such a big, happy noise that neighbors called the cops.At a Borders in Charlotte, N.C., Erin Rankin, 12, quickly thumbed to the back as soon as she got her copy.“I heard that a_ major character dies, and I really want to find out who,“ she said.But minutes later she gave up.“I just can't do it.I can't read the end first.”

3當(dāng)這本書終于在星期六午夜12：01面市時(shí)，在英國(guó)和北美，成千上萬的孩子爭(zhēng)相購(gòu)買。書店舉辦了睡衣派對(duì)，邀請(qǐng)了一些魔術(shù)師表演，并提供曲奇餅和潘趣酒，可是沒人需要這些，因?yàn)槿藗儌€(gè)個(gè)情緒高漲。有一次，顧客們發(fā)出了巨大的歡呼聲，以致鄰居們實(shí)在難以忍受而報(bào)了警。在美國(guó)北卡羅來納州的夏洛特市“邊界”連鎖書店，12歲的艾琳·蘭金一拿到書就快速翻到最后一頁?！拔衣犝f有一個(gè)主角死了，我真的很想知道是誰，”她說。但是幾分鐘后她放棄了?！拔易霾坏?，我不能先看書的結(jié)尾。” 4 The only sour note in all the songs of joy over this phenomenon has come from some parents and conservative religious leaders who say Rowling advocates witchcraft.reading of the books has been challenged in 25 school districts in at least 17 states, and the books have been banned in schools in Kansas and Colorado.But that's nothing new, says Michael Patrick Hearn, a children's book scholar and editor of The Annotated Wizard, of Oz.“Any kind of magic is considered evil by some people,” he says.“The Wizard of Oz was attacked by fundamentalists in the mid-1980s.” 4在對(duì)“哈利波特”現(xiàn)象的一路歡歌中，出現(xiàn)的唯一一個(gè)不和諧音符來自干一些父母和保守的宗教領(lǐng)袖。他們認(rèn)為羅琳在宣揚(yáng)巫術(shù)。至少在17個(gè)州的25所學(xué)校校區(qū)內(nèi)，閱讀《哈利波特》受到了質(zhì)疑，而在堪薩斯州和科羅拉多州的學(xué)校里，《哈利波特》系列叢書則被明令禁止。但是作為兒童圖書專家和《綠野仙蹤》的編輯，邁克爾·帕特里克·赫恩覺得這并不奇怪?！盁o論何種魔法都會(huì)被有些人視為邪惡，”他說，“《綠野仙蹤》就曾經(jīng)在80年代中期遭到正統(tǒng)派基督教徒們的抨擊?！?But perhaps the most curious thing about the Potter phenomenon, especially given that it is all about books, is that almost no one has taken the time to say how good— or bad—these books are.The other day my 11-year-old daughter asked me if I thought Harry Potter was a classic.I gave her, I'm afraid, one of those adult-sounding answers when I said, “Time will tell.” This was not an outright lie.There's no telling which books will survive from one generation to the next.But the fact is, I was hedging.What my daughter really wanted to know was how well J.K.Rowling stacks up against the likes of Robert Louis Stevenson or Madeleine L'Engle.5但是對(duì)于“哈利波特”現(xiàn)象最讓人感到好奇的事情可能是幾乎沒有人會(huì)花時(shí)間去討論這些書有多好或者多糟，尤其是當(dāng)這些評(píng)論僅僅涉及書本身的時(shí)候。有一天，11歲的女兒?jiǎn)栁沂欠裾J(rèn)為《哈利波特》是經(jīng)典之作，我給出了一個(gè)恐怕聽起來十分成人化的回答，“時(shí)間會(huì)證明一切的?！边@不能算是一個(gè)徹頭徹尾的謊言，因?yàn)檎l也沒有辦法預(yù)測(cè)有哪一本書能夠代代相傳。但事實(shí)上，我在閃爍其詞。我女兒真正想知道的是：與羅伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森和馬德琳·英格這一類人相比較，羅琳到底有多棒。I could have told her that I thought they were beautifully crafted works of entertainment, the literary equivalent of Steven Spielberg.I could also have told her I thought the Potter books were derivative.They share so many elements with so many children's classics that sometimes it seems as though Rowling had assembled her novels from a kit.However, these novels amount to, much more than just the sum of their parts.The crucial aspect of their appeal is that they can be read by children and adults with equal pleasure.Only the best authors—and they can be as different as Dr.Seuss and Philip Pullman“ and, yes, J.|K.Rowling—can pull that off.6我本可以告訴她我認(rèn)為這些書是精心構(gòu)思的通俗作品，是堪比史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格之電影的文學(xué)作品。本來我還可以告訴她我認(rèn)為《哈利波特》系列叢書沒有什么新意，它們與眾多兒童經(jīng)典作品有太多相似之處，所以有時(shí)候會(huì)給讀者一種感覺，仿佛羅琳組裝編織了這些故事。但是，這些故事絕對(duì)不僅僅是各個(gè)部分的簡(jiǎn)單相加。它們?nèi)绱耸軞g迎的關(guān)鍵之處就在于無論是大人還是小孩都能夠從閱讀中獲得樂趣。只有最好的作家——他們能夠與蘇斯博士和菲利普·普爾曼，當(dāng)然還有羅琳一樣與眾不同——才能夠做到這一點(diǎn)。7 P.L.Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, ”You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for—if you are honest— you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins.It is all endless and all one.There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling's books, starting with their language.Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.7《(歡樂滿人間》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟至極。她寫到，“你不能把你想象的東西砍掉一部分然后寫成一本專給孩子看的書，坦白地說，因?yàn)槭聦?shí)上你根本無從知道童年究竟是什么時(shí)候結(jié)束，而成人期又是什么時(shí)候開始的。它們相互連接、渾然一體?！痹诹_琳的書中，從語言開始，就有足夠多的讓大人和孩子都喜歡的東西。也許她文風(fēng)樸實(shí)，但是她給人和物取名的方式顯示了獨(dú)特的原創(chuàng)才能。The best writers remember what it is like to be a child with astonishing intensity.Time and again, Rowling articulates just how defenseless even the bravest children often feel.Near the end of the second book Dumbledore, the wise and protective headmaster, is banished from Hogwarts.This terrifies Harry and his schoolmates—“With Dumbledore gone, fear had spread as never before”—and it terrified me.And in all of Rowling's books there runs an undercurrent of sadness and loss.In the first book the orphaned Harry stares into the Mirror of Erised, which shows the viewer his or her utmost desires.Harry sees his dead parents.“Not until I'd reread what I'd written did I realize that that had been taken entirely-entirely-from how I felt about my mother's death,” Rowling said.“In fact, death and bereavement and what death means, I would say, is one of the central themes in all seven books.” Do young readers pick up on all this deep intellectualism? Consciously, perhaps not.But I don't think the books would have their broad appeal if they were only exciting tales of magical adventure, and I know adults would not find them so enticing.8優(yōu)秀作家關(guān)注孩子特點(diǎn)的能力達(dá)到驚人的程度。羅琳不只一次地清楚表達(dá)出，即便是最勇敢的孩子也經(jīng)常會(huì)表現(xiàn)得那么無助。在《哈利波特》(二)中，當(dāng)那位智慧的、對(duì)學(xué)生呵護(hù)有加的魔法學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)鄧布利多被驅(qū)逐出霍格華茲時(shí)，哈利和他的同學(xué)們都感到恐懼萬分?！班嚥祭嘧吡耍八从械目謶致娱_來?！倍@也讓我很害怕。在羅琳所有的書中都流淌著一種潛在的傷感與迷失。在《哈利波特》(一)中，變成孤兒的哈利盯著那面能夠說出每個(gè)人內(nèi)心深處愿望的厄里斯魔鏡看，他看見了逝去的雙親?！爸钡轿易约褐刈x我寫過的東西，我才意識(shí)到這個(gè)情節(jié)完完全全——完完全全地——來自于我對(duì)于母親去世的感覺，”羅琳說，“事實(shí)上，我可以說，死亡、喪親之痛以及死亡意味著什么是所有這七冊(cè)書的中心主題之一?！倍贻p的讀者們能夠領(lǐng)會(huì)這一份深刻的理性嗎?也許不能自覺地做到這一點(diǎn)吧。但是我認(rèn)為，如果這些書只是一些有關(guān)魔幻之旅的有趣的故事，那么它們就不可能有這么廣泛的吸引力。而且我知道，那樣的話成人就不會(huì)被它吸引。9 The Harry Potter books aren't perfect.What I miss most in these novels is the presence of a great villain.And by great villain I mean an interesting villain.Long.John Silver is doubly frightening because he is both evil and charming.If he were all Bad, he wouldn't frighten us half as much.Voldemort is resistible precisely because he is just bad to the bone.That said, I should add that in the new book Rowling outdoes herself with a bad guy so seductive you'll never see him coming.And he is scary.9《哈利波特》系列叢書不盡完美。在這些叢書中我最想看到的是一個(gè)絕妙的反面角色。我這里說的“絕妙的反面角色”是指“有趣的反面角色”。因?yàn)楦邆€(gè)子約翰·希爾弗既邪惡又迷人，所以他才讓人更覺害怕。如果他僅僅只是壞的話，他帶給我們的恐怖感會(huì)減少一大半。伏地魔王讓人抗拒就是因?yàn)樗麅H僅只是一個(gè)十足的壞蛋。這么一說，我想在羅琳超越自己的這本新書中加上這樣一個(gè)反面角色。這個(gè)角色是如此的有魅力，你是永遠(yuǎn)也見不到的，而且他相當(dāng)令人恐懼。That quibble aside, Rowling’s novels are probably the best books children have ever encountered that haven't been thrust upon them by an adult.I envy kids reading these books, because there was nothing this good when I was a boy-nothing this good, I mean, that we found on our own, the way kids are finding Harry.We affectionately remember The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew, but try rereading them and their charm fades away pretty quickly.Rowling may not be as magisterial as Tolkien or as quirky as Dahl, but her books introduce fledgling readers to a very high standard of entertainment.With three books left to go in the series, it's too early to pass final judgment.But considering what we've seen so far, especially in the latest volume, Harry Potter has all the earmarks of a classic.10除了這些吹毛求疵的意見，羅琳的書可能是孩子們所接觸到的最好的書，而且閱讀這些書也不是家長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)加的任務(wù)。我羨慕那些閱讀這些書的孩子，因?yàn)樵谖疫€是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，可沒有這么好的東西——我的意思是說，我們沒有通過自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)有這么好的東西，不像現(xiàn)在的孩子，他們找到了哈利。我們深深地記著哈迪男孩和南茜·朱爾，但是當(dāng)我們嘗試著重新閱讀這些角色的時(shí)候，他們的魅力很快就散去了。羅琳的書也許不如托爾金的書那么具有權(quán)威性，也不如達(dá)爾的作品那般跌宕起伏，但是她的書將涉世未深的讀者帶入了一個(gè)相當(dāng)高的娛樂水準(zhǔn)。(《哈利波特》系列叢書還有三冊(cè)尚未出版，現(xiàn)在下定論還為時(shí)尚早。但是，就目前我們看到的情況來看，特別是在最后一冊(cè)，《哈利波特》具備了經(jīng)典作品的所有特征。Unit Four The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family and explores the choices that are available to family members, as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.It examines the diversity of American families today, using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.下面的文章選自奈杰爾貝諾克瑞提斯的婚姻與家庭。此書在美國(guó)的一些大學(xué)里被用作社會(huì)學(xué)和婦女研究等課程的教材，它強(qiáng)調(diào)了在當(dāng)代社會(huì)和家庭中所發(fā)生的重要變化，探索了家庭成員所面臨的選擇，以及我們很多人都還未意識(shí)到的種種約束。該書還審視了當(dāng)今美國(guó)家庭的多樣性，運(yùn)用跨文化和多元文化的比較，以激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維來研究21世紀(jì)家庭所面臨的許多嚴(yán)峻問題。

LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS

Nijole V.Benokraitis

愛和情感連系

奈杰爾·貝諾克瑞提斯 Love-as both an emotion and a behavior-is essential for human survival-The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support.Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems-for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties-that sometimes last a lifetime.In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more.By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.1愛，對(duì)于人類的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一種情感，又是一種行為。家庭通常是我們最早和最重要的愛和情感支持的來源。眾所周知，缺乏愛的嬰幼兒會(huì)產(chǎn)生各種各樣的問題，如抑郁癥、頭痛、生理殘疾、神經(jīng)質(zhì)或身心疾病，這些病有時(shí)會(huì)伴隨他們一生。而對(duì)比之下，擁有愛和擁抱的嬰兒通常體重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到了五歲時(shí)，他們的智商和語言測(cè)試的分?jǐn)?shù)明顯比前一類兒童高得多。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults.It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical.Children who are raised in impersonal environments(orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families)show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.2很多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)嬰兒獲得關(guān)愛的質(zhì)量會(huì)影響到他們以后的交友，在學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)，如何應(yīng)對(duì)陌生的或可能充滿壓力的情況，以及他們成年后如何建立并且維系情感連系。正是因?yàn)檫@些原因，人們與家庭成員的早期親密關(guān)系才如此至關(guān)重要。在人情冷漠的環(huán)境中(如孤兒院，某些寄養(yǎng)家庭，或缺乏關(guān)愛的家庭)長(zhǎng)大的孩子會(huì)出現(xiàn)情感和社會(huì)性發(fā)育不良，語言和運(yùn)動(dòng)技能遲緩，以及精神健康問題。3 Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development.Actress Mae West once said, “I never loved another person the way I loved myself.” Although such a statement may seem self-centered, it's actually quite insightful Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self-esteem.Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others.Fromm(1956)saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others.People who don't like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images.But just what is love? What brings people together?

