第一篇：研究生英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)綜合教程-熊海虹-翻譯-完全整理

Unit 1

The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways.Nobody asks for any of it.But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: “I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it.”

1颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說(shuō)：“我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒恕！? We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條真正的心理學(xué)上的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒在無(wú)數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中：在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來(lái)。對(duì)那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)歷做出積極回應(yīng)的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最勇敢的人。實(shí)際上，大約半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^(guò)的人都說(shuō)他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth.This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger.Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome.In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled.More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.3諸如此類有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)這一新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理：大難不死，意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長(zhǎng)期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)——甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life.Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings, free from pain and confusion.4那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證：為了盡可能地過(guò)上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣：一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life.It is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives.It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for “the good life”.5這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問(wèn)題的主要方面——一種富有意義的生活所帶來(lái)的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)——是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人——他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義——或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷(哲學(xué)家們過(guò)去稱之為對(duì)“美好生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy.It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret.“Happiness is only one among many values in human life,” contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change.To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough.We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.6這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過(guò)移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉·金認(rèn)為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價(jià)值中的一種。”慈悲、智慧、無(wú)私、洞察力及創(chuàng)造力—有時(shí)只有經(jīng)歷逆境的考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母淖冞^(guò)程。只過(guò)安寧的、無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。我們也需要成長(zhǎng)——盡管有時(shí)成長(zhǎng)是痛苦的。In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying.A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check.She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reaction that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown.The slightest movement-trying to swallow, for example-was excruciating.Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.7在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西.塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已經(jīng)停止服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預(yù)見到接下來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事：停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。最輕微的動(dòng)作——比如說(shuō)試著吞咽——對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments(drugs, surgery)her whole life.But this time, she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help.Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的折磨。但是這一次，她實(shí)在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude.She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion.“I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with,” she said six months later.“Everything I thought I'd known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception.Recognizing that was so freeing.”

9然而，在經(jīng)歷了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈：一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感?！拔腋械揭磺形以?jīng)用來(lái)認(rèn)同自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個(gè)月后她這樣說(shuō)道，“一切我認(rèn)為我知道或相信的事物—時(shí)間、金錢、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法—都毫無(wú)價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫。” Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs.She says now there's no question that her life is better.“l(fā) felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life.It's that simple.”

10在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說(shuō)，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)?！拔腋杏X我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂(lè)地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡(jiǎn)單!” Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise.But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term “post-traumatic growth”.His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath;they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered.A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.11她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇·特德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇·特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)”一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問(wèn)題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來(lái)說(shuō)，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat.In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away.Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.12許多經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的人身威脅的人會(huì)遇到類似的情況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時(shí)處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort.Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.The people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational.What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.13盡管如此，要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，通常需要有意識(shí)地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承擔(dān)這個(gè)過(guò)程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中。”Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships.They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.14最終，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過(guò)的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說(shuō)他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說(shuō)物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無(wú)聊，而朋友和家庭帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)變得極為重要，他們還說(shuō)危機(jī)使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來(lái)重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things they've been through.They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them.“People don't say that what they went through was wonderful,” says Tedeschi.“They weren't meaning to grow from it.They were just trying to survive.But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.”

15從災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的人盡管經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說(shuō)：“人們不會(huì)說(shuō)他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷來(lái)成長(zhǎng)。他們只是盡其所能生存下來(lái)。但回顧起來(lái)，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time.They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery.For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal.After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.16埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利·伯思斯在他的近作《滿足》中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺過(guò)程一樣：自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于經(jīng)常跑超過(guò)24小時(shí)的100英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來(lái)說(shuō)，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競(jìng)賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰(shuí)，忘了自己在干什么。For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting.Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness.The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks.Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings.The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長(zhǎng)的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一：為人父母。生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái)，養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無(wú)私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity.This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it's possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face.In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization.“You're not going to be the person you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.”

18總之，情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來(lái)的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來(lái)看待，那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺悟?！澳銓⒉辉偈亲约盒哪恐性?jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你—而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好。”

Unit 2 Commercialization and Changes in Sports 1.Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment.However, sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today.Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors.The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves.Fun and “good games” are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential.Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?

1在整個(gè)歷史長(zhǎng)河中，人們都是把體育當(dāng)作某種形式的公眾娛樂(lè)。然而，體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開展，有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會(huì)關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，賬本底線已取代了球門線，體育不再只是為了運(yùn)動(dòng)員們自身的興趣而存在。今天，樂(lè)趣和“好比賽”的定義取決于門票收入、特許權(quán)收人、媒體傳播權(quán)的出售、市場(chǎng)份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么，當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化時(shí)，它會(huì)怎樣?當(dāng)體育變得依賴于門票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí)，它會(huì)發(fā)生變化嗎？

2.We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator appeal.Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event's outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes.In other words, when spectators refer to a “good game” or an “exciting contest”, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes' were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or “heroic” performances.When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.2我們知道，每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性?shī)蕵?lè)活動(dòng)時(shí)，它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對(duì)于體育的擁護(hù)背后潛藏著多種動(dòng)機(jī)，但他們對(duì)體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相結(jié)合的因素有關(guān)：比賽結(jié)果的不確定性，參加一項(xiàng)比賽相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)，以及預(yù)期中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話說(shuō)，當(dāng)觀眾提及一場(chǎng)“不錯(cuò)的比賽”或一場(chǎng)“激動(dòng)人心的比賽”時(shí)，這場(chǎng)比賽，通常在比賽即將結(jié)束的最后幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時(shí)，結(jié)果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高額獎(jiǎng)金，因而運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都全身心地投入比賽?；蛘弑荣愓故玖嗽S多出色的或者“英雄式”的表現(xiàn)。只要運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間記得并討論這場(chǎng)比賽。

3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports.In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format.Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game.For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.3商業(yè)化對(duì)于大多數(shù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目標(biāo)沒有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響，但在歷史上，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目保持了它們的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的，并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。例如、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了某些賽事規(guī)則的微小變化但其每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)出售之前基本一致。

4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports.To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television.Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches.Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself;they get taken in by hype.During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand.They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger;they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being;and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.4看來(lái)，與運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比，商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。若要通過(guò)一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)盈利，就必須吸引廣大觀眾買門票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂(lè)廣大觀眾并非易事，因?yàn)檫@些觀眾中有很多人沒有技術(shù)性的知識(shí)，因而不懂得運(yùn)動(dòng)員和教練采取的復(fù)雜競(jìng)技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識(shí)，人們?nèi)菀资艿竭\(yùn)動(dòng)或賽事之外的東西的影響，容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在比賽期間，他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑?。他們喜歡那種運(yùn)動(dòng)員冒險(xiǎn)并明顯面臨身體危險(xiǎn)的情境，他們喜愛那些搜長(zhǎng)戲劇化表現(xiàn)或者愿意超越正常的生理極限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們喜歡看到運(yùn)動(dòng)員不惜代價(jià)，立志求勝。

5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored.They like athletes who project' exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.5比如，當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)時(shí)，他們更津津樂(lè)道于某一個(gè)灌籃，而不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無(wú)縫的后防。同樣，那些對(duì)滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人，他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些精心設(shè)計(jì)并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒有驚險(xiǎn)的跳躍，無(wú)知的觀眾會(huì)感到厭倦。他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動(dòng)人心或有爭(zhēng)議性的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)比賽。他們想看運(yùn)動(dòng)員在超越自己極限時(shí)偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來(lái)穩(wěn)操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。

6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport.This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation.In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as “show-time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes.This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.6當(dāng)一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)變得依賴于娛樂(lè)廣大觀眾時(shí)，對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)中什么才是重要的，運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者們往往會(huì)改變觀念。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學(xué)取向向英雄主義取向轉(zhuǎn)變。其實(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能甚至把運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽稱為“表演秀”，并把自己稱作表演者兼運(yùn)動(dòng)員。這并不意味著美學(xué)取向不復(fù)存在了，但是這確實(shí)意味著與英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后，英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒有足夠的知識(shí)去欣賞運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾。

7.As the need to please naive audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations.This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playing with pain, and courage.Some athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports.For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs.These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement.However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.7取悅無(wú)知觀眾的需求越強(qiáng)烈，就越會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)英雄主義取向。這就是為什么美國(guó)橄欖球比賽的電視評(píng)論員喋喋不休地談?wù)撐ｋU(xiǎn)、受傷、帶傷比賽和膽量。不過(guò)，有些運(yùn)動(dòng)員意識(shí)到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)，并試圖在他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)中放慢偏離美學(xué)取向的步伐。比如，一些前花樣滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員已經(jīng)呼吁限制滑冰項(xiàng)目中三連跳的數(shù)量。這些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員擔(dān)心，他們的體育項(xiàng)目在商業(yè)上的成功正越來(lái)越依賴于動(dòng)作的危險(xiǎn)性，而不是動(dòng)作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員似乎愿意采取英雄主義取向，只要這樣能取悅觀眾，獲得收入。這些運(yùn)動(dòng)員用體育道德規(guī)范去評(píng)價(jià)自己和他人，他們還學(xué)會(huì)把英雄主義行為看成是真正地投入及為運(yùn)動(dòng)獻(xiàn)身的標(biāo)志。8.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports.When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players.In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport.These conditions come under the control of general managers，team owners，corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents.8商業(yè)化同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致那些控制體育的組織發(fā)生變化。當(dāng)體育開始依賴于創(chuàng)造收入時(shí)，體育組織的控制權(quán)就會(huì)離運(yùn)動(dòng)員越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)。事實(shí)上，運(yùn)動(dòng)員常常對(duì)于自身的體育參與環(huán)境失去有效控制。這些環(huán)境越來(lái)越受控于下列人員:總經(jīng)理、運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)老板、企業(yè)贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營(yíng)銷和宜傳推廣人員、專業(yè)管理人員、會(huì)計(jì)師以及經(jīng)紀(jì)人。

9.The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues.This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved.The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports.Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being.9那些控制商業(yè)體育的組織通常非常復(fù)雜，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兤髨D協(xié)調(diào)上述所有人的利益，但它們的首要目標(biāo)還是盈利最大化。這意味著組織決策通常反映的是許多人的混合利益，而他們與體育或相關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)員沒有直接聯(lián)系。影響這些決策的力量根植于各種不同的資源，其中許多甚至與體育沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。因此，許多商業(yè)體育中的運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被逐出了決策過(guò)程，即便這些決策影響到他們的健康和幸福。Unit 3 Oslo 1.I remember on my first trip to Europe going alone to a movie in Copenhagen.In Denmark you are given a ticket for an assigned seat.I went into the cinema and discovered that my ticket directed me to sit beside the only other people in the place, a young couple locked in the sort of passionate embrace associated with dockside reunions at the end of long wars.I could no more have sat beside them than I could have asked to join in-it would have come to much the same thing-so I took a place a few discreet seats away.1記得我第一次去歐洲旅行的時(shí)候，我在哥本哈根獨(dú)自一人去看電影。在丹麥，電影票是對(duì)號(hào)入座的。我走進(jìn)電影院，發(fā)現(xiàn)在我的票對(duì)應(yīng)的座位旁，只有一對(duì)年輕情侶，這對(duì)情侶如膠似漆地?fù)肀г谝黄?，如同一?chǎng)持久戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后碼頭上親人的團(tuán)聚。我很不情愿坐在他們旁邊，就如我絕不會(huì)要求加入他們的行為一樣——這兩者對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)并沒有什么不同——因此我謹(jǐn)慎地隔幾個(gè)座位坐了下來(lái)。

2.People came into the cinema, consulted their tickets and filled the seats around us.By the time the film started there were about 30 of us sitting together in a tight pack in the middle of a vast and otherwise empty auditorium.Two minutes into the movie, a woman laden with shopping made her way with difficulty down my row, stopped beside my seat and told me in a stern voice, full of glottal stops and indignation, that I was in her place.This caused much play of flashlights among the usherettes and fretful re-examining of tickets by everyone in the vicinity until word got around that I was an American tourist and therefore unable to follow simple seating instructions and.I was escorted in some shame back to my assigned place.2人們陸續(xù)地走進(jìn)影院，參照電影票找到位子，在我們周圍坐了下來(lái)。電影開場(chǎng)時(shí)，這個(gè)寬敞空曠的觀眾席中間，扎堆地坐了約30人。電影開場(chǎng)兩分鐘后，一個(gè)拎著大包小包購(gòu)物袋的女士艱難地?cái)D到我這排，在我座位旁停下，并用嚴(yán)厲的口吻憤怒地朝我用充滿了喉塞音的丹麥語(yǔ)說(shuō)道，我坐在了她的位子上。女引座員馬上打開手電筒查看情況，身邊所有的人都不安地重新確認(rèn)自己票上的座位號(hào)，直到大家都清楚了，我是一個(gè)美國(guó)游客，因此沒有遵循簡(jiǎn)單的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。

3.So we sat together and watched the movie, 30 of us crowded together like refugees in an overloaded lifeboat, rubbing shoulders and sharing small noises, and it occurred to me then that there are certain things that some nations do better than everyone else and certain things that they do far worse and I began to wonder why that should be.3接下來(lái)我們坐在一起看電影，30人如同一艘超載的救生船上的難民一般擠作一團(tuán)。肩膀相互摩擦著，忍受著各種細(xì)小的噪聲。那時(shí)我想，有些國(guó)家在某些事情上做的比任何其他國(guó)家都好，然而在另外一些事情上，他們卻糟糕很多。我開始思考為何會(huì)有如此反差。

4.Sometimes a nation's little contrivances are so singular and clever that we associate them with that country alone-double-decker buses in Britain, windmills in Holland(what an inspired addition-to a flat landscape: think how they would transform Nebraska)，sidewalk cafes in Paris.And yet there are some things that most countries do without difficulty that others cannot get a grasp of at all.4有時(shí)候某個(gè)國(guó)家的小發(fā)明是如此獨(dú)特和精巧，以至于我們總是由它而聯(lián)想到這個(gè)國(guó)家——英國(guó)的雙層巴士，荷蘭的風(fēng)車（給原本單調(diào)的景觀增添了多么美妙的創(chuàng)意：想想這些風(fēng)車是如何改變了內(nèi)布拉斯加州），還有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡館。然而，也有一些事情，大部分國(guó)家能不費(fèi)吹灰之力地辦到，但某些國(guó)家卻完全想不到。

5.The French, for instance, cannot get the hang of queuing.They try and try, but it is beyond them.Wherever you go in Paris,you see orderly lines waiting at bus stops, but as soon as the bus pulls up the line instantly disintegrates into something like a fire drill at a lunatic asylum as everyone scrambles to be the first aboard, quite unaware that this defeats the whole purpose of queuing.5比如說(shuō)，法國(guó)人無(wú)法掌握排隊(duì)的竅門。他們一遍遍地嘗試，但這似乎超出了他們的能力范圍。無(wú)論你去巴黎的任何地方，總會(huì)看到整齊的隊(duì)伍在公交車站候車。但一旦公交車靠站，隊(duì)伍立刻瓦解，就像精神病院的消防演習(xí)一樣，所有人都爭(zhēng)搶著第一個(gè)上車，完全沒意識(shí)到，這樣一來(lái)排隊(duì)的意義就蕩然無(wú)存了。

6.The British, on the other hand, do not understand certain of the fundamentals of eating, as evidenced by their instinct to consume hamburgers with a knife and fork.To my continuing amazement, many of them also turn their fork upside——down and balance the food on the back of it.I’ve lived in England for a decade and a half and I still have to quell an impulse to go up to strangers in pubs and restaurants and say, “Excuse me.Can I give you a tip that'll help stop those peas bouncing all over the table?”

6另一方面，英國(guó)人則不能領(lǐng)略吃的基本要領(lǐng)。證據(jù)就是他們本能地使用刀叉來(lái)食用漢堡。更令我驚訝的是，他們大多數(shù)都把叉子顛倒放置，將食物擱在它的背上。我已經(jīng) 在英國(guó)居住了 15年，但我仍不得不壓制這種沖動(dòng)，想要走向酒吧或餐館里的陌生人說(shuō)：“打擾一下，可以允許我告訴你一個(gè)小技巧嗎？那樣你就不會(huì)把豆子散落在整張桌子上了。

7.Germans are flummoxed by humor, the Swiss have no concept of fun, the Spanish think there is nothing at all ridiculous about eating dinner at midnight, and the Italians should never, ever have been let in on the invention of the motor car.7德國(guó)人被幽默困擾，瑞士人對(duì)樂(lè)趣毫無(wú)概念，西班牙人絲毫不覺得在半夜吃晚飯有什么滑稽之處，而意大利人從不，也絕不會(huì)讓別人告訴他們汽車是如何發(fā)明的。

8.One of the small marvels of my first trip to Europe was the discovery that the world could be so full of variety, that there were so many different ways of doing essentially identical things, like eating and drinking and buying cinema tickets.It fascinated me that Europeans could at once be so alike-that they could be so universally bookish and cerebral, and drive small cars, and live in little houses in ancient towns, and love soccer, and be relatively unmaterialistic and law-abiding, and have chilly hotel rooms and cosy and inviting places to eat and drink-and yet be so endlessly, unpredictably different from each other as well.I loved the idea that you could never be sure of anything in Europe.8這次歐洲之旅帶給我很多驚奇的小事，其中一個(gè)就是我發(fā)現(xiàn)世界竟能如此多樣化，對(duì)于本質(zhì)上相同的事物處理起來(lái)卻方式各異，比如說(shuō)吃喝或是買電影票。有趣的是，歐洲人有時(shí)可以突然變得如此相似——他們普遍好學(xué)而理性，開著小車，住在古鎮(zhèn)的小房子里，喜歡足球，不怎么注重物質(zhì)生活，遵紀(jì)守法，而且他們住寒冷的賓館房間，去溫暖舒適的地方吃喝——然而卻同時(shí)擁有著如此琢磨不透、永無(wú)止盡的差異。在歐洲沒有什么是百分之百肯定的，對(duì)此我十分贊同。

9.I still enjoy that sense of never knowing quite what's going on.In my hotel in Oslo where I spent four days after returning from Hammerfest, the chambermaid each morning left me a packet of something called Bio Tex Bla, a “minipakke for ferie, hybel og weekend” according to the instructions.I spent many happy hours sniffing it and experimenting with it, uncertain whether it was for washing out clothes or gargling or cleaning the toilet bowl.In the end I decided it was for washing out clothes-it worked a treat-but for all I know for the rest of the week everywhere I went in Oslo people were saying to each other, “You know, that man smelled like toilet-bowl cleaner.”

