第一篇：旅游英語專業(yè)術(shù)語

A computer reservations system(or central reservation system)(CRS)is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel.Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSes were later extended for the use of travel agencies.Major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems(GDS).Example: Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who make their systems accessible to consumers through Internet gateways.Modern GDSes typically allow users to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets.They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated with the main system.

第二篇：英語專業(yè)術(shù)語

英語專業(yè)術(shù)語

1.名詞：noun 2.不可數(shù)名詞：uncountable noun 3.可數(shù)名詞：countable noun 4.抽象名詞：abstract noun 5.具體名詞：concrete noun

6.集體名詞：collective noun 7.個體名詞: individual noun 8.普通名詞：common noun

9.專有名詞：proper noun

10.動詞：verb 11.不及物動詞：intransitive verb 12.及物動詞：transitive verb 13.情態(tài)動詞：modal verb 14.不規(guī)則動詞：irregular verb 15.規(guī)則動詞：regular verb

16.代詞：pronoun

17.疑問代詞：interrogative pronoun 18.指示代詞：demonstrative pronoun 19.不定代詞：indefinite pronoun 20.人稱代詞：personal pronoun 21.物主代詞：possessive pronoun 22.反身代詞：Reflexive pronoun

23.副詞：adverb 24.程度副詞：adverb of degree 25.頻率副詞：adverb of frequency 26.方式副詞：adverb of manner

27.地點副詞：adverb of place

28.時間副詞：adverb of time 29.疑問副詞：Interrogative adverb

30.形容詞：adjective 31.冠詞：article 32.連詞：conjunction 33.數(shù)詞：numeral 34.介詞：Preposition

35.時態(tài)：tense 36.一般現(xiàn)在時：simple present tense 37.一般過去時：simple past tense 38.一般將來時：future tense

39.現(xiàn)在進行時：present continuous tense

40.過去進行時：past continuous tense 41.現(xiàn)在完成時：present perfect tense

42.過去完成時：past perfect tense

43.現(xiàn)在完成進行時：present perfect continuous tense

44.從句：clause

45.狀語從句：adverbial clause 46.定語從句：attributive clause 47.表語從句：predicative clause 48.主語從句：Subject clause

The Terms of English Language Teaching Methodology A achievement test 成績測試 acquisition習(xí)得，語言習(xí)得 acquisition 語言習(xí)得順序 active mastery 積極掌握

active vocabulary 積極詞匯，主動詞匯 affective filtering 情感篩選 aim objective 目的，目標 analysis of errors 錯誤分析

analytic approach 分析教學(xué)法，分析法 analytical reading 分析性閱讀 application to practice 運用于實踐 applied linguistics 應(yīng)用語言學(xué) approach 教學(xué)路子 aptitude test 能力傾向測驗 Army method 陸軍法

associative learning 聯(lián)想性學(xué)習(xí)auditory discrimination 辨音能力 auditory feedback 聽覺反饋 auditory memory 聽覺記憶

英語教學(xué)法術(shù)語

auditory perception 聽覺 audio-lingual method 聽說法 audio-visual method 視聽法

aural-oral approach 聽說教學(xué)法，聽說法 aural-oral method 聽說法 B

basic knowledge 基本知識 basic principle 基本原則 basic theory 基本理論 basic training 基本訓(xùn)練 basic vocabulary 基本詞匯 behaviorism 行為主義 bilingual 雙語的

bilingual education 雙語教育 blank filling 填空 C

chain drill 鏈式操練，連鎖操練 choral repetition 齊聲照讀，齊聲仿讀 class management 課堂管理 classroom interaction 課堂應(yīng)對 cloze 完形填空 coach 輔導(dǎo)

cognitive approach 認知法

common core 語言的共同核心，語言共核 communicative drill 交際性操練 communicative exercise 交際練習(xí)

communicative language teaching 交際語言教學(xué)法，交際教學(xué)法

community language learning 集體語言學(xué)習(xí)法

comparative method 比較法

communicative approach 交際法

comprehensible input 不難理解的輸入

comprehensive method 綜合法

computer-managed instruction 計算機管理教學(xué)

concord and coordination 默契與配合

console 控制臺

consonant cluster 輔音連綴

context 上下文

controlled composition 控制性作文

course density 課堂密度

course design 課程設(shè)計

cramming method 灌輸式

cue word 提示詞

curriculum 課程，教學(xué)大綱

curriculum development 課程編制，課程設(shè)計 cultural objective, aim 教養(yǎng)目的

cyclical approach 循環(huán)教學(xué)法，循環(huán)法 D

deductive learning 演繹性學(xué)習(xí)deductive method 演繹法

delayed auditory feedback 延緩聽覺反饋 demonstration 演示

demonstration lesson 示范教學(xué)

describe a picture in writing 看圖說話

describe a picture orally 描寫語言學(xué)

diagram 圖解

diagnostic test 診斷性測驗

dicto-comp 聽寫作文

direct application 直接應(yīng)用

direct comprehension 直接理解

direct learning 直接學(xué)習(xí)

direct method 直接教學(xué)法

E

educational objective, aim 教育目的

EFL 英語作為外語

EGP 通用英語

ELT 英語教學(xué)

English as a Foreign Language 英語作為外語 English as an International Language 英語作為國際語言

extra-curriculum activity 課外活動 extra-curriculum club, group 課外小組

English environment 英語環(huán)境

English for Academic Purposes 學(xué)術(shù)英語

F English for general purpose 普通英語

facial expression 面部表情

English for General Purposes 通用英語

feedback 反饋

English for specific purposes 專用英語

film projector 電影放映機

ESOL English for Speakers of Other Languages 供非英語民族使用的英語

English medium school 英語授課學(xué)校 English teaching;teaching English 英語教學(xué) WSD（English as a Second Dialect）英語作為第二方言

WSL（English as a Second Language）英語作為第二語言

ESL Programme（English as a Second Language Programme）

英語（第二語言）教程

word 功能詞

ESP（English for Special Purposes）專用英語 EST（English for Science and Technology）科技英語 evaluation 評語，評價 examination 考試 examination question 考題 experimental method 實驗法 extensive reading 泛讀 external speech 外語言語