3對(duì)自己的愛，或者說自愛，對(duì)我們的社會(huì)性和情感發(fā)展也是至關(guān)重要的。女演員梅·韋斯特曾說過，“我從沒有像愛自己那樣愛過別人。”雖然這樣的話聽起來似乎有些以自我為中心，實(shí)際上卻是相當(dāng)有見地。社會(huì)學(xué)家將自愛描述為自尊的一個(gè)重要基礎(chǔ)。從別的方面來說，自我喜歡的人更樂于接受批評(píng)，對(duì)別人的要求也不那么苛刻。弗羅姆(1956)認(rèn)為自愛是愛別人的先決條件。不喜歡自己的人也許不懂得回報(bào)愛，而卻有可能不停地尋找愛的關(guān)系來改變卑微的自我形象。那么到底什么是愛?是什么讓人們走到一起? 4 Love is an elusive concept.We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is;however, when asked what love is, people give a variety of answers.According to a nine-year-old boy, for example, “Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life.” What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers.Love has been a source of inspiration, wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.4愛是一個(gè)難以描述的概念。我們都經(jīng)歷過愛，覺得我們知道愛是什么，然而當(dāng)被問到什么是愛時(shí)，人們給出的答案卻不盡相同，比如一個(gè)九歲的男孩說，“愛像雪崩，你必須快跑才能活命?！睈蹖?duì)我們來說意味著什么，這取決于我們所指的是家人之間、朋友之間還是戀人之間的愛。幾百年來愛都是靈感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活動(dòng)的來源。Love has many dimensions.It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive, and irrational-It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible? Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts.At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving

relationship:(1)a willingness to please and accommodate the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice;(2)an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings;and(3)as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own.And, people who say they are “in love” emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment.5愛有很多層面，它可能是浪漫的，令人激動(dòng)的，讓人著迷的，或者是非理性的。它也可能是柏拉圖式的，令人平靜的，無私的，或者理智的。許多研究者覺得愛沒有一個(gè)唯一的定義，它有程度和強(qiáng)度之分，并且跨越了社會(huì)背景。擁有戀愛關(guān)系至少需要具備三個(gè)元素：1)愿意取悅和遷就另一方，即使需要妥協(xié)或犧牲；2)能接受另一方的錯(cuò)誤和缺點(diǎn)；3)關(guān)心愛人的幸福像關(guān)心自己一樣。而且，說自己“處于戀愛中”的人們重視相互之間的關(guān)心、親密和忠誠(chéng)。6 In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential.Although love may, involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality.Respect is inherent in all love: “I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake, and in his own ways, and not for the purpose of serving me.” If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is not based on love.Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth.6不管是哪種類型的愛，關(guān)心另一方是非常必要的。雖然愛可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是更重要的品質(zhì)。相互尊重是所有愛的共性：“我想要我愛的人為他自己成長(zhǎng)發(fā)展，并且用他自己的方式，而不是為了迎合我?！比绻麤]有尊重和關(guān)懷，兩人的關(guān)系就不是建立在愛的基礎(chǔ)上；反而成為一種不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依賴，而這會(huì)限制愛的雙方在社會(huì)、情感和智力方面的發(fā)展。Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common with the images of love or.frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels.Because of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love.These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment.In fact, “real” love is closer to what one author called “stirring-the-oatmeal love”(Johnson 1985).This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic.It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby, and performing myriad other ' oatmeal“ tasks that are not very sexy.7愛，特別是長(zhǎng)久的愛，和我們從好萊塢、電視、或愛情小說中獲得的對(duì)愛和狂熱的性愛的印象完全不同。由于這些印象的緣故，許多人對(duì)愛有各種各樣的誤解，這些誤解常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致不現(xiàn)實(shí)的期望、固定模式或幻覺破滅。事實(shí)上，“真”愛更接近于一位作家(約翰遜，1995)所稱的“攪燕麥粥之愛”。這種愛既不令人激動(dòng)也不能令人興奮，但是它卻是實(shí)實(shí)在在的，不浪漫的。它是付賬單，倒垃圾，刷馬桶，孩子生病時(shí)守夜，以及完成其他各種各樣不那么性感的“攪燕麥粥”的任務(wù)。Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal.Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting.Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not, what type of love brings people together?

8有些伴侶們輪流來“攪燕麥粥”，其他人則尋求一種能帶來浪漫的燭光美餐的戀愛關(guān)系。不管我們是否決定建立認(rèn)真的戀愛關(guān)系，是什么樣的愛讓我們走到一起? 9 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that ”there's one person out there that one is meant for“ and that destiny will bring them together.Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic.Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are ”filtered out“ by formal or informal rules on partner

eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.9一開始讓人相互吸引的是什么?許多人相信“世上有一個(gè)人是你為之而生的”，而且命運(yùn)會(huì)將你倆帶到一起。這樣的想法很浪漫卻不現(xiàn)實(shí)。實(shí)證研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，是文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價(jià)值觀而非命運(yùn)，將人們連系在一起。我們錯(cuò)過了成千上萬的可能的愛人，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)缇捅徽降幕蚍钦降奶暨x理想愛人的準(zhǔn)則篩選出局，這些準(zhǔn)則包括年齡、種族、地域、社會(huì)階層、宗教、性傾向、健康狀況或外表。10 Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools.In early adolescence, pear norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements(”You want to date who?!“).Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience.Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom.One might ”lust“ for someone, but these yearnings will not lead most of us to ”fall in love“ if there are strong cultural or group bans.10從童年開始，父母?jìng)兙屯ㄟ^選擇某個(gè)街區(qū)和學(xué)校，或是鼓勵(lì)或是限制孩子未來的情感關(guān)系。在青少年早期，同伴們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也會(huì)影響青少年決定哪些情感關(guān)系是可以接受的(“你想和誰約會(huì)?”)。甚至在13歲之前，情感經(jīng)歷就由社會(huì)和群體的活動(dòng)和期望所決定和培養(yǎng)起來了。雖然愛情可以跨越文化和民族的界線，但批評(píng)和贊同教會(huì)了我們什么是可以接受的浪漫行為和與誰發(fā)生浪漫行為。一個(gè)人也許會(huì)對(duì)另一個(gè)人產(chǎn)生“欲望”，但是如果有強(qiáng)烈的文化或族群反對(duì)，我們中的大多數(shù)人即使有這樣的渴望也不會(huì)因此而愛上某人的。11 Regan and Berscheid(1999)differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love.They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional, a condition that may be conscious or unconscious.Desire, in contrast, is a psychological in which one wants a relationship that one doesn't now have, or to engage in an activity in which one is not presently engaged.Desire may or may not lead to romantic love(which the authors equate with passionate or erotic low).Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love.If desire disappears, a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love.Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the ”spark“ in their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully(and longingly)about ”the good old days“.11里根和波謝德(1999)曾把貪欲、性欲和浪漫的愛加以區(qū)分。他們把貪欲描述為身體上的而非情感上的興奮，是一種有意識(shí)的或無意識(shí)的狀態(tài)。相反性欲是一種心理狀態(tài)，在這種心理狀態(tài)下，一個(gè)人想建立一種目前還不具有的戀愛關(guān)系，或者是想進(jìn)行一種目前還沒有進(jìn)行的行為。性欲可能會(huì)成為或不會(huì)成為浪漫的愛情(作者把浪漫的愛情等同于充滿激情或性欲的愛)。里根和波謝德認(rèn)為：性欲是點(diǎn)燃并維持浪漫愛情的必要成分。一旦性愛消失了，一個(gè)人就不能再說成是還處在浪漫戀情中。一旦欲望消失了，失望的戀人就會(huì)詫異原來他們關(guān)系中的“火花”去哪兒了，他們可能會(huì)很遺憾地(而且渴望地)懷念“過去的美好時(shí)光”。One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in physical intimacy or that desire is the same as romantic love.Married partners may love each other even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy.In addition, there are some notable differences between love-especially long-term love-and romantic love.Healthy loving relationships, whether physical or not(such as love for family members), reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment.12然而，我們不應(yīng)就此得出性欲總是以身體的親密接觸告終，或性與浪漫愛情是同一回事的結(jié)論。結(jié)了婚的伴侶們可以深愛對(duì)方，即使很少或從來沒有身體的親密接觸。此外，愛，尤其是長(zhǎng)期的愛，和浪漫的愛是有很大區(qū)別的。健康的戀愛關(guān)系，不管它們是有性的或是無性的(比如對(duì)家人的愛)都反映了關(guān)懷、親密和忠誠(chéng)的平衡。Unit Five The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word which means yoke or union.Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine, Universal Spirit, or Cosmic Consciousness.Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment.On the physical level yoga postures, called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, ana align me body.These postures are performed to make the spine supple and healthy and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keeping all the bodily systems healthy.On the mental level, yoga uses breathing techniques(pranayama)and meditation(dydna)to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind.However, experts are quick to point out that yoga is not a religion, but away of living with health and peace of mind as its aims.“瑜伽”這個(gè)詞源于梵語，意思是“結(jié)合”或“聯(lián)合”，傳統(tǒng)上瑜伽是一種把個(gè)人和神，萬物之靈或無窮的意識(shí)聯(lián)合在一起的方法。為了幫助達(dá)到這個(gè)也被稱為“自我超越”或“啟蒙”的目的，設(shè)計(jì)了身體上和精神上的鍛煉方法。在身體上，設(shè)計(jì)了各種瑜伽姿勢(shì)來使人的身體結(jié)實(shí)、強(qiáng)壯，有協(xié)調(diào)性，練習(xí)這些體位能使脊柱變得柔軟健康，血液更通暢地到達(dá)各器官、腺或人體組織，從而使身體各系統(tǒng)更健康穹在精神上，瑜伽使用呼吸法和冥想使心境平和、澄凈，精神得到很好的修養(yǎng)。但是專家們很快指出瑜伽不是一種宗教，而是將健康與平和的心境結(jié)合在一起的一種生活方式。

YOGA IN AMERICA

Douglas Dupler

瑜伽在美國(guó)