9我仍然享受著對(duì)事情進(jìn)展的未知感。從哈默菲斯特返回后，我在奧斯陸的賓館呆了四天，女服務(wù)員每天早上都留給我一盒叫做Bio Tex Bla的東西，說(shuō)明上說(shuō)是一種 “minipakke for ferie，hybel og weekend”。我不清楚它到底是用來(lái)洗衣服的，還是漱口的，或是用來(lái)清洗抽水馬桶的，我通過(guò)聞它的氣味，并試驗(yàn)它各種可能的用法，度過(guò)了好幾個(gè)快樂(lè)的小時(shí)。最后我判定它是甩來(lái)洗衣服的——它的確有效——然而就我所知，在奧斯陸度過(guò)的剩下幾周中，無(wú)論我去哪兒，都聽見有人互相議論：“你知道嗎?那個(gè)人身上有馬桶清潔劑的味道。”

10.When I told my friends in London that I was going to travel around Europe and write a book about it, they said, “Oh, you must speak a lot of languages.”

10當(dāng)我告訴倫敦的朋友，我將周游歐洲并寫成書時(shí)，他們說(shuō)：“喔，你肯定會(huì)說(shuō)很多語(yǔ)言吧?！? 11.“Why, no,” I would reply with a certain pride, “only English,” and they would look at me as if I were crazy.But that's the glory of foreign travel, as far as I am concerned.I don't want to know what people are talking about.I can't think of anything that excites a greater sense of childlike wonder than to be in a country where you are ignorant of almost everything.Suddenly you are five years old again.You can't read anything, you have only the most rudimentary sense of how things work, you can't even reliably cross a street without endangering your life.Your whole existence becomes a series of interesting guesses.“為什么，我不會(huì)，”我會(huì)帶著一點(diǎn)傲氣回答，“我只會(huì)英語(yǔ)?！比缓笏麄兙涂粗?，好像我瘋了。但是就我而言，那正是國(guó)外旅游的美妙之處。我并不想知道人們?cè)谡f(shuō)些什么。置身于一個(gè)對(duì)你而言完全陌生的國(guó)家，能激發(fā)一種孩子般的好奇心。除此之外，我想不出還有什么更好的辦法。突然之間你又回到了五歲。你無(wú)法讀懂任何東西，你對(duì)事物運(yùn)行方式只有最基本的感知，你甚至無(wú)法安全地穿過(guò)馬路。你的整個(gè)存在變成了一系列有趣的猜想。

12.I get great pleasure from watching foreign TV and trying to imagine what on earth is gonging on.On my first evening in Oslo, I watched a science program in which two men in a studio stood at a lab table discussing a variety of sleek, rodent-like animals that were crawling over the surface and occasionally up the host's jacket.“And you have sex with all these creatures, do you? ”the host was saying.看國(guó)外電視節(jié)目，試著想象到底發(fā)生了什么事，這讓我樂(lè)此不疲。在奧斯陸的第一個(gè)晚上，我收看一個(gè)科學(xué)節(jié)目，演播室里的兩個(gè)男子站在一張實(shí)驗(yàn)桌旁，討論著一種有著光滑皮毛的貌似嚙齒目的動(dòng)物，它們?cè)谧烂嫔吓佬?，偶爾爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在說(shuō)：“那么你與所有這些動(dòng)物做愛，是嗎？

13.“Certainly,” replied the guest.“You have to be careful with the porcupines, of course and the lemmings can get very neurotic and hurl themselves off cliffs if they feel you don't love them as you once did, but basically these animals make very affectionate companions, and the sex is simply out of this world.” “當(dāng)然，”嘉賓回答道，“你必須對(duì)豪豬十分小心，當(dāng)然，旅鼠若是感覺你不再像以前那樣愛它們，會(huì)變得焦躁不安并跳下懸崖，但總的來(lái)說(shuō)，這些動(dòng)物是非常親切的伴侶，并且性也是十分美妙的。

14.“Well, I think that's wonderful.Next week we'll be looking at how you can make hallucinogenic drugs with simple household chemicals from your own medicine cabinet, but now it's time for the screen to go blank for a minute and then for the blights to come up suddenly on the host of the day looking as if he was just about to pick his nose.See you next week.” 14 “哎呀，我覺得那很棒。下周讓大家見識(shí)一下你是怎么用藥柜中的簡(jiǎn)單家庭用藥制造出致幻藥的。讓熒幕空白幾分光突然亮起，然后讓燈光突然亮起，照在主持人身；讓他看起來(lái)似乎就像正要摳鼻子。下周見?！?/p>

15.After Hammerfest, Oslo was simply wonderful.It was still cold and dusted with greyish snow, but it seemed positively tropical Hammerfest, and I abandoned all thought of buying a furry hat.I went to the museums and for a day-long way out around the Bygdoy' peninsula, where the city's finest houses stand on the wooded hillsides, with fetching views across the icy water of the harbour to the downtown.But mostly I hung around the city center, wandering back and forth between the railway station and the royal palace, peering in the store windows along Karl Johans Gate, the long and handsome main pedestrian street, cheered by the bright lights, mingling with the happy, healthy, relentlessly youthful Norwegians, very pleased to be alive and out of Hanunerfest and in a world of daylight.When I grew cold, I sat in cafe and bars and eavesdropped on conversations that I could not understand or brought out my Thomas Cook European Timetable and studied it with a kind of humble reverence, planning the rest of my trip.去過(guò)哈默菲斯特后，就覺得奧斯陸簡(jiǎn)直妙不可言。天氣依然很冷，到處還撒著灰蒙蒙的雪花，但是比起哈默菲斯特來(lái)那可要暖和多了，這也讓我徹底放棄了想要買毛皮帽的想法。我參觀了博物館，并花了一天時(shí)間游覽巴度半島，那里叢林茂密的山坡上矗立著該城市最美的房子，其視野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市區(qū)，十分迷人。但是大多數(shù)時(shí)間我就在市中心閑逛，在火車站和皇宮之間來(lái)回溜達(dá)，在卡爾約翰街向街旁的商店櫥窗里張望。在路邊明亮的燈光的照耀下,長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的卡爾約翰步行街富麗堂皇，與健康快樂(lè)、不屈不撓又充滿朝氣的挪威人融合在一起。我很高興能離開哈莫斯菲特并來(lái)到這個(gè)充滿活力、猶如白晝的世界。當(dāng)我覺得寒意逼人時(shí)，我便進(jìn)入咖啡館或酒吧坐下，偷聽那些我無(wú)法明白的對(duì)話，亦或拿出我的《托馬斯庫(kù)克歐洲時(shí)刻表》，滿懷敬意地加以研究，做接下來(lái)的旅行安排。

16.Thomas Cook European Timetable is possibly the finest book ever produced.It is impossible to leaf through its 500 pages of densely printed timetables without wanting to dump a double armload of clothes into an old Gladstone and just take off.Every page

whispers

romance: “Montreux-Zweisimmen-Spiez-Interlaken”,“Beograd-Trieste-Venezia-Verona-Milano”,“Goteborg-Lax'-(Hallsberg)-Stockholm”, “Ventimiglia-Marseille-Lyon-Paris”.Who could recite these names without experiencing a tug of excitement, without seeing in his mind's eye a steamy platform full of expectant travelers and piles of luggage standing beside a sleek, quarter-mile-long train with;a list of exotic locations slotted into every carriage? Who could read the names “Moskva-Warszawa-Berlin-Basel-Geneve” and not feel a melancholy envy for all those lucky people who get to make a grand journey across——storied continent?Who could glance at such an itinerary and not want to climb aboard? Well, Sunny von Biilow for a start.But as for me, I could spend hours just poring over the tables, each one a magical thicket of times, numbers, distances, mysterious little pictograms showing crossed knives and forks, wine glasses, daggers, miner's pickaxes(whatever could they be for?), ferry boats and buses, and bewilderingly abstruse footnotes.16《托馬斯庫(kù)克歐洲時(shí)刻表》可能是已出版的最優(yōu)秀的書籍。當(dāng)你迅速翻閱了其500頁(yè)密密印刷的時(shí)間表后，你必然有沖動(dòng)想要往旅行包內(nèi)塞進(jìn)兩包衣服，然后立刻出發(fā)。每一頁(yè)都低聲訴說(shuō)著浪漫：蒙特勒—茲懷斯門—施皮茨—因特拉肯，貝爾格萊德—的里雅斯特——威尼斯—維羅納—米蘭，哥德堡—拉赫斯河—哈爾斯貝里—斯德哥爾摩，文堤米利亞—馬賽—里昂—巴黎。無(wú)論是誰(shuí)吟誦這些地名，都會(huì)感受到一股強(qiáng)烈的興奮，想象著霧氣蒙蒙的月臺(tái)，以及在400多米長(zhǎng)的流線型車廂旁，站滿了期待的旅客，堆滿了行李，每個(gè)車廂里都放著一張寫著外國(guó)地名的列表。當(dāng)讀到莫斯科—華沙—柏林—巴塞爾—日內(nèi)瓦這一系列地名時(shí)，又有誰(shuí)不會(huì)傷感地羨慕那些能夠橫跨這個(gè)歷史悠久的大陸的幸運(yùn)兒呢?看過(guò)這樣的旅行安排，誰(shuí)不想踏上行程呢？那么，桑尼.馮.比洛就是這樣一個(gè)例子。但是對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，我可以花大量時(shí)間就這樣凝視著這些列表，每一份都不可思議地包含了時(shí)刻、數(shù)量、距離、畫著交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、礦工鎬（不管做何用途）、渡輪和巴士的神奇小圖，以及令人困惑的深?yuàn)W腳注。

Unit 4 Is Google Making Us Stupid 1.Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the memory.My mind isn't going——so far as I can tell——but it's changing.I'm not thinking the way I used to think.I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy.My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.That's rarely the case anymore.Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do.I feel as if I'm always dragging my wayward brain back to the text.The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.1在過(guò)去的幾年里，我總有一種不祥之感，覺得有什么人，或什么東西，一直在我腦袋里搗鼓不停，重繪我的腦電圖，重寫我的腦內(nèi)存。我的思想倒沒跑掉——到目前為止我還能這么說(shuō)——但它正在改變。我的思維方式在變。這種感覺在我閱讀的時(shí)候尤為強(qiáng)烈。過(guò)去總是不費(fèi)勁就能讓自己沉浸在一本書或一篇長(zhǎng)文章中，被其中的敘述或不同的論點(diǎn)深深吸引，我還會(huì)花數(shù)小時(shí)徜徉在長(zhǎng)篇散文中?？扇缃襁@都不靈了?，F(xiàn)在，我翻上兩三頁(yè)書，注意力就開始不集中了。我會(huì)變得煩躁，抓不住重點(diǎn)，開始想找點(diǎn)其他的事情做。我感覺我似乎要硬拖著我任性的大腦才能回到文章中。原本輕松自然的深度閱讀，已成了痛苦掙扎。

2.I think I know what's going on.For more than a decade now, I've been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet.The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer.Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes.A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I've got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after.Even when I'm not working, I'm as likely as not to be foraging in the Web's info-thickets-reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link.(Unlike footnotes, to which they're sometimes likened, hyperlinks don't merely point to related works;they propel you toward them.)

2我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年來(lái)，我在網(wǎng)上花了好多時(shí)間，在因特網(wǎng)的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。對(duì)作家而言，網(wǎng)絡(luò)就像個(gè)天上掉下來(lái)的聚寶盆。過(guò)去要在書堆里或圖書館的期刊閱覽室中花上好幾天做的研究，現(xiàn)在幾分鐘就齊活?！肮雀琛睅紫?，快速點(diǎn)開幾個(gè)鏈接，就可以找到我所需要的事實(shí)或者精煉的引證。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息豐富的網(wǎng)絡(luò)里遨游—收發(fā)電子郵件、瀏覽頭條新聞、點(diǎn)擊博客、看視頻、聽播客或者只是從一個(gè)鏈接跳轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)又一個(gè)鏈接。（超鏈接常被比作腳注，但是和腳注不一樣，超鏈接不僅僅鏈接到相關(guān)作品;它們還驅(qū)使你去點(diǎn)擊它們）

3.For me, as for others, the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind.The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they've been widely described and duly applauded.“The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired's Clive Thompson has written, “can be an enormous boon to thinking.” But that boon comes at a price.As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information.They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought.And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away at my capacity for concentration and contemplation.My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles.Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words.Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.3對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，像對(duì)其他人也一樣，網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)成為了一種通用的媒介，大部分信息都通過(guò)這個(gè)渠道進(jìn)人我們的眼、耳，最后進(jìn)人我們的大腦。能從這樣一個(gè)異常豐富的信息庫(kù)中直接獲取信息，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是很多的，而且也得到了廣泛的描述和適當(dāng)?shù)馁澴u(yù)?！肮璐鎯?chǔ)器的完美記憶性，”《連線》雜志的克萊夫?湯普森寫道，“對(duì)于思想來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)大實(shí)惠?！钡沁@個(gè)實(shí)惠是要付出代價(jià)的。就像媒體理論家馬歇爾?麥克盧恩在上世紀(jì)60年代所指出的那樣，媒體可不只是被動(dòng)的信息渠道。它們不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的進(jìn)程。網(wǎng)絡(luò)似乎粉碎了我專注與沉思的能力?，F(xiàn)如今，我的腦袋就盼著以網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供信息的方式來(lái)獲取信息：飛快的微粒運(yùn)動(dòng)。曾經(jīng)我是文字海洋中的潛水者?，F(xiàn)在我則像是摩托艇騎手在海面上風(fēng)馳電掣。

4.I’m not the only one.When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances—literary types, most of them—many say they're having similar experiences.The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing.Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon.Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether.“I was a lit major in college, and used to be a voracious book reader,” he wrote.“What happened?” He speculates on the answer: “What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e.I'm just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?”

4我并不是唯一一個(gè)有此感覺的人。當(dāng)我向文學(xué)界的朋友和熟人提到我在閱讀方面的困擾，許多人說(shuō)他們也有相似的感受。他們上網(wǎng)越多，在閱讀長(zhǎng)文章時(shí)，就越難集中精力。一些我所關(guān)注的博主也提到了類似的現(xiàn)象。斯科特?卡普開了一個(gè)有關(guān)在線媒體的博客，最近他承認(rèn)自己已經(jīng)完全不讀書了?！拔掖髮W(xué)讀的是文學(xué)專業(yè)，曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)嗜書如命的人，”他寫道?！暗降装l(fā)生了什么事呢?”他推測(cè)出了一個(gè)答案:“如果對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)閱讀的真正理由與其說(shuō)是我的閱讀方式發(fā)生了改變，比如，我只是圖個(gè)方便，不如說(shuō)是我的思維方式在發(fā)生變化，那么我該怎么辦呢?”

5.Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.“I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year.A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me.His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online.“I can't read War and Peace anymore, ”he admitted.“I've lost the ability to do that.Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to absorb.I skim it.”

