第一篇：測繪工程專業(yè)英語

From the discussion thus far it can be stated with absolute certainty that all measured values contain errors , whether due to lack of refinement in reading , instrumental imperfection or human limitations.Some of these errors result from physical conditions that cause them to occur in systematic way , whereas others occur with apparent randomness.Accordingly , errors are classified as either systematic or random.But before defining systematic and random errors , it is helpful to define mistakes.These three terms are defined as follows:

1、Mistake.Mistake or blunders(gross errors)actually are not errors because they usually are so gross in magnitude compared to the other two types of errors.Carelessness , inattention , improper training , bad habits ,poor judgement , adverse measuring or observing conditions , and various negative attitudes and emotions are the traces or the common reasons for mistakes.They are not classified as errors and must be removed form any set of observations.Typical example of mistakes are omitting a whole tape length when measuring distance , sighting the wrong target in a round of angles , writing down 27.55 for 25.75 in recording.Therefore great care must be taken to obviate them

Mistakes will never be completely eliminated from measurements , but surveyor's careful , attentive , conscientious attitude can reduce the mistakes in most cases.Through proper training and development of good work habits , development and maintenance of positive attitudes , and understanding the theory and practically eliminated.2、systematic errors.Systematic errors are defined as those errors whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be calculated and applied as a correction to the measured quantity , or these errors follow some physical law and thus can be predicted.Some systematic errorsare removed by some correct measurement procedures(e , g, , balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling to compensate for earth curvature and refraction).Others are removed by deriving corrections based on the physical conditions that were responsible for their creation(e ,g , applying a computed correction for earth curvature and refraction on a trigonometric leveling observation).Surveyors should know how to deal with systematic errors.The first requirement is to recognize and accept the possible existence of errors.Next , identify the various sources that might be affecting a reading systematically , then , determine what the system is.Is it a constant , linear, or in proportion to the size of the quantity being measured ? Or , does it follow some other mathematical relationship ? Is there some physics involved ? Once systematic errors discovered and quantified , the errors can be essentially compensated by certain processes of measuring or correctedto reduce their effect.Careful calibration of all instruments is an essential part of controlling systematic errors3、Random errors.Random(also known as a accident)errors are introduce into each measurement mainly because of human and instrument imperfections as well as uncertainties in determining the effects of the environment on measurements.After all mistakes and systematic errors have been removed from the measured values , the random errors remain.In general , random errors are unavoidable and relatively small.They usually do not follow any physical law , but it can be deal with and estimated according to the mathematical laws of probability.Examples of random errors are(a)imperfect centering over a ground point during distance measurement with an EDM instrument ,(b)bubble not centered at the instant a level rod is read , and(c)small errors in reading graduated scales

Understanding the nature of random errors helps to understand why random errors never really

fully corrected , since the observation of the physical phenomena contains personal , random errors.Thus , measurement have “uncertainties” or random errors that remain unquantifiable.Random errorsare dealt with by controlling or managing them.It is a quality control process.They cannot be corrected or eliminated , only minimized and controlled.

第二篇：《測繪專業(yè)英語》教學(xué)大綱

測繪專業(yè)英語

Survey Specialty English

一、課程性質(zhì)

㈠、教學(xué)對象：工程測量專業(yè)三年級學(xué)生 ㈡、建議學(xué)時、學(xué)分：24學(xué)時 ㈢、開課學(xué)期：三年級上學(xué)期

二、課程內(nèi)容、培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)

㈣、課程內(nèi)容

《測繪專業(yè)英語》課程的開設(shè)，是為了使學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)英語學(xué)習(xí)和測繪專業(yè)課程的基礎(chǔ)上加強和提高對專業(yè)科技英語的閱讀能力和使用能力，特別是使學(xué)生熟練掌握測繪學(xué)科范疇之內(nèi)的基本詞匯，習(xí)慣用法，能夠閱讀一些簡單的測繪科技文獻、測繪專業(yè)英文書籍、測繪儀器使用說明書，具備一定的測繪專業(yè)科技英語的閱讀能力、翻譯能力及寫作能力。