道格拉斯·多普勒 Yoga originated in ancient India and is one of the longest surviving philosophical systems in the world.Some scholars have estimated that yoga is as old as 5,000 years;artifacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3,000 B.C.Yogis claim that it is a highly developed science of healthy living that has been tested and perfected for all these years.Yoga was first brought to America in the late 1800s when Swami Vivekananda.an Indian teacher and yogi, presented a lecture on.meditation in Chicago.Yoga slowly began gaining followers, and flourished during the 1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy.There has since been a vast exchange of yoga knowledge in America, with many students going to India to study and many Indian experts coming here to teach, resulting in the establishment of a wide variety of schools.1瑜伽起源于古印度，是世界上最古老的哲學(xué)體系之一。一些學(xué)者估計(jì)，瑜伽至少有5,000年的歷史；印度曾出土過3,000年前的表現(xiàn)瑜伽姿勢(shì)的手工藝品。瑜伽師們認(rèn)為，經(jīng)過幾千年的考驗(yàn)和完善，瑜伽已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一門養(yǎng)生的成熟科學(xué)。19世紀(jì)晚期，印度學(xué)者、瑜伽師斯瓦米·維韋卡南達(dá)在芝加哥做了一場(chǎng)關(guān)于冥想的演講，從此瑜伽傳人了美國(guó)。慢慢地有人開始練習(xí)瑜伽，并在20世紀(jì)60年代東方哲學(xué)熱盛行的時(shí)候形成了學(xué)習(xí)瑜伽的高潮。從此，瑜伽知識(shí)在美國(guó)傳播開來，許多學(xué)徒專程前往印度學(xué)習(xí)，很多印度瑜伽師也來到美國(guó)教學(xué)，創(chuàng)辦了大量瑜伽學(xué)校。Today, yoga is thriving, and it has become easy to find teachers and practitioners throughout America.A recent Roper poll, commissioned by Yoga Journal, found that 11 million Americans do yoga at least occasionally” and six million perform it regularly.Yoga stretches are used by physical therapists and professional sports teams, and the benefits of yoga are being touted by movie stars and Fortune 500 executives.Many prestigious schools of medicine have studied and introduced yoga techniques as proven therapies for illness and stress.Some medical schools, like UCLA, even offer yoga classes as part of their physician training program.今天的美國(guó)，瑜伽已十分盛行，瑜伽教練和練習(xí)者隨處可見。最近一項(xiàng)由《瑜伽月刊》委托洛普民調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)所做的調(diào)查顯示，有1,100萬的美國(guó)人至少會(huì)偶爾做一次瑜伽，另有600萬的美國(guó)人會(huì)經(jīng)常做瑜伽。瑜伽已被廣泛應(yīng)用于身體治療和專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)的日常訓(xùn)練，做瑜伽的好處也被電影明星和《財(cái)富》雜志世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)的總裁們爭(zhēng)相吹捧。許多醫(yī)學(xué)名校已經(jīng)研究并提出能夠有效緩解疾病和壓力的瑜伽術(shù)了。包括加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校在內(nèi)的一些醫(yī)學(xué)院甚至還為內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生開設(shè)了瑜伽課程。There are several different schools of hatha yoga in America;the two most prevalent ones are Iyengar and Ashtanga yoga8.Iyengar yoga was founded by B.K.S.Iyengar, who is widely considered as one of the great living innovators of yoga.Iyengar yoga puts strict emphasis on form and alignment, and uses traditional hatha yoga techniques in new manners and sequences.Iyengar yoga can be good for physical therapy because it allows the use of props like straps and blocks to make it easier for some people to get into the yoga postures.Ashtanga yoga can be a more vigorous routine, using a flowing and dance-like sequence of hatha postures to generate body heat, which purifies the body through sweating and deep breathing.2美國(guó)有許多不同的哈他(傳統(tǒng))瑜伽學(xué)派，其中影響最大的是艾揚(yáng)格派和阿斯湯加派。艾揚(yáng)格瑜伽的創(chuàng)立者是波·可·斯·艾揚(yáng)格，他是世界上目前仍健在的最偉大的瑜伽改革者之一。艾揚(yáng)格瑜伽十分注重姿勢(shì)的精準(zhǔn)，它采用新的方式和順序練習(xí)傳統(tǒng)瑜伽。艾揚(yáng)格瑜伽有助于身體治療，因?yàn)樗试S練習(xí)者使用瑜伽伸展帶、瑜伽磚等輔助器材來減少做瑜伽動(dòng)作的難度。阿斯湯加瑜伽有著更精準(zhǔn)的要求，練習(xí)者要用舞蹈般流暢的動(dòng)作來練習(xí)傳統(tǒng)瑜伽，從而使身體發(fā)熱，并通過出汗和深呼吸來凈化自己的身體。Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation.Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady.Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept.The basic positions can increase a person's strength, flexibility and sense of well being almost immediately.but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many.3做瑜伽沒有場(chǎng)地的限制，一套瑜伽動(dòng)作通常需要20分鐘到兩個(gè)小時(shí)或者更多的時(shí)間，而一個(gè)小時(shí)左右的時(shí)間則是一系列動(dòng)作和冥想的最佳選擇。根據(jù)瑜伽師和學(xué)派的不同，一些瑜伽動(dòng)作做起來辛苦異常，而另一些卻只是在呼吸和心跳平穩(wěn)的情況下調(diào)整和伸展肢體。每天練習(xí)瑜伽會(huì)達(dá)到最好的效果，隨著動(dòng)作越來越熟練，你就可以加大強(qiáng)度和難度，這樣瑜伽就能成為你相伴終生的日常鍛煉方式了。練習(xí)基礎(chǔ)的瑜伽動(dòng)作即可收到增強(qiáng)力量，改善柔韌性并使人感到舒適的效果，但要想達(dá)到完美和高深的境界還是需要日積月累的練習(xí)，這也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。4 Yoga is usually best learned from a yoga teacher or physical therapist, but yoga is simple enough that one can learn the basics from good books on the subject, which are plentiful.Yoga classes are generally inexpensive, averaging around 10 dollars per class, and students can learn basic postures in just a few classes.Many YMCAs, colleges, and community health organizations offer beginning yoga classes as well, often for nominal fees.If yoga is part of a physical therapy program,' it can be.reimbursed by insurance.4能向瑜伽教練或身體治療師學(xué)習(xí)瑜伽是最好不過了，但因?yàn)殍べと腴T并不難，所以也可以從大量的介紹瑜伽的正規(guī)書籍中自學(xué)它的基本動(dòng)作。瑜伽課的學(xué)費(fèi)一般不貴，平均一堂課10美元，學(xué)員們?cè)趲坠?jié)課內(nèi)就能學(xué)會(huì)基礎(chǔ)的瑜伽動(dòng)作。許多地方的基督教青年會(huì)、大學(xué)和社區(qū)健康協(xié)會(huì)都開辦有瑜伽入門學(xué)習(xí)班，而且通常只象征性地收取一點(diǎn)兒費(fèi)用。如果是作為身體治療項(xiàng)目的一部分，瑜伽費(fèi)用還能算在醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的范圍之內(nèi)。Yoga can also provide the same benefits as any well-designed exercise program, increasing general health and stamina reducing stress.and improving those conditions brought about by sedentary lifestyles.Yoga has the added advantage of being a low-impact activity that uses only gravity as resistance, which makes it an excellent physical therapy routine: certain yoga postures can be safely used to strengthen and balance all parts of the body.5瑜伽還能帶來和精心設(shè)計(jì)的練習(xí)一樣的效果，使人增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)、煥發(fā)活力，并幫助人們舒緩壓力和久坐帶來的疲勞。瑜伽的另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，除了地心引力外，它不需承擔(dān)額外的阻力，這使它成為身體治療方法的不二之選；特定的瑜伽動(dòng)作能安全有效地增強(qiáng)人的力量，提高身體的平衡度。Meditation has been much studied and approved for its benefits in reducing stresses-related conditions.The landmark book, The Relaxation Response, by Harvard cardiologist Herbert Benson, showed that meditation and breathing techniques for relaxation could have the opposite effect of stress, reducing blood pressure and other indicators, Since then, much research has reiterated the benefits of meditation for stress reduction and general health.Currently, the American Medical Association recommends meditation techniques as a first step before medication for borderline hypertension cases.6研究表明，冥想能幫助人們緩解壓力。哈佛心臟醫(yī)學(xué)家赫伯特·班森在他劃時(shí)代的著作《放松反應(yīng)》里說道，冥想和呼吸技巧能使身體放松，達(dá)到與壓力相反的效果，并使血壓等一系列指標(biāo)回落。從那以后，越來越多的研究都重申了冥想對(duì)減壓和身體健康的積極影響。現(xiàn)在，美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)已推薦把冥想療法替代藥物治療用于治療疑似高血壓的第一步了。7 Modern psychological Studies have shown that even slight facial expressions can cause changes in the involuntary nervous system;yoga utilizes the mind/body connection, that is, yoga practice contains the central ideas that physical posture and alignment can influence a person's mood and self-esteem, and also that the mind can be used to shape and heal the body.Yoga practitioners claim that the strengthening of mind/body awareness can bring eventual improvements in all facets of a person's life.7現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)研究表明，即使細(xì)微的表情變化也會(huì)引起神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的自主改變；而瑜伽正是身體和心靈的絕妙結(jié)合——瑜伽練習(xí)的中心思想就是，身體的姿態(tài)將影響人的心情和自我意識(shí)，而人的精神又能塑造和治愈人的身體。瑜伽練習(xí)者認(rèn)為，精神／體質(zhì)的加強(qiáng)最終將為生活的各方面都帶來好處。8 Yoga can be performed by those of any age and condition, although not all poses should be attempted by everyone.Yoga is also a very accessible form of exercise;all that is needed is a flat floor surface large enough to stretch out on, a mat or towel, and enough overhead space to full raise the arms.It is a good activity for those who can't go to gyms, who don' t like other forms of exercise, or have, very busy schedules.Yoga should be done on an empty stomach, and teachers recommend waiting three or more hours after meals.Loose and comfortable clothing should he worn.8雖然有些姿勢(shì)并不適合所有人練習(xí)，但是任何年齡段的人在任何條件下都能練習(xí)瑜伽。練瑜伽的準(zhǔn)備工作也很簡(jiǎn)單；只需一塊可以伸展肢體的平地、一塊草墊或毛巾和一個(gè)足以抬起手臂的空間就可以展開練習(xí)了。對(duì)去不了體育館、不喜歡其他體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和十分忙碌的人來說，瑜伽是一項(xiàng)再好不過的活動(dòng)了。練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)穿著寬松舒適的服裝并保持空腹，瑜伽師推薦飯后三小時(shí)以上為宜。Beginners should exercise care and concentration when performing yoga postures, and not try to stretch too much too quickly, as injury could result.Some advanced yoga postures, like the headstand and full lotus position, can be difficult and require strength, flexibility, and gradual preparation, so beginners should get the help of a teacher before attempting them.9初學(xué)者在練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)集中注意力，小心動(dòng)作不要做得太過太快，以免受傷。一些高階的瑜伽動(dòng)作，如頭倒立式和全蓮花坐式，需要有很好的力量、柔韌性和日積月累的練習(xí)作準(zhǔn)備，因此初學(xué)者應(yīng)在瑜伽師的指導(dǎo)下做這些動(dòng)作。Yoga is not a competitive sport;it does not matter how a person does in comparison with others, but how aware and disciplined one becomes with one's own body and limitations.Proper form and alignment should always be maintained during a stretch or posture, and the stretch or posture should be stopped when there is pain, dizziness, or fatigue.The mental component of yoga is just as important as the physical postures.Concentration and awareness breath should not be neglected.Yoga should be done with an open, gentle, and non-critical mind: when one stretches into a position, it can be thought of as accepting and working on one's limits.Impatience, self-criticism and comparing oneself to others will not help in this process of self-knowledge.While performing the yoga of breathing(pranayama)and meditation(dyana), it is best to have an experienced teacher, as these powerful techniques can cause dizziness and discomfort when done improperly.10瑜伽不是競(jìng)技體育；練瑜伽不需要和別人比，練瑜伽的目的是提高自己的覺悟和身心自律能力。做瑜伽必須保持姿勢(shì)的正確，一旦感到疼痛、頭暈或疲勞就必須停止。做瑜伽時(shí)，身體和精神一樣重要，要注意集中精力去感受呼吸。練習(xí)時(shí)必須心胸開闊、平和；當(dāng)你伸展肢體做每一個(gè)瑜伽動(dòng)作時(shí)，你就是在接受挑戰(zhàn)去達(dá)到自己的極限。不耐煩、自責(zé)和與他人相比都不利于這一過程中自我認(rèn)識(shí)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。當(dāng)練習(xí)呼吸法(調(diào)息)和冥想法(禪定)時(shí)，最好由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的瑜伽師來指導(dǎo)，因?yàn)橐坏┚毩?xí)不當(dāng)，這些技巧性很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作會(huì)使人感到頭暈不適。11 Although yoga originated in a culture very different from modern America, it has been accepted and its practice has spread relatively quickly.Many yogis are amazed at how rapidly yoga's popularity has spread in America, considering the legend that it was passed down secretly by handfuls or adherents tor many centuries.11雖然瑜伽的發(fā)源地與現(xiàn)代美國(guó)文化迥異，但它卻得到了認(rèn)同，并很快地傳播開來。許多世紀(jì)以來，瑜伽只是在極少信徒的言傳身教中得以流傳，而今它在美國(guó)快速普及，這使許多瑜伽師感到很驚異。There can still be found some resistance to yoga, for active and busy Americans sometimes find it hard to believe that an exercise program that requires them to slow down, concentrate, and breathe deeply can be more effective than lifting weights or running, However, ongoing research in top medical schools is showing yoga's effectiveness for overall health and for specific problems, making it an increasingly acceptable health practice.12也有一些人反對(duì)瑜伽，因?yàn)榍趭^忙碌的美國(guó)人很難相信這項(xiàng)要他們放慢速度、集中精力進(jìn)行深呼吸的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)比舉重或慢跑更有效。然而，越來越多的來自頂尖醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究結(jié)果表明，瑜伽對(duì)全身健康和特殊病癥都有好處，這也使越來越多的人接受這項(xiàng)健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Unit Six