5布魯斯?弗里德曼經(jīng)常撰寫有關(guān)電腦在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的博客，他在早些時(shí)候同樣提到因特網(wǎng)如何改變了他的思維習(xí)慣。“稍長(zhǎng)些的文章，不管是網(wǎng)上的還是已經(jīng)出版的，我現(xiàn)在幾乎已經(jīng)完全喪失了閱讀和吸收它們的能力?！痹诿苄髮W(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院長(zhǎng)期任教的病理學(xué)家布魯斯，弗里德曼在電話里告訴我。由于上網(wǎng)快速瀏覽文章的習(xí)慣，他的思維呈現(xiàn)出一種“碎讀”特性?！拔以僖沧x不了《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》了?！备ダ锏侣姓J(rèn)，“我失去了這個(gè)本事。即便是一篇長(zhǎng)達(dá)三四段的博客也難以消化。我只能略微瀏覽一下。”

6.Anecdotes alone don't prove much.And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects cognition.But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think.As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs' documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information.They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity”, hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they'd already visited.They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site.Sometimes they'd save a long article, but there's no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.6僅僅是趣聞?shì)W事還不能證明什么。我們?nèi)栽诘却L(zhǎng)期的神經(jīng)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，這將給因特網(wǎng)如何影響到我們的認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)權(quán)威的定論。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的學(xué)者做了一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)研讀習(xí)慣的研究并發(fā)表了研究結(jié)果，該研究指出，我們可能已經(jīng)徹底置身于閱讀與思考方式的巨變之中了。作為五年研究計(jì)劃的一部分，學(xué)者們檢測(cè)了計(jì)算機(jī)日志，它跟蹤記錄了兩個(gè)流行的搜索網(wǎng)站的用戶行為，其中一個(gè)網(wǎng)站是英國(guó)圖書館的，另一個(gè)是英國(guó)教育社團(tuán)的，他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻(xiàn)資源。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們上網(wǎng)時(shí)呈現(xiàn)出“一種浮光掠影般的形式”，總是從一個(gè)資源跳到另一個(gè)資源，并且很少返回他們之前訪問(wèn)過(guò)的資源。他們常常還沒讀完一兩頁(yè)文章或書籍，就“彈”出來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)去了。有時(shí)候他們會(huì)保存一個(gè)篇幅長(zhǎng)的文章，但沒有任何證據(jù)表明他們?cè)?jīng)返回去認(rèn)真閱讀。

7.Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text—messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice.But it's a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self.“We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace.When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders of information”.Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.7多虧鋪天蓋地的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本，更別說(shuō)當(dāng)下時(shí)興的手機(jī)短信，可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀(jì)七八十年代要多了，那時(shí)我們選擇的媒體還是電視。但是，這已是一種不同的閱讀模式，背后隱藏的是一種不同的思考方式——也許甚至是一種全新的自我意識(shí)。“不僅閱讀的內(nèi)容塑造了我們，”塔夫茨大學(xué)的發(fā)展心理學(xué)家，《普魯斯特與魷魚：閱讀思維的科學(xué)與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜?沃爾夫說(shuō)，“閱讀方式也體現(xiàn)了我們自身?！蔽譅柗驌?dān)憂，網(wǎng)絡(luò)所倡導(dǎo)的將“豐富”與“時(shí)效性”置于首位的閱讀方式，可能已經(jīng)削弱了那種深度閱讀能力，深度閱讀能力的形成應(yīng)歸功于早期印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明，有了它，長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的散文作品也相當(dāng)普遍了。然而，她說(shuō)，當(dāng)我們?cè)诰€閱讀時(shí)，我們往往只是——“信息解碼器”而已。我們對(duì)文句的解釋，心無(wú)旁鶩、深度閱讀時(shí)形成的豐富的精神聯(lián)系，這些能力很大程度上已經(jīng)消失了。

8.Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings.It's not etched into our genes the way speech is.We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand.And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains.Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet.The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli.We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed Works.8沃爾夫認(rèn)為，閱讀并非人類與生俱來(lái)的技巧，它不像說(shuō)話那樣融人了我們的基因。我們得訓(xùn)練自己的大腦，讓它學(xué)會(huì)如何將我們所看到的字符譯解成自己可以理解的語(yǔ)言。而媒體或其他我們用于學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)閱讀的技術(shù)在塑造我們大腦的神經(jīng)電路中扮演著重要角色。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，表意字讀者（如中國(guó)人）為閱讀所創(chuàng)建的神經(jīng)電路和我們這些用字母語(yǔ)言的人有很大的區(qū)別。這種變化延伸到大腦的多個(gè)區(qū)域，包括那些支配諸如記憶、視覺設(shè)釋和聽覺刺激這樣的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知功能的部位。我們可以預(yù)料，使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)閱讀形成的思維，一定也和通過(guò)閱讀書籍及其他印刷品形成的思維不一樣。

9.Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter.His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches.He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up.The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time.Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers.Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.91882年，弗里德里希?尼采買了臺(tái)打字機(jī)。此時(shí)的他，視力下降得厲害，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間盯著一張紙會(huì)令他感覺疲憊、疼痛，還常常引起劇烈的頭痛。他只得被迫縮減他的寫作時(shí)間，并擔(dān)心自己今后恐怕不得不放棄寫作了。但打字機(jī)救了他，起碼一度挽救過(guò)他。他終于熟能生巧，閉著眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的詞句又得以傾瀉于紙頁(yè)之上了。

10.But the machine had a subtler effect on his work.One of Nietzsche's friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing.His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic.“Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,” the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his “`thoughts' in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”

10然而，新機(jī)器也使其作品的風(fēng)格發(fā)生了微妙的變化。尼采的一個(gè)作曲家朋友注意到他行文風(fēng)格的改變。他那已經(jīng)十分簡(jiǎn)練的行文變得更緊湊、更電文式了?！盎蛟S就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)儀器，你甚至可能會(huì)喜歡上一個(gè)新短語(yǔ)，”這位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言方面的‘思想’常常要依賴于筆和紙的質(zhì)量”。

Unit 5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other.This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own.1約翰?伯德曼是一個(gè)常常走極端的人。這本來(lái)應(yīng)該沒什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整個(gè)兒是他的翻版。

2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa;but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman.The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist.Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，對(duì)于任何一個(gè)男人，這世上總會(huì)有一個(gè)相當(dāng)合適的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考慮一下：每個(gè)人僅有機(jī)會(huì)結(jié)識(shí)幾百個(gè)人而已，在這幾百個(gè)人之中熟知的只有那么干幾人甚至更少，在這十幾個(gè)人之中又最多只有一兩個(gè)知心朋友；別忘了，居住在這世上的人有多少個(gè)百萬(wàn)，因此顯而易見：自地球存在以來(lái)，這合適的男人極有可能從來(lái)就沒有遇到過(guò)他那個(gè)合適的女人。從概率上來(lái)講，這樣相遇的機(jī)會(huì)微乎其微，這也正是離婚法庭存在的原因?；橐龀淦淞坎贿^(guò)是一種妥協(xié)，而如果恰好兩個(gè)個(gè)性上互不妥協(xié)的人結(jié)合了，那就肯定會(huì)有麻煩。

3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance.The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr.and Mrs.Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind.3對(duì)于兩個(gè)這樣的年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)，生活沒有什么中間點(diǎn)。其結(jié)局注定要么是愛，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫婦而言，他們到頭來(lái)有的是那種最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。

4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs.Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men.Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards.If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy.4在這世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能夠成為離婚的正當(dāng)理由，但是在英格蘭，并沒有如此微妙的區(qū)分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且為人殘暴，否則兩者的婚姻關(guān)系將一直維系下去，直至死神將他們分開。沒有什么比這種事情更糟糕的了，而更令人絕望的是伯德曼太太為人無(wú)可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也許上面的表述只能說(shuō)在某種程度上是正確的，因?yàn)榧s翰?伯德曼已經(jīng)忍無(wú)可忍，下定決心不管付出什么代價(jià)也要擺脫他的妻子。如果他是個(gè)窮人，也許他會(huì)拋棄她，但是他很富有，而一個(gè)人不能因?yàn)榧彝ド钆銮刹恍揖洼p易放棄一份蒸蒸日上的事業(yè)。

5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.The mind is such a delicate instrument that it is easily thrown off balance.Bodman's friends—for he had friends—claimed that his mind became unhinged.Whether John Bodman was sane or insane at the time he made up his mind to murder his wife, will never be known, but there was certainly craftiness in the method he devised to make the crime appear the result of an accident.Nevertheless, cunning is often a quality in a mind that has gone wrong.一個(gè)人的心思要是太專注于一件事情，沒有人敢說(shuō)他最后會(huì)做出什么來(lái)。大腦是如此微妙的一個(gè)思維工具，以至于它容易失去平衡。伯德曼的朋友（他確實(shí)有幾個(gè)朋友）事后聲稱他精神錯(cuò)亂。下定決心要謀殺妻子時(shí)，約翰?伯德曼的神智清醒還是不清醒，現(xiàn)在已無(wú)從知曉，但無(wú)疑他把謀殺方案設(shè)計(jì)成看起來(lái)像是意外事件，這種方式的確很狡猾。不過(guò)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，腦子有問(wèn)題的人才狡猾。

6.Mrs.Bodman well knew how much her presence afflicted her husband, but her nature was as relentless as his, and her hatred of him was, if possible, more bitter than his hatred of her.Wherever he went she accompanied him, and perhaps the idea of murder would never have occurred to him if she had not been so persistent in forcing her presence upon him at all times and on all occasions.So, when he announced to her that he intended to spend the month of July in Switzerland, she said nothing, but made her preparations for the journey.On this occasion he did not protest, as was usual with him, and so to Switzerland this silent couple departed.6伯德曼太太非常清楚，她的存在相當(dāng)折磨她的丈夫，可她的冷酷無(wú)情跟他不相上下，而她對(duì)他的恨——有可能的話——恐怕比他對(duì)她的恨還更入骨。不管他去哪兒，她都跟著。要不是任何時(shí)間任何場(chǎng)合，她都要頑固地強(qiáng)行出現(xiàn)在他面前，他也許永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)心生謀殺之念。就這樣，他一跟她說(shuō)打算七月份去瑞士度假，她二話不說(shuō)就打點(diǎn)行李。往常他總會(huì)抗議，但這次沒有，于是這對(duì)無(wú)話可說(shuō)的夫婦動(dòng)身去了瑞士。

7.There was a hotel near the mountain-tops which stood on a ledge over one of the great glaciers.It was a mile and a half above sea level, and it stood alone, reached by a toilsome road that zigzagged up the mountain for six miles.There was a wonderful view of snow-peaks and glaciers from the verandahs of this hotel, and in the neighborhood were many picturesque walks to points more or less dangerous.7有一間旅館位于一座很高的冰川的脊架上，離山峰只有幾步之遙。旅館海拔一點(diǎn)五英里，孑然獨(dú)立，僅有一條長(zhǎng)六英里、盤旋而上的崎嶇山路可以到達(dá)。在旅館的回廊可以觀賞到雪峰和冰川的美景，旅館附近小道遍布，沿路風(fēng)景如畫，但通往的地點(diǎn)多少都帶點(diǎn)兒危險(xiǎn)。

8.John Bodman knew the hotel well, and in happier days he had been intimately acquainted with the vicinity.Now that the thought of murder arose in his mind, a certain spot two miles distant from this inn continually haunted him.It was a point of view overlooking everything, and its extremity was protected by a low and crumbling wall.He arose one morning at four o'clock, slipped unnoticed out of the hotel, and went to this point, which was locally named the Hanging Outlook.His memory had served him well.It is exactly the spot, he said to himself.The mountain which rose up behind it was wild and precipitous.There were no inhabitants nearby to overlook the place.The distant hotel was hidden by a shoulder of rock.8約翰?伯德曼對(duì)這家旅館很熟悉，以前日子還挺幸福的時(shí)候他常來(lái)這一帶。如今既然已生謀殺之念，他就總是不由自主地想起距離客棧兩英里的某個(gè)地方。從那地方可以俯瞰周圍，它的盡頭被一堵破敗的矮墻擋住。一天凌晨四點(diǎn)，他偷偷溜出旅館，來(lái)到了這兒—當(dāng)?shù)厝私小皯彝恰薄＿@兒和他印象中的絲毫不差。就是這里了，他對(duì)自己說(shuō)?！皯彝恰北晨康纳交氖彾盖?。附近也無(wú)人居住，所以沒人會(huì)俯視這里。而且遠(yuǎn)處的旅館還被山肩遮住了。

9.One glance over the crumbling wall at the edge was generally sufficient for a visitor of even the strongest nerves.There was a sheer drop of more than a mile straight down, and at the distant bottom were jagged rocks and stunted trees that looked, in the blue haze, like shrubbery.9站在破墻邊沿朝外望，膽子再大的游客也不敢看第二眼。峭壁陡直垂下約有一英里，底下怪石林立，雜樹叢生，藍(lán)色霧靄籠革下，看起來(lái)就像灌木叢。

10.“This is the spot,” said the man to himself, “and tomorrow morning is the time.”

10“就是這里了!”他想，“而且就明天早上!”

11.John Bodman had planned his crime as grimly and relentlessly, and as coolly, as he had ever concocted a deal on the stock exchange.There was no thought in his mind of mercy for his unaware victim.His hatred had carried him far.11約翰?伯德曼冷酷，無(wú)情，沉著地謀劃著他的罪行，一如他在證券交易所策劃交易。對(duì)于那位還蒙在鼓里的受害者，他心中沒有一絲憐憫。怨恨讓他喪失了所有理智。

12.The next morning after breakfast, he said to his wife: “I intend to take a walk in the mountains.Do you wish to come with me?”

12第二天，用過(guò)早餐，他對(duì)妻子說(shuō)：“我想去山里面走走。你想不想跟我一起去?”

13.“ Yes,” she answered briefly.13“好啊，”她回答得很干脆。

14.“Very well, then,” he said, “I shall be ready at nine o'clock.”

14“那就好，”他說(shuō)：“我九點(diǎn)出門?！?/p>

15.At that hour they left the hotel together, to which he planned to return alone shortly.They spoke no word to each other on their way to the Hanging Outlook.The path was practically level, skirting the mountains, for the Hanging Outlook was not much higher above the sea than the hotel.15九點(diǎn)整，兩個(gè)人一起出了旅館，按計(jì)劃，用不了多久他就會(huì)一個(gè)人回來(lái)。一路上誰(shuí)也沒說(shuō)話。只是在山間繞來(lái)繞去，基本上是平路，因?yàn)椤皯彝恰钡暮０魏吐灭^差不多。16.John Bodman had formed no fixed plan for his procedure when the place was reached.He resolved to be guided by circumstances.Now and then a strange fear arose in his mind that she might cling to him and possibly drag him over the precipice with her.He found himself wondering whether she had any premonition of her fate, and one of his reasons for not speaking was the fear that a tremor in his voice might possibly arouse her suspicions.He resolved that his action should be sharp and sudden, that she might have no chance either to help herself or to drag him with her.Of her screams in that desolate region he had no fear.No one could reach the spot except from the hotel and no one that morning had left the premises.到了目的地后，約翰?伯德曼也沒有什么固定計(jì)劃。他決定伺機(jī)而行。他心中時(shí)不時(shí)生出一種恐懼，害怕她會(huì)死死地拽住自己，一起墜下懸崖。他不自覺地想：厄運(yùn)當(dāng)頭，她是否已有預(yù)感，他一直沒有說(shuō)話，就是怕自己顫抖的聲音會(huì)引起她的懷疑。他決心要突然行動(dòng)，干脆利落，讓她無(wú)法自救，更沒機(jī)會(huì)把他也拉下去。至于她要尖叫，他倒是一點(diǎn)也不害怕。因?yàn)檫@地方人跡罕至，只有從旅館有一條路可以過(guò)來(lái)，而他知道那天早晨沒有人離開那幢樓。

17.Curiously enough, when they came within sight of the Hanging Outlook, Mrs.Bodman stopped and shuddered.Bodman looked at her through the narrow slits of his veiled eyes, and wondered again if she had any suspicion.No one can tell, when two people walk closely together, what unconscious communication one mind may have with another.17這時(shí)“懸望角”已經(jīng)在望了，伯德曼太太卻停住了腳步，還打了個(gè)冷戰(zhàn)，這著實(shí)令人懷疑。伯德曼先生眼睛微瞇，審視著太太，又開始懷疑她是否已有所警覺。沒人敢說(shuō)，兩個(gè)人這樣緊挨著走路，他們的大腦之間會(huì)有什么無(wú)意識(shí)的交流。

18.“What is the matter?” he asked gruffly.“Are you tired?”

18“怎么了?”他生硬地問(wèn)道，“累了?”

19.“John,” she cried, with a gasp in her voice, calling him by his Christian name for the first time in years, “don't you think that if you had been kinder to me at first, things might have been different?”

19“約翰，”她叫道，聲音中帶著喘息，好多年沒有叫過(guò)他的教名了，“你不覺得如果你當(dāng)初對(duì)我好點(diǎn)兒，事情也許會(huì)不一樣?”

20.“It seems to me,” he answered, not looking at her, “that it is rather late in the day for discussing that question.”

20“我覺得，”他答道，眼睛看著別處，“現(xiàn)在討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)太晚了?！?/p>

21.“I have much to regret,“ she said quaveringly.”Have you nothing?“ 21“我有很多遺憾，”她聲音發(fā)顫，“你就沒有?”

22.”No,” he answered.22“沒有，”他答道。

23.“Very well,” replied his wife, with the usual hardness returning to her voice, “I was merely giving you a chance.”

23“很好，”伯德曼太太答道，語(yǔ)氣又恢復(fù)了一貫的生硬，“我只是想給你一次機(jī)會(huì)?！?/p>

24.Her husband looked at her suspiciously.24她丈夫盯著她，心生疑慮。

25.“What do you mean?” he asked.“Giving me a chance? I want no chance nor anything else from you.A man accepts nothing from one he hates.My feelings towards you are, I imagine, no secret to you.We are tied together, and you have done your best to make the bondage insupportable.”

25“你什么意思？”他問(wèn)，“給我機(jī)會(huì)？我不要你的機(jī)會(huì)，也不要你別的什么。男人不會(huì)接受他憎恨的人的任何東西。我想我對(duì)你的感覺對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)不是秘密。我們是硬綁在一起的，而你更是想方設(shè)法讓這份關(guān)系變得讓人忍無(wú)可忍?！?/p>

26.“Yes,” she answered, with her eyes on the ground, “we are tied together-we are tied together！”

26“沒錯(cuò)，”她答道，眼睛看著地上，“我們是綁在一起的—我們是綁在一起的!”