㈤、培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)

本課程培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)：

1． 掌握各門測繪學(xué)科中常見的專業(yè)術(shù)語、習(xí)慣用法

2． 掌握各種測量儀器、設(shè)備的名稱、部件、結(jié)構(gòu)等的英文寫法

3． 學(xué)習(xí)一些選自近年來的英文測量教材，包括：誤差理論和平差基礎(chǔ)、普通測量、大地測量、礦山測量等

4． 能夠閱讀一些國際測繪學(xué)會會議或期刊上發(fā)表的介紹國外測繪理論與科研現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢的論文

5． 能獨立寫作比較簡單的測繪小作文 6． 掌握專業(yè)詞匯1000個，其中常見詞300個

7． 完本課程后能達到掌握3000個詞匯，科技英文閱讀速度每分鐘50-80個單詞

五、教學(xué)大綱具體內(nèi)容及學(xué)時分配

第一章 緒論（4學(xué)時）

測繪學(xué)科各門分支學(xué)科：

survey

n.測量，測量學(xué)

geodetic

a.測地學(xué)的，大地測量學(xué)的 topographic a.地形測量學(xué)的，地志的 topographical surveying 地形測量 photogrammetry

n.攝影測量學(xué)

remote sensing 遙感

hydrographic a.(水文)地理的，水道測量的hydrography

n.水文學(xué)，水道測量的 cadastral

a.地籍的 property n.地產(chǎn) ocean ographic

a.海洋（學(xué)）的seismology

n.地震學(xué) photogrammetry

n.攝影測量學(xué)

remote sensing 遙感 hydrographic a.(水文)地理的，水道測量的cadastral

a.地籍的 property n.地產(chǎn) ocean ographic

a.海洋（學(xué)）的seismology

n.地震學(xué) cartography

n.制圖學(xué)，繪圖法

digitalization n.數(shù)字化

與測繪學(xué)科有交叉關(guān)聯(lián)的一些學(xué)科：

mathematical a.數(shù)學(xué)的calculus

n.微積分學(xué)、計算法 analytic geometry 解析幾何

thermal physics 熱力物理學(xué) electrostatics

n.靜電學(xué)

mathematical statistics 數(shù)理統(tǒng)計學(xué) electrodynamics n.電動力學(xué)

quanta n.量子學(xué) navigation n.導(dǎo)航，航海術(shù)，航空

國外測繪機構(gòu)名稱：

MQB(Mining Qualifications board)

(英國)采礦資格審查委員會

BTEC(Business and Technician Education Council)商業(yè)與技術(shù)人員教育理事會 RICS(Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors)皇家特許測量工程師學(xué)會 NCB(National Coal Board)國家煤炭局 OS(Ordnance Survey)(美國)陸軍測量局

backsight

后視

foresight

前視 plus sight

正視

minus sight

負視

a single set-up 一次安置 set up the instrument 安置儀器 strike v.& n.照射，瞄準(zhǔn) properly ad.嚴格地，徹底地，恰當(dāng)?shù)?in adjustment 校正好的 clamp n.& v.制動，夾緊 coincide v.重合 devert v.使轉(zhuǎn)向，轉(zhuǎn)換 shift v.變換，平移 slip v.& n.滑動，滑脫 signal v.發(fā)信號，打手勢 n.信號，標(biāo)志

rodman 司尺員 levelman 水準(zhǔn)觀測者

rod-reading 水準(zhǔn)尺讀數(shù) inversely ad.相反地，逆向地 least count 最小讀數(shù) method of repetition 復(fù)測法 reconnaissance n.勘測，踏勘，選點