HERE IS NEW YORK 也許沒有人像E．B．懷特那樣抒情、那樣成功地捕捉到紐約這個(gè)城市。這篇短文向仍然熱愛紐約的人們展現(xiàn)了它永恒的經(jīng)典特質(zhì)。

這就是紐約

E．B．懷特 On any person who desires such queer prices.New York will bestow the gift of loneliness and the gut of privacy.It is this largess that accounts for the presence within the city's walls of a considerable section of the population;for me residents of Manhattan are to a large extent strangers who have pulled up stakes somewhere and come to town seeking sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or lesser grail.The capacity to make such dubious gifts is a mysterious quality of New York.It can destroy an individual, or it can fulfill him, depending a good deal on luck.No one should come to New York to live unless he is willing to be lucky.1紐約將孤寂與獨(dú)處當(dāng)作贈(zèng)禮，賜予所有向往這份奇特禮物的人們。紐約城內(nèi)數(shù)量龐大的居民中，沖著這份贈(zèng)禮而來此落腳的絕不在少數(shù)；曼哈頓也因此聚集了眾多異鄉(xiāng)客，他們背井離鄉(xiāng)到此闖蕩，有的為了尋求庇護(hù)，有的為了一展抱負(fù)，還有的為了實(shí)現(xiàn)心中或大或小的愿望。紐約之所以神秘，便在于它總能賜予這般撲朔迷離的饋贈(zèng)，能使人萬劫不復(fù)，也能讓人飛黃騰達(dá)，皆為運(yùn)氣使然。如果有誰打算碰碰運(yùn)氣，不妨到紐約來。New York is the concentrate of art and commerce and sport and religion and entertainment and finance, bringing to a single compact arena the gladiator, The evangelist, the promoter, the actor, the trader, and the merchant.It carries on its lapel the inexpugnable odor of the long past, so that no matter where you sit in New York you feel the vibrations of great times and tall deeds, of queer people and events and undertakings, I am sitting at the moment in a stifling hotel room in 90-degree heat, halfway down an air shaft, in midtown.No air moves in or out of the room, yet I am curiously affected by emanations from the immediate surroundings.I am 22 blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle,34 blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in where she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, 36 blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, 13 blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany(I could continue this list indefinitely);and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without.2紐約集藝術(shù)、商業(yè)、體育、宗教、娛樂和金融于一城，城內(nèi)拳擊手、傳教士、推銷員、演員、經(jīng)紀(jì)人、商人齊聚一堂，同場(chǎng)競(jìng)技。紐約的領(lǐng)口上彌漫著綿延悠長(zhǎng)、揮之不去的歷史氣息，不管坐在紐約城的哪個(gè)角落，你都能感受到那些輝煌時(shí)代和宏偉業(yè)績(jī)的搏動(dòng)，那些奇妙人物、事件和活動(dòng)的余音。此時(shí)此刻，我正坐在市中心一問令人窒息的旅館客房里，它位于通風(fēng)井中部，屋內(nèi)溫度高達(dá)華氏90度。房間里沒法子通風(fēng)，但說來也怪，我還是捕捉到了周遭事物散發(fā)出來的訊息。離這兒22個(gè)街區(qū)之外，魯?shù)婪颉ね邆惖壑Z在長(zhǎng)眠；8個(gè)街區(qū)之外，內(nèi)森·黑爾曾被處以極刑；5個(gè)街區(qū)之外的出版社辦公室中，歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威的拳頭同馬科斯·伊斯特曼的鼻子來了一次親密接觸；4英里外，沃爾特·惠特曼嘔心瀝血地為《布魯克林之鷹》寫作社論；34個(gè)街區(qū)之外，威拉·凱瑟?jiǎng)倎砑~約時(shí)曾居住于此，創(chuàng)作了許多以內(nèi)布拉斯加州為題材的作品；1個(gè)街區(qū)之外，瑪爾瑟琳在紐約劇院大樓里演出過丑角笑??；36個(gè)街區(qū)之外，歷史學(xué)家喬·古爾德在眾目睽睽之下將一個(gè)收音機(jī)踢得粉碎；13個(gè)街區(qū)之外，哈里·索開槍擊斃了斯坦?！烟?；5個(gè)街區(qū)之外是我曾做過領(lǐng)座員的大都會(huì)劇院；112個(gè)街區(qū)之外則矗立著老克拉倫斯·戴洗去罪惡的主顯節(jié)教堂(類似的例子，我可以無限制地羅列下去)。這樣想來，或許有一些顯赫的大人物也曾在我現(xiàn)在棲身的屋子里住過，有的也許就是在某個(gè)熱得讓人喘不過氣來的下午安坐于此，形單影只，與世隔絕，腦子里卻滿是各自捕捉到的屋子外邊散發(fā)出來的訊息。When I went down to lunch a few minutes ago I noticed that the man sitting next to me(about eighteen inches away along the wall)was Fred Stone.The 18 inches are both the connection and the separation that New York provides for its inhabitants.My only connection with Fred Stone was that I saw him in The Wizard of Oz around the beginning of the century.But our waiter felt the same stimulus from being close to a man from Oz, and after Mr.Stone left the room the waiter told me that when he(the waiter)was a young man just arrived in this country and before he could understand a word of English, he had taken his girl for their first theater date to The Wizard of Oz.It was a wonderful show, the waiter recalled—a man of straw, a man of tin.Wonderful!(And still only eighteen inches away.)“Mr.Stone is a very hearty eater,” said the waiter thoughtfully, content with this fragile participation in destiny, this link with Oz.3幾分鐘前，我下樓吃午飯，發(fā)現(xiàn)坐在我旁邊的竟然是弗里德·斯通(他靠墻坐著，離我大約18英寸遠(yuǎn))。18英寸是紐約為其居民之間設(shè)定的既聯(lián)系又分隔的距離。我同弗里德·斯通之間的唯一聯(lián)系就是我有幸在本世紀(jì)初上演的《綠野仙蹤》里看過他的表演。沒想到，招待我們的服務(wù)員竟也同我一樣，為能同一個(gè)“綠野仙蹤人士”如此親密接觸而興奮不已；斯通離開后，他告訴我說，他(即服務(wù)員本人)剛到美國(guó)時(shí)年紀(jì)輕輕，甚至聽不懂英語，但他同女朋友的首次劇院約會(huì)就是去看《綠野仙蹤》。那是非常棒的演出，他回憶道——稻草人啊，鐵皮人啊。真是棒極了!(還是在18英寸之外)“斯通先生的胃口總是那么好，”他還不無體貼地感嘆，似乎為同“綠野仙蹤”分享些許命運(yùn)交集而心滿意足呢。New York blends the gift of privacy with the excitement of participation;and better than most dense communities it succeeds in insulating the individual(if he wants it, and almost everybody wants or needs it)against all enormous and violent and wonderful events that are taking place every minute.Since I have been sitting in this miasmic air shaft, a good many rather splashy events have occurred in town.A man shot and killed his wife in a fit of jealousy.It caused no stir outside his block and got only small mention in the papers.I did not attend.Since my arrival, the greatest air show ever staged in all the world took place in town.I didn't attend and neither did most of the eight million other inhabitants, although they say there was quite a crowd.I didn't even hear any planes except a couple of westbound commercial airliners that habitually use this air shaft to fly over.The biggest oceangoing ships on the North Atlantic arrived and departed.I didn't notice them and neither did most other New Yorkers.I am told this is the greatest seaport in the world, with 650 miles of waterfront, and ships calling here from many exotic lands, but the only boat I've happened to notice since my arrival was a small sloop tacking out of the East River night before last on the ebb tide when I was walking across the Brooklyn Bridge.I heard the Queen Mary blow one midnight, though, and the sound carried the whole history of departure and longing and loss.The Lions have been in convention.I've see not one Lion.A friend of mine saw one and told me about him.(He was lame, and was wearing a bolero.)At the ball grounds and horse parks the greatest sporting spectacles have been enacted.1 saw no ballplayer, no race horse.The governor came to town.I heard the siren scream, but that was all there was to that-an 18-inch margin again.A man was killed by a falling cornice.I was not a party to the tragedy, and again the inches counted heavily.4紐約城賜予人們獨(dú)處孤居之禮的同時(shí)，也奉上一份參與的興奮；同其他人口稠密的社區(qū)相比，紐約能更好地將個(gè)人與每時(shí)每劾在他周圍發(fā)生的重大的、猛烈的、奇妙的事件隔離開來(只要他需要，而幾乎每個(gè)人都想要或需要這種隔離)。自打我搬進(jìn)這烏煙瘴氣的通風(fēng)井以來，城里已發(fā)生了好些惹人注目的事件。妒火中燒之下，一個(gè)男人開槍打死了自己的妻子，但此事卻并未在他所處街區(qū)以外的地方引起任何反響，報(bào)紙上也只是稍稍提到幾筆。我當(dāng)時(shí)并不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。我來到城里以后，世界上規(guī)?？涨暗娘w行表演恰好在紐約舉行。當(dāng)時(shí)我并沒到場(chǎng)，城中800萬居民也大多沒有去觀摩，盡管據(jù)宣稱，到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)捧場(chǎng)的觀眾不在少數(shù)。我甚至沒有聽到飛機(jī)的轟鳴聲，只是間或有幾架西行的商業(yè)航班從通風(fēng)井上空飛過。北大西洋上最大的遠(yuǎn)洋輪船在紐約進(jìn)進(jìn)出出，可我并沒有留意，大多數(shù)紐約人也沒有注意到。紐約港被稱為世界上最大的港口，沿港碼頭綿延650英里，停泊著來自他鄉(xiāng)異域的船只，但我來到紐約之后，只有在前天夜里經(jīng)過布魯克林大橋時(shí)看到過一艘單桅帆船罷了，其時(shí)，它正搶在退潮前急急駛出東河。不過，一天半夜里我還聽到了瑪麗女王號(hào)的汽笛聲，這一聲長(zhǎng)鳴傳達(dá)了“離行--期許--惘然”這一完整過程。獅子會(huì)會(huì)員們齊聚集會(huì)，我卻連他們的人影都沒看到過。我的一位朋友倒是撞見一個(gè)，并告訴過我(據(jù)他描述，那人瘸著腳，身穿一件短開衫)。棒球場(chǎng)和賽馬場(chǎng)上如火如荼的比賽也已拉開序幕，我卻連一個(gè)球員、一匹賽馬都沒見著。州長(zhǎng)駕臨城中，我聽到警報(bào)尖鳴，但僅此而已——又是18英寸的距離使然。有人被從天而降的一截房檐砸中，死于非命。我卻并未卷入這場(chǎng)慘劇，究其原因，還是這18英寸的距離使然。I mention these events merely to show that New York is peculiarly constructed to absorb almost anything that comes along(whether 1,000-foot liner out of the East or a 20,000-man convention out of the West)without inflicting the event on its inhabitants so that every event is, in a sense, optional, and the inhabitant is in the happy position of being able to choose his spectacle and so conserve his soul.In most metropolises, small and large, the choice is often not with the individual at all.He is thrown to the Lions.The Lions are overwhelming the event is unavoidable.A cornice falls, that it hits every citizen on the head, every last man in town.I sometimes think that the only event that hits every New Yorker on the head is the annual St.Patrick's Day parade, which is fairly penetrating-the Irish are a hard race to tune out, there are 500,000 of them in residence, and they have the police force right in the family.5我提到這些，僅僅為了表明紐約城是一座建構(gòu)奇特的城市，這里發(fā)生的事件包羅萬象(城東1,000英尺長(zhǎng)的班輪也好，城西2萬人的集會(huì)也罷)，但種種事件卻又未被強(qiáng)加到每個(gè)居民身上。因此，從某種意義上說，每個(gè)事件都有可供選擇的余地，居民們大可隨心所欲地選擇心儀的場(chǎng)景來體味，保護(hù)其靈魂免受侵害。在許多都市里，無論是大都會(huì)還是小城市，個(gè)人往往沒有這種選擇的自由。他必然會(huì)同獅子會(huì)會(huì)員們狹路相逢。獅子會(huì)會(huì)員無處不在，各種事件避無可避。一截房檐從天而降，必然會(huì)砸到每個(gè)市民頭上，無一幸免。我有時(shí)想，能夠砸到每個(gè)紐約人頭上的事件恐怕只有一年一度的圣帕特里克節(jié)游行，其影響之廣，可謂無孔不入——愛爾蘭是一個(gè)不可小覷的民族，紐約城中居住的愛爾蘭人有50萬之眾，他們還擁有自己的武裝力量。The quality in New York that insulates its inhabitants from life may simply weaken them as individuals.Perhaps it is healthier to live in a community where, when a cornice falls, you feel the blow;where, when the governor passes, you see at any rate his hat.6在將居民同其周邊生活隔離開來的同時(shí)，紐約也會(huì)弱化他們作為個(gè)體的存在。也許，生活在一個(gè)普通社區(qū)里，生活反而會(huì)健全些：在那里，當(dāng)一截房檐從天而降時(shí)，你總會(huì)感受到疼痛；在那里，當(dāng)州長(zhǎng)經(jīng)過時(shí)，至少他的帽子會(huì)映入你的眼簾。I am not defending New York in this regard.Many of its settlers are probably here merely to escape, not face, reality.But whatever it means, it is a rather rare gift, and I believe it has a positive effect on the creative capacities of New Yorkers-for creation is in part merely the business of forgoing the great and small distractions.7說到這點(diǎn)，我并不是在為紐約辯護(hù)。很多人選擇這里落腳也許只是為了逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)，而不是面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。但無論如何，這都是非常希罕的禮物，而且我也相信這給紐約客的創(chuàng)造力帶來了積極的影響——因?yàn)樵谝欢ǔ潭壬希瑒?chuàng)造就是將大大小小令人分心的事物拋之腦后的過程。Although New York often imparts a feeling of great forlornness or forsakenness it seldom seems dead or unresourceful;and you always feel that either by shifting your location 10 blocks or by reducing your fortune by five dollars you can experience rejuvenation.Many people who have no real independence or spirit depend on the city's tremendous variety and sources of excitement for spiritual sustenance and maintenance of morale.In the country there are a few chances of sudden rejuvenation-a shift in weather, perhaps, or something arriving in the mail.But in New York the chances are endless.I think that although many persons are here from some excess of spirit,(which caused them to break away from their small town), some, too, are here from a deficiency of spirit, who finds in New York a protection, or an easy substitution.8盡管紐約常常帶給人一種強(qiáng)烈的失落感或被遺棄感，但她卻很少顯得死氣沉沉或乏味無趣，你總會(huì)生出如下想法：只需變換一下位置，搬到10個(gè)街區(qū)以外，或者稍稍破一下財(cái)，花掉5美元，你就能立刻重獲生機(jī)，神采奕奕。許多缺乏自主精神的人紛紛從紐約城的多姿多彩及令人興奮的活動(dòng)中尋求支柱，支撐和維系他們的精神和信念。在這個(gè)國(guó)家的其他地方，這種立竿見影的“重生”機(jī)會(huì)少之又少——或許只有天氣的變化或新到的郵件才能帶來些許驚喜。但在紐約，這種機(jī)會(huì)卻是無窮無盡的。在我看來，盡管有不少人來到紐約是因?yàn)樗麄兓盍^剩，無法宣泄(這促使他們背井離鄉(xiāng)，來到紐約)，同時(shí)，也不乏一些人是因?yàn)榫駞T乏才來到紐約，在這里尋求庇護(hù)或某種輕而易舉就能得到的替代品。Unit Seven