27.She repeated these words under her breath as they walked the few remaining steps to the Outlook.Bodman sat down upon the crumbling wall.The woman dropped her alpenstock on the rock, and walked nervously to and fro, clasping and unclasping her hands.Her husband caught his breath as the terrible moment drew near.她低聲反復(fù)嘀咕著這句話，兩人走完剩下的幾步來(lái)到了“懸望角”。伯德曼坐在那搖搖欲墜的破墻上。他妻子則把登山杖扔在了石頭上，心神不寧地走來(lái)走去，拳頭攝了又松，松了又撰。隨著那可怕時(shí)刻的臨近，他屏住了呼吸。

28.“Why do you walk about like a wild animal?” he cried.“Come here and sit down beside me, and be still.” 28 “你干嘛像個(gè)野獸走來(lái)走去?”他叫道，“過(guò)來(lái)坐我旁邊，安靜點(diǎn)。”

29.She faced him with a light he had never before seen in her eyes—a light of insanity and of hatred.她面對(duì)著他，眼中閃耀著一種他從未見過(guò)的光芒—一種瘋狂和憎恨的光芒。

30.“I walk like a wild animal,” she said, “because I am one.You spoke a moment ago of your hatred of me, but you are a man, and your hatred is nothing to mine.Bad as you are, much as you wish to break the bond which ties us together, there are still things which I know you would not stoop to.There is no thought of murder in heart, but there is in mine.”

30她說(shuō):“我走起來(lái)像個(gè)野獸，因?yàn)槲冶緛?lái)就是。你剛才說(shuō)了你對(duì)我的恨，但你是男人，比起我的恨你的不值一提。盡管你人很壞，非常想了斷這份將我們綁在一起的關(guān)系，但我知道有些事你還是不會(huì)去做的。我知道你沒想過(guò)謀殺我，但是我想過(guò)?！?/p>

31.The man nervously clutched the stone beside him, and gave a guilty start as she mentioned murder.31 聽到謀殺，他不由得一驚，心里有些負(fù)罪感，雙手緊張地抓著身旁的石頭。

32.“Yes,” she continued, “I have told all my friends in England that I believed you intended to murder me in Switzerland.”

32“是的，”她接著說(shuō)，“我已經(jīng)跟我英格蘭的所有朋友說(shuō)我肯定你打算在瑞士謀殺我?！?/p>

33.“Good Lord！” he cried.“How could you say such a thing?”

33“我的上帝！你怎么能說(shuō)出這樣的話？”他大叫。

34.“I say it to show how much I hate you—how much I am prepared to give up for revenge.I have warned the people at the hotel, and when we left two men followed us.The proprietor tried to persuade me not to accompany you.In a few moments those two men will come in sight of the Outlook.Tell them, if you think they will believe you, that it was an accident.”

“我這么說(shuō)是要讓你瞧瞧我有多恨你，讓你瞧瞧為了報(bào)復(fù)你我準(zhǔn)備付出什么樣的代價(jià)。我已經(jīng)讓旅館的人提高警惕，我們出門時(shí)就有兩個(gè)人跟著我們。旅館老板還勸我別跟你來(lái)。再過(guò)一會(huì)兒那兩個(gè)人就會(huì)看到“懸望角”了。如果你覺得他們會(huì)相信你的話，那你就跟他們說(shuō)只是個(gè)意外吧?！?/p>

35.The mad woman tore from the front of her dress shreds of lace and scattered them around.Bodman started up to his feet, crying, “What are you about？” But before he could move toward her she threw herself over the wall, and went shrieking and whirling down the awful abyss.35 這個(gè)瘋女人一把扯碎了裙子前片上的花邊，并撒落一地。伯德曼站起身，喊道:“你在做什么?”但是，他還沒來(lái)得及靠近她，她就已經(jīng)跳過(guò)矮墻，尖叫著，翻滾著，掉進(jìn)了那令人生畏的萬(wàn)丈深淵。

36.The next moment two men came hurriedly round the edge of the rock, and found the man standing alone.Even in his bewilderment, he realized that if he told the truth he would not be believed.36不一會(huì)兒，有兩個(gè)人急急忙忙來(lái)到石頭邊，發(fā)現(xiàn)伯德曼一個(gè)人愣在那里。盡管內(nèi)心一團(tuán)亂麻，但他知道就算實(shí)話實(shí)說(shuō)也沒人會(huì)相信他。

Unit 6 Inaugural Address 1.Vice President Johnson, Mr.Speaker, Mr.Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens, we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom—symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning—signifying renewal, as well as change.For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.1約翰遜副總統(tǒng)，主持人先生，首席大法官先生，艾森豪威爾總統(tǒng)，尼克松副總統(tǒng)，杜魯門總統(tǒng)，尊敬的牧師，我的公民同胞們，今天我們慶祝的不是政黨的勝利，而是自由的勝利。這象征著一個(gè)結(jié)束，也象征著一個(gè)開端；意味著延續(xù)也意味著變革。因?yàn)槲乙言谀銈兒腿艿纳系勖媲?，宣讀了我們的先輩在大約175年前擬定的莊嚴(yán)誓言。

2.The world is very different now.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe—the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.當(dāng)今的世界已經(jīng)大不相同。人類的巨手掌握的力量既能消除人間一切形式的貧困，也能毀滅一切形式的人類生命。但我們的先輩為之奮斗的那些革命信念，在世界各地仍然處于爭(zhēng)論之中——這個(gè)信念就是：人的權(quán)利并非來(lái)自國(guó)家的慷慨，而是來(lái)自上帝的恩賜。

3.We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.今天，我們不敢忘記我們是第一次革命的繼承者。讓我在此時(shí)此地告訴我們的朋友，同樣也告訴我們的敵人:這支火炬已經(jīng)傳遞給新一代美國(guó)人——這一代人出生在本世紀(jì)，在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中受過(guò)鍛煉，在艱難困苦的和平時(shí)期受過(guò)磨練，他們?yōu)槲覈?guó)悠久的傳統(tǒng)感到自豪——他們不愿目睹或聽任人權(quán)漸趨毀滅，對(duì)于這些人權(quán)我國(guó)一向堅(jiān)定不移，而且在當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)和世界范圍我們也同樣全力擁護(hù)。

4.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.讓每個(gè)國(guó)家都知道——不論它希望我們繁榮還是希望我們衰落——為確保自由的存在和勝利，我們將付出任何代價(jià)，承受任何重負(fù)，應(yīng)付任何艱難，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敵人。5.This much we pledge—and more.這些就是我們的誓言——而且還有更多。

6.To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided, there is little we can do—for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.對(duì)那些和我們有著共同文化和精神淵源的老盟友，我們保證待以摯友那樣的忠誠(chéng)。如果我們團(tuán)結(jié)一致，就能在許多合作事業(yè)中無(wú)往不勝。如果我們分歧對(duì)立，就會(huì)一事無(wú)成——因?yàn)槲覀儾桓以跔?zhēng)吵不休、四分五裂時(shí)迎接強(qiáng)大的挑戰(zhàn)。

7.To those new States whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view.But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom—and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.7對(duì)那些我們歡迎其加入到自由行列中來(lái)的新國(guó)家，我們格守我們的誓言：決不讓一種更為殘酷的暴政來(lái)取代一種消失的殖民統(tǒng)治。我們并不總是指望他們會(huì)支持我們的觀點(diǎn)。但我們始終希望看到他們堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地維護(hù)自己的自由——而且要記住，在歷史上，凡愚教的狐假虎威者，終必葬身虎口。

8.To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required—not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.對(duì)世界各地身居茅舍和鄉(xiāng)村、為擺脫普遍貧困而斗爭(zhēng)的人們，我們保證盡最大努力幫助他們自立，不管需要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間——之所以這樣做，并不是因?yàn)楣伯a(chǎn)黨可能正在這樣做，也不是因?yàn)槲覀冃枰麄兊倪x票，而是因?yàn)檫@樣做是正確的。自由社會(huì)如果不能幫助眾多的窮人，也就無(wú)法保全那些少數(shù)的富人。

9.To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge—to convert our good words into good deeds—in a new alliance for progress—to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas.And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.對(duì)我國(guó)南面的姐妹共和國(guó)，我們提出一項(xiàng)特殊的保證：在爭(zhēng)取進(jìn)步的新同盟中，把我們善意的話變?yōu)樯埔獾男袆?dòng)，幫助自由的人們和自由的政府?dāng)[脫貧困的枷鎖。但是，這種充滿希望的和平革命決不可以成為敵對(duì)國(guó)家的犧牲品。我們要讓所有鄰國(guó)都知道，我們將和他們?cè)谝黄穑磳?duì)在美洲任何地區(qū)進(jìn)行侵略和顛覆活動(dòng)。讓所有其他國(guó)家都知道，本半球的人仍然想做自己家園的主人。

10.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support—to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective—to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak—and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.10對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)，主權(quán)國(guó)家的世界性議事機(jī)構(gòu)，我們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)手段大大超過(guò)和平手段的時(shí)代里最后的、最美好的希望所在，我們重申予以支持：防止它僅僅成為謾罵的場(chǎng)所；加強(qiáng)它對(duì)新生國(guó)家和弱小國(guó)家的保護(hù)；擴(kuò)大它的行使法令的管束范圍。

11.Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.11最后，對(duì)那些與我們作對(duì)的國(guó)家，我們提出一個(gè)要求而不是一項(xiàng)保證：在科學(xué)釋放出可怕的破壞力量，把全人類卷入預(yù)謀的或意外的自我毀滅的深淵之前，讓我們雙方重新開始尋求和平。

12.We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.12我們不敢以怯弱來(lái)引誘他們。因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)我們毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地?fù)碛凶銐虻能妭洌覀儾拍芎翢o(wú)疑問(wèn)地確信永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)使用這些軍備。

13.But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course—both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.13但是，這兩個(gè)強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家集團(tuán)都無(wú)法從目前所走的道路中得到安慰——發(fā)展現(xiàn)代武器所需的費(fèi)用使雙方負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重，致命的原子武器的不斷擴(kuò)散理所當(dāng)然使雙方憂心忡忡。但是，雙方卻爭(zhēng)著改變那制止人類發(fā)動(dòng)最后戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的不穩(wěn)定的恐怖均勢(shì)。

14.So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate.14因此讓我們雙方重新開始——雙方都要牢記，禮貌并不意味著怯弱，誠(chéng)意永遠(yuǎn)有待于驗(yàn)證。讓我們決不要由于畏懼而談判。但我們決不能畏懼談判。

15.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.15讓雙方都來(lái)探討使我們團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)的問(wèn)題，而不要糾纏那些使我們分裂的問(wèn)題。

16.Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms—and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.16讓雙方首次為軍備檢查和軍備控制制訂認(rèn)真而又明確的提案——把毀滅他國(guó)的絕對(duì)力量置于所有國(guó)家的絕對(duì)控制之下。

17.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.17讓雙方尋求利用科學(xué)的神奇力量，而不是激發(fā)科學(xué)的恐怖因素。讓我們一起探索星球，征服沙漠，根除疾患，開發(fā)深海，并鼓勵(lì)藝術(shù)和商業(yè)的發(fā)展。

18.Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to “undo the heavy burdens...and to let the oppressed go free.”

18讓雙方團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，在全世界各個(gè)角落傾聽以賽亞的訓(xùn)令——“卸下沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，讓被欺壓者得到自由?！?/p>

19.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.19如果合作的灘頭陣地能逼退猜忌的叢林，那么就讓雙方共同作一次新的努力——不是建立一種新的均勢(shì)，而是創(chuàng)造一個(gè)新的法治世界，在這個(gè)世界中，強(qiáng)者公正，弱者安全，和平將得到維護(hù)。

20.All this will not be finished in the first 100 days.Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet.But let us begin.20所有這一切不可能在今后一百天內(nèi)完成。也不可能在今后一千天或者在本屆政府任期內(nèi)完成，甚至也許不可能在我們的有生之年內(nèi)完成。但是，讓我們開始吧。

21.In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.21同胞們，我們方針的最終成敗與其說(shuō)掌握在我手中，不如說(shuō)掌握在你們手中。自從我國(guó)建立以來(lái)，每一代美國(guó)人都曾受到召喚去證明他們對(duì)國(guó)家的忠誠(chéng)。響應(yīng)召喚而獻(xiàn)身的美國(guó)青年的墳?zāi)贡榧叭颉?/p>

22.Now the trumpet summons us again—not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;not as a call to battle, though embattled we are—but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”—a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.22現(xiàn)在，號(hào)角已再次吹響——不是召喚我們拿起武器，雖然我們需要武器；不是召喚我們?nèi)プ鲬?zhàn)，雖然我們嚴(yán)陣以待——它召喚我們?yōu)橛永杳鞫缲?fù)起漫長(zhǎng)斗爭(zhēng)的重任，年復(fù)一年，“從希望中得到歡樂(lè)，在磨難中保持耐性，”——對(duì)付人類共同的敵人：專制、貧困、疾病和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)本身。

23.Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? 23為反對(duì)這些敵人，確保人類更為豐裕的生活，我們能夠組成一個(gè)包括東西南北各方的全球大聯(lián)盟嗎？你們?cè)敢鈪⒓舆@一歷史性的努力嗎？

24.In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.I do not shrink from this responsibility—I welcome it.I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.在漫長(zhǎng)的世界歷史中，只有少數(shù)幾代人在自由處于最危急的時(shí)刻被賦予保衛(wèi)自由的責(zé)任。在這一責(zé)任面前，我絕不會(huì)退縮——我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間有人想同其他人或其他時(shí)代的人交換位置。我們?yōu)檫@一努力所奉獻(xiàn)的精力、信念和忠誠(chéng)，將照亮我們的 國(guó)家和所有為國(guó)效勞的人——而這火焰發(fā)出的光芒定能照亮全世界。

25.And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.25因此，美國(guó)同胞們，不要問(wèn)國(guó)家能為你們做些什么——而要問(wèn)你們能為國(guó)家做些什么。

26.My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.26全世界的公民們，不要問(wèn)美國(guó)將為你們做些什么，而要問(wèn)我們能共同為人類的自由做些什么。

27.Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.27最后，不論你們是美國(guó)公民還是其他國(guó)家的公民，請(qǐng)用我們所要求于你們的力量和犧牲的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)要求我們。問(wèn)心無(wú)愧是我們唯一可靠的獎(jiǎng)賞，歷史是我們行動(dòng)的最終裁判，讓我們走向前去，引導(dǎo)我們所熱愛的國(guó)家，我們祈求上帝的福佑和幫助，但我們知道，上帝在塵世的工作必定是我們自己的工作。

Unit7 the poetry of architecture 1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compass, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion;it is , or ought to be, a science of feeling more than of rule, a majesty of a building depend upon its pleasing certain prejudices of the eye, than upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind, it will show in a moment how many intricate question of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice;it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.建筑科學(xué)，如果得以充分體現(xiàn)的話，是只與人類心智創(chuàng)造有關(guān)的科學(xué)中最高貴的科學(xué)之一。它不僅僅是尺子與圓規(guī)的科學(xué)，不僅僅需要遵守恰當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)則或合適的比例，它是或者應(yīng)該是，一門重感情勝過(guò)于規(guī)則的科學(xué)，它更多的是服務(wù)于心靈，而非眼睛。如果我們明白，一座建筑的美和雄偉，很大程度上取決于它能引發(fā)心靈的一系列沉思，而非來(lái)自于它能滿足視覺上的某種偏愛，我們很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，一座建筑的興建會(huì)涉及多少錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的情感問(wèn)題。我們會(huì)因此而相信一個(gè)乍然一聽不無(wú)驚人的論點(diǎn)，那就是，一個(gè)人如果不是玄學(xué)家，就無(wú)法成為建筑師。To the illustration of the department of this noble science which may be designated The Poetry of Architecture, this and some future articles will be dedicated.It is this peculiarity of the art which constitutes its nationality;And it will be found as interesting as it is useful, to trace in the distinctive characters of the architecture of nations, not only its adaptation to the situation and climate in which it has arisen, but its strong similarity to, and connection with, the prevailing turn of mind by which the nation who first employed it is distinguished.對(duì)這一高尚科學(xué)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的文本及今后要寫的一些文章都將收入進(jìn)我暫命名為《建筑之詩(shī)意》一書中。正是這一藝術(shù)特性構(gòu)成了它的民族性。建筑不僅與其周圍的環(huán)境和氣候相適應(yīng)，也與率先采用這種風(fēng)格的民族的主流性情極其相似，密切關(guān)聯(lián)，這些都可以從各民族的建筑特征中得以追溯，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種追溯既有益，亦有趣。I consider the task I have imposed upon myself the more necessary, because this department of the science, perhaps regarded by some who have no ideas beyond stone and mortar as chimerical, and by others who think nothing necessary but truth and proportion as useless, is at a miserably low ebb in England.And what is the consequence?We have Corinthian columns placed beside pilasters of no order at all, surmounted by monstrosified pepper-boxes, Gothic in form and Grecian in detail, in a building nominally and peculiarly “National”;we have Swiss cottages, falsely and calumniously so entitled, dropped in the brick-fields round the metropolis;and we have staring square-windowed, flat-roofed gentlemen’s seat, of the lath and plaster, mock-magnificent, Regent’t park description, rising on the woody promontories of Derwent Water.在我看來(lái)，賦予自己這項(xiàng)任務(wù)顯得尤為重要，因?yàn)檫@門科學(xué)在英國(guó)正處于可悲的低谷之中：在那些只知石頭和砂漿的人看來(lái)，它是虛妄幻想；在那些滿腦袋只有事實(shí)和比例的人看來(lái)，它毫無(wú)用處。那么結(jié)果是什么呢？我們看到科林斯式的柱子豎立在雜亂無(wú)章的壁柱旁邊，上面是怪異的胡椒罐式的塔頂，形式上是哥特式的，細(xì)節(jié)上是希臘式的，這種建筑美其名曰別具“民族特色”；我們看到所謂的“瑞士小屋”散落在周圍的一片磚砌的房子中實(shí)在是糟踐了這一名稱；我們看到那些平頂、有著顯眼的方窗，用條板和石灰建造而成的鄉(xiāng)紳別墅，它們仿照攝政王公園的樣式，冒充宏偉的氣勢(shì)，聳立在德文特湖林木叢生的岬角上。How deeply is it to be regretted, how much is it to be wondered at, that, in a country whose school of painting, though degraded by its system of meretricious coloring, and disgraced by hosts of would-be imitators of inimitable individuals, is yet raised by the distinguished talent of those individuals to a place of well-deserved honor, and the studios of whose sculptors are filled with designs of the most pure simplicity, and most perfect animation;the school of architecture should be so miserably debased!多么令人惋惜，多么令人驚異啊。在這個(gè)國(guó)家，繪畫學(xué)派雖然受到華而不實(shí)的著色方法的損害，并因成群試圖東施效顰的模仿者而蒙羞，但在那些天分超群的畫家的帶動(dòng)下，繪畫享受著當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的榮耀，雕塑家的工作室里隨處可見最樸素卻最富有生氣的設(shè)計(jì)。而建筑界竟會(huì)墮落到如此悲慘的境地！There are, however, many reasons for a fact so lamentable.In the first place, the patrons of architecture(I am speaking of all classes of buildings, from the lowest to the highest)are a more numerous and less capable class than those of painting…There, the power is generally diffused.Every citizen may box himself up in as barbarous a tenement as suits his taste or inclination;The architect is his vassal, and must permit him not only to criticize, but to perpetrate.The palace or the nobleman’s seat may be raised in good taste, and become the admiration of a nation;but the influence of their owner is terminated by the boundary of his estate: he has no command over the adjacent scenery,And the possessor of every 30 acres around him has him at his mercy.The streets of our cities are examples of the effects of this clashing of different tastes;and they are either remarkable for the utter absence of all attempt at embellishment, or disgraced by every variety of abomination…