G

general linguistics 普通語言學(xué)

gestalt style 格式塔式（學(xué)習(xí)），整體式（學(xué)習(xí)）gesture 手勢

getting students ready for class 組織教學(xué) global learning 整體式學(xué)習(xí)，囫圇吞棗式學(xué)習(xí)global question 綜合性問題 gradation 級進法，分級遞升法

filmstrip 電影膠片 final stage 高級階段

first language 第一語言，母語 formative evaluation 自由作文 free practice 自由練習(xí)frequency of word 詞的頻率 al approach 功能法 al syllabus 功能派教學(xué)大綱

graded direct method 循序直接法 grading 級進法，分級遞升法；評分 grammar lesson 語法課 grammar method 語法法

grammar translation method 語法翻譯法 grammatical analysis 語法分析 group reading 集體朗讀 group training 集體練習(xí)H guided composition 引導(dǎo)性作文

heuristic method of teaching 啟發(fā)式教學(xué)法 heuristics 啟發(fā)法；探索法

humanistic approach 人本主義教學(xué)法 I idealism 唯心主義 imitation 模仿

immersion programme 沉浸式教學(xué) imparting knowledge 傳授知識 incomplete plosive 不完全爆破 independent composition 獨立作文 individualized instruction 個別教學(xué) individual training 個別練習(xí)

inductive learning 歸納性學(xué)習(xí)

inductive method 歸納法

inflection, inflexion 詞形變化 information, processing 信息處理 initial beginning stage 初級階段 inner speech 內(nèi)語言語 in-service training 在職培訓(xùn) instructional objective 語言教學(xué)目標 integrative teaching 綜合教學(xué)

integrated approach 綜合教學(xué)法，綜合法 intelligent memory 理解性記憶 language training 強化教學(xué) intensive training 精讀 intermediate stage 中級階段 interpretation 口頭翻譯

International Phonetic Alphabet 國際音標 J

juncture 連讀，音渡 junior high school 初級中學(xué) junior school 初級學(xué)校

junior secondary school 初級中等學(xué)校 junior-senior high school 初高中

junior technical college(or school)初級職業(yè)學(xué)院（或?qū)W校）

junior year 大學(xué)三年級

K key words 基本詞，關(guān)鍵字 kinesics 身勢語，身勢學(xué) kinesthetic memory 動覺記憶 knowledge 知識

knowledge structure 知識結(jié)構(gòu) L language acquisition 語言習(xí)得

language acquisition device 語言習(xí)得機制 language arts 語言技能

language competence, or knowledge 語言知識language learning capability 語言學(xué)習(xí)能力 language laboratory;lab 語言實驗室 language leaning capacity 語言學(xué)習(xí)能力 language pedagogy 語言教育 language performance 語言行為 language program design 語言課程設(shè)計 language test 語言測試

learning by deduction 演繹性學(xué)習(xí)learning by induction 歸納性學(xué)習(xí)learning process 學(xué)習(xí)過程 learning style 學(xué)習(xí)方式 lesson conducting 教課 lesson plan 課時計劃，教案 lesson preparation 備課

lesson type 課型 linguistics 語言學(xué)

linguistic competence 語言能力 linguistic method 口語領(lǐng)先教學(xué)法 living language 活的語言 long-term memory 長期記憶 look-and-say method 看圖說話法 M

meaningful drill 有意義的操練 meaningful exercise 有意義的練習(xí)meaningful learning 理解性學(xué)習(xí)means of teaching 教學(xué)手段 mechanical drill 機械操練 mechanical exercise 機械練習(xí)mechanical memory 機械記憶 mechanical translation 機器翻譯

medium of instruction 教學(xué)媒介語，教學(xué)語言memory 記憶，記憶力 memory span 記憶幅度 memorizing 用記記住 method 方法

methodology of teaching 教學(xué)法

methodology of teaching English 英語教學(xué)法 microteaching 微型教學(xué)

mim-mem method 模仿—記憶法

minimal pair 最小對立體（一種辨音練習(xí)）model 模型 modeling 示范教學(xué)

modern equipment 現(xiàn)代化設(shè)備 modern language 現(xiàn)代語言 monitor hypothesis 語言監(jiān)控說 mother tongue 母語 motivation 引起動機 N native language 本族語

natural approach 自然教學(xué)法，自然法 natural method 自然法 needs analysis 需要分析 new lesson 新課 nine-pile grading 九堆法 notional approach 意念法

notional-al syllabus 意念-功能派教學(xué)大綱 notional syllabus 意念大綱、意念派教學(xué)大綱 O observation lesson 觀摩教學(xué) objective 教學(xué)目標

optimum age hypothesis 學(xué)習(xí)最佳年齡說 operating principle 操作原則

oral approach 口語教學(xué)法，口語法 oral exercise 口語練習(xí)oral method 口授法 oral reading 朗讀

order of acquisition 語言習(xí)得順序 organization of teaching materials 教材組織 organs of speech 發(fā)音器官 outside reading 課外閱讀 overlearning 過量學(xué)習(xí)P

paired-associate learning 配對聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)法 pair work 雙人作業(yè)，雙人練習(xí)passive vocabulary 消極詞匯 pattern drill 句型操練 pattern practice 句型練習(xí)pdeagogical grammar 教學(xué)語法 pedagogy 教育法 peer teaching 同學(xué)互教 penmanship handwriting 書法 perception 知覺

performance objective 語言實踐目標 personality 個性 philosophy 哲學(xué) phoneme 音素 phonetics 語音法

phonetic method 按字母音值拼讀法 phonology 音位學(xué) picture 圖畫

placement test 分班測驗 plateau of learning 學(xué)習(xí)高原 practical objective 實用目的 practice effect 練習(xí)效應(yīng) practice of teaching 教學(xué)實踐

presentation of new materials 提出新材料 pre-teaching 預(yù)教

primary of speech 口語領(lǐng)先

principle of communication 交際性原則 principle of teaching 教學(xué)原則 problem solving習(xí)題解答

production stage 活用階段，產(chǎn)出階段 productive exercise 活用練習(xí)productive mastery 活用掌握 productive vocabulary 活用詞匯 proficiency 熟練

program designing 課程設(shè)計 psycho-linguistics 心理語言學(xué) psychological method 心理法 Q

qualified teacher 合格教師 question band 試題庫 questionnaire 調(diào)查問卷 questions 提問 R

rapid reading 快速閱讀，快讀 rate of reading 閱讀速度 readability 易讀性 read by turns 輪讀 reading 閱讀 reading lesson 閱讀課 reading method 閱讀法 reading speed 閱讀速度