pacing n.步測

第三章 測繪儀器結(jié)構(gòu)部件專業(yè)詞匯（6學(xué)時）

instrument n.儀器 transit n.經(jīng)緯儀 ad.旋轉(zhuǎn) theodolite n.(精密光學(xué))經(jīng)緯儀 verner transit 游標(biāo)經(jīng)緯儀 level n.水準(zhǔn)儀，水準(zhǔn)器v.整平，使成水平gyro-theodolite 陀螺經(jīng)緯儀

bulls-eye bubble 圓水準(zhǔn)器，圓氣泡 plate bubble 水準(zhǔn)管 dumpy level 定鏡水準(zhǔn)儀 tilting level 微傾水準(zhǔn)儀 self-leveling level 自動安平水準(zhǔn)儀 automatic level 自動安平水準(zhǔn)儀 construction level 工程水準(zhǔn)儀 architect′s level 建筑工程水準(zhǔn)儀 hand level 手持水準(zhǔn)儀 engineer′s transit 工程經(jīng)緯儀 compensator n.補償器 plane table平板儀 foot plate 尺墊，底盤，腳踏板 turning point 轉(zhuǎn)點 mount v.安裝，固定 telescope n.望遠鏡 level bar 水平尺，水準(zhǔn)儀望遠鏡支架 bar n.竿，尺

第四章

測量數(shù)據(jù)處理中的詞匯（4學(xué)時）

minute n.分 second n.秒

error n.誤差 inadvertent error 偶然誤差 standard deviation 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 tolerance n.限差 closure n.閉合差

close tolerance 限差，允許閉合差 offset n.& v.偏移，偏差，支距 deviation n.偏差 local deviation 測站偏差

angular value 角值 average n.平均，平均數(shù)v.求平均 accurate a.精密的，準(zhǔn)確的 accuracy n.準(zhǔn)(確)度，精度 precision n.& a.精度，精密(的)precise a.精密的，精確的，嚴謹?shù)?sensitive a.靈敏的，敏感的 sensitivity n.靈敏度，敏感性 extant n.范圍，程度，大小，量值 definite a.明確的，限定的 curvature n.曲率，曲度 curve n.曲線 spherical a.球的 circular a.圓的 measurement n.觀測，觀測成果 correction n.改正數(shù)

centesimal a.百分度 ppm(parts per million)百萬分之幾

第五章

電子測量儀器中常見的英文符號

(4學(xué)時)HR(horizontal right)水平角右角 HL(horizontal left)水平角左角 H.ANG(horizontal angle)水平角 V.ANG（vertical angle）豎直角 HD(horizontal distance)水平距離 SD(slant distance)傾斜距離 VD(vertical distance)高差 ANG(angle)角度 DIST(distance)距離 coord 坐標(biāo)

N(northern coord)北向坐標(biāo)（X坐標(biāo)）E(eastern coord)東向坐標(biāo)（Y坐標(biāo)）Z(zenith coord)天頂坐標(biāo)（高程H）H(height)高程 CLR(clear)清除 ESC(escape)退出 ENT(enter)回車 MENU 菜單

BS# 后視點點號 FS# 前視點點號 config 配置 confirm 證實，確認 data transfer 數(shù)據(jù)傳輸 initialize 初始化 baud rate 波特率（傳輸速度）signal 信號

prism 棱鏡 tilt sensor 傾斜補償傳感器 symbol mark 符號標(biāo)志 tilt over 儀器傾斜超出補償范圍 memory error 存儲錯誤 memory poor 內(nèi)存不足 failed initialize 初始化失敗 limit over 超限 測繪儀器生產(chǎn)廠家：

Kern 瑞士克恩

Leica 瑞士徠卡 Wild 瑞士威爾特

Topcon 日本拓普康 Pentax 日本賓得 Nikon 日本尼康 Sokkia 日本索佳

Geotronics瑞典捷創(chuàng)力 Zeiss 德國蔡司

Trimble 美國天寶

Ashtech 美國阿什泰克 Magellan美國麥哲倫

六、推薦使用教材

《測繪專業(yè)英語》

朱家鈺 蔣芷華 馬金凱 馬振利 孫緒義 林敬

編，煤炭工業(yè)出版社

1990年5月第一版

七、主要參考書目

《測繪專業(yè)英語》

武漢測繪科技大學(xué)出版社

八、考試考核

考試成績由平時成績和期末成績兩部分組成。平時成績包括：學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、作業(yè)、提問、出勤情況。