不過(guò)，現(xiàn)實(shí)之所以令人惋惜，原因是多方面的。首先，建筑（我指的是所有等級(jí)的建筑，從最低等級(jí)到最高等級(jí)）的出資人，相比于繪畫的贊助者來(lái)說(shuō)，人數(shù)更龐大，能力卻相形見絀。在建筑領(lǐng)域，權(quán)利總體上是分散的。每個(gè)公民可以按照自己的品味或愛好，住進(jìn)粗鄙的房屋里。建筑師是他的仆從，不僅必須聽任他批評(píng)，還得容忍他胡作非為。宮殿或貴族的宅邸也許能建出好品味，可以成為舉國(guó)欣賞的對(duì)象，但這些建筑的主人的影響力到了地產(chǎn)的邊界便中斷了：他無(wú)法控制周邊的景觀。他住宅周圍的人，只要擁有30英畝土地，就能對(duì)他隨意擺布。我們的城市街道就體現(xiàn)了不同品位相互沖突的結(jié)果：他們或是因?yàn)楹翢o(wú)裝飾之企圖而引人注目，或是因?yàn)椴紳M各種面目可憎的建筑而有失臉面。。。I shall attempt, therefore, to endeavor to illustrate the principle from the neglect of which these abuses have arisen;That of unity of feeling, the basis of all grace, the essence of all beauty.We shall consider the architecture of nations as it is influenced by their feelings and manners, as it is connected with the scenery in which it is found, and with the skies under which it was erected;We shall be led as much to the street and the cottage as to the temple and the tower;And shall be more interested in buildings raised by feeling, than in those corrected by rule.We shall commence with the lower class of edifices, proceeding from the roadside to the village, and from the village to the city;and, if we succeed in directing the attention of a single individual more directly to this most interesting department of the science of architecture, we shall not have written in vain.因此，我要盡力嘗試對(duì)建筑原則進(jìn)行闡釋。正是由于漠視了原則，才會(huì)產(chǎn)生這些惡果。建筑的原則是感情的統(tǒng)一，這是所有優(yōu)雅的基礎(chǔ)、所有美得本質(zhì)。當(dāng)我們考察民族建筑時(shí)，應(yīng)該考慮到它受到了人類情感和風(fēng)俗的影響，它關(guān)乎周圍的景致，關(guān)乎其下的那片天空。我們不僅應(yīng)該考察殿堂與高塔，也要考察街道和村舍。我們應(yīng)該將興趣更多的投向用感情搭建而成的建筑，而不是用規(guī)則制定出來(lái)的建筑。我們應(yīng)該從建筑的低級(jí)層次開始，從路邊到村莊，再?gòu)拇迩f到城市；如果我們能夠成功地進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)，哪怕只有一個(gè)人為此更加直接的注意到建筑學(xué)中這最為有趣的領(lǐng)域，我們就沒有白費(fèi)筆墨。

Unit8 像大山一樣思考 奧爾多?利奧波德

A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock,rolls down the mountain,and fades into the blackness of the night.It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow,an of contempt for all the adversities of the world.1一個(gè)發(fā)自肺腑的低沉而又尖厲的號(hào)叫在懸崖之間回蕩，最后劃過(guò)大山，消逝在遠(yuǎn)方深沉的夜色中。這聲號(hào)叫爆發(fā)出一種充滿野性和反抗的哀愁，爆發(fā)出對(duì)世界上一切逆境的蔑視。

Every living thing(and perhaps many a dead one as well)pays heed to that call.To the deer it is a reminder of the way of flesh,to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow,to the coyote a promise of gleaning to come,to the cowman a thread of red ink at the bank,to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,known only to the mountain itself.Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf.2大山中所有的生物(可能也包括許多死去的生物)都側(cè)耳傾聽著這聲號(hào)叫。對(duì)鹿而言，它提醒了眾生之道，意味著死亡近在咫尺。對(duì)松樹而言，它預(yù)見了午夜的混戰(zhàn)和雪上的血跡。對(duì)郊狼而言，它意味著有殘肉可食的許諾;對(duì)牧牛者而言，它意味著銀行透支的威脅;對(duì)獵人而言，它意味著撩牙對(duì)子彈的挑戰(zhàn)。然而，在這些比較容易察覺的希望與恐懼的背后，號(hào)叫還隱藏著更深層的含義，但是只有大山自己才能領(lǐng)會(huì)。因?yàn)橹挥写笊讲庞袦婧ＩＬ锏臍q月與見識(shí)，能夠客觀地聆聽狼的號(hào)叫所隱藏的深意。

Those unable to decipher the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there,for it is felt in all wolf country,and distinguishes that country from all other land.It tingles in the spine of all who hear wolves by night,or who scan their tracks by day.Ever without sight or sound of wolf,it is implicit in a hundred small events:the midnight whinny of pack horse,the rattle of rolling rocks,the bound of a fleeing deer,the way shadows lie under the spruces.Only the ineducable tyro can fail to sense the presence or absence of wolves,or the fact that mountains have a secret opinion about them.3而那些無(wú)法領(lǐng)會(huì)其中深意的，也能感覺到它的存在，而且在所有的狼出沒的地方都能感受得到。這種異樣的感覺也使那些地區(qū)與其他地區(qū)區(qū)別開來(lái)。所有在夜晚聽到狼號(hào)或是白天看到狼的蹤跡的人，都會(huì)不自覺地背部發(fā)毛，脊部發(fā)冷。即使沒有聽到狼號(hào)或是看到狼跡，也可以從許多異樣的情景中感知一二。比如說(shuō)一只馱馬半夜的嘶叫、石頭刺耳的滾動(dòng)聲、逃亡之鹿奔跑的慌張以及云杉樹下詭異的陰影等。只有那些不堪造就的新手才無(wú)法感知狼的存在，也無(wú)法理解只有大山才能體會(huì)的那種深?yuàn)W。

My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die.Were eating lunch on a high rimrock,at the foot of which a turbulent river elbowed its way.We saw what we thought was a doe fording the torrent,her breast awash in white water.When she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail,we realized our error:it was a wolf.A half dozen others,evidently grown pups,sprang from the willows and all joined in a welcoming melee of wagging tails and playful maulings.What was literally a pile of wolves writhed and tumbled in the center of a open flat at the foot of our rimrock.4我對(duì)上面的說(shuō)法深信不疑，是源自于我曾親眼看到一只狼死去。那日，我們正在一個(gè)高高的懸崖上吃午餐，懸崖腳下有一條洶涌澎湃的河流。我們看到了一個(gè)東西在急流中掙扎跋涉，胸部浸在白色的水花中。我們?cè)詾槭侵宦?，但等它朝我們的方向爬上岸，抖落身上的河水時(shí)，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)原來(lái)它是只狼。這時(shí)，六只顯然已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大的狼息歡快地?fù)u著尾巴，相互打斗嬉鬧著從柳樹叢中跳躍出來(lái)，以示它們的歡迎。的的確確，在我們所處的山崖腳下的空地上，我們看到一群狼在那里翻滾打鬧。

In those days we had never heard of passing up a chance to kill a wolf.In a second we were pumping lead into the pack,but with more excitement than accuracy:how to aim a steep downhill shot is always confusing.When our riles were empty,the old wolf was down,and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks.5在那段日子里，沒有人會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)射殺狼的機(jī)會(huì)。很快，一發(fā)發(fā)子彈射入狼群。但是由于我們太興奮了，再加上我們都不知道怎樣才能瞄準(zhǔn)向陡峭的山下射擊，所以我們的槍法都不是很準(zhǔn)。結(jié)果在我們的子彈消耗殆盡時(shí)，只有那只老狼倒下了，還有一只小狼拖著受傷的腿躲進(jìn)了山崩造成的人們無(wú)法通行的巖石堆。

We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes.I realized then,and have known her since,that there was something new to me in those eyes-something known only to her and to the mountain.I was young then,and full of trigger-itch;I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer,that no wolves would mean a hunters’ paradise.But after seeing the green fire die,I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.6我們接近那只狼的時(shí)候，它眼中那綠色的充滿仇恨的目光還沒有完全消逝。正是在那時(shí)，并且從那時(shí)起，我意識(shí)到了，在那雙眼睛里，有我未曾領(lǐng)會(huì)的道理—某種只有狼和大山才知曉的道理。但是當(dāng)時(shí)我太年輕氣盛，總有扣動(dòng)扳機(jī)的沖動(dòng)。我認(rèn)為狼群的減少就意味著鹿群的增加。而狼群的消失則意味著獵人天堂的到來(lái)。但是自從我看到那只老狼眼中漸漸消逝的仇恨的綠光時(shí)，我才意識(shí)到，無(wú)論是狼還是大山，肯定不會(huì)認(rèn)同我這樣一種看法。

Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves.I have watched the face of many a newly wolfless mountain,and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails.I have seen every edible bush and seeding browsed,first to anemic desuetude,and then to death.I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddle horn.Such a mountain looks as if someone had given God a new a pruning shears,and forbiddien Him all other exercise.In the end the starved bones of the hoped-for der herd,dead of its own too-much,bleach with the bones of the dead sage,or molder under the high-lined junipers.7自那以后，我看到各州都在相繼撲滅自己的狼群。我眼睜睜看到了一座座剛剛撲滅狼群的大山的面貌;看到了山的南坡被鹿群踩出的紛亂的小徑;看到了所有能吃的灌木、甚至是細(xì)枝嫩芽都被啃光，而這些植物因而也很快衰弱不振，不久便告死亡;我也看到了所有能吃的樹葉，在馬鞍高度以下的部位全都被吃得精光。看到這樣的一座山，你會(huì)感覺是有人給了上帝一把剪刀，讓他整夭除了剪除樹木以外，什么都不許做。后來(lái)，鹿群由于數(shù)量過(guò)于龐大，再加上草木供不應(yīng)求，便大批量地餓死了。(此文來(lái)自袁勇兵博客)它們的白骨與死去的鼠尾草一起變白，或是在高大的杜松樹下腐朽。

I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves,so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer.And perhaps with better cause,for while a buck pulled down by wolves can be replaced in two or three years,a range pulled down by too many fail of replacement in as many decades.8現(xiàn)在我想，就像鹿群生活在狼群的陰影和恐怖中一樣，大山也生活在鹿群的陰影和恐怖中，也許這種恐怖有著更充分的理由。因?yàn)橐恢宦贡焕浅缘?，兩三年后很快就?huì)有新的小鹿出生繁衍，但是，一旦一座大山被鹿群毀滅，恐怕幾十年也無(wú)法恢復(fù)原貌。So also with cows.The cowman who clear his range of wolves does not realize that he is taking over the wolf’s job of trimming the herd to fit the range.He has not learned to think like a mountain.Hence we have dust bowls,and river washing the future into the sea.9牛也是這樣，牧牛人在清除狼群的時(shí)候，沒有意識(shí)到其實(shí)他正在做著本質(zhì)上如同狼吃牛一樣的工作—削減牛群數(shù)量以適應(yīng)山的承受能力。牧牛人還沒有學(xué)會(huì)像大山那樣去思考。其結(jié)果，沙塵暴出現(xiàn)了，河流將我們的未來(lái)無(wú)情地沖入大海。

We all strive for safety,prosperity,comfort,long life,and dullness.The deer strives with his supple legs,the cowman with trap and poison,the statesman with pen,the most of us with machines,votes,and dollars,but it all comes to the same thing:peace in our time.A measure of success in this is all well enough,and perhaps is a requisite to objective thinking,but too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long run.Perhaps this is behind Thoreau’s dictum；

In wildness is the salvation of the world.Perhaps this is the hidden meaning in the howl of the wolf,long known among mountains ,but seldom perceived among men.10我們都在努力追求安全、繁榮、舒適、長(zhǎng)壽和徽散的生活。鹿用它柔韌的雙腿去追求;牧牛人用陷阱和毒藥去追求;政治家用口誅筆伐去追求;大多數(shù)人則是用機(jī)器、選票和金錢去追求。但不管形式如何迥異，目的只有一個(gè)，那就是追求時(shí)代的和平。在這些方面取得某種程度的成功是件好事，客觀地說(shuō)也是必要的。但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，太多的安全似乎只能適得其反。也許這正驗(yàn)證了梭羅的一句話，“野地里蘊(yùn)含著對(duì)于世界的救贖”。也許，這就是隱藏在狼的哀號(hào)背后的深層含義。大山早已明白，而人類卻知之甚少。

The beauty industry美容業(yè)

it is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appearance to a greater age than in the past.”old ladies ” are already becoming rare.In a few years, we may well believe, they will be extinct.White hair and wrinkles, a bent back and hollow cheeks will come to be regarded as medievally old-fashioned.The crone of the future will be golden, curly and cherry-lipped, neat-ankled and slender.The Portrait of the Artist?s Mother will come to be almost indistinguishable, at future picture shows, from the Portrait of the Artist?s Daughter.This desirable consummation will be due in part to skin foods and injections of paraffin wax, facial surgery, mud baths, and paint, in part to improved health, due in its turnto a more rational mode of life.Ugliness is one of the symptoms of disease, beauty of heath.In so far as the campaign for more beauty is also a campaign for more health, it is admirable and, up to a point, genuinely successful.Beauty that is merely the artificial shadow of these symptoms of health is intrinsically of poorer quality than the genuine article.Still, it is a sufficiently good imitation to be sometimes mistakable for the real thing.The apparatus for mimicking the symptoms of health is now within the reach of every moderately prosperous person;the knowledge of the way in which real health can be achieved is growing, and will in time, no doubt, be universally acted upon.When that happy moment comes, will every woman be beautiful—as beautiful, at any rate, as the natural shape of her features, with or without surgical and chemical aid permits? 越來(lái)越多的女性能更長(zhǎng)久的保持青春的容貌，和過(guò)去相比，這的確是一種成就?！袄咸币呀?jīng)很少見了。我們有理由相信，幾年以后她們將徹底銷聲匿跡。人們會(huì)把白發(fā)和皺紋、彎曲的背部和凹陷的雙頰視為中世紀(jì)的過(guò)時(shí)風(fēng)尚。未來(lái)的老婦人會(huì)擁有卷曲的金發(fā)、櫻紅的嘴唇、光潔的腳蹂、苗條的身材。在未來(lái)的畫展中，人們將難以分辨哪一幅肖像是藝術(shù)家的母親，哪一幅是藝術(shù)家的女兒。這種可人心意的成就，部分可以歸功于護(hù)膚品、石蠟注射、面部整形、泥浴和化妝，部分可以歸功于由于更為理性的生活方式而改善的健康狀況。丑陋是疾病的癥狀之一，美麗則是健康的特征。鑒于追求美麗也是追求健康，這種努力值得贊許，一定程度上也真正獲得了成功。模仿健康的外殼，制造人為的假象，這種美麗和真實(shí)存在相比，本質(zhì)上要略勝一籌。不過(guò)，作為模仿，它相當(dāng)出色，有時(shí)足以亂真。如今，每個(gè)中等富裕的人都買得起相關(guān)裝備以?shī)y扮出健康的樣子，如何真正獲得健康的知識(shí)也在日益增長(zhǎng)，并且無(wú)疑會(huì)得到適時(shí)而全面的推廣。當(dāng)那個(gè)幸福的時(shí)刻到來(lái)的時(shí)候，每一位女性是不是都會(huì)美麗動(dòng)人——不管是否用了整形手術(shù)、化學(xué)試劑，女性是不是能夠發(fā)揮出天生的麗質(zhì)？

The answer is emphatically: no.for real beauty is as much an affair of the inner as of the outer self.The beauty of a porcelain jar is a matter of shape, of color, of surface texture.The jar may be empty or tenanted, by spiders, full of honey or stinking slime—it makes no difference to its beauty or ugliness.But a woman is alive, and her beauty is therefore not skin deep.The surface of the human vessel is affected by the nature of its spiritual contents.I have seen women who, by the standards of a connoisseur of porcelain, were ravishingly lovely.Their shape, their color, their surface texture were perfect.And yet they were not beautiful.For the lovely vase was either empty or filled with some corruption.Spiritual emptiness or ugliness shows through.And conversely, there is an interior light that can transfigure forms that the pure aesthetician would regard as imperfect or downright ugly.答案是斬釘截鐵的：“不”。真正的美麗，事關(guān)外在的自我，同樣也事關(guān)內(nèi)在的自我。瓷瓶的美麗取決于它的形狀、顏色和表面質(zhì)地。餅子可以是空的，也可以由蜘蛛入住?？梢匝b滿蜂蜜，也可以裝滿散發(fā)惡臭的爛泥，這一切都影響不到瓷瓶的丑或美。但是女性是活生生的，因此她的美麗就不僅僅是表面的。身體這具容器的外表不會(huì)受到精神內(nèi)涵的影響。我見過(guò)一些女性，按照鑒賞家欣賞瓷瓶的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，她們相當(dāng)美麗可愛。體型、膚色、膚質(zhì)樣樣完美無(wú)瑕。但是，她們并不美麗。因?yàn)檫@可愛的花瓶要么是空空如也，要么裝滿墮落，泄露出了精神的空虛與丑陋。相反，在純碎的審美家看來(lái)不算完美甚至是丑陋不堪的外形，可以在心靈之光的作用下變得美麗。

There are numerous forms of psychological ugliness.There is an ugliness of stupidity, for example, of unawareness(distressingly common among pretty women.)An ugliness also of greed, of lasciviousness, of avarice.All the deadly sins, indeed, have their own peculiar negation of beauty.On the pretty faces of those especially who are trying to have a continuous”good time”, one sees very often a kind of bored sullenness that runs all their charm?