reading vocabulary 閱讀詞匯，閱讀詞匯量 receptive language knowledge 接受性語言知識 receptive vocabulary 領(lǐng)會詞匯 reformed method 改良法 regression 回看，重讀 reinforcement 鞏固 reinforcement lesson 鞏固課 repetition drill 復(fù)述操練 repetition-stage 仿照階段 response 反應(yīng) retelling 復(fù)述 retention 記憶 review;revision 復(fù)習(xí)

review（revise）and check up 復(fù)習(xí)檢查 review（revision）lesson 復(fù)習(xí)課

rewriting 改寫

rhythm 節(jié)奏

role-play 扮演角色

rote learning 強記學(xué)習(xí)法，死記硬背

S scanning 查閱，掃瞄

school practice 教學(xué)實習(xí)

scientific way of thinking 科學(xué)的思想方法second language 第二語言

segment 音段，切分成分

semantics 語義學(xué)

seminar 課堂討論

sentence completion 完成句子

short-term memory 短期記憶

sight vocabulary 一見即懂的詞匯

silent reading 默讀

silent way 沉默法，靜授法

simplification 簡寫

simplified reader 簡寫讀本

simulation 模擬，模擬性課堂活動

simultaneous interpretation 同聲翻譯 situational method 情景法

situational language teaching 情景派語言教學(xué)法，情景教學(xué)法

situational method 情景教學(xué)法

situational syllabus 情景派教學(xué)大綱

situation reinforcement 情景強化法

skimming 略讀，濟覽

slide 幻燈片

slide projector 幻燈片

socialized speech 社會化言語

socio-linguistics 社會語言學(xué)

soft ware 軟件

speech disorder 言語缺陷

speech pathology 言語病理學(xué)

speech perception 言語知覺

speech reading 唇讀法

speed reading 快速閱讀，快讀

speelling 正字法

spiral approach 螺旋式教學(xué)法，螺旋法

spoken language 口語

stage of teaching 教學(xué)階段

stick drawing;mathch drawing 簡筆畫

stimulus and response 刺激與反應(yīng)

stress accent 重音，重讀

structuralism 結(jié)構(gòu)主義（語言學(xué)）structural method 結(jié)構(gòu)法 student-centered 學(xué)生中心

student-centered learning 學(xué)生為主學(xué)習(xí)法 student teacher 實習(xí)教師 student teaching 教育實習(xí)

submersion programme 沉浸式教程 substitution 替換 substitution table 替換表 subvocal reading 默讀 suggestopaedia 暗示教學(xué)法 syllabus 教學(xué)大綱

syllabus design 教學(xué)大綱設(shè)計

syllabus for middle school English 中學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱 synthetic approach 綜合性教學(xué)法，綜合法 synthetical reading 綜合性閱讀 T target language 目的語，譯文語言 teacher’s book 教師用書 teacher’s manual 教師手冊 teaching experience 教學(xué)經(jīng)驗 teaching objective, aim 教學(xué)目的 teaching procedure 教學(xué)過程

teaching tools;property 教具

teaching words in isolation 孤立教單詞 theory of teaching 教學(xué)理論 TEFL 英語（外語）教學(xué) TESL 英語（第二語言）教學(xué) TESOL 對非英語民族教英語 time allotment 時間分配

total physical response method 整體動作反應(yīng)法 transformation drill 轉(zhuǎn)換操練 translation method 翻譯法

transformational generative grammar 轉(zhuǎn)化生成語法 U

unconscious 潛意識 underclassman 低年級學(xué)生 undergraduate 大學(xué)本科生 undergraduate course 大學(xué)本科課程 undergraduate school 大學(xué)本科學(xué)院 undergraduate special 大學(xué)特殊課程 unified studied 統(tǒng)一課程

university high school 大學(xué)附屬中學(xué) university of the air 廣播電視大學(xué) updating courses/training 現(xiàn)代化課程/訓(xùn)練 upgrading courses/training 進修課程/訓(xùn)練 upperclassman 高年級學(xué)生 use and usage 使用和用法 utterance 語段 V verbal association 詞語聯(lián)想 verbal learning 語言學(xué)習(xí)，單詞學(xué)習(xí)video 電視，影像 videotape 錄像磁帶 visual perception 視覺 visual aid 直觀手段 visit a class 聽課 visual memory 視覺記憶

英語說課常用教學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對照

A.Brief introduction to the teaching material 教材分析

Task and content B.Instructional objectives 教學(xué)目標 1.Cognition objectives 知識目標 2.Skill objectives 能力目標

3.Sensibility objectives 情感目標

C.Emphases and consolidation 重點與鞏固

D.Difficulties and breakthrough 難點與突破 E.Ideas of language teaching 教學(xué)思想

G.Teaching methods and teaching aids 教法教具 H.Teaching process and distribution of time 教學(xué)過程與時間分配（Warm up）1.Presentation 2.Sample drills 3.Explanation to the linguistic points 4.Consolidation practice 5.Summary 6.Test 7.Homework 8.Distribution of time

vocabulary control 詞匯控制 W

word association 詞際聯(lián)想 word list 詞表 word study 詞的研究 word frequency 詞匯重復(fù)率 written language 書面語

I.Layout of blackboard writing 板書

第三篇：曲阜師范大學(xué)日照校區(qū)旅游英語專業(yè)術(shù)語

1． 健康申報health declaration

2． 疫區(qū)epidemic area

3． 自來水tap water

4． 綠色通道the green channel

5． 移民局The Immigration Office

6． 外匯foreign currency

7． 檢疫Quarantine Inspection

8． 違禁品表the prohibited article list

9． 免稅額表the duty-free quota list

10． 地陪local guide

11． 全陪national guide

12． 領(lǐng)隊tour leader

13． 中國國際旅行社 China International Travel Service

14． 樂意效勞my pleasure

15． 談?wù)?jīng)事get down to business

16． 不卑不亢be neither humble nor pushy

17． 退房check out

18． 登記入住check in

19． 遵守諾言keep one’s promise

20． 商務(wù)酒店commercial hotel

21． 會議酒店convention hotel

22． 度假酒店resort hotel

23． 公寓酒店resident hotel

24． 旅游日程travel itinerary

25． 民族遺跡公園Ethnical Relics

26． 包價旅游package tour

27． 體壯如牛as strong as a horse

28． 旅行社經(jīng)營者tour operator

29． 旅行社travel agency

30． 主菜main course

31． 漢字Chinese characters

32． 民族特色national feature

33． 戰(zhàn)國時期Warring States Period

34． 由店家出錢 店家免費提供It’s on the house

35． 行李領(lǐng)取牌baggage claim tag

36． 文房四寶four treasures for the scholar’s studio

37． 歡送詞seeing off guests

38． 地方特色菜local specialties

39． 收銀臺cashier’s counter

第四篇：英語質(zhì)量專業(yè)術(shù)語

部門名稱的專有名詞

QS:Quality system品質(zhì)系統(tǒng) CS:Coutomer Sevice 客戶服務(wù) QC:Quality control品質(zhì)管理