ON HUMAN NATURE Frank and Lydia Hammer 我對(duì)人類的了解越多，對(duì)他們的期望就越低。和以前相比，我現(xiàn)在常常以較寬松的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)把一個(gè)人叫做好人。

——塞繆爾·約翰遜博士

論人性

弗蘭克，莉迪亞·漢默爾 1 Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition;it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life.This we call a person's nature.1人性是性格、氣質(zhì)和性情的基礎(chǔ)，性格正是基于這種牢不可破的基質(zhì)之上的，它必須以這種基質(zhì)的形式存在，并將它保留終生，這種基質(zhì)，我們稱之為一個(gè)人的本性。2 The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change.It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement;we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits.A study of history reveals that the people who walked this

earth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today.The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.2人類的本性不會(huì)也不能改變，只有一些表面特征才會(huì)變化、改善和進(jìn)一步提升；我們可以改變?nèi)藗兊娘L(fēng)格、舉止、衣著和習(xí)慣。一項(xiàng)歷史研究表明，曾經(jīng)行走在地球上的古人們和今天的男男女女們受著同樣的基本力量驅(qū)使，被同樣的激情左右并有著同樣的抱負(fù)，時(shí)至今日，對(duì)幸福的追求仍然是全世界人類全身心投入的事業(yè)。Moreover no one wishes his nature to change.One may covet the position of President or King, but would not change places with them unless, it meant the continuance of his own identify.Each man sees himself as unique, and so far as he is concerned the hub of the universe, different from any other individual.Apologies are in order when Mr.Smith is mistaken for Mr.Jones.3此外，沒有人希望改變自己的本性，有人可能會(huì)覬覦總統(tǒng)或國(guó)王的職位，但不會(huì)和他們交換位置，除非那意味著他自己身份的繼續(xù)。每個(gè)人都把自己看成是獨(dú)特個(gè)體，而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有別于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生誤認(rèn)作瓊斯先生，這人就該道歉。Every man unfolds a distinct character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control.No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences, but each must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own life's pattern.Human nature is ever true itself, not to systems of faith or education.Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.The qualities born in one remain as potentials whether they have a chance to develop or not.Under pressure, or change of interest, they can partially or wholly disappear from view, tor considerable periods of time;but nothing can permanently modify them, nothing can obliterate them.4每個(gè)人都表現(xiàn)出一種與眾不同的性格，而環(huán)境和教育對(duì)性格的影響都極其有限。兩個(gè)人從相同的經(jīng)歷中也不會(huì)得出相同的結(jié)論，但是兩個(gè)人會(huì)各自分析這些事件并將它們?nèi)诤系阶约贺S富的生活模式中去。人性總是忠于它本身，而不受信仰或教育體制左右。一個(gè)人的個(gè)性和他獨(dú)特的天性在出生時(shí)就已經(jīng)形成了，而且不會(huì)改變。一個(gè)人與生俱來的品質(zhì)，無論是否有機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展，都保持為潛力。在遭受壓力或興趣變化的情況下，他們會(huì)部分或全部地消失相當(dāng)一段時(shí)間，但是沒有什么能永久地改變他們，也沒有什么能把他們抹去。5 The constancy of human nature is proverbial, as no one believes that a man can fundamentally change his nature.This is why it is so difficult for one who has acquired an unsavory reputation to re-establish himself in public confidence.People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavish characteristics-seldom in the next becomes any different.Nor does a thief become a trustworthy employee, or a miser a philanthropist.Nor does a man change and become a liar, coward or traitor at fifty or sixty;if he is one then, he has been one ever since his character was formed.Big criminals are first little criminals, just as giant oaks are first little acorns.5人性的恒定性是眾所周知的，因?yàn)闆]有人相信一個(gè)人能夠從根本上改變他的本性。這就是為什么一個(gè)惡名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)的人很難重建公眾對(duì)他的信心。人們憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)知道某一年中表現(xiàn)出無賴性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改觀。小偷也不會(huì)變成值得信賴的員工。吝嗇鬼也不可能變成慈善家。而且，一個(gè)人不會(huì)在五六十歲的時(shí)候變成謊話精、懦夫或叛徒，如果那時(shí)候他是，那么早在他性格形成的時(shí)候他就已經(jīng)是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡樹最初都是小橡果。Although man is potentially perfect he is far from being actually so.If he were actually perfect there would be nothing for preachers and humanitarians to do;no use for churches, schools, courts and prisons.Therefore while it is impossible to change human nature, it can be studied, controlled and directed, and this should be the supreme function of our religious, educational and social institutions.6盡管人類有完美的潛質(zhì)，但事實(shí)上他遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有達(dá)到完美。如果事實(shí)上他已經(jīng)是完美的，那么那些神父、教師和人道主義者便會(huì)無事可做；那些教堂、學(xué)校、法庭和監(jiān)獄便會(huì)無所用處。因此雖然人性是不可能改變的，但是人們可以研究它、控制它和引導(dǎo)它。而且這應(yīng)該是我們的宗教機(jī)構(gòu)、教育機(jī)構(gòu)和社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)的最高職能。Man is perfect as a seed is perfect, germinally.The spirit is perfect, but when it inhabits human structures, it participates in the imperfections of the later;and during its association with matter takes on the mortal weakness, desires and limitations.But the spirit, the inner man, remains untouched and undefiled by evil.Only the outer man-the personality and the physical body-becomes imperfect, due to ignorance, wrong thinking and violation of the law of being.The outer man, too, was originally perfect, but man has so desecrated and abused it that today it is a far cry from the original model.7人類在胚胎期是完美的，就好比一粒種子，在幼芽期是完美的一樣。精神是完美的，但它棲居到人類肉體結(jié)構(gòu)中后，便參與其中，表現(xiàn)出后者的不完美。在它與物質(zhì)的聯(lián)系過程中呈現(xiàn)出凡人的弱點(diǎn)、欲望和局限。但是精神，也就是人的內(nèi)在，卻仍能免遭邪惡的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——個(gè)性和軀體，由于無知、思想錯(cuò)誤和違反自然規(guī)律而變得不完美。外在的人，原本也是完美的，但是由于人類如此的褻瀆和濫用，今天，它已經(jīng)與原型相去甚遠(yuǎn)。8 Man's majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded before our eyes.Only when behavior deviates from the normal does it attract attention.The good neighbor, the conscientious citizen, the kind father and faithful husband pass unnoticed.But the murderer, robber or wife beater is singled out for ublicity, because such conduct is unusual.8人們想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為人類是偉大和高尚的，盡管他的過錯(cuò)和弱點(diǎn)不斷地暴露在我們面前。只有當(dāng)人類行為偏離常規(guī)時(shí)才會(huì)引起人們的注意。人們對(duì)好鄰居、良民、慈父和貞夫視而不見，但殺人犯、搶劫犯或毆打妻子的人卻成為公眾矚目的焦點(diǎn)。因?yàn)檫@些行為非同尋常。9 Man's inherent goodness, moreover, is revealed by his countless acts of heroism, unselfishness and sacrifice.Daily one reads of men saving others at the peril of their

own lives.One plunges into the surf and rescues a swimmer from drowning;another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety;others snatch a child from the wheels of death;many give their blood so that others may live.Countless unnamed and unrecorded men have given their lives for their fellowmen, not only on the battlefront but on the home-front as well.9人類固有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)還體現(xiàn)在不計(jì)其數(shù)的英雄主義行為、充滿無私和犧牲精神的舉動(dòng)上，每天我們都會(huì)讀到人們冒著生命危險(xiǎn)挽救他人生命的事跡：有人躍入水中拯救溺水的泳者；有人沖進(jìn)火場(chǎng)將陌生人帶出險(xiǎn)境；有人從死亡的車輪下救出孩子；許多人獻(xiàn)出鮮血使他人生命得以延續(xù)。數(shù)不勝數(shù)的不知姓名、不被記載的人們，不僅在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上，而且還在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的大后方，為了他們的同胞獻(xiàn)出了生命。

10Human nature does not and cannot change but unfolds its inherent pattern.Man has a nature and its laws can be known.We can only endeavor to understand man as he is.10人性不會(huì)也不能改變，它只展現(xiàn)它固有的模式。它有天性而且這種天性的規(guī)律是可知的。我們只能盡力去了解人類的真實(shí)面貌。Unit Eight It's almost a common sense that wearing a seat belt can keep passengers from being injured or being killed in a car accident.But recent research done by John Adams shows more complicated statistics.More car accidents are caused by the reckless drivers who wear seat belts.THE HIDDEN DANGER OF SEAT BELTS

David Bjerklie 安全帶可以避免乘客在車禍中受傷或死亡，這幾乎是常識(shí)。但是，約翰．亞當(dāng)斯最近所做的研究得出了更加復(fù)雜的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)司機(jī)系著安全帶時(shí)，他們開車無所顧忌，更多車禍因此而發(fā)生。