心理上的丑陋有眾多不同的形式。有一種丑陋是愚蠢，比如愚蠢到懵懂無(wú)知（這是漂亮女性令人苦惱的通病）同樣，貪婪、淫欲、財(cái)迷心竅也是丑陋。所有致命的罪過(guò)以各自特有的方式否決了美麗。尤其是那些想要不斷享受“美好時(shí)光”的人的嬌艷面龐上，人們常常能夠看到那種百無(wú)聊奈的陰郁神情，這神情將她們的魅力全部抹殺。

Still commoner and no less repellent is the hardness which spoils so many pretty faces.Often , it is true, this air of hardness is due not to psychological causes, but to the contemporary habit of over-painting.In Paris, where this over-painting is most pronounced, many women have ceased to look human at all.Whitewashed and ruddled, they seem to be wearing marks.One must look closely to discover the soft and living face beneath.But often the face is not soft, often it turns out to be imperfectly alive.The hardness and deadness are from within.They are the outward and visible signs of some emotional or instinctive disharmony, accepted as a chronic condition of being.更為常見而且同樣令人反感的還有冷漠，它令多少美麗的容顏為之減色。實(shí)際上，這種冷漠的神態(tài)往往不是心理因素造成的，而是因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)诂F(xiàn)在時(shí)代養(yǎng)成了濃妝艷抹的習(xí)慣，在巴黎，濃妝艷抹的現(xiàn)象最為明顯，許多女性看起來(lái)根本就不像是人。撲滿白粉又抹上胭脂以后，她們像是戴上了面具。人們需要仔細(xì)地看，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)下面那柔和而鮮活的臉龐。不過(guò)，這臉龐往往并不柔和，看起來(lái)缺乏活力，從內(nèi)心散發(fā)出默然的沉沉死氣。它們是情緒或者天性和諧的外在顯性表征，是公認(rèn)的慢性的病態(tài)存在。

So long as such disharmonies continue to exist, so long as there is good reason for sullen boredom, so long as human begins allow themselves to be possessed and hagridden by monomaniacal vices, the cult of beauty is destined to be ineffectual.Successful in prolonging the appearance of youth, or realizing or simulating the symptoms of health, the campaign inspired by the cult remains fundamentally a failure.Its operations do not touch the deepest source of beauty—the experiencing soul.It is not by improving skin foods and point rollers, by cheapening health motors and electrical hair-removers, that the human race will be made beautiful;it is not even by improving health.All men and women will be beautiful only when the social arrangements give to every one of them an opportunity to live completely and harmoniously, when there is no environmental incentive and no hereditary tendency toward monomaniacal vice.In other words, all men and women will never be beautiful.But there might easily be fewer ugly human beings in the world than there are at present.We must be content with moderate hopes.只要這樣的不和諧繼續(xù)存在，只要確實(shí)有溫怒和厭倦的理由，只要人類聽任偏執(zhí)罪惡的支配和折磨，對(duì)美好的時(shí)尚觀念將注定不起作用。這種時(shí)尚觀念所激發(fā)的行為成功延長(zhǎng)了青春的容貌，實(shí)現(xiàn)或模仿了健康的外表，但從根本上說(shuō)，這些舉措都是失敗的。它的運(yùn)作沒有接觸到美得最深的根源——感受中的靈魂。人類想要變美，無(wú)法通過(guò)改良護(hù)膚品和美容器材，無(wú)法通過(guò)越來(lái)越便宜的健身器和電動(dòng)除毛器，甚至無(wú)法通過(guò)提高健康水準(zhǔn)。只有當(dāng)社會(huì)給每一個(gè)成員機(jī)會(huì)，讓他們完整而和諧地生活，只有當(dāng)偏執(zhí)的邪惡?jiǎn)适Я苏T發(fā)的環(huán)境，拜托了遺傳的傾向，所有的男人和女人才能實(shí)現(xiàn)美麗。換言之，不可能所有的男人和女人都美麗，但是和現(xiàn)在相比，這個(gè)世界上無(wú)疑能夠少一些丑陋的人。我們應(yīng)該滿足于這微薄的祈盼。

第二篇：熊海虹主編《高等學(xué)校研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程 上》課后練習(xí)答案

Unit One Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 7.D 2.C 8.C

3.B 9.A

4.C 10.D

5.D 11.A

6.D 12.B Task 2 1.public(c)6.public(a)2.discipline(b)

3.strength(a)

4.reference(a)9.references(c)14.reference(b)

5.strength(d)10.personality(a)15.personality(c)7.demonstrated(b)8.discipline(c)11.discipllining(d)12.demonstrates(a)13.public(d)

Task 3 1.employment 6.credit

2.paid 7.cite

3.adjust

4.setting

5.discouraged 10.rules

8.demonstrate

9.teamwork

Unit Two Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 6.A 2.B 7.B

3.B 8.C

4.C 9.A

5.B 10.C

Task 2 1.bud(n.);budding(adj.)3.taste(n.);tasted(v.)

2.access(n.);access(v.)4.fool(n.);fooling(v.)6.garnish(v.);garnishes(n.)8.concern(n.);concerned(v.)10.practiced(v.);practice(n.)5.produces(v.);produce(n.)7.reigns(v.);reign(n.)

9.named(v.);name(n.)

Task 3 1)integration

2)choice

3)handed

4)aspiring

5)steaming 6)masterpieces

7)pleasure

8)partake

9)amazing

10)presented

Unit Three Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C

4.B

5.A

6.B

7.C

8.A Task 2 1.stack up against

2.struck a chord 3.amounted to

4.chopping off 5.appeal to

6.pick up on 10.pulled off

7.turned out 11.thrust upon

8.fade away 12.be kept clear of 9.brought together

Task 3 1)swirling

2)delivered

3)glowed

4)intervals

5)converge 6)wanderings

7)navigate

8)jealousy

9)presence

10)absorbed

Unit Four Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.A 3.C

4.B

5.B

6.C

7.D

8.C

9.A

10.C Task 2 1.maintained(a)

2.romantic(a)

3.essential(a)

4.essentials(c)5.dimension(c)

6.intimate(a)

7.maintains(c)

8.defies(b)9.intimated(d)

10.dimensions(a)

11.defy(a)

12.romantic(b)13.dimensions(b)

14.maintain(d)

15.intimate(c)

Task 3 1)prerequisite

2)date

3)Respect

4)important 5)whomever

6)candidates

7)highly

8)essential 9)suitable

10)sufficient

Unit Five Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

7.B 8.D 9.C 10.A

11.C 12.D 13.B

Task 2 1.A.masterpieces 2.A.committed 3.A.executing 5.A.inventors 6.A.breath 7.A.physical 8.A.discipline 9.A.practice 10.A.reaction

B.mastered B.commission B.execution B.represented B.investors B.breathing B.physiological B.routine

B.performed B.reconciliation

C.mastery C.commitment C.executive C.presented C.innovator C.breathtaking C.psychological C.discipline C.perfect

C.resistance

D.proper D.response

D.present D.breathless

4.A.presentation Task 3 1)written

2)practiced

3)adapted

4)fundamental

5)soul 6)described

7)mental

8)state of being

9)pictured

10)exercises 11)control

12)experiences

13)including

14)individuals

15)medical

Unit Six Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B

2.D

3.A

4.C

5.B

6.A

7.C

8.D

9.B

10.C

Task 2 1.contented

2.convention

3.tall

4.curiously

5.Convention 6.content

7.execute

8.curious

9.execute

10.count 11.content

12.conventions

13.count

14.convention

15.tall

Task 3 1)sheer

2)subject

3)contradictory

4)worldly

5)chaotic 6)sophisticated

7)violence

8)glamorous

9)crime

10)safest

Unit Seven Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A

2.C

3.B

4.B

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A

10.C

Task 2 Step 1 partially proverbial alteration Step 2 unfold refinement liar

unselfishness/selfishness indestructible

considerable

imperfect

criminal traitor

employee mistake philanthropist 5.alteration 10.unfolds 15.proverbial 1.indestructible 6.traitor

11.refinement 2.mistook

7.considerable 3.unselfishness 8.liar

4.imperfect

9.employees 14.partially 12.philanthropist 13.criminal

Task 3 1.So far as I'm concerned 2.should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved 3.has been engrossed in conversation with all night 4.draw conclusions from the results of a single survey 5.He had no friends nor acquaintances 6.did she tell him about the attack 7.as we had seen 8.that he had had a family himself 9.the problems you mention are inherent in the system 10.young people conscientious in their work/young people who are conscientious in their work 11.deviated from her custom 12.at the peril of your own life/at your own peril 13.taken on a new dimension 14.capable of looking after myself 15.in much the same way as it was 200 years ago 16.rescue the sailors from the sinking ship 17.Portugal participated in the war 18.due to our ignorance

Unit Eight Vocabulary in Action Task 1 Step 1 1.boot---e, m

2.bound--c, j 3.fatal--b, q

4.negotiate--g, n 5.net---a, f, 1

6.the odds--h, i 7.reward--k, o

8.vacuum---d, p Step 2 1.boot(m)

2.vacum(p)

3.rewarded(o)

4.reward(k)

5.net(f)6.negotiating(n)7.odds(h)

8.odds(i)

9.Fatal(b)

10.negotiations(g)

Task 2 1.A.black and white

B.in black and white

C.black-and-white 2.A.on the scene

B.sets the scene

C.behind the scenes 3.A.make no difference

B.make a difference

C.make any difference

D.make all the difference 4.A.work on

B.works against

C.work out 5.A.spread to

B.spreading out

C.spread through

Task 3 1.A 6.B

2.B 7.C

3.B 8.B

4.D 9.D

5.A 10.C

Unit Nine Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A

2.D

3.B

4.B

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.A

9.C

10.A

Task 2 1.crammed(b)

2.balloon(a)

3.crash(a)

4.crammed(a)

5.crashed(a)6.crammed(d)

7.ballooned(c)

8.crash(b)

9.balloon(b)

10.slumped(b)11.trust(c)

12.trust(d)

13.liberal(c)

14.slump(c)16.trust(b)

Task 3 1)A

2)D 3)B

4)B

5)C

6)C

7)A

8)A

Unit Ten Vocabulary in Action Task 1 I.A

2.C

3.D

4.B

5.B

6.B

7.C

8.D

9.A

10.B

Task 2 1.underlying

2.immune

3.impart

4.imperative

6.diffused

7.foremost

8.scholarly

9.illuminated

Task 3 1)deeper

2)contribute

3)explore

4)potential

6)productive

7)likely

8)produce

9)Nationally

15.liberals(b)9)D

10)D

5.vulnerable 5)how

10)dedicated

10.eloquence

第三篇：高等學(xué)校研究生英語(yǔ)系列教材_綜合教程(下)主編熊海虹 課后答案

Unit One

Task 1

1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out

5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations

9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities

13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect

Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience

2.built-in storage space

3.self-protection measures

4.short-term employment

5.distorted and negative self-perception

6.life-changing events

7.all-encompassing details

8.a good self-image

Unit Two

Task1

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining

2.A.attached B.attachment

3.A.historically B.historic

4.A.innovativeB.Innovations

5.A.flawed B.flawless

6.A.controversy B.controversial

7.A.revise B.revisions

8.A.commentary B.commentator

9.A.restrictive B.restrictions

10.10.A.heroicB.heroics

Task 2

1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie

6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3

1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes

6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums

11)anticipated 12)publicity

Unit Three

Task 1

1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C

Task2

LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion

2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.auditedA.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive

4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip

5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate

6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant

7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring

Task3

1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective

6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens

11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)Unit Four

Task 1

1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration

7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders

12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter

Task 2

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Task 1

Step 1

l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g

Step 2

1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive ,6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail

Task 2

1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in

Task 3

1.may have a subtle effect on

2.provide free access toe-books

3.isinthe midst ofa sea change

4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University

5.a voracious book reader

6.you'll stay focused onit

7.the conduit for information

8.your check came asanabsolute godsend

9.lost the thread ofthe story

10.stroll through elegant prose

Unit Five

Task 1

1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B

Task2

1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted

9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

第四篇：熊海虹主編《高等學(xué)校研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程 下》課后習(xí)題答案

Unit One

Task 1 1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out 5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations 9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities 13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience 2.built-in storage space 3.self-protection measures 4.short-term employment 5.distorted and negative self-perception 6.life-changing events 7.all-encompassing details 8.a good self-image

Unit Two Task1

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining 2.A.attached B.attachment 3.A.historically B.historic 4.A.innovativeB.Innovations 5.A.flawed B.flawless 6.A.controversy B.controversial 7.A.revise B.revisions 8.A.commentary B.commentator 9.A.restrictive B.restrictions 10.10.A.heroicB.heroics

Task 2 1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie 6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3 1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes

6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums 11)anticipated 12)publicity

Unit Three Task 1 1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C Task2 LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion 2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.audited 1 A.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive 4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip 5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate 6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant 7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring Task3 1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective 6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens 11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)

Unit Four Task 1 1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration 7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders 12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter Task 2 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Task 1 Step 1 l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g Step 2 1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive , 6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail Task 2 1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in Task 3 1.may have a subtle effect on 2.provide free access toe-books 3.isinthe midst ofa sea change 4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University 5.a voracious book reader 6.you'll stay focused onit 7.the conduit for information 8.your check came asanabsolute godsend 9.lost the thread ofthe story 10.stroll through elegant prose

Unit Five Task 1 1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B Task2 1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted 9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

Unit Six Task 1 I.C 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C lI.B 12.A Task2 1.Water isnot an effective shield 2.engulfed inflames 3.the rights ofsovereign nations 4.outpaced its rivals inthe market 5.There's no need tobelabor the point 6.She invoked several eminent scholars 7.from two embattled villages 8.According tothe witness's testimony 9.Inspite ofour best endeavors 10.After many trials and tribulations Task2 1)remain2)childish3)reaffirm4)precious5)equal6)measure

7)greatness8)journey9)leisure10)fame11)obscure12)prosperity

Unit Seven Task1 I.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.B Task2 1.patrons b.2.designated b.3.reference d.4.inclination c5.host d.6.diffusing b.7.host c8.inclination a.9.references c.10.patrons a.11.reference a.12.host a.13.diffuses a..14.designate a.15.designate c.Task3 1)alive2)awakened3)trip4)stone5)remains6)beyond7)records 8)social 9)across10)surrounding11)mental12)miracle13)having 14)failure15)participate

Unit Eight Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.C Task2 1.A.outburst B.bursting C.outbreak 2.A.adverse B.adversity C.advised 3.A.distinguishes B.distinct C.distinguished 4.A.sight/vision B.view C.outlook D.visions 5.A.implicit B.implicit/implied C.underlying 6.A.washed B.awash C.washing 7.A.jumped/sprang B.springs C.leap D.jumped 8.A.trail B.trail/track C.trace D.track E.trace 9.A.sensed B.sensible C.sense D.sensitive E.sensational 10.A.prosperous B.prosperity C.prospects D.prophecy Task3 1)echoes2)pays heed to3)hidden4)objectively5)decipher6)presence7)conviction 8)shot9)however10)slaughter11)bare12)trim13)are connected to14)strive15)yield