IQC:Incoming quality control 進料檢驗 LQC:Line Quality Control 生產(chǎn)線品質(zhì)控制 IPQC:In process quality control 制程檢驗 FQC:Final quality control 最終檢驗

OQC:Outgoing quality control 出貨檢驗 QA:Quality assurance 品質(zhì)保證

SQA:Source(supplier)Quality Assurance 供應(yīng)商品質(zhì)保證(VQA)CQA：Customer Quality Assurance客戶質(zhì)量保證 PQA rocess Quality Assurance 制程品質(zhì)保證 QE:Quality engineer 品質(zhì)工程

CE:component engineering零件工程 EE:equipment engineering設(shè)備工程 ME:manufacturing engineering制造工程 TE:testing engineering測試工程 PPE roduct Engineer 產(chǎn)品工程 IE:Industrial engineer 工業(yè)工程

ADM: Administration Department行政部 RMA:客戶退回維修 CSDI:檢修

PC:producing control生管 MC:mater control物管

GAD: General Affairs Dept總務(wù)部 A/D: Accountant /Finance Dept會計 LAB: Laboratory實驗室 DOE:實驗設(shè)計 HR:人資 PMC:企劃 RD:研發(fā) W/H:倉庫 SI:客驗

PD: Product Department生產(chǎn)部 PA:采購(PUR: Purchaing Dept)SMT:Surface mount technology 表面粘著技術(shù) MFG:Manufacturing 制造

MIS:Management information system 資迅管理系統(tǒng) DCC:document control center 文件管制中心 廠內(nèi)作業(yè)中的專有名詞 QT:Quality target品質(zhì)目標 QP:Quality policy目標方針

QI:Quality improvement品質(zhì)改善 CRITICAL DEFECT:嚴重缺點（CR）MAJOR DEFECT:主要缺點（MA）MINOR DEFECT:次要缺點（MI）MAX:Maximum最大值 MIN:Minimum最小值 DIA iameter直徑 DIM imension尺寸

LCL:Lower control limit管制下限 UCL:Upper control limit管制上限 EMI:電磁干擾 ESD:靜電防護 EPA:靜電保護區(qū)域 ECN:工程變更

ECO:Engineering change order工程改動要求（客戶）ECR:工程變更需求單

CPI:Continuous Process Improvement 連續(xù)工序改善 Compatibility：兼容性 Marking：標記 DWG rawing圖面

Standardization：標準化 Consensus：一致 Code：代碼

ZD:Zero defect零缺點 Tolerance：公差

Subject matter：主要事項 Auditor：審核員

BOM:Bill of material物料清單 Rework：重工

ID：identification識別,鑒別,證明 PILOT RUN:(試投產(chǎn))FAI:首件檢查

FPIR：First Piece Inspection Report首件檢查報告 FAA:首件確認

SPC：統(tǒng)計制程管制

CP: capability index（準確度）

CPK: capability index of process(制程能力)PMP:制程管理計劃（生產(chǎn)管制計劃）MPI:制程分析

DAS efects Analysis System 缺陷分析系統(tǒng) PPB：十億分之一 Flux：助焊劑 P/N:料號

L/N：Lot Number批號 Version：版本 Quantity：數(shù)量

Valid date：有效日期

MIL-STD：Military-Standard軍用標準 ICT: In Circuit Test(線路測試)ATE：Automatic Test Equipment自動測試設(shè)備 MO: Manafacture Order生產(chǎn)單 T/U: Touch Up(錫面修補)I/N:手插件 P/T:初測

F/T: Function Test(功能測試-終測)AS 組立 P/K:包裝

TQM:Total quality control全面品質(zhì)管理

MDA:manufacturing defect analysis制程不良分析(ICT)RUN-IN:老化實驗 HI-pot：高壓測試

FMI：Frequency Modulation Inspect高頻測試 DPPM: Defect Part Per Million

(不良率的一種表達方式：百萬分之一)1000PPM即為0.1% Corrective Action:(CAR改善對策)ACC：允收 REJ:拒收

S/S：Sample size抽樣檢驗樣本大小

SI-SIV：Special I-Special IV特殊抽樣水平等級 CON：Concession / Waive特采 ISO:國際標準化組織

ISA：Industry Standard Architecture工業(yè)標準體制結(jié)構(gòu) OBA:開箱稽核 FIFO:先進先出 PDCA:管理循環(huán)

Plan do check action計劃，執(zhí)行，檢查，總結(jié) WIP:在制品（半成品）

S/O: Sales Order(業(yè)務(wù)訂單)P/O: Purchase Order(采購訂單)P/R: Purchase Request(請購單)AQL:acceptable quality level允收品質(zhì)水準 LQL;Limiting quality level最低品質(zhì)水準 QVL:qualified vendor list合格供應(yīng)商名冊

AVL ：認可的供貨商清單(Approved Vendor List)QCD: Quality cost delivery（品質(zhì)，交期，成本）

MPM:Manufacturing project management制造專案管理 KPI:Key performance indicate重要績效指標

MVT:Manufacturing Verification Test制造驗證試產(chǎn) Q/R/S：Quality/Reliability/Service質(zhì)量/可靠度/服務(wù) STL:ship to line（料到上線）NTF:No trouble found誤判

CIP:capacity improvement plan（產(chǎn)能改善計劃）MRB:material review board（物料審核小組）MRB:Material reject bill退貨單 JIT:just in time（即時管理）

5S:seiri seiton seiso seiketsu shitsuke（整理，整頓，清掃，清潔，修養(yǎng)）

SOP:standard operation process（標準作業(yè)程序）SIP:Specification inspection process制程檢驗規(guī)格 TOP: Test Operation Process(測試作業(yè)流程)WI: working instruction（作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書）