座椅安全帶的隱患

大衛(wèi)·布杰克里 Seat belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white.In fact, according to one researcher, seat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly.1座椅安全帶固然能降低我們?cè)谲嚨溨兴劳龅奈ｋU(xiǎn)，但從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)看，情況并不是那么絕對(duì)。事實(shí)上，據(jù)一位研究者說，安全帶可能會(huì)使人們?cè)隈{車時(shí)更加肆無忌憚。If there's one thing we know about our risky world, it's that seat belts save lives.And they do, of course.But reality, as usual, is messier and more complicated than that.John Adams, risk expert and emeritus professor of geography at University College London, was an early skeptic of the seat belt safety mantra.Adams first began to look at the numbers more than 25 years ago.What he found was that contrary to conventional wisdom, mandating the use of seat belts in 18 countries resulted in either no change or actually a net increase in road accident deaths.2對(duì)于這個(gè)有危險(xiǎn)的世界，如果有一件事我們還算了解，那就是座椅安全帶可以救命。當(dāng)然，它確實(shí)可以救命。但實(shí)際情況通常要更混亂、更復(fù)雜。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)專家、地理學(xué)榮譽(yù)教授約翰·亞當(dāng)斯早就質(zhì)疑安全帶能保證駕車安全的信條。亞當(dāng)斯最早開始查看統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字是早在25年前的事了。他的發(fā)現(xiàn)與人們的普遍看法恰恰相反——在18個(gè)強(qiáng)制使用安全帶的國(guó)家，要么交通事故死亡率根本沒有變化，要么實(shí)際上反而導(dǎo)致了死亡率的凈增長(zhǎng)。How can that be? Adams' interpretation of the data rests on the notion of risk compensation, the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive;as changes in the level of risk.Imagine, explains Adams, a driver negotiating a curve in the road.Let's make him a young male.He is going to be influenced by his perceptions of both the risks and rewards of driving a car.The considerations could include getting to work or meeting a mend for dinner on time, impressing a companion with his driving skills, bolstering his image of himself as an accomplished driver.They could also include his concern for his own safety and desire to live to a ripe old age, his feelings of responsibility for a toddler with him in a car seat, the cost of banging up his shiny new car or losing his license.3怎么會(huì)這樣?亞當(dāng)斯用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償?shù)母拍顏斫忉屵@些數(shù)據(jù)資料，這個(gè)概念就是：人們往往會(huì)根據(jù)他們意識(shí)到的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度的改變來相應(yīng)地調(diào)整自己的行為。亞當(dāng)斯解釋說，假設(shè)一位司機(jī)駕車途中要過一個(gè)窄彎道，這名司機(jī)是個(gè)男青年，那么他會(huì)受到自己對(duì)以下兩方面認(rèn)知的影響：駕車的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和駕車的回報(bào)。他所考慮的東西可能包括：能夠準(zhǔn)時(shí)上班或準(zhǔn)時(shí)趕赴朋友的飯局、讓同伴對(duì)他的駕車技術(shù)留下深刻印象、使自己作為熟練駕車手的形象更加鞏固。他還可能考慮到自身的安全問題、長(zhǎng)命百歲的愿望、對(duì)車上年幼乘客的責(zé)任感、撞毀自己的漂亮新車或駕駛證被沒收的代價(jià)。Nor will these possible concerns exist in a vacuum.He will be taking into account the weather and the condition of the road, the amount of traffic and the capabilities of the car he is driving.But crucially, says Adams, this driver will also be adjusting his behavior in response to what he perceives are changes in risks.If he is wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit more daringly.這些可能的擔(dān)心也不是孤立存在的。他還要考慮到天氣和路況、交通擁擠的程度和所駕車子的性能。但亞當(dāng)斯說，關(guān)鍵的是這個(gè)司機(jī)還將根據(jù)他對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)變化的判斷來調(diào)整自己的行為。如果他系上了安全帶，而他的車子帶有前、側(cè)氣囊和防滑剎車系統(tǒng)，他駕起車來可能會(huì)更大膽。The point, stresses Adams, is that drivers who feel safe may actually increase the risk that they pose to other drivers, bicyclists, pedestrians and their own passengers(while an average of 80% of drivers buckle up, only 68% of their rear-seat passengers do).And risk compensation is hardly confined to the act of driving a car.Think of a trapeze artist, suggests Adams, or a rock climber or motorcyclist.Add some safety equipment to the equation-a net, rope or helmet respectively-and the person may try maneuvers that he or she would otherwise consider foolish.In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the end result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities.For the sake of argument, offers Adams, imagine how it might affect the behavior of drivers if a sharp stake were mounted in the middle of the steering wheel? Or if the bumper were packed with explosives.Perverse, yes, but it certainly provides a vivid example of how a perception of risk could modify behavior.4亞當(dāng)斯強(qiáng)調(diào)說，問題就在于自我感覺安全的司機(jī)們實(shí)際上對(duì)其他司機(jī)、騎自行車者、行人和自己車上的乘客來說是更大的危險(xiǎn)(平均80％的司機(jī)系安全帶，而同車后座的乘客只有68％系安全帶)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償絕不僅限于駕車行為。亞當(dāng)斯說，類似的還有表演高空秋千的藝人、攀巖者或摩托車手。如果在他們的安全等式上增添某種安全裝置——比如說分別給他們一張救生網(wǎng)、一根保險(xiǎn)繩或一個(gè)頭盔——這個(gè)人可能就會(huì)試著做些平時(shí)認(rèn)為很愚蠢的技巧性表演。因此，安全帶并非簡(jiǎn)單、直截了當(dāng)?shù)販p少死亡人數(shù)，而是對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡事故進(jìn)行了更加復(fù)雜的再分配。為了說明其中的道理，亞當(dāng)斯提出人們可以想象一下，如果在方向盤中間安一個(gè)尖頭的木樁，司機(jī)開車時(shí)會(huì)受到怎樣的影響?或者在保險(xiǎn)杠上裝滿炸藥呢?這簡(jiǎn)直是喪心病狂，是的，不過這確實(shí)提供了一個(gè)生動(dòng)的例子，來說明人們?nèi)绾胃鶕?jù)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的判斷來調(diào)整行為。In everyday life, risk is a moving target, not a set number as statistics might suggest.In addition to external factors, each individual has his or her own internal comfort level with risk-taking.Some are daring while others are cautious by nature.And still others are fatalists who may believe that a higher power devises mortality schedules that fix a predetermined time when our number is up.Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark.5日常生活中，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是不斷移動(dòng)的靶子，而并不像統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)那樣是個(gè)固定數(shù)字。除了外部因素外，每個(gè)人對(duì)于冒險(xiǎn)都有自己內(nèi)在的安全尺度。有些人天生大膽而有些人天生謹(jǐn)慎，還有些人是宿命論者，他們會(huì)認(rèn)為，有一種更強(qiáng)大的力量設(shè)計(jì)了死亡時(shí)間表，預(yù)先確定了我們的死期。因此，對(duì)駕車風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做任何單一的測(cè)算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)。Adams cites, as an example the statistical fact that a young man is 100 times more likely to be involved in a severe crash than is a middle-aged woman.Similarly, someone driving at 3:00 a.m.Sunday is more than 100 times more likely to die than someone driving at 10:00 a.m.Sunday.Someone with a personality disorder is 10 times more likely to die.And let's say he's also drunk.Tally up All these factors and consider them independently says Adams, and you could arrive at.a statistical prediction that a disturbed, drunken young man driving in the middle of the night is 2.7 million times more likely to be involved in a serious accident than would a sober, middle-aged woman driving to church seven hours later.亞當(dāng)斯引用了這樣的統(tǒng)計(jì)事實(shí)作例子：青年男子發(fā)生嚴(yán)重撞車事故的概率比中年婦女高100倍。同樣，在星期天凌晨3點(diǎn)鐘駕車的人比同一天上午10點(diǎn)鐘駕車的人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高出100多倍，有人格障礙的人比一般人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高10倍。亞當(dāng)斯說，假如這個(gè)人還喝醉了，匯總所有這些因素并分別加以考慮，就會(huì)得到一個(gè)具有統(tǒng)計(jì)性的預(yù)測(cè)：一位心理失常又喝醉酒的青年男子在午夜駕車，7個(gè)小時(shí)后一位頭腦清醒的中年婦女駕車去教堂，前者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重交通事故的概率比后者高270萬倍。The bottom line is that risk doesn't exist in a vacuum and that there are a host of factors that come into play, including the rewards of risk, whether they are financial, physical or emotional.It is this very human context which risk exists.That is key, says Adams, who titled one of his recent blogs: What Kills You Matters-Not Numbers.Our reaction to risk very much depends on the degree to which it is voluntary(scuba diving), unavoidable(public transit)or imposed(air quality), the degree to which we feel we are in control(driving)or at the mercy of others(plane travel), and the degree to which the source of possible danger is benign(“doctor's orders), indifferent(nature)or malign,(murder and terrorism).We make dozens of risk calculations daily, but you can book odds-that most of them are so automatic or visceral-that we barely notice them.6問題的要點(diǎn)就在于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不是孤立存在的，它會(huì)受到許多因素的影響，包括承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所帶來的種種回報(bào)——無論是財(cái)產(chǎn)方面的、身體方面的，還是情感方面的。這正是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)賴以存在的真實(shí)的人類社會(huì)。亞當(dāng)斯說，這才是問題的關(guān)鍵，正如他把近期的一篇博客題目定為《關(guān)鍵的是置人于死地的東西，而不是數(shù)字》。我們對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的反應(yīng)多半取決于它在多大程度上是自發(fā)的行為(如戴水肺潛水)、是不可避免的(如公共交通)、還是強(qiáng)加給我們的(如空氣質(zhì)量)；取決于我們認(rèn)為在多大程度上是我們能控制的(如駕駛)或是由別人控制的(如乘飛機(jī))；還取決于這種潛在危險(xiǎn)在多大程度上是出于好意(如醫(yī)生的指令)、無意的(如自然因素)或惡意的(如謀殺和恐怖活動(dòng))。我們每天要做幾十遍風(fēng)險(xiǎn)計(jì)算，但是可以確信的是，多數(shù)時(shí)候人們對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的計(jì)算自然而然或者說是出自本能，以至于我們幾乎注意不到我們?cè)谧鲇?jì)算。Unit Nine

THE HOUSING CRISIS GOES SUBURBAN

住房危機(jī)走向郊區(qū)