Unit Nine Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D Task2 I.explain, plain, complained, plain 2.tolerate, tolerant, tolerance 3.consequence,sequence,consequent 4.commerce, commercial, commercial, commercialism, commercially 5.arouse, arising, arise, arousal 6.irritant, irritation, irritable, irritate

7.democratic, dynamic, automated, dramatic

8.dominate, dominant, predominant, predominate 9.celebrate, celebrity, celebrated, celebration 10.temporal, contemporary, temporary Task3 I)encompassing2)standard3)constraints4)presented5)resolution6)constitute 7)entertainment8)interchangeably9)distinction10)fuzzy11)technically 12)devoted to13)ranging14)competing15)biases

Unit Ten Task 1 1)beware of2)unpalatable3)delineate4)Ingrained5)amplify 6)supplanted7)pin down8)discretionary9)stranded10)swept through Task2 1.that happy-to-be-alive attitude2.anl-told-you-so air

3.the-end-justifies-the-means philosophy4.Aheart-in-the-mouth moment 5.a now-or-never chance6.a touch-and-go situation 7.a wait-and-see attitude8.too-eager-not-to-lose 9.a cards-on-the-table approach10.anine-to-five lifestyle 11.a look-who's-talking tone12.around-the-clock service 13.a carrot-and-stick approach14.a rags-to-riches man 15.a rain-or-shine picnic Task3 I)exquisite2)soothe3)equivalent4)literally5)effective 6)havoc7)posted8)notify9)clumsy10)autonomously

第五篇：研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程下冊(cè)1,4,5,6單元課文翻譯

研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程(下)系列教材翻譯參考譯文全章節(jié) Unit 1

幸福隱藏的另一面

凱思琳?麥克高恩 1.咫風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說(shuō):“我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒恕?/p>

2.我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條真正的心理學(xué)的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒在無(wú)數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來(lái)。對(duì)那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)歷作出積極回應(yīng)的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最勇敢的人。實(shí)際上，大約半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^(guò)的人都說(shuō)他們的生活之后與某種方式的改變。

3.諸如此類有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)這一新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:大難不死，意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長(zhǎng)期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)—甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。4.那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過(guò)上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。

5，這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問(wèn)題的主要方面—種富有意義的生活所帶來(lái)的那種 豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)—是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義—或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷(哲學(xué)家們過(guò)去稱之為對(duì)“美好生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。6.這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過(guò)移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉?金認(rèn)為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價(jià)值中的一種?！贝缺?、智慧、無(wú)私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)造力—有時(shí)只有經(jīng)歷逆境的考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母淖冞^(guò)程。只過(guò)安寧的、無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。我們也需要成長(zhǎng)-盡管有時(shí)成長(zhǎng)是痛苦的。

7.在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西?塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已經(jīng)停止服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預(yù)見到接下來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事:停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。最輕微的動(dòng)作—比如說(shuō)試著吞咽—對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8.塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的折磨。但是這一次，她實(shí)在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。

9.然而，在經(jīng)歷了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。“我感到一切我曾經(jīng)用來(lái)認(rèn)同?自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個(gè)月后她這樣說(shuō)道，“一切我認(rèn)為我知道或相信的事物—時(shí)間、金錢、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法—都毫無(wú)價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫?！?/p>

10.在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說(shuō)，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)?！拔腋杏X我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂(lè)地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡(jiǎn)單!”

11.她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇?特德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇?特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)”一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問(wèn)題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來(lái)說(shuō)，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。

12.許多經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的人身威脅的人會(huì)遇到類似的情況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時(shí)處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。

13.盡管如此，要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，通常需要有意識(shí)地付出努力。,是否愿意并有能力承擔(dān)這個(gè)過(guò)程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中?！?/p>

14，最終，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過(guò)的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說(shuō)他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說(shuō)物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無(wú)聊，而朋友和家庭帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)變得極為重要，他們還說(shuō)危機(jī)使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來(lái)重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。

15.從災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的人盡管經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說(shuō):“人們不會(huì)說(shuō)他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷來(lái)成長(zhǎng)。他們只是盡其所能生存下來(lái)。但回顧起來(lái)，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。”

16.埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《滿足》中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺過(guò)程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于經(jīng)常跑超過(guò)24小時(shí)的l00英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來(lái)說(shuō)，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競(jìng)賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰(shuí)，忘了自己在干什么。

17.更普遍的在逆境中成長(zhǎng)的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái)，養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無(wú)私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。

18.總之，情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來(lái)的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來(lái)看待，..那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺悟?！澳銓⒉辉偈亲约盒哪恐性?jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你—而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好?！?Unit 4 A

因特網(wǎng):絕對(duì)的交流，絕對(duì)的孤立?！Ａ_?卡威爾 谷歌使我們變得越來(lái)越愚蠢?----尼古拉斯?卡爾

1.在過(guò)去的幾年里，我老有一種不祥之感，覺得有什么人，或什么東西，一直在我腦袋里搗鼓個(gè)不停，重繪我的腦電圖，重寫我的腦內(nèi)存。我的思想倒沒跑掉—到目前為止我還能這么說(shuō)，但它正在改變。我的思維方式在變。這種感覺在我閱讀的時(shí)候尤為強(qiáng)烈。過(guò)去總是不費(fèi)什么勁兒就能讓自己沉浸在一本書或一篇長(zhǎng)文章中，被其中的敘述或不同的論點(diǎn)深深吸引。我還會(huì)花數(shù)小時(shí)徜徉在長(zhǎng)篇散文中?？扇缃襁@都不靈了。現(xiàn)在，我翻上兩三頁(yè)書，注意力就開始不集中了。我會(huì)變得煩躁，抓不住重點(diǎn)，開始想找點(diǎn)其他的事情做。我感覺我似乎要硬拖著我任性的大腦才能回到文章中。原本輕松自然的深度閱讀，已然成了痛苦掙扎。

2.我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年來(lái)，我在網(wǎng)上花了好多時(shí)間，在因特網(wǎng)的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。對(duì)作家而言，網(wǎng)絡(luò)就像個(gè)天上掉下來(lái)的聚寶盆。過(guò)去要在書堆里或圖書館的期刊閱覽室中花上好幾天做的研究，現(xiàn)在幾分鐘就齊活?！肮雀琛睅紫?，快速點(diǎn)開幾個(gè)鏈接，就可以找到我所需要的事實(shí)或者精煉的引證。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息豐富的網(wǎng)絡(luò)里遨游—收發(fā)電子郵件、瀏覽頭條新聞、點(diǎn)擊博客、看視頻、聽播客或者只是從一個(gè)鏈接跳轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)又一個(gè)鏈接。(超鏈接常被比作腳注，但是和腳注不一樣，超鏈接不僅僅鏈接到相關(guān)作品;它們還驅(qū)使你去點(diǎn)擊創(chuàng)門。)3.對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，像對(duì)其他人也一樣，網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)成為了一種通用的媒介，大部分信息都通過(guò)這個(gè)渠道進(jìn)人我們的眼、耳，最后進(jìn)人我們的大腦。能從這樣一個(gè)異常豐富的信息庫(kù)中直接獲取信息，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是很多的，而且也得到了廣泛的描述和適當(dāng)?shù)馁澴u(yù)?！肮璐鎯?chǔ)器的完美記憶性，”《連線》雜志的克萊夫?湯普森寫道，“對(duì)于思想來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)大實(shí)惠?！钡沁@個(gè)實(shí)惠是要付出代價(jià)的。就像媒體理論家馬歇爾?麥克盧恩在上世紀(jì)60年代所指出的那樣，媒體可不只是被動(dòng)的信息渠道。它們不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的進(jìn)程。網(wǎng)絡(luò)似乎粉碎了我專注與沉思的能力?，F(xiàn)如今，我的腦袋就盼著以網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供信息的方式來(lái)獲取信息:飛快的微粒運(yùn)動(dòng)。曾經(jīng)我是文字海洋中的潛水者，現(xiàn)在我則像是摩托艇騎手在海面上風(fēng)馳電掣。4.我并不是唯一一個(gè)有此感覺的人。當(dāng)我向文學(xué)界的朋友和熟人提到我在閱讀方面的困擾，許多人說(shuō)他們也有同樣的感受。他們上網(wǎng)越多，在閱讀長(zhǎng)文章時(shí)，就越難集中精力。我所關(guān)注的一些博主也提到了類似的現(xiàn)象。斯科特?卡普開了一個(gè)有關(guān)在線媒體的博客，最近他承認(rèn)自己已經(jīng)完全不讀書了?！拔掖髮W(xué)讀的是文學(xué)專業(yè)，曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)嗜書如命的人，”他寫道?！暗降装l(fā)生了什么事呢?”他推測(cè)出了一個(gè)答案:“如果對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)閱讀的真正理由與其說(shuō)是我的閱讀方式發(fā)生了改變，比如，我只是圖個(gè)方便，不如說(shuō)是我的思維方式在發(fā)生變化，那么我該怎么辦呢?”

5.布魯斯?弗里德曼經(jīng)常撰寫有關(guān)電腦在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的文章。他在早些時(shí)候同樣提到因特網(wǎng)如何改變了他的思維習(xí)慣?！吧蚤L(zhǎng)些的文章，不管是網(wǎng)上的還是已經(jīng)出版的，我現(xiàn)在幾乎已經(jīng)完全喪失了閱讀它們的能力。”在密歇根大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院長(zhǎng)期任教的病理學(xué)家布魯斯，弗里德曼在電話里告訴我，由于上網(wǎng)快速瀏覽文章的習(xí)慣，他的思維呈現(xiàn)出一種“碎讀”特性?！拔以僖沧x不了《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平》了。”弗里德曼承認(rèn)，“我失去了這個(gè)本事。即便是一篇長(zhǎng)達(dá)三四段的博客也難以消化。我只能略微瀏覽一下?！?/p>

6.僅僅是趣聞?shì)W事還不能證明什么。我們?nèi)栽诘却L(zhǎng)期的神經(jīng)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，這將給因特網(wǎng)如何影響到我們的認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)權(quán)威的定論。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的學(xué)者做了一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)研讀習(xí)慣的研究并發(fā)表了研究結(jié)果。該研究指出，我們可能已經(jīng)徹底置身于閱讀與思考方式的巨變之中了。作為五年研究計(jì)劃的一部分，學(xué)者們檢測(cè)了計(jì)算機(jī)日志，它跟蹤記錄了兩個(gè)流行的搜索網(wǎng)站的用戶行為。其中一個(gè)網(wǎng)站是英國(guó)圖書館的，另一個(gè)是英國(guó)教育社團(tuán)的，他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻(xiàn)資源。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們上網(wǎng)時(shí)呈現(xiàn)出“一種浮光掠影般的形式”，總是從一個(gè)資源跳到另一個(gè)資源，并且很少返回他們之前訪問(wèn)過(guò)的資源。他們常常還沒讀完一兩頁(yè)文章或書籍，就“彈”出來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)去了。有時(shí)候他們會(huì)保存一個(gè)篇 幅長(zhǎng)的文章，但沒有任何證據(jù)表明他們?cè)?jīng)返回去認(rèn)真閱讀。7.多虧鋪天蓋地的網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本，更別說(shuō)當(dāng)下時(shí)興的手機(jī)短信，可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀(jì)七八十年代要多了，那時(shí)，我們選擇的媒體還是電視。但是，這已是另一種閱讀模式，背后隱藏的是另一種思考方式—也許甚至是一種全新的自我意識(shí)。“不僅閱讀的內(nèi)容塑造了我們，”塔夫茨大學(xué)的發(fā)展心理學(xué)家、《普魯斯特與魷魚:閱讀思維的科學(xué)與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜?沃爾夫說(shuō)，“閱讀方式也體現(xiàn)了我們自身?！蔽譅柗驌?dān)憂，網(wǎng)絡(luò)所倡導(dǎo)的將“豐富”與“時(shí)效性”置于首位的閱讀方式可能已經(jīng)削弱了那種深度閱讀能力。深度閱讀能力的形成應(yīng)歸功于早期印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明，有了它，長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的散文作品也相當(dāng)普遍了。然而，她說(shuō)，當(dāng)我們?cè)诰€閱讀時(shí)，我們往往只是一“信息解碼器”而已。我們對(duì)文句的設(shè)釋，心無(wú)旁鶩、深度閱讀時(shí)形成的豐富的精神聯(lián)系，這些能力很大程度上已經(jīng)消失了。

8.沃爾夫認(rèn)為，閱讀并非人類與生俱來(lái)的技巧，它不像說(shuō)話那樣融人了我們的基因。我們得訓(xùn)練自己的大腦，讓它學(xué)會(huì)如何將我們所看到的字符譯解成自己可以理解的語(yǔ)言。而媒體或其他我們用于學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)閱讀的技術(shù)在塑造我們大腦的神經(jīng)電路中扮演著重要角色。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，表意字讀者(如中國(guó)人)為閱讀所創(chuàng)建的神經(jīng)電路和我們這些用字母語(yǔ)言的人有很大的區(qū)別。這種變化延伸到大腦的多個(gè)區(qū)域，包括那些支配諸如記憶、視覺設(shè)釋和聽覺刺激這樣的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知功能的部位。我們可以預(yù)料，使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)閱讀形成的思維，一定也和通過(guò)閱讀書籍及其他印刷品形成的思維不一樣。

9.1882年，弗里德里希?尼采買了臺(tái)打字機(jī)。此時(shí)的他，視力下降得厲害，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間盯著一張紙會(huì)令他感覺疲憊、疼痛，還常常引起劇烈的頭痛。他只得被迫縮減他的寫作時(shí)間，并擔(dān)心自己今后恐怕不得不放棄寫作了。但打字機(jī)救了他，起碼一度挽救過(guò)他。他終于熟能生巧，閉著眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的詞句又得以傾瀉于紙頁(yè)之上了。

10.然而，新機(jī)器也使其作品的風(fēng)格發(fā)生了微妙的變化。尼采的一個(gè)作曲家朋友注意到他行文風(fēng)格的改變。他那已經(jīng)十分簡(jiǎn)練的行文變得更緊湊、‘更電文式了?！盎蛟S就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)儀器，你甚至可能會(huì)喜歡上一個(gè)新短語(yǔ)，”這位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音樂(lè)和語(yǔ)言方面的‘思想’常常要依賴于筆和紙的質(zhì)量”。Unit 5

A

阿爾卑斯山上的離婚

羅伯特?巴爾 1.約翰?伯德曼是一個(gè)常常走極端的人。這本來(lái)應(yīng)該沒什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整個(gè)兒是他的翻版。2.毋庸置疑，對(duì)于任何一個(gè)男人，這世上總會(huì)有一個(gè)相當(dāng)合適的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考慮一下:每個(gè)人僅有機(jī)會(huì)結(jié)識(shí)幾百個(gè)人而已，在這幾百個(gè)人之中熟知的只有那么干幾人甚至更少，在這十幾個(gè)人之中又最多只有一兩個(gè)知心朋友;別忘了，居住在這世上的人有多少個(gè)百萬(wàn)，因此顯而易見:自地球存在以來(lái)，這合適的男人極有可能從來(lái)就沒有遇到過(guò)他那個(gè)合適的女人。從概率上來(lái)講，這樣相遇的機(jī)會(huì)微乎其微，這也正是離婚法庭存在的原因?；橐龀淦淞坎贿^(guò)是一種妥協(xié)，而如果恰好兩個(gè)個(gè)性上互不妥協(xié)的人結(jié)合了，那就肯定會(huì)有麻煩。

3.對(duì)于兩個(gè)這樣的年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)，生活沒有什么中間點(diǎn)，其結(jié)局注定要么是愛，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫婦而言，他們到頭來(lái)有的是那種最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。

4.在這世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能夠成為離婚的正當(dāng)理由，但是在英格蘭，并沒有如此微妙的區(qū)分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且為人殘暴，否則兩者的婚姻關(guān)系將一直維系下去，直至死神將他們分開。沒有什么比這種事情更糟糕的了，而更令人絕望的是 伯德曼太太為人無(wú)可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也許上面的表述只能說(shuō)在某種程度上是正確的，因?yàn)榧s翰?伯德曼已經(jīng)忍無(wú)可忍，下定決心不管付出什么代價(jià)也要擺脫他的妻子。如果他是個(gè)窮人，也許他會(huì)拋棄她，但是他很富有，而一個(gè)人不能因?yàn)榧彝ド钆銮刹恍揖洼p易放棄一份蒸蒸日上的事業(yè)。

5.一個(gè)人的心思要是太專注于一件事情，沒有人敢說(shuō)他最后會(huì)做出什么來(lái)。大腦是如此脆弱的一個(gè)思維工具，以至于它容易失去平衡。伯德曼的朋友(他確實(shí)有幾個(gè)朋友)事后聲稱他精神錯(cuò)亂。下定決心要謀殺妻子時(shí)，約翰?伯德曼的神智清醒還是不清醒，現(xiàn)在已無(wú)從知曉，但無(wú)疑他把謀殺方案設(shè)計(jì)成看起來(lái)像是意外事件，這種方式的確很狡猾。不過(guò)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，腦子有問(wèn)題的人才狡猾。

6.伯德曼太太非常清楚，她的存在相當(dāng)折磨她的丈夫，可她的冷酷無(wú)情跟他不相上下，而她對(duì)他的恨—有可能的話—恐怕比他對(duì)她的恨還更人骨。不管他去哪兒，她都跟著。要不是任何時(shí)間任何場(chǎng)合，她都要頑固地強(qiáng)行出現(xiàn)在他面前，他也許永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)心生謀殺之念。就這樣，他一跟她說(shuō)打算七月份去瑞士度假，她二話不說(shuō)就打點(diǎn)行李。往常他總會(huì)抗議，但這次沒有，于是這對(duì)無(wú)話可說(shuō)的夫婦動(dòng)身去了瑞士。

7.有一間旅館位于一座很高的冰川的脊架上，離山峰只有幾步之遙.旅館海拔一點(diǎn)五英里，孑然獨(dú)立，僅有一條長(zhǎng)六英里、盤旋而上的崎嶇山路可以到達(dá).在旅館的回廊可以觀賞到雪峰和冰川的美景。旅館附近小道遍布，沿路風(fēng)景如畫，但通往的地點(diǎn)多少都帶點(diǎn)兒危險(xiǎn)。8.約翰?伯德曼對(duì)這家旅館很熟悉，以前日子還挺幸福的時(shí)候他常來(lái)這一帶。如今既然已生謀殺之念，他就總是不由自主地想起距離客棧兩英里的某個(gè)地方。從那地方可以俯瞰周圍，它的盡頭被一堵破敗的矮墻擋住。一天凌晨四點(diǎn)，他偷偷溜出旅館，來(lái)到了這兒—當(dāng)?shù)厝私小皯彝恰?。這兒和他印象中的絲毫不差。就是這里了，他對(duì)自己說(shuō)?！皯彝恰北晨康纳交氖彾盖?，附近也無(wú)人居住，所以沒人會(huì)俯視這里。而且遠(yuǎn)處的旅館還被山肩遮住了。9.站在破墻邊沿朝外望，膽子再大的游客也不敢看第二眼。峭壁陡直垂下約有一英里，底下怪石林立，雜樹叢生，藍(lán)色霧靄籠革下，看起來(lái)就像灌木叢。10.“就是這里了!”他想，“而且就明天早上!”