期末考試采取筆試考試形式。試題類型為：選擇題、閱讀題、作文題、翻譯題等。

第三篇：測繪工程專業(yè)英語課后詞匯(精華版)（共）

Absolute error 絕對誤差addition constant 加常數(shù)

aerial photogrammetry 航空攝影測量

Adjustment of observations ,surver adjustment 測量平差

annexed leveling line 附合水準(zhǔn)路線

Angle closing error of traverse導(dǎo)線角度閉合差

as-built survey 竣工測量atomic clock 原子鐘 Attribute date屬性數(shù)據(jù)average error平均誤差backsight（BS）后尺 BM benchmark 水準(zhǔn)基點 Bridge survey 橋梁測量

Closed loop traverse 閉合環(huán)導(dǎo)線 closed leveling line 閉合水準(zhǔn)路線 clock error 鐘差

Closed traverse 閉合導(dǎo)線

construction control network施工控制網(wǎng) construction survey施工測量 control network控制網(wǎng) control point 控制點

control survey 控制測量data capture 數(shù)據(jù)采集 data transfer 數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換depresson angle 俯角detail survey 碎部

differential leveling 微差水準(zhǔn)測量 detail image 數(shù)字影像

direct /spirit leveling 幾何水準(zhǔn)測量

distance measuring instrument，rangefinder 測距儀

electronic leveltheodolite電子水準(zhǔn) elctro-optical distance measuring instrument 廣電測距儀

elevation angle 高度角 elevation difference 高差

engineering control network 工程控制網(wǎng) engineering survey 工程測量

error of closure ,closing error,closure閉合差

Error propagation，propagation of error誤差傳播

Free intersection 自由設(shè)站法 Geodesy 大地測量學(xué)

Geodetic coordinate system 大地坐標(biāo)系 Geodetic/ellipsoidal height 大地高

Geographic information system 地理信息系統(tǒng)

Geoid 大地水準(zhǔn)面 Geomatics 測繪學(xué)

Global positioning system 全球定位系統(tǒng) GPS constellation GPS星座，GPS receiverGPS接收機 Gross error 粗差

Height of instrument HI 儀器高 Height of target HT 目標(biāo)高 Horizontal angle 水平角

Horizontal control network平面控制網(wǎng) Horizontal survey 水平/平面測量 Level（rod）水準(zhǔn)儀（尺）Map projection 地圖投影 Master control station 主控站 Monitor station 監(jiān)控站

Multipath effect 多路徑效應(yīng) Photogrammetry 攝影測量學(xué) Raster data 柵格數(shù)據(jù)

Realtime differential correction實時差分改正 Reference datum 參考基準(zhǔn)面

Stadia addition constant 視距加常數(shù) Stadia hair（interval）視距絲（間隔）Topographic survey 地形測量 Total station 全站儀 Traverse point 導(dǎo)線點 Traversing 導(dǎo)線測量