SMD:surface mounting device（表面粘著原件）FAR:failure aualysis report故障分析報告 CAR:Corrective action report改善報告

BPR： 企業(yè)流程再造(Business Process Reengineering)ISAR ：首批樣品認可(Initial Sample Approval Request)-JIT：實時管理(Just In Time)QCC ：品管圈(Quality Control Circle)Engineering Department(工程部)TQEM: Total Quality Environment Management(全面品質(zhì)環(huán)境管理)PD: Production Department(制造)LOG: Logistics(后勤支持)Shipping:(進出口)AOQ：Average Output Quality平均出貨質(zhì)量

AOQL：Average Output Quality Level平均出貨質(zhì)量水平FMEA：failure model effectiveness analysis失效模式分析 CRB: Change Review Board(工程變更會議)CSA：Customer Simulate Analysis客戶模擬分析

SQMS：Supplier Quality Management System供應(yīng)商品質(zhì)管理系統(tǒng) QIT: Quality Improvement Team 品質(zhì)改善小組 QIP：Quality Improvement Plan品質(zhì)改善計劃 CIP：Continual Improvement Plan持續(xù)改善計劃

M.Q.F.S: Material Quality Feedback Sheet(來料品質(zhì)回饋單)SCAR: Supplier Corrective Action Report(供貨商改善對策報告)8D Sheet: 8 Disciplines sheet(8D單)PDCA：PDCA(Plan-Do-Check-Action)(管理循環(huán))MPQ: Material Packing Quantity(物料最小包裝量)DSCN: Delivery Schedule Change Notice(交期變更通知)QAPS: Quality Assurance Process Sheet(品質(zhì)工程表)DRP ：運銷資源計劃(Distribution Resource Planning)DSS：決策支持系統(tǒng)(Decision Support System)EC ：電子商務(wù)(Electronic Commerce)EDI ：電子資料交換(Electronic Data Interchange)EIS ：主管決策系統(tǒng)(Excutive Information System)ＥＲＰ ：企業(yè)資源規(guī)劃(Enterprise Resource Planning)FMS ：彈性制造系統(tǒng)(Flexible Manufacture System)KM ：知識管理(Knowledge Management)4L ：逐批訂購法(Lot-for-Lot)LTC ：最小總成本法(Least Total Cost)LUC ：最小單位成本(Least Unit Cost)MES ：制造執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)(Manufacturing Execution System)MPS ：主生產(chǎn)排程(Master Production Schedule)MRP ：物料需求規(guī)劃(Material Requirement Planning)MRPⅡ：制造資源計劃(Manufacturing Resource Planning)OEM ：委托代工(Original Equipment Manufacture)ODM ：委托設(shè)計與制造(Original Design & Manufacture)OLAP：線上分析處理(On-Line Analytical Processing)OLTP：線上交易處理(On-Line Transaction Processing)OPT ：最佳生產(chǎn)技術(shù)(Optimized Production Technology)PDCA：PDCA管理循環(huán)(Plan-Do-Check-Action)PDM：產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)(Product Data Management))RCCP：粗略產(chǎn)能規(guī)劃(Rough Cut Capacity Planning)SCM ：供應(yīng)鏈管理(Supply Chain Management)SFC ：現(xiàn)場控制(Shop Floor Control)TOC：限制理論(Theory of Constraints)TQC ：全面品質(zhì)管制(Total Quality Control)FYI/R:for your information/reference僅供參考 ASAP:盡快

S/T:Standard time標準時間

TPM:total production maintenance：全面生產(chǎn)保養(yǎng) ESD Wrist strap：靜電環(huán)

IT:information technology信息技術(shù)，資訊科學(xué) CEO：Chief Executive Officer執(zhí)行總裁

COO：Chief Operaring Officer首席業(yè)務(wù)總裁 SWOT：Strength,Weakness,Opportunity,Threat 優(yōu)勢﹐弱點﹐機會﹐威脅 Competence：專業(yè)能力 Communication：有效溝通 Cooperation：統(tǒng)御融合 Vibration Testing：振動測試

IDP：Individual Development Plan個人發(fā)展計劃 MRP：Material Requirement Planning物料需求計劃 MAT'S：Material材料

LRR：Lot Rejeet Rate批退率 ATIN：Attention知會

3C：Computer ,Communication , Consumer electronic 消費性電子

5W1H：When , Where , Who , What , Why , Ho 5M: Man , Machine , Material , Method , Measurement 人,機器,材料,方法,測量

4MIE: Man,Material,Machine,Method,Environment 人力,物力,財務(wù),技術(shù),時間(資源)7M1I: Manpower , Machine , Material , Method, Market , Management , Money , Information 人力，機器，材料，方法, 市場，管理，資金，資訊 1 Accuracy 準確度 2 Action 行動Activity 活動 Analysis Covariance 協(xié)方差分析 5 Analysis of Variance 方差分析 6 Approved 承認Attribute 計數(shù)值A(chǔ)verage平均數(shù) Balance sheet 資產(chǎn)負債對照表Binomial 二項分配 Brainstorming Techniques 腦力風(fēng)暴法Cause and Effect Matrix 因果圖(魚骨圖)13 CL:Center Line 中心線Check Sheets 檢查表Complaint 投訴 Conformity 合格（符合）Control 控制 Control chart 控制(管制)圖Correction 糾正 Correlation Methods 相關(guān)分析法 CPI: continuouse Process Improvement 連續(xù)工序改善Cross Tabulation Tables 交叉表 CS: Customer Sevice 客（戶）服（務(wù)）中心DSA: Defects Analysis System 缺陷分析系統(tǒng)Data 數(shù)據(jù) Description:品名 DCC: Document Control Center 文控中心Decision 決策、判定 Defects per unit 單位缺點數(shù)Description 描述Device 裝置

Do 執(zhí)行

DOE: Design of Experiments 實驗設(shè)計

Element 元素

Engineering recbnology 工程技 35 Environmental 環(huán)境 36 Equipment 設(shè)備

Estimated accumulative frequency 計算估計累計數(shù)