邁克爾·格倫沃爾德

在過去的五年里，弗吉尼亞州費(fèi)爾法克斯縣的住房?jī)r(jià)格增長(zhǎng)速度是家庭收入增長(zhǎng)速度的12倍．今天，該縣中等家庭不得不將其收入的54％用于購(gòu)買位于該縣的普通住房；在2000年，這個(gè)數(shù)字是26％。形勢(shì)如此嚴(yán)峻，以至于費(fèi)爾法克斯縣最近開始對(duì)年收入90，000美元的家庭提供住房補(bǔ)貼；很快，這個(gè)數(shù)字可能提高到110，000美元。Seventy years after President Franklin D.Roosevelt declared that the Depression had left one-third of the American people ”ill-housed, ill-clothed and ill-nourished,“2 Americans are well-clothed and increasingly over nourished.But the scarcity of affordable housing is a deepening national crisis, and not just for inner-city families on welfare.The problem has climbed the income ladder and moved to the suburbs, where service workers cram their families into overcrowded apartments, college graduates have to crash with their parents, and firefighters, police officers and teachers can't afford to live in the communities they serve.1富蘭克林·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)曾經(jīng)說經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條造成1／3的美國(guó)人住房簡(jiǎn)陋、衣衫襤褸、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良，然而70年后的今天，美國(guó)人卻是穿著考究、營(yíng)養(yǎng)日益過剩。但是，廉價(jià)房稀缺是一場(chǎng)日益加深的民族危機(jī)，而不僅僅是依靠福利為生的城市家庭的危機(jī)。這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)波及中產(chǎn)階級(jí)，并向郊區(qū)蔓延，在那里服務(wù)工作者及其家屬擠在過于狹小的公寓里，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不得不借宿在父母家，而消防隊(duì)員、警察和教師在他們所服務(wù)的社區(qū)也買不起房。2 Home ownership is near an all-time high, but the gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Nots —as well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work.One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing, the federal definition of an ”unaffordable“ burden, and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a ”critical“ burden.The real estate boom of the past decade has produced windfalls for Americans who owned before it began, but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low-and moderate-income Americans than taxes, Social Security4 or gas prices.2住房擁有率接近歷史最高位，但有房戶和無房戶之間的差距越來越大，有房戶和房子離工作單位80英里遠(yuǎn)的有房戶之間的差距也越來越大?，F(xiàn)在，1／3的美國(guó)人花費(fèi)至少30％的收入用于住房，聯(lián)邦政府將這種情況定義為“無力支付”的負(fù)擔(dān)，而有一半的窮打工仔花費(fèi)至少50％的收入用于租房，這種情況被稱為“極其嚴(yán)重”的負(fù)擔(dān)。在過去10年里，房地產(chǎn)迅猛發(fā)展，這使得在此之前就已經(jīng)購(gòu)置房產(chǎn)的美國(guó)人大賺特賺了一把，但現(xiàn)在廉價(jià)房對(duì)中、低收入的美國(guó)人來說，是一個(gè)比稅收、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、汽油價(jià)格更嚴(yán)重的問題。3 America used to care a lot about affordable housing.Roosevelt signed housing legislation in 1934 and 1937, providing mortgages, government apartments and construction jobs for workers down on their luck.In 1949, Congress.set an official goaljjf ”a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family,“ and in 1974, President Richard M.Nixon began offering subsidized rent vouchers to millions of low-income tenants in private housing.For half a century, most housing debates in Washington revolved around how much to expand federal assistance.3美國(guó)曾經(jīng)非常關(guān)注廉價(jià)房問題。1934年和1937年，羅斯福簽署了住房立法，提供抵押貸款、政府公寓，并為那些窮困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。1949年，國(guó)會(huì)樹立了官方目標(biāo)——“讓每一個(gè)美國(guó)家庭都能擁有一個(gè)體面的家和宜居環(huán)境，”而到了1974年，尼克松總統(tǒng)開始對(duì)數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的低收入租戶在私有住房方面提供租金補(bǔ)貼憑單。半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，在華盛頓發(fā)生的大多數(shù)住房方面的辯論都圍繞著一個(gè)主題：即應(yīng)該在多大程度上擴(kuò)大聯(lián)邦政府的資助。But for the past two decades, the only new federal housing initiative has been HOPE VI5, a Clinton administration program that has demolished 80,000 units of the worst public housing and built mixed-income developments in their place.The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods.But it has razed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced.4但在過去20年中，唯一的聯(lián)邦住房新提案就是HOPE VI，也就是克林頓政府拆毀80,000單位的最差公共住房，重建混合收入寓所來取而代之。該計(jì)劃已經(jīng)拆除了大部分高度危險(xiǎn)的房子，它們?cè)构沧》柯暶墙澹⒁阎亟艘恍┏鞘械纳鐓^(qū)。但是它更多的是把享有補(bǔ)貼的公寓房夷為平地而不是取而代之。Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has flatlined since the early 1990s, despite an expanding population and a ballooning budget.Congress has rejected most of President Bush's proposed cuts, but there has been virtually no discussion of increases;affordable-housing advocates spend most of their time fighting to preserve the status quo.5總的來說，自90年代初以來，接受聯(lián)邦援助的家庭數(shù)已經(jīng)降到最低，盡管人口不斷增加、預(yù)算不斷膨脹。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)已經(jīng)拒絕了美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什提出的大部分的削減計(jì)劃，但幾乎沒有討論過增加計(jì)劃；廉價(jià)房的倡導(dǎo)者花費(fèi)的大部分時(shí)間都被用于努力爭(zhēng)取保持現(xiàn)狀。6 And it's a tough status quo.Today, for every one of the 4.5 million low-income families that receive federal housing assistance, there are three eligible families without it.Fairfax County has 12,000 families on a waiting list for 4,000 assisted apartments.”It's golden when you get one—nobody wants to give it up,“ says Conrad Egan, chairman of the Fairfax housing authority.It sounds odd, but the victims of today's housing crisis are not people living in ”the projects“, but people who aren't even that lucky.6而現(xiàn)狀真是很艱難。今天，有450萬低收入家庭享受聯(lián)邦住房救助，還有3倍于此的家庭符合被救助資格，卻拿不到救助。費(fèi)爾法克斯縣有12,000戶家庭在排隊(duì)輪候4,000套救助公寓?！斑@太寶貴了，一旦擁有，沒有人愿意放棄?！辟M(fèi)爾法克斯住房委員會(huì)主席康拉德·艾根這樣說。這聽起來奇怪，但如今住房危機(jī)的受害者不是那些已經(jīng)享受“救助計(jì)劃”的人，而是那些沒那么幸運(yùn)去享受這個(gè)計(jì)劃的人。7 Some liberals6 dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, but that $100 billion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again.So even some housing advocates now support time limits on most federal rent aid.The time limits included in welfare reform 10 years ago were controversial, but studies suggest they've helped motivate recipients to get off the dole.And unlike welfare, housing aid is not a federal entitlement, so taking it away from one family after a few years would provide a break for an equally deserving family.7一些自由派人士夢(mèng)想著對(duì)所有合格的低收入家庭都給予補(bǔ)貼，但是這個(gè)每年要斥資上千億美元的解決辦法很不現(xiàn)實(shí)，即便是在預(yù)算赤字再度膨脹之前也不現(xiàn)實(shí)。因此，即使一些曾經(jīng)主張住房政策的人，現(xiàn)在也支持對(duì)大多數(shù)聯(lián)邦租房救濟(jì)金實(shí)行時(shí)間限制。人們對(duì)10年前福利改革中所涉及的時(shí)限問題有爭(zhēng)議，但研究表明，這些時(shí)限有助于激勵(lì)受助人擺脫對(duì)福利的依賴。和福利不同的是，住房救濟(jì)金不是聯(lián)邦所賦予的權(quán)利，因此幾年后對(duì)一個(gè)家庭停止供給意味著給另一個(gè)同樣需要救濟(jì)的家庭一個(gè)喘息的機(jī)會(huì)?！盜t's a no-brainer,“ says David Smith, an affordable-housing advocate in Boston.”You can't sustain the internal contradiction of no limits.“ 8“這是顯而易見的事，”大衛(wèi)·史密斯——波士頓的一位廉價(jià)房的倡導(dǎo)者說，“你不能讓內(nèi)在矛盾無限地延續(xù)?！?The root of the problem is the striking mismatch between the demand for and the supply of affordable housing —or, more accurately, affordable housing near jobs.Fifteen million families now spend at least half their income on housing, according to Harvard's Joint_CenterfOTHousing Studies: many skimp on health care, child care and food to do so.Others reduce their rents by overcrowding, which studies link to higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health;Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room.Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as ”driving to qualify“.9問題的根源是廉價(jià)房的供需，或者更準(zhǔn)確地說，工作地點(diǎn)附近的廉價(jià)房的供需之間極不協(xié)調(diào)。據(jù)哈佛大學(xué)住宅聯(lián)合研究中心提供的數(shù)據(jù)，現(xiàn)在有1,500萬個(gè)家庭至少把他們一半的收入用于支付住房費(fèi)用；許多人為了住房甚至在醫(yī)療保健、照顧兒童和食品等方面節(jié)省開支。其他人為了減少租金，居住條件極為擁擠，研究表明，擁擠的居住條件與高犯罪率、學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)差、以及健康狀況不佳緊密相關(guān)；僅洛杉磯就有62萬戶家庭多人共居一室。其他工作者居住在較為便宜的社區(qū)，忍受著越來越長(zhǎng)距離的交通往返，這種現(xiàn)象被稱為“駕駛以保生活質(zhì)量”。10 This creates all kinds of lousy outcomes—children who don't get to see their parents, workers who can't make ends meet when gas prices soar, exurban sprawl, roads clogged with long-distance commuters emitting greenhouse gases.”I don't think we're creating strong communities by forcing people into their cars four hours a day,“ says Cathy Hudgins.chairwoman of the housing committee for the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors.Affordable housing also helps make communities competitive;it's not clear how Fairfax can keep creating jobs if workers can't afford to live there.10這造成各種不良結(jié)果——孩子們看不到父母；當(dāng)汽油價(jià)格飆升、城市向外擴(kuò)張、道路上堵滿了長(zhǎng)途通勤的打工者、他們的汽車排放著溫室氣體，勞動(dòng)者根本就入不敷出。費(fèi)爾法克斯縣監(jiān)督委員會(huì)的會(huì)長(zhǎng)凱西·哈金斯說：“我認(rèn)為如果我們迫使人們平均每天四個(gè)小時(shí)呆在汽車?yán)?，我們就無法建立強(qiáng)大的社區(qū)?！绷畠r(jià)房也可以使社區(qū)具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力；如果打工者沒錢住在那里，我們還真不知道費(fèi)爾法克斯縣怎能一直創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。The best thing local officials can do to promote affordable housing is to get out of the way—stop requiring one-acre lots and two-car garages, and stop blocking low-income and high-density projects.11為促進(jìn)廉價(jià)房，地方官員最好不要擋在路上——不要要求一英畝最小面積和兩車位的車庫、不要阻止低收入和高密度的項(xiàng)目。Washington politicians, on the other hand, have the federal budget at their disposal.But Congress hasn't supported new construction since the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit of 1986, which creates nearly 100,000 units of affordable housing a year, enough to replace half the units that are torn down or converted to market rents.Bush proposed a home-ownership tax credit during his 2000 and 2004 campaigns, but it turned out to be the rare tax cut he didn't pursue.A bill pending in Congress would divert a percentage of profits from federally chartered institutions such as Fannie Mae to a national affordable-housing trust fund8, but it seems stalled.The only affordability ideas with any traction at the national level are not really housing ideas;for example, one way to make housing more affordable to workers would be to raise their incomes—through higher minimum wages, lower payroll taxes or an expanded Earned Income Tax Credit.12另一方面，聯(lián)邦預(yù)算由華盛頓政界人士決定。但是，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)自1986年施行低收入住房稅收抵免政策以來沒有再支持過新的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，該政策每年造就近100,000套廉價(jià)住房，足以取代被拆除或被轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭袌?chǎng)化招租的那些住房總數(shù)的一半。布什在2000年和2004年的競(jìng)選中提出了房屋所有權(quán)稅收抵免政策，這是一項(xiàng)極好的政策，但是他最終竟然沒有實(shí)行。一項(xiàng)等待國(guó)會(huì)投票的法案可能會(huì)把一些聯(lián)邦特許機(jī)構(gòu)——如房利美——的利潤(rùn)按照一定的百分比轉(zhuǎn)移到國(guó)家廉價(jià)房信托基金名下，但這項(xiàng)法案似乎停滯不前。唯一的用國(guó)家力量促進(jìn)支付能力的辦法并不是有關(guān)住房的辦法；例如，有一個(gè)方法可以讓勞動(dòng)者更能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房費(fèi)用，那就是提高他們的收入——通過提高最低工資、降低工資稅或擴(kuò)大收入稅收抵免等方式。13 There is one clear solution to the affordable-housing crisis: a real estate crash.It's the one housing issue that attracts media attention—because it would hurt the Owns.But while an easing of prices could be devastating for lower-income Owns with risky mortgages, it probably wouldn't bring home ownership within reach for many Own-Nots.Prices have too far to fall;in 2000, two-thirds of the home sales in Fairfax were for $250,000 or less, but last year, fewer than one-twentieth were.And even a modest price slump could trigger a construction slowdown that would make shortages of affordable housing for moderate-income families even worse.13解決廉價(jià)房危機(jī)的一個(gè)明確辦法：房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)崩潰。這是一個(gè)能夠吸引媒體關(guān)注的住房問題——因?yàn)檫@會(huì)傷害有房戶。但是對(duì)于使用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)貸款的低收入房屋所有人來說放松價(jià)格可能是毀滅性的，另一方面對(duì)于無房者來說，它也不會(huì)帶來居者有其屋的結(jié)果。價(jià)格下降還有很大的空間；在2000年，費(fèi)爾法克斯2／3的房屋銷售價(jià)格不高于$250,000，但去年只有不到1／20的房屋以此價(jià)格出售。即便價(jià)格小幅下滑都可能引發(fā)建設(shè)減速，從而使中等收入家庭缺乏廉價(jià)房的局面變得更糟糕。Eventually, politicians may rediscover housing—not as an urban poverty issue, but as a middle-class quality-of-life issue, like gas prices or health care.Home ownership is often described as the American dream, but these days many workers would settle for a decent rental that won't bankrupt their families.14最終，政治家可能重新發(fā)現(xiàn)住房問題不是一個(gè)城市貧困問題，而是一個(gè)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的生活質(zhì)量問題，正如燃油價(jià)格或醫(yī)療保健一樣。居者有其屋通常被稱為是美國(guó)夢(mèng)，但如今許多勞動(dòng)者為了使他們的家人不至于破產(chǎn)，寧愿租一所體面的房子居住。Unit Ten

ACADEMY IN TIMES OF CRISIS 普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)在其任職演說中提到：與接受高等教育這項(xiàng)權(quán)利相伴的是各種義務(wù)。