Trigonometric leveling 三角高程測量 Vertical angle 垂直角 Vertical circle 垂直度盤

第四篇：測繪工程專業(yè)英語課文翻譯Unit 18 Construction Layout

Unit 18 Construction Layout（施工放樣）

Engineering surveys are conducted to obtain data essential for planning, estimating, locating, and layout for the various phases of construction activities or projects.（工程測量是在施工活動或工程的不同階段中為計劃編制、估計、定位、和放樣獲取必需的【essential必需的】數(shù)據(jù)的行為【conduct這里是動詞：處理，翻譯時用名詞 行為 代替】）After the necessary topographic maps are prepared and positions of the structures are established as well as the final plans for the project are available, the engineers, architects or building contractors need to know information about overall site grade and elevations to determine placement of site structures, or estimate the volume of dirt to be moved, and then to set the required horizontal and vertical positions for the structures.（在必要的地形圖準(zhǔn)備好、建筑物位臵已確定之后，同樣項目的最終方案也是可用的，工程師、建筑師【architect】或承建者【building contractor承建者、承包者；contract合同】需要知道全部場地的坡度和高程來確定建筑場地的布臵或者土方估算【volume體積；estimate估計】，然后放臵建筑物的設(shè)計【required要求的，這里指設(shè)計位臵】水平和豎直位臵）

Construction surveying is the translation of construction plans into physical points on the ground that can be used as a basis for the actual construction.（施工測量【Construction surveying施工測量，不要翻譯成建筑測量】是施工圖【construction plan施工圖】到地面上實地點位的轉(zhuǎn)換【translation】，可以被用來作為實際施工的基礎(chǔ)【或譯為原理】。）

This type of surveying is sometimes called “construction layout” or “l(fā)ayout work”.（這種測量有時被稱為“construction layout”或“l(fā)ayout work”）

Obviously construction surveying is the inverse operation of the activities with which the surveyor is usually associated: the gathering of data regarding real points and positions on the ground and representing those positions on a map.（顯然施工測量【construction surveying】是測量者通常參與【associate參與、聯(lián)合】的測量活動【activities】的逆過程【inverse operation逆過程；inverse反的】，這些通常的測量活動是實地點位數(shù)據(jù)的收集和那些位臵在圖上的表示）

The surveyor performing construction surveying is taking a “map” representing proposed structures and placing that information on the ground.（進行施工測量的測量者持有一張標(biāo)有【represent標(biāo)示】設(shè)計建筑的“圖紙”，并將其上的信息標(biāo)定【place放臵】在地面上）

As you can see, the surveyor is literally involved from start to finish of a construction project.（正如你所看到的，測量者從始至終【from start to finish自始至終】完全【literally完全地、真正地；原意是逐字地】伴隨【involve伴隨、涉及、包括】施工項目）The results of construction surveying are seen in almost any urban, suburban, and even rural setting.（施工測量的成果能見于幾乎任何城市的、郊外的、甚至鄉(xiāng)村的工程【setting安臵；這里譯為工程】）

Almost any roadway, building, or other man-made structure probably had some amount of construction surveying involved.（幾乎任何道路，建筑，或其它人工建筑物都大概有一些施工測量在內(nèi)）

Construction surveying provides not only the horizontal location of new man-made structures, but also the vertical information required to ensure that surfaces drain or pipes flow as required.（施工測量不只提供新人工建筑物的水平定位，還提供保證表面排水溝渠【drain】或管道【pipe】流動【flow】的豎向的信息）

Construction control: the first on-site job for the construction surveyor is to relocate the horizontal and vertical control used in the preliminary survey.（施工控制：施工測量人員第一項場區(qū)內(nèi)【on site場區(qū)內(nèi)】的工作是重建初測【preliminary survey初測】時的水平和豎直控制）【即工程測量中的定測階段的：恢復(fù)初測控制網(wǎng)】

Generally speaking, the horizontal and vertical control used in the preliminary survey may not be used again in construction surveying.（一般而言，初測的水平和豎直控制在施工測量中不再使用）

Depending on the size and complexity of the project as well as the precision requirements, it may be necessary to reestablish the horizontal and vertical control in the areas of proposed construction.（依靠工程的大小和復(fù)雜性以及設(shè)計精度，必然【necessary必然的】可以在設(shè)計【proposed計劃的、被提議的】建筑物所在場地重建水平和豎直控制）For example, the construction surveyor will establish one or more benchmarks in the general vicinity of the project.（例如，施工測量人員將在大體【general】臨近工程附近【vicinity臨近，附近n.in the vicinity of 在附近】建立一個或多個水準(zhǔn)點）