E Equipment Variation 設(shè)備變異

External Failure 外部失效,外部缺陷

FA: Failure Analysis 失效分析

Fact control 事實管理

Fatigue 疲勞

FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis失效模式與效果分析

FP First-Pass Yield（第一次通過）合格率

FQA: Final Quality Assurance 最終品質(zhì)保證

FQC: Final Quality control 最終品質(zhì)控制

Gauge system 測量系統(tǒng)

Grade 等級

Histogram 直方圖

Improvement 改善

Initial review 先期審查

Inspection 檢驗

Internal Failure 內(nèi)部失效、內(nèi)部缺陷

IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程品質(zhì)控制

IQC: Incomming Quality Control 來料品質(zhì)控制

IS International Organization for Standardization 國際標準化組織

LCL: Lower Control limit 管制下限

LQC: Line Quality Control 生產(chǎn)線品質(zhì)控制

LSL: Lower Size Limit 規(guī)格下限

Machine 機械

Manage 管理

Materials 物料

Measurement 測量

Median 中位數(shù)

MSA: Measurement System Analysis 測量系統(tǒng)分析

Occurrence 發(fā)生率

Operation Instruction 作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書

Organization 組織

Parto 柏拉圖

PPM arts per Million（百萬分之）不良率

Plan 計劃

Policy 方針

Population 群體

PQA: Process Quality Assurance 制程品質(zhì)保證

Practice 實務(wù)(踐)76 Prevention 預(yù)防

Probability 機率

Probability density function 機率密度函數(shù)

Procedure 流程 80 Process 過程

Process capability analysis 制程能力分析（圖）

Process control and Process capability制程管制與制程能力

Product 產(chǎn)品

Production 生產(chǎn)

Projects 項目

QA: Quality Assurance 品質(zhì)保證

QC: Quality Control 品質(zhì)控制

QE: Quality Engineering 品質(zhì)工程

QFD: Quality Function Desgin 品質(zhì)機能展開(法)90 Quality 質(zhì)量

Quality manual 品質(zhì)手冊

Quality policy 品質(zhì)政策(質(zhì)量方針)93 Random experiment 隨機試驗

Random numbers 隨機數(shù)

R:Range 全距（極差）

Reject 拒收

Repair 返修

Repeatusility 再現(xiàn)性

Reproducibility 再生性

Requirement 要求

Responsibilities 職責(zé)

Review 評審

Reword 返工

Rolled yield 直通率

RPN: Risk Priority Number 風(fēng)險系數(shù)

Sample 抽樣,樣本

Sample space 樣本空間

Sampling with replacement 放回抽樣

Sampling without replacement 不放回抽樣

Scatter diagram 散布圖分析

Scrap 報廢

Simple random sampling 簡單隨機取樣

Size 規(guī)格

SL: Size Line 規(guī)格中心線

Stratified random sampling 分層隨機抽樣

SOP: Standard Operation Procedure 標準作業(yè)書

SPC: Statistical Process Control 統(tǒng)計制程管制

Specification 規(guī)范

SQA: Source(Supplier)Quality Assurance 供貨商品質(zhì)保證

Stage sampling 分段隨機抽樣

Standard Deviation 標準差

Sum of squares平方和

Taguchi-method 田口(試驗)方法 124 Theory 原理

TQC: Total Quality Control 全面品質(zhì)控制

TQM: Total Quality Management 全面品質(zhì)管理

Traceablity 追溯

Training 培訓(xùn)

UCL: Upper Control Limit 管制（控制）上限

USL: Upper Size Limit 規(guī)格上限

Validation 確認

Variable 計量值

Verification 驗證

Version 版本

VOC: Voice of Customer 客戶需求

VOE: Voice of Engineer 工程需求

Inventory stock report:庫存清單報告 138 Sales order report:出貨報告

質(zhì)量人員名稱類

QC quality control 品質(zhì)管理人員

FQC final quality control 終點質(zhì)量管理人員

IPQC in process quality control 制程中的質(zhì)量管理人員 OQC output quality control 最終出貨質(zhì)量管理人員 IQC incoming quality control 進料質(zhì)量管理人員 TQC total quality control 全面質(zhì)量管理 POC passage quality control 段檢人員 QA quality assurance 質(zhì)量保證人員

OQA output quality assurance 出貨質(zhì)量保證人員 QE quality engineering 質(zhì)量工程人員

質(zhì)量保證類

FAI first article inspection 新品首件檢查 FAA first article assurance 首件確認 CP capability index 能力指數(shù)

CPK capability process index 模具制程能力參數(shù)

SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供貨商質(zhì)量評估 FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析

FQC運作類

AQL Acceptable Quality Level 運作類允收質(zhì)量水平S/S Sample size 抽樣檢驗樣本大小 ACC Accept 允收 REE Reject 拒收 CR Critical 極嚴重的 MAJ Major 主要的 MIN Minor 輕微的 Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 質(zhì)量/可靠度/服務(wù) P/N Part Number 料號 L/N Lot Number 批號

AOD Accept On Deviation 特采 UAI Use As It 特采

FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件檢查報告 PPM Percent Per Million 百萬分之一

制程統(tǒng)計品管專類

SPC Statistical Process Control 統(tǒng)計制程管制 SQC Statistical Quality Control 統(tǒng)計質(zhì)量管理

GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重測性判斷量可靠與否 DIM Dimension 尺寸 DIA Diameter 直徑 N Number 樣品數(shù)

其它質(zhì)量術(shù)語類

QIT Quality Improvement Team 質(zhì)量改善小組 ZD Zero Defect 零缺點

QI Quality Improvement 質(zhì)量改善 QP Quality Policy 目標方針

TQM Total Quality Management 全面質(zhì)量管理 RMA Return Material Audit 退料認可

7QCTools 7 Quality Control Tools 品管七大手法

通用之件類

ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程變更通知(供貨商)ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改動要求(客戶)PCN Process Change Notice 工序改動通知 PMP Product Management Plan 生產(chǎn)管制計劃

SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程檢驗標準程序 SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作業(yè)規(guī)范 IS Inspection Specification 成品檢驗規(guī)范 BOM Bill Of Material 物料清單

PS Package Specification 包裝規(guī)范 SPEC Specification 規(guī)格 DWG Drawing 圖面

系統(tǒng)文件類

ES Engineering Standard 工程標準 CGOO China General PCE龍華廠文件

IWS International Workman Standard 工藝標準

ISO International Standard Organization 國際標準化組織 GS General Specification 一般規(guī)格 部類