11.約翰?伯德曼冷酷，無(wú)情，沉著地謀劃著他的罪行，一如他在證券交易所策劃交易。對(duì)于那位還蒙在鼓里的受害者，他心中沒有一絲憐憫。怨恨讓他喪失了所有理智。

12.第二天，用過(guò)早餐，他對(duì)妻子說(shuō):“我想去山里面走走。你想不想跟我一起去?” 13.“好啊，”她回答得很干脆。

14.“那就好，”他說(shuō):“我九點(diǎn)出門。”

15.九點(diǎn)整，兩個(gè)人一起出了旅館。按計(jì)劃，用不了多久他就會(huì)一個(gè)人回來(lái)。一路上誰(shuí)也沒說(shuō)話，只是在山間繞來(lái)繞去，基本上是平路，因?yàn)椤皯彝恰钡暮０魏吐灭^差不多。16.到了目的地后，約翰?伯德曼也沒有什么固定計(jì)劃，他決定伺機(jī)而行。他心中時(shí)不時(shí)生出一種恐懼，害怕她會(huì)死死地拽住自己，一起墜下懸崖。他不自覺地想:厄運(yùn)當(dāng)頭，她是否已有預(yù)感?他一直沒有說(shuō)話，就是怕自己顫抖的聲音會(huì)引起她的懷疑。他決心要突然行動(dòng)，千脆利落，讓她無(wú)法自救，更沒機(jī)會(huì)把他也拉下去。至于她要尖叫，他倒是一點(diǎn)也不害怕。因?yàn)檫@地方人跡罕至，只有從旅館有一條路可以過(guò)來(lái)，而他知道那天早晨沒有人離開那幢樓。17.這時(shí)“懸望角”已經(jīng)在望了，伯德曼太太卻停住了腳步，還打了個(gè)冷戰(zhàn)，這著實(shí)令人懷疑。伯德曼先生眼睛微瞇，審視著太太，又開始懷疑她是否已有所警覺。沒人敢說(shuō)，兩個(gè)人這樣緊挨著走路，他們的大腦之間會(huì)有什么無(wú)意識(shí)的交流。18.“怎么了?”他生硬地問(wèn)道，“累了?”

19.“約翰，”她叫道，聲音中帶著喘息，好多年沒有叫過(guò)他的教名了，“你不覺得如果你當(dāng)初對(duì)我好點(diǎn)兒，事情也許會(huì)不一樣?” 20.“我覺得，”他答道，眼睛看著別處，“現(xiàn)在討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)太晚了?！?21.“我有很多遺憾，”她聲音發(fā)顫，“你就沒有?” 22.“沒有，”他答道。

23.“很好，”伯德曼太太答道，語(yǔ)氣又恢復(fù)了一貫的生硬，“我只是想給你一次機(jī)會(huì)?！?24.她丈夫盯著她，25.“你什么意思?心生疑慮。”他問(wèn)，“給我接受他憎恨的人的任何東西。機(jī)會(huì)?我不要你的機(jī)會(huì)，也不要你別的什么。男人不會(huì)我想我對(duì)你的感覺對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)不是秘密。我們是硬綁在一起，而你更是想方設(shè)法讓這份關(guān)系變得讓人忍無(wú)可忍。

26.“是”她答道，眼睛看著地上，“我們是綁在一起的—我們是綁在一起的!”

27.她低聲反復(fù)嘀咕著這句話，兩人走完剩下的幾步來(lái)到了“懸望角”。伯德曼坐在那搖搖欲墜的破墻上。他妻子則把登山杖扔在了石頭上，心神不寧地走來(lái)走去，拳頭攝了又松，松了又撰。隨著那可怕時(shí)刻的臨近，他屏住了呼吸。

28.“你干嘛像個(gè)野獸走來(lái)走去?”他叫道，“過(guò)來(lái)坐我旁邊，安靜點(diǎn)?！?/p>

29.她面對(duì)著他，眼中閃耀著一種他從未見過(guò)的光芒—一種瘋狂和僧恨的光芒。

30.她說(shuō):“我走起來(lái)像個(gè)野獸，因?yàn)槲冶緛?lái)就是。你剛才說(shuō)了你對(duì)我的恨，但你是男的，比起我的恨你的不值一提。盡管你人很壞，非常想了斷這份將我們綁在一起的關(guān)系，但我知道有些事你還是不會(huì)去做的。我知道你沒想過(guò)謀殺我，但是我想過(guò)?！?31.聽到謀殺，他不由得一驚，心里有些負(fù)罪感，雙手緊張地抓著身旁的石頭。

32.“是的，”她接著說(shuō)，“我已經(jīng)跟我英格蘭的所有朋友說(shuō)我肯定你打算在瑞士謀殺我?！?33.“我的上帝!你怎么能說(shuō)出這樣的話?”他大叫。

34.“我這么說(shuō)是要讓你瞧瞧我有多恨你，讓你瞧瞧為了報(bào)復(fù)你我準(zhǔn)備付出什么樣的代價(jià)。我已經(jīng)讓旅館的人提高警惕，我們出門時(shí)就有兩個(gè)人跟著我們。旅館老板還勸我別跟你來(lái)。再過(guò)一會(huì)兒那兩個(gè)人就會(huì)看到“懸望角”了。如果你覺得他們會(huì)相信你的話，那你就跟他們說(shuō)只是個(gè)意外吧?！?/p>

35.這個(gè)瘋女人一把扯碎了裙子前片上的花邊，并撒落一地。伯德曼站起身，喊道:“你在做什么?”但是，他還沒來(lái)得及靠近她，她就已經(jīng)跳過(guò)矮墻，尖叫著，翻滾著，掉進(jìn)了那令人生畏的萬(wàn)丈深淵。

36.不一會(huì)兒，有兩個(gè)人急急忙忙來(lái)到石頭邊，發(fā)現(xiàn)伯德曼一個(gè)人愣在那里。盡管內(nèi)心一團(tuán)亂麻，但他知道就算實(shí)話實(shí)說(shuō)也沒人會(huì)相信他。Unit 6 A

就職演說(shuō)

J.E肯尼迪 1.約翰遜副總統(tǒng)，主持人先生，首席大法官先生，艾森豪威爾總統(tǒng)，尼克松副總統(tǒng)，杜魯門總統(tǒng)，尊敬的牧師，我的公民同胞們，今天我們慶祝的不是政黨的勝利，而是自由的勝利。這象征著一個(gè)結(jié)束，也象征著一個(gè)開端;意味著延續(xù)也意味著變革。因?yàn)槲乙言谀銈兒腿艿纳系勖媲埃x了我們的先輩在大約175年前擬定的莊嚴(yán)誓言。2.當(dāng)今的世界已經(jīng)大不相同。人類的巨手掌握的力量既能消除人間一切形式的貧困，也能毀滅一切形式的人類生命。但我們的先輩為之奮斗的那些革命信念，在世界各地仍然處于爭(zhēng)論之中。這個(gè)信念就是:人的權(quán)利并非來(lái)自國(guó)家的慷慨，而是來(lái)自上帝的恩賜。

3.今天，我們不敢忘記我們是第一次革命的繼承者。讓我在此時(shí)此地告訴我們的朋友，同樣也告訴我們的敵人:這支火炬已經(jīng)傳遞給新一代美國(guó)人。這一代人出生在本世紀(jì)，在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中受過(guò)鍛煉，在艱難困苦的和平時(shí)期受過(guò)磨煉，他們?yōu)槲覈?guó)悠久的傳統(tǒng)感到自豪—他們不愿目 睹或聽任人權(quán)漸趨毀滅，對(duì)于這些人權(quán)我國(guó)一向堅(jiān)定不移，而且在當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)和世界范圍我們也同樣全力擁護(hù)。

4.讓每個(gè)國(guó)家都知道—不論它希望我們繁榮還是希望我們衰落—為確保自由的存在和勝利，我們將付出任何代價(jià)，承受任何重負(fù)，應(yīng)付任何艱難，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敵人。5.這些就是我們的誓言—而且還有更多。

6.對(duì)那些和我們有著共同文化和精神淵源的老盟友，我們保證待以摯友那樣的忠誠(chéng)。如果我們團(tuán)結(jié)一致，就能在許多合作事業(yè)中無(wú)往不勝。如果我們分歧對(duì)立，就會(huì)一事無(wú)成—因?yàn)槲覀儾桓以跔?zhēng)吵不休、四分五裂時(shí)迎接強(qiáng)大的挑戰(zhàn)。

7.對(duì)那些我們歡迎其加入到自由行列中來(lái)的新國(guó)家，我們格守我們的誓言:決不讓一種更為殘酷的暴政來(lái)取代一種消失的殖民統(tǒng)治。我們并不總是指望他們會(huì)支持我們的觀點(diǎn)。但我們始終希望看到他們堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地維護(hù)自己的自由—而且要記住，在歷史上，凡愚教地狐假虎威者，終必葬身虎口。

8.對(duì)世界各地身居茅舍和鄉(xiāng)村、為擺脫普遍貧困而斗爭(zhēng)的人們，我們保證盡最大努力幫助他們自立，不管需要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。之所以這樣做，并不是因?yàn)楣伯a(chǎn)黨可能正在這樣做，也不是因?yàn)槲覀冃枰麄兊倪x票，而是因?yàn)檫@樣做是正確的。自由社會(huì)如果不能幫助眾多的窮人，也就無(wú)法保全那些少數(shù)的富人。

9.對(duì)我國(guó)南面的姐妹共和國(guó)，我們提出一項(xiàng)特殊的保證:在爭(zhēng)取進(jìn)步的新同盟中，把我們善意的話變?yōu)樯埔獾男袆?dòng)，幫助自由的人們和自由的政府?dāng)[脫貧困的枷鎖。但是，這種充滿希望的和平革命決不可以成為敵對(duì)國(guó)家的犧牲品。我們要讓所有鄰國(guó)都知道，我們將和他們?cè)谝黄?，反?duì)在美洲任何地區(qū)進(jìn)行侵略和顛覆活動(dòng)。讓所有其他國(guó)家都知道，本半球的人仍然想做自己家園的主人。

10.對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)，主權(quán)國(guó)家的世界性議事機(jī)構(gòu)，我們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)手段大大超過(guò)和平手段的時(shí)代里最后的、最美好的希望所在，我們重申予以支持:防止它僅僅成為謾罵的場(chǎng)所;加強(qiáng)它對(duì)新生國(guó)家和弱小國(guó)家的保護(hù);擴(kuò)大它的行使法令的管束范圍。11.最后，對(duì)那些與我們作對(duì)的國(guó)家，我們提出一個(gè)要求而不是一項(xiàng)保證:在科學(xué)釋放出可怕的破壞力量，把全人類卷人預(yù)謀的或意外的自我毀滅的深淵之前，讓我們雙方重新開始尋求和平。

12.我們不敢以怯弱來(lái)引誘他們。因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)我們毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地?fù)碛凶銐虻能妭?，我們才能毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地確信永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)使用這些軍備。

13.但是，這兩個(gè)強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家集團(tuán)都無(wú)法從目前所走的道路中得到安慰—發(fā)展現(xiàn)代武器所需的費(fèi)用使雙方負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重，致命的原子武器的不斷擴(kuò)散理所當(dāng)然使雙方憂心忡忡。但是，雙方卻爭(zhēng)著改變那制止人類發(fā)動(dòng)最后戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的不穩(wěn)定的恐怖均勢(shì)。14.因此讓我們雙方重新開始—雙方都要牢記，禮貌并不意味著怯弱，誠(chéng)意永遠(yuǎn)有待于驗(yàn)證。讓我們決不要由于畏懼而談判。但我們決不能畏懼談判。

15.讓雙方都來(lái)探討使我們團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)的問(wèn)題，而不要糾纏那些使我們分裂的問(wèn)題。

16.讓雙方首次為軍備檢查和軍備控制制訂認(rèn)真而又明確的提案，把毀滅他國(guó)的絕對(duì)力量置于所有國(guó)家的絕對(duì)控制之下。

17.讓雙方尋求利用科學(xué)的神奇力量，而不是激發(fā)科學(xué)的恐怖因素。讓我們一起探索星球，征服沙漠，根除疾患，開發(fā)深海，并鼓勵(lì)藝術(shù)和商業(yè)的發(fā)展。

18.讓雙方團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，在全世界各個(gè)角落傾聽以賽亞的訓(xùn)令—“卸下沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，讓被欺壓者得到自由。”

19.如果合作的灘頭陣地能逼退猜忌的叢林，那么就讓雙方共同作一次新的努力—不是建立一種新的均勢(shì)，而是創(chuàng)造一個(gè)新的法治世界，在這個(gè)世界中，強(qiáng)者公正，弱者安全，和平將得到維護(hù)。20.所有這一切不可能在今后一百天內(nèi)完成，也不可能在今后一千天或者在本屆政府任期內(nèi)完成，甚至也許不可能在我們的有生之年內(nèi)完成。但是，讓我們開始吧。

21.同胞們，我們方針的最終成敗與其說(shuō)掌握在我手中，不如說(shuō)掌握在你們手中。自從我國(guó)建立以來(lái)，每一代美國(guó)人都曾受到召喚去證明他們對(duì)國(guó)家的忠誠(chéng)。響應(yīng)召喚而獻(xiàn)身的美國(guó)青年的墳?zāi)贡榧叭颉?/p>

22.現(xiàn)在，號(hào)角已再次吹響—不是召喚我們拿起武器，雖然我們需要武器。不是召喚我們?nèi)プ鲬?zhàn)，雖然我們嚴(yán)陣以待。它召喚我們?yōu)橛永杳鞫缲?fù)起慢長(zhǎng)斗爭(zhēng)的重任，年復(fù)一年，“從希望中得到歡樂(lè)，在磨難中保持耐性，”對(duì)付人類共同的敵人—專制、貧困、疾病和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)本身。

23.為反對(duì)這些敵人，確保人類更為豐裕的生活，我們能夠組成一個(gè)包括東西南北各方的全球大聯(lián)盟嗎?你們?cè)敢鈪⒓舆@一歷史性的努力嗎? 24.在漫長(zhǎng)的世界歷史中，只有少數(shù)幾代人在自由處于最危急的時(shí)刻被賦予保衛(wèi)自由的責(zé)任。在這一責(zé)任面前，我絕不會(huì)退縮，我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間有人想同其他人或其他時(shí)代的人交換位置。我們?yōu)檫@一努力所奉獻(xiàn)的精力、信念和忠誠(chéng)，將照亮我們的國(guó)家和所有為國(guó)效勞的人，而這火焰發(fā)出的光芒定能照亮全世界。

25.因此，美國(guó)同胞們，不要問(wèn)國(guó)家能為你們做些什么，而要問(wèn)你們能為國(guó)家做些什么。26.全世界的公民們，不要問(wèn)美國(guó)將為你們做些什么，而要問(wèn)我們能共同為人類的自由做些什么。

27.最后，不論你們是美國(guó)公民還是其他國(guó)家的公民，請(qǐng)用我們所要求于你們的力量和犧牲的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)要求我們。問(wèn)心無(wú)愧是我們唯一可靠的獎(jiǎng)賞，歷史是我們行動(dòng)的最終裁判，讓我們走向前去，引導(dǎo)我們所熱愛的國(guó)家。我們祈求上帝的福佑和幫助，但我們知道，上帝在塵世的工作必定是我們自己的工作。