These benchmarks are placed away from the immediate vicinity of the buildings so they will not be destroyed by the construction operations, and are used to provide vertical control for the project.（這些水準(zhǔn)點被設(shè)臵在離建筑物較遠的地方【away from遠離；immediate vicinity緊靠n.直接譯為：離建筑物較遠】，以免它們被施工工作【operation工作、操作】破壞，并用來提供工程的豎直控制）

Once these are set, the surveyor will then establish a good many less permanent but more accessible benchmarks quite close to the project.（一旦這樣，測量人員將建立一個很多【a good many很多】非永久的【permanent永久的】但是更易接近【accessible易接近的】于工程項目的水準(zhǔn)點）

The location of these less permanent points should be carefully selected so that turning points will ideally not be needed when elevations have to be set at the project.（這些非永久的點位應(yīng)當(dāng)謹慎選取，以保證在對工程高程放樣時盡量【ideally完美地、理想地】不需轉(zhuǎn)點【turning point】）

Such careful selection of the points may result in critical time saving which is so important on construction project.（這些點的這種謹慎的選擇，將會帶來【result in導(dǎo)致，不符合中文習(xí)慣】關(guān)鍵的【critical批評的、危急的，可這里的意思是關(guān)鍵性的，即節(jié)省時間是關(guān)鍵性的】時間的節(jié)省，這在工程的施工工作【construction project】中非常重要）Layout: It is obviously critical for a construction job that the various parts of the structure be placed at the desired elevation.（放樣：這明顯是施工工作中的關(guān)鍵【critical關(guān)鍵的；或者：這明顯對于施工工作來說是關(guān)鍵的】，建筑物的不同部分將放臵【測設(shè)】到設(shè)計高程上去）

To accomplish this goal the construction surveyor will establish the reference lines or base lines before the actual layout measurements begins.（為了完成這個目的，在實地放樣測量開始之前施工測量人員將建立參考線或者基線）

For large construction projects, the usual procedure is to set down a main base line down the centerline of the structure, such as the centerline of the bridge.（對于大型施工項目，通常的【usual】做法【procedure程序】是將主基線設(shè)到建筑物的中心線位臵【即，以建筑物中心線為主基線】【set……down放下、設(shè)下】，例如橋中軸線）

The monuments are set along the centerline at each end beyond the area of the construction work.（沿中心線在越過施工場地兩端設(shè)臵標(biāo)石）【還是沿中心線設(shè)臵標(biāo)石，中心線兩端越過施工場地（沿中心線設(shè)臵標(biāo)石，直至越過場地）？】

The monuments along the ends of the line may be occupied by the surveyor and will enable him to check and reset points within the construction areas.（測量者占據(jù)【occupy】基線兩端的標(biāo)石，使得他可以檢查和重現(xiàn)放臵施工場地內(nèi)的點）

The stakes and points set during the process of construction surveying are not usually set at the actual construction point, but usually on some sort of offset.（在施工測量過程中，所設(shè)的測樁和點位通常不在真實建筑點上，而是通常多少有些【some sort of】偏移【offset】）This is done so that the survey stake is not disturbed by excavation or other activities that will take place at the actual point of construction.（這么做是為了讓測樁不受挖掘或其它在真實建筑點上會發(fā)生的活動的干擾）

The stakes are marked with an “offset” and a “grade”, which provides the construction crew with the special relationship of the construction stake to the actual point of construction.（測樁偏心設(shè)臵【offset平移 grade斜坡，指的是兩種后果，直接譯為 偏心】，給施工人員提供額外的【special額外的、特殊的】施工樁和實際建筑點之間的關(guān)系）The “offset” is the distance from the survey stake to the horizontal position of the actual point of construction, and would typically be three feet for curb and gutter to ten feet for underground pipes.（“平移量”是從測樁到實際建筑點的水平距離，有代表性的如 路邊留3英尺，為地下管道開槽【gutter開槽v.槽n.】10英尺）