PMC Production & Material Control 生產(chǎn)和物料控制 PCC Product control center 生產(chǎn)管制中心 PPC Production Plan Control 生產(chǎn)計劃控制 MC Material Control 物料控制 DC Document Center 資料中心

QE Quality Engineering 質(zhì)量工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 質(zhì)量保證(處)QC Quality Control 質(zhì)量管理(課)PD Product Department 生產(chǎn)部 LAB Laboratory 實驗室

IE Industrial Engineering 工業(yè)工程 R&D Research & Design 設(shè)計開發(fā)部

生產(chǎn)類

PCs Pieces 個(根,塊等)PRS Pairs 雙(對等)CTN Carton 卡通箱 PAL Pallet/skid 棧板

PO Purchasing Order 采購訂單 MO Manufacture Order 生產(chǎn)單 D/C Date Code 生產(chǎn)日期碼

ID/C Identification Code(供貨商)識別碼 SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求 L/N Lot Number 批號 P/N Part Number 料號

OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原設(shè)備制造 PC Personal Computer 個人計算機

CPU Central Processing Unit 中央處理器 A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 盡可能快的 E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 電子郵件 N/A Not Applicable 不適用 QTY Quantity 數(shù)量

I/O input/output 輸入/輸出 NG Not Good 不行,不合格 C=0 Critical=0 極嚴重不允許 APP Approve 核準,認可,承認 CHK Check 確認

ASS'Y Assembly 裝配,組裝 T/P True Position 真位度

5WIH When, Where, Who, What, Why, How to 6M Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, Message 4MTH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time, How 人力,物力,財務(wù),技術(shù),時間(資源)SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略質(zhì)量保證 DQA Design Quality Assurance 設(shè)計質(zhì)量保證

MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造質(zhì)量保證

SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 銷售及服務(wù)質(zhì)量保證 LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率

SPS Switching power supply 電源箱 DT Desk Top 臥式(機箱)MT Mini-Tower 立式(機箱)DVD Digital Video Disk VCD Video Compact Disk LCD Liquid Crystal Display CAD Computer Aided Design CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing CAE Computer Aided Engineering PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板 CAR Correction Action Report 改善報告 NG Not Good 不良

WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨要求 PPM Percent Per Million 百萬分之一

TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生產(chǎn)保養(yǎng) MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需計劃 OS Operation System 操作系統(tǒng) TBA To Be Assured 待定,定缺 D/C Drawing Change P/P Plans & Procedure EMI Electrical-Music Industry 電子音樂工業(yè) Electrical Magnetic Interference 電子干擾 RFI Read Frequency Input 讀頻輸入 MMC Maximum Material Condition MMS Maximum Material Size LMC Least Material Condition LMS Least Material Size LED lighting-emitting diode 發(fā)光二極管 QBR Quarter Business Record CIP Continuous improvement process

FGI Forecasted Goal Inventory CNC Computerized numeral controller B2C Business to customer B2B Business to business AVL Approved vendor list POP Procedure of packaging EOL End of life VDCS Vender defect correcting sheet PDCS Process defect correcting sheet GRN Goods receiving note A/R Accounting receivable A/P Accounting payable

第五篇：教育學(xué)專業(yè)術(shù)語_英語

Case study 個案研究

Basic knowledge 基礎(chǔ)知識

Basic skill基本技能

Full-time educational programme 全日制教育計劃 Skilled worker 技術(shù)個人

Semi-skilled worker 半技術(shù)個人 School-leaver 畢業(yè)生、離校生

Comprehensive school 綜合學(xué)校 Specialized staff 專業(yè)教師

Block release 離校學(xué)習(xí)、離崗學(xué)習(xí)Vocational qualification

職業(yè)資格

Career education

生計教育 Social skills

社交技能

Life skills

生活技能 School environment

學(xué)校環(huán)境

Work experience

工作經(jīng)驗 Actual experience

實際經(jīng)驗

Work-study programme利用學(xué)習(xí)以外的時間參加勞動 ,工讀計劃,半工半讀,勤工儉學(xué)Co-operative education programme 合作教育計劃Lower tech nician 初級技術(shù)個人

Technical education

技術(shù)教育

Final examination 期末考試

Practical experience[ik'spi?ri?ns;實踐經(jīng)驗

Dual system 雙元制是一種國家立法支持、校企合作共建的辦學(xué)制度，即由企業(yè)和學(xué)校共同擔(dān)負培養(yǎng)人才的任務(wù)，按照企業(yè)對人才的要求組織教學(xué)和崗位培訓(xùn)。該模式是德國職業(yè)技術(shù)教育的主要形式，在德國的企業(yè)中應(yīng)用很廣，近幾年也被我國的一些企業(yè)借鑒或采用。The Ministry of Education/Labor 教育部/勞動部

Physical education 體育

Sandwich program三明治教育計劃

三明治教育是英國發(fā)展最早、影響最為深遠產(chǎn)學(xué)研合作教育模式因而被當(dāng)作英國產(chǎn)學(xué)研合作教育模式代名詞時至今日英國三明治教育發(fā)展了一百多年已經(jīng)完美地融入了英國高等教育體系中英國高等教育不可或缺重要組成部分 Vocational guidance 職業(yè)指導(dǎo)

Job mobility崗位/職業(yè)流動

Educational research

教育研究 Cognitive/affective/psychomotor domain 認知/情感/動作技能領(lǐng)域 Performance/behavioral objective 操作性/行為目標

Evaluation technique

評價技術(shù)

Information service 信息服務(wù) Tracer system of school-leaver 畢業(yè)生追蹤制度

Job analyses

工作分析

Social status

社會地位 Disadvantage group 弱勢群體

Teacher training

教師培訓(xùn) Entrance level入學(xué)水平

College of advanced education 高等教育學(xué)院 Teachers’ college 師范學(xué)院或normal university

Infant teacher

幼兒教師

Full-time course 全日制課程 Part-time course 部分時間制課程Teacher-preparation 師資培養(yǎng) Home science Home Economics domestic sciencehousecraft家政學(xué)