危機(jī)時(shí)代，大學(xué)該扮演的角色

雪莉·M．泰夫曼 Today the academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a about the long-standing national consensus about the value of education.One of my predecessors, President Harold Dodds, said in his inaugural address in 1933 that ”No country spends money for education, public or private, so lavishly as does the United States.Americans have an almost childlike faith in what formal education can do for them.“ That faith is based on a conviction that the vitality of the United States, its creative and diverse cultural life, its is national security and the robustness of its democratic institutions owe much to the quality of institutions of higher education.1今天，由于長(zhǎng)期以來美國(guó)人對(duì)教育價(jià)值的共識(shí)，大學(xué)在美國(guó)社會(huì)中占有得天獨(dú)厚的地位。一位前任校長(zhǎng)哈羅德·多茲1933年在就職演說中曾提到，“沒有哪個(gè)國(guó)家像美國(guó)這樣，不論對(duì)公立教育還是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。美國(guó)人民對(duì)正規(guī)教育所能起到的作用抱有一種近乎天真的信念。”這一信念是在這樣一個(gè)深信不疑的基礎(chǔ)上確立的，即美國(guó)的活力、它富有創(chuàng)造性和多樣化的文化生活、它具有驚人獨(dú)創(chuàng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)、它的國(guó)家安全以及它健全的民主制度——極大地依賴于其高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量。Our society’s confidence in its institutions of higher education is expressed through the generous investments of the federal and state government in basic and applied research, investment that wisely couple support for research with support for graduate education.It is also expresses through federal and state investments that subsidize the cost of higher education for those who cannot afford to pay, investments by private foundations and charities who see collegesand universities as the best routes for achieving their strategic goals, and investments by individuals and by the private sector, who see universities as the incubators of future health and prosperity.In return for this broad support, society rightfully expects certain things from us.It expects the generation of new ideas and the discovery of new knowledge, the exploration of complex issues in an open and collegial manner and the preparation of the next generation of citizens and leaders.In times of trouble, it is especially important that we live up to these expectations.2我國(guó)社會(huì)對(duì)高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的信心通過以下幾點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)出來：聯(lián)邦政府和州政府對(duì)基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究給予大量投資，這些投資明智地將對(duì)研究的支持與對(duì)研究生教育的支持結(jié)合起來；聯(lián)邦政府和州政府對(duì)無力負(fù)擔(dān)高等教育學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生給予資助；一些私人基金會(huì)和慈善機(jī)構(gòu)給予投資，他們認(rèn)為高等院校是達(dá)成其戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的最佳途徑；一些個(gè)人和私人部門給予投資，他們認(rèn)為高等院校是未來健康發(fā)展和富裕繁榮的孵化器。社會(huì)當(dāng)然期望我們能有所作為以回報(bào)這種廣泛的支持。社會(huì)期望我們產(chǎn)生新思想，開發(fā)新知識(shí)，以一種開放和共同協(xié)作的方式探索復(fù)雜的問題，培養(yǎng)未來一代公民和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。當(dāng)處于困境的時(shí)候，我們不辜負(fù)這些期望就尤為重要。3 The medieval image of the university as an ivory tower, with scholars turned inward in solitary contemplation, immunized from the cares of the day, is an image that has been superseded by the modern university constructed not of ivory, but of a highly porous material, one that allows free diffusion in both directions.The academy is of the world, not apart from it.Its ideals, crafted over many generations, are meant to suffuse the national consciousness.Its scholars and teachers are meant to move in and out of the academy in pursuit of opportunities to use their expertise in public service, in pursuit of creative work that will give us illumination and insight and in pursuit of ways to turn laboratory discoveries into useful things.Our students engage the world with a strong sense of civic responsibility, and when they graduate they become alumni who do the same.This is as it should be.3中世紀(jì)大學(xué)的形象是一座象牙塔，學(xué)者們遠(yuǎn)離社會(huì)進(jìn)行孤獨(dú)的沉思，不關(guān)心窗外之事——這一形象已被現(xiàn)代大學(xué)所取代——現(xiàn)代大學(xué)不是象牙構(gòu)筑的，而是高度開放的機(jī)構(gòu)，允許內(nèi)外自由交流。高校是屬于社會(huì)的，而不是游離于社會(huì)之外的。高校的理想，經(jīng)由多少代人的鑄造，旨在滲入國(guó)民意識(shí)之中。學(xué)者和教師必定要周旋于學(xué)院內(nèi)外以尋覓運(yùn)用他們的才能為公眾服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)，尋覓能給我們帶來啟發(fā)和見識(shí)的創(chuàng)造性工作，尋覓把實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際應(yīng)用的途徑。我們的學(xué)生在從事社會(huì)活動(dòng)時(shí)懷有一種強(qiáng)烈的公民責(zé)任意識(shí)，并且當(dāng)他們畢業(yè)若干年后成為老校友時(shí)仍然會(huì)這樣做。這些都是理所當(dāng)然的。4 The search for new ideas and knowledge is not and cannot be motivated by utilitarian concerns.Rather it depends on the ability to think in new and creative ways.When the Nobel laureate John Nash developed the mathematical concepts underlying non-cooperative game theory8 as a graduate student at Princeton, he could not foresee that those concepts would be used today to analyze election strategies and the causes of war and to make predictions about how people will act.When Professor of Molecular Biology Eric Wieschaus' set out as a young scientist to identify genes that pattern the body plan of the fruit fly embryo, he could not know that he would identify genes that play a central role in the development of human cancer.We have learned that we cannot predict with any accuracy how discoveries and scholarship will influence future generations.We also have learned that it is unwise to search only in predictable places, for new knowledge often depends upon preparing fertile ground in^obscure places where serendipity and good luck, as well as deep intelligence, can sprout.Freedom of inquiry, which is one of our most cherished organizing principles, is not just a moral imperative, it is a practical necessity.4探索新思想和新知識(shí)不是依靠也不應(yīng)該依靠功利主義動(dòng)機(jī)，而是依靠以新穎的和創(chuàng)造性的方式進(jìn)行思考的能力。當(dāng)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者約翰·納什在普林斯頓大學(xué)讀研究生時(shí)推動(dòng)了構(gòu)成“非合作博弈論”基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)學(xué)概念的發(fā)展時(shí)，他可能根本不會(huì)想到這些概念會(huì)在今天被用于分析選舉策略、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)起因及預(yù)測(cè)人的行為表現(xiàn)等方面。當(dāng)還是一名年輕科學(xué)家的分子生物學(xué)教授埃里克·維紹斯著手識(shí)別決定果蠅胚胎身體結(jié)構(gòu)模式的基因時(shí)，他可能不知道他會(huì)識(shí)別出在推動(dòng)對(duì)人類癌癥的研究中起到關(guān)鍵性作用的基因。由此得知，我們無法準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)及學(xué)術(shù)成就將如何影響未來一代又一代的人們。同時(shí)，我們也得知，只在可預(yù)知的領(lǐng)域來挖掘知識(shí)是不明智的，因?yàn)樾轮R(shí)往往依賴于在未知領(lǐng)域準(zhǔn)備好肥沃的土壤，在那些領(lǐng)域，好運(yùn)氣同深?yuàn)W的智慧一樣能開花結(jié)果。我們最珍視的組織原則之一——探索的自由，不僅僅從道德上說是必需的，而且它也是一個(gè)實(shí)際需要。5 Just as we have an obligation to search widely for knowledge, so we also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated, so that others can correct it when necessary, or build on it, or use it to make better decisions, develop better products or construct better plans.In the days ahead, I hope that our country's decision-makers will draw on the knowledge that resides on our campuses, on historians who can inform the present through deep understanding of the past, philosophers who can provide frameworks for working through issues of right and wrong, economists whose insights can help to get the economy back on track, engineers who know how to build safer buildings, scientists who can analyze our vulnerabilities to future attack and develop strategies for reducing those vulnerabilities, and scholars in many fields who can help us understand the motivations of those who would commit acts of terrorism here and throughout the world.5就像我們有義務(wù)廣泛尋求新知識(shí)一樣，我們也有義務(wù)確保我們的學(xué)術(shù)研究能夠被廣泛地傳播。只有這樣，別人才能對(duì)其做出必要的修正，或?qū)⑵浒l(fā)揚(yáng)光大，或依據(jù)它來作出更好的決定，開發(fā)出更好的產(chǎn)品，或構(gòu)建出更好的規(guī)劃。在日后的歲月中，我希望我們國(guó)家的決策者根據(jù)留存于大學(xué)的知識(shí)來做決定，咨詢能通過對(duì)過去的深刻理解而洞悉現(xiàn)在的歷史學(xué)家們；咨詢能提供明辨是非原則的哲學(xué)家們；咨詢能以其洞察力使經(jīng)濟(jì)回歸正軌的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們；咨詢知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程師們；咨詢能分析我們?nèi)菀渍兄挛磥硪u擊的軟肋并能制訂出彌補(bǔ)這些弱點(diǎn)的戰(zhàn)略的科學(xué)家們；以及咨詢能幫助我們弄清恐怖分子在我國(guó)及世界各地實(shí)施恐怖行動(dòng)的動(dòng)機(jī)的多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者們。Let me now turn to the third obligation that we have to society: the education of the next generation of citizens and leaders.Princeton's view of what constitutes a liberal arts education was expressed well by Woodrow Wilson, our 13th President, whose eloquent words I read at Opening Exercises:”What we should seek to impart in our colleges, is not so much learning itself as the spirit of learning.It consists in the power to distinguish good reasoning from bad, in the power to digest and interpret evidence, in the habit of catholic observation and a preference for the non-partisan point of view, in an addiction to clear and logical processes of thought and yet an instinctive desire to interpret rather than to stick to the letter of reasoning, in a taste for knowledge and a deep respect for the integrity of the human mind.“ 6現(xiàn)在，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我來闡述一下我們應(yīng)對(duì)社會(huì)所盡的第三項(xiàng)義務(wù)：培育下一代的公民與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。普林斯頓大學(xué)所提倡的對(duì)大學(xué)文科教育的見解，我校第13任校長(zhǎng)伍德羅。威爾遜曾作過精辟的表述，我在開學(xué)典禮上曾誦讀過他的雄辯的語句：“在大學(xué)里我們應(yīng)當(dāng)努力傳授的，與其說是知識(shí)本身還不如說是做學(xué)問的精神。它包括：辨別正確推理與錯(cuò)誤推理的能力，消化與闡釋論據(jù)的能力，廣泛觀察的習(xí)慣，對(duì)于持客觀見解的偏好，執(zhí)著于清晰有條理的思維過程，本能地?zé)嶂杂陉U釋內(nèi)涵而不拘泥于推論的字面意思，對(duì)知識(shí)的鑒賞力，對(duì)人類健全心智的無限尊重?！?7 Wilson, and the presidents who followed him, rejected the narrow idea of a liberal arts education as preparation for a profession.While understanding the importance of professional education, they made it clear that at Princeton we should first and foremost cultivate the qualities of thought and discernment in our students in the belief that this will be most conducive to the health of our society.Thus we distinguish between the acquisition of information, something that is essential for professional training, and the development of habits of mind that can be applied in any profession.Consequently we celebrate when the classics scholar goes to medical school, the physicist becomes a member of Congress, or the historian teaches primary school.If we do our job well as educators, each of our students will take from a Princeton education a respect and appreciation for ideas and values, intellectual openness and rigor, practice in civil discourse and a sense of civic responsibility.During these troubled times, our students and our alumni will be called upon to exercise these qualities in their professions, their communities and their daily lives.By so doing, and through their leadership, their vision and their courage, they will help to fulfill Princeton's obligation to society and bring true meaning to our motto, ”Princeton in the nation's service and in the service of all nations."

7威爾遜及其繼任者們拒絕這一狹隘的觀念：即大學(xué)文科教育只限于為某種職業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備。他們?cè)诹私饴殬I(yè)教育重要性的同時(shí)，更清楚在普林斯頓首先應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思考能力和洞察力，堅(jiān)信這才最有益于社會(huì)健全發(fā)展。因此我們對(duì)以下兩方面做了區(qū)分：對(duì)職業(yè)素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)有重要作用的信息獲取和能夠應(yīng)用于任何職業(yè)的思維習(xí)慣的發(fā)展。所以，當(dāng)古典文學(xué)家走進(jìn)醫(yī)學(xué)院、物理學(xué)家成為國(guó)會(huì)議員或歷史學(xué)家執(zhí)教小學(xué)的時(shí)候，我們便感到慶幸。如果我們作為教育家做好我們的工作，我們的每一個(gè)學(xué)生將從普林斯頓的教育中學(xué)會(huì)尊重和欣賞各種理念與價(jià)值、思維的開放與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、社交實(shí)踐與公民責(zé)任感。在這困難重重的年代，我們將號(hào)召我們的學(xué)生和校友們?cè)谒麄兊穆殬I(yè)中、在他們的團(tuán)體和日常生活中實(shí)踐這些品質(zhì)。通過這樣做，通過他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力、洞察力和勇氣，他們將幫助履行普林斯頓對(duì)社會(huì)的義務(wù)和實(shí)踐我們的座右銘：“普林斯頓——為國(guó)家服務(wù)，為世界服務(wù)!”