Techniques of layout: In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instrument via the keyboard or directly from an office computer.（放樣方法：在施工放樣測量中，在控制點為定位建筑點所需的方向和距離數(shù)據(jù)可以經(jīng)由【via】鍵盤或直接通過辦公室計算機輸入儀器）

Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to be located agrees with the computed distance.（然后測量人員引導(dǎo)【guide】手持棱鏡的人沿計算出的方向線前行直至到所定點的距離與計算距離向吻合）

Various techniques may be applied to accomplish this goal.（完成這個目標(biāo)有多種方法）A very popular technique called free station permits the surveyor to set up the total station at any convenient position and then to determine the coordinates and elevation of that instrument position by sighting previously coordinated reference stations.（一個非常流行的方法叫做自由設(shè)站法【free station自由設(shè)站法】，允許測量人員在任何便利的【convenient方便的】地方設(shè)臵全站儀，然后事先【previously】照準(zhǔn)【sighting】已知坐標(biāo)的【coordinated坐標(biāo)已知的】參考位臵，以確定儀器站點的坐標(biāo)和高程）

After the instrument has been set up over this instrument position(a control point)and properly oriented, angles or azimuths from the control point and distances to each layout point may be indicated.（在儀器在站點（控制點）設(shè)臵并適當(dāng)定向【orient】后，從控制點到每個放樣點的角度或方位角和距離就可以被指出【indicate】）

Now many total stations have such functions that the coordinates and elevations of the layout points may be uploaded into the total station, the instrument’s display shows the left/right, forward/back, and up/down movements needed to place the prism in each of the desired positions.（現(xiàn)在許多全站儀有這樣的功能可以將放樣點的坐標(biāo)和高程輸入全站儀，儀器的顯示器【display顯示器】會顯示棱鏡到每個設(shè)計點需要左/右，前/后，和上/下的移動）

As-built surveys: When the construction surveying has been completed, a final survey is performed.（竣工測量：當(dāng)施工測量完成，最后的測量工作被執(zhí)行）

The final survey includes cross sections and locations that are used for final payments to the contractor and for the completion of an as-built drawing.（最后的測量工作包括橫斷面圖和定位，以用來【be used for用來做】做向承建人【contractor】末期付款【final payment】和完成竣工圖【as-built drawing】用的）

These are the as-built surveys and they are used to check the contractor’s work and show locations of structures and their components(water line, sewer, etc.), which will be needed for future maintenance, changes, and new construction.（這些就是竣工測量，它們被用來檢查承建人的工作和顯示建筑物位臵以及它們的結(jié)構(gòu)（水管，下水道，等等），將用來以后的維護【maintenance】、改造、和新建。）

第五篇：測繪工程

測繪工程(本科類)

本專業(yè)培養(yǎng)具備地面測量、空間測量、攝影測量與遙感以及地圖編制等方面的知識，能在國民經(jīng)濟各部門從事測繪工程設(shè)計、實施與管理、國家基礎(chǔ)測繪建設(shè)、城市和工程建設(shè)、礦產(chǎn)資源勘察與開發(fā)、國土資源調(diào)查與管理、地圖制圖與地理信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)應(yīng)用、環(huán)境保護與災(zāi)害防治等工作的高級工程技術(shù)人才。主要課程：測量學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、數(shù)字測圖原理、誤差理論與測量平差、大地測量學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、工程測量學(xué)、攝影測量學(xué)、遙感原理與應(yīng)用、開采沉陷學(xué)、數(shù)字圖像處理、地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）原理、全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）原理及應(yīng)用、計算機文化基礎(chǔ)、高級語言程序設(shè)計、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)、計算機制圖等。學(xué)生畢業(yè)后，可在國土資源相關(guān)部門、城市建設(shè)部門、交通、水利以及工礦企業(yè)和測繪單位從事測量工程以及地圖與地理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計、實施和技術(shù)管理工作，也可從事教學(xué)與科研工作。