Technical college 技術(shù)學(xué)院

Government/public/dependent school 公立學(xué)校An independent school is a school that is independent in its finances and governance;it is not dependent upon national or local government for financing its operations, nor reliant on taxpayer contributions, and is instead funded by a combination of tuition charges, donations, and in some cases the investment yield of an endowment.It is governed by a board of directors that is elected by an independent means and a system of governance that ensures its independent operation.It may receive government funds.However, its board must be independent.The terms independent school and private school are often synonymous in popular usage outside the United Kingdom.Independent schools may have a religious affiliation, but the more precise usage of the term excludes parochial and other schools if there is a financial dependence upon or governance subordinate to outside organizations.These definitions generally apply equally to primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education institutions.分別是修課式和研究式。master's degree

碩士課程主分為兩種，碩士學(xué)位masterate，修課式的碩士課程主要有理學(xué)碩士(MasterofScience，英文短寫為MSc)，教育碩士(Master of Education，英文短寫為MEd)，工程碩士(Master of Engineering，英文短寫為MEng)和文學(xué)碩士(Masterof Arts,英文短寫為MA)。另有工商管理碩士(Master of Business Administration,英文短寫為MBA)。而研究式的碩士課程有哲學(xué)碩士(Master of Philosophy，英文短寫為MPhil)。

Bachelor

教育學(xué)學(xué)士 baccalaureate;bachelor's degree

學(xué)士學(xué)位

Pre-service training 職前培訓(xùn)

Pre-Service崗前（培訓(xùn))

Monotechnical institution單一技術(shù)教育機構(gòu)

Concurrent programme雙軌教育計劃

Student teacher師范生 Non-government/private/independent school 私立學(xué)校

Bachelor of Arts/Science 文學(xué)士/理學(xué)士

Economic benefits經(jīng)濟效益 Technological progress 技術(shù)進步

Polytechnical college 多科技術(shù)學(xué)院 Vocational course職業(yè)課程

Tertiary eduction 高等教育 Director of education 教育局長

Principal of college 學(xué)院院長 Teaching staff 教師隊伍

Educational facilities 教育設(shè)施 Diploma student 大專學(xué)生

University student 大學(xué)學(xué)生 Senior staff 資深教師，老教師

Social sciences 社會科學(xué) Humanity sciences人文科學(xué)

Diploma course文憑課程（大專課程）Well-qualified staff 優(yōu)秀教師

Academic standard 學(xué)術(shù)標準 Tertiary non-university education 非大學(xué)實施的高等教育

Bachelor Of Technology技術(shù)學(xué)士

Bachelor Of Business 商學(xué)士 Agricultural college 農(nóng)學(xué)院

Scientific principles 科學(xué)原則 Specialist institutions專業(yè)性教育機構(gòu)

Academic stature 學(xué)術(shù)水平salary scale工資級別

academic status 學(xué)術(shù)地位 Primary student（小學(xué)生）

secondary-level student（中學(xué)生）secondary diploma student（中專生）

diploma student（大專生）university student（大學(xué)生）

postgraduate student（研究生）

of EducationDiploma course/degree course（學(xué)位課程）

Subject matter學(xué)科內(nèi)容 主題主旨

College preparatory curriculum 大學(xué)預(yù)科課程

Science curriculum理科課程

Premedical curriculum 醫(yī)科大學(xué)預(yù)科課程 Curriculum design課程設(shè)計

Curriculum development 課程編制/開發(fā) Curriculum planning 課程規(guī)劃

Subject curriculum 學(xué)科課程 Planned curriculum規(guī)劃的課程

Formal curriculum 正式課程 Experienced curriculum 經(jīng)驗的課程/體驗的課程

Perceived curriculum 領(lǐng)悟的課程

Instructional strategy 教學(xué)策略 Curriculum objective 課程目標

Learning situation 學(xué)習(xí)情境 Learning process 學(xué)習(xí)過程

Learning outcome 學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果 Competency-based education 能力本位教育

Vocational education 職業(yè)教育

Learning environment 學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境 K-12 programs 幼兒園至12年級教育計劃

subject –centered curriculum學(xué)科中心課程

Open curriculum 開放課程 Curriculum-program-course-subject Primary school（英國用法）

elementary school（美國用法）Accountability model 獎懲性模式

Merit pay 獎金 Local education authority（LEA）地方教育當(dāng)局 Professional development model 專業(yè)發(fā)展模式

Education innovation 教育改革

Headteacher 主任教員 Pilot study 試點研究

Appraisal cycle 評價周期 Classroom observation課堂聽課

Appraisal statement 評價報告 Even with the more sophisticated theories and processes now available，…即使現(xiàn)在有了更加深奧的理論和過程，我們?nèi)匀痪芙^下列任何課程概念，即把教育局限于有組織的知識的領(lǐng)域范圍之內(nèi)，因為這種課程概念是不充分的。

An earlier edition of this book used a definition Lewis and Miel classified with Caswell’s as “something actualized.”這本書的早期版本（1966年）采用了一個定義，Lewis和Miel把這個定義以及Caswell的定義分類為“某種現(xiàn)實化的東西”。This is the view that informed Sir Keith Joseph when he first declared the Government’s interest in teacher appraisal。這就是Keith Joseph爵士首次宣布英國政府對教師評價感興趣時所提出的觀點。

This emphasis on the jobdescription has been maintained in the pilot studies and…在試點研究中，一直強調(diào)崗位介紹。在試點期間，對評價范圍的精心考慮很好地體現(xiàn)了對重大改革進行試點的價值。

Since，however，appraisal needs to dovetail with the INSETprocess，…然而，由于評價需要與教師在職教育與培訓(xùn)的過程相吻合，因此兩年的周期似乎比四個學(xué)期的周期或五個學(xué)期的周期更加可取。

Any other outcome would fly in the face Of experience…

人們普遍體驗到征求需求的效果，因此任何其他結(jié)果都會與之相悖。

Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.Local government authorities are responsible for implementing policy for public educationand state-funded schools at a local level.The education system is divided into stages based upon age: Early Years Foundation Stage(ages 3–5), primary education(ages 5–11), secondary education(ages 11–18)and tertiary education(ages 18+).From the age of 16 there is a two-year period of education known as “sixth form” or “college” which typically leads to A-level qualifications(similar to a high school diploma in some other countries), or a number of alternate qualifications such as BTEC, the International Baccalaureate or the Cambridge Pre-U.England also has a tradition of independent schooling;legally, parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means.Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree.Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and the doctorate, a research degree that usually takes at least three years.Universities require a Royal Charter in order to issue degrees and all but one are financed by the state via tuition fees, which cost up to ￡9,000 per academic year for English, Welsh and European Union students.