第一篇：新編英語CHABEN的哦~

Language structures

Samples:

1.A: What was Tony doing at 4:00 last Saturday?

B: He was painting the fence.A: Was Tim painting the fence then too?

B: No, by 4:00 he’d already painted the fence.He was watering the flowers then.2.A: What was Tim doing at 4:00 last Saturday?

B: He was watering the flowers.A: Was Betty watering the flowers then too?

B: No, by 4:00 she’d already watered the flowers.She was mowing the lawn then.3.A: What was Betty doing at 4:00 last Saturday?

B: She was mowing the lawn.A: Was Don mowing the lawn then too?

B: No, by 4:00 he’d already mown the lawn.He was trimming the hedge then.Dialogue I

Sample dialogue:

Paul: Thanks for a most enjoyable game.Tang: The pleasure is mine.Thank you, paul.Paul: I hope we can play tennis again next Saturday.Tang: So do I.By the way, is this the first time you’ve been in China?

Paul: No, this is already my second visit.Tang: When did you come here last？

Paul: In 1997.I came here on a package tour with my parents.Tang: On a package tour with your parents? That was nice.Did you enjoy yourselves?

Paul: oh, yes, we had a wonderful time.My parents were deeply impressed by the beautiful places and friendly people here.Tang: Had you learned some Chinese before you came to China?

Paul: No, I was an absolute beginner of Chinese when I came to this university.Tang: How long have you been here?

Paul: About ten months.By the way, are you a native of this city?

Tang: No, I’m from Nanjing.This is my first visit to this city.Paul: So you’re a newcomer.Dialogue II

Sample dialogue:

1.A: Excuse me, are you(Mr.Smith)?

B: Yes, that’s right, and you must be(Miss Brown).2.A: Oh, how do you do,(Mr.Coe)? I’m Wang.B: How do you do?

A: Welcome to Shanghai.3.A:(Jane), this is my classmate, Zhang Ping.B: Hello!

C: Hello!

4.A: May I introduce Mr Chen, the director of our school?

B: How do you do?

C: How do you do?

5.A: Did you have a good flight?

B: Mmm…yes.It was exciting.6.A: Did you have a good trip?

B: Well, the train was delayed unfortunately, and, at night, of course, it was rather boring.Reading I

1.F(He had not expected that)

2.F(He had to walk home because the last bus had gone before midnight)

3.T

4.F(He did not seem to be afraid.He answered the policemen’s questions calmly and tried to

explain that he lived there.)

5.T

6.F(He phoned the police because he saw a light and he knew that Herbert’s family had all

gone away to the seaside.)

7.F(They were disappointed)

8.T

Reading II

Sample passage:

Andrew was going to be away from home for three days.Before he left, he locked all the windows.He told his wife to bolt the front door when he drove away and he told one of his neighbours to keep an eye on the house.On his way, he had a flat tyre.As he could do nothing about it, he thumbed a ride home.When he reached home, he remembered that the windows had been locked and that the front door had been bolted.He tried to wake up his wife by pounding on the front door but his wife was a sound sleeper.Then he began to break one of the windows with his briefcase.Just then the police came.His neighbour had telephoned the police because he couldn’t recognize Andrew in the dark.As the police didn’t believe that Andrew lived in the house, Andrew told the police to wake up his wife and check his story.But no one answered when they knocked at the door.So they concluded that there was no one in the house.Guided writing

A.1.in fact2.well3.just4.besides5.and

6.as7.furthermore

B.Dear Mr.Keller,This is to introduce Ms.Ruby Hermann.Ms.Hermann is a well-trained, experienced and conscientious secretary.Her former employers have all found her competent.She left her former post because it took her too long to get to the office.You told me last Saturday that your secretary had left you.You may interview Ms.Hermann and see if she can fill the vacancy.I can vouch for her honesty.Henry Monroe

Comprehensive exercise

spelling

1.marvelous2.search3.disappear4.hike 5.aircraft6.sergeant

7.neighbour8.programme9.project10.shirt11.scenic site12.natural scientist II.Dictation

A.Edward and Ann sat down at a table outside one of the cafes.After they had been there

enjoying the sunshine for a few minutes, a young waiter, not much more than a boy, came to take their order.He spoke no English, but after a lot of laughter and pointing at the menu, they thought they had managed to make him understand that all they wanted was ice-cream.There were several flavours, lemon, chocolate, coffee, orange and vanilla and they both chose coffee.“ I love coffee ice-cream,” said Ann.After a little while the waiter returned.He was carrying a big tray which he set down very carefully on the table in front of Edward and Ann.There were two cups of coffee and two plain ice-creams on the tray.“We didn’t order coffee, “ said Edward crossly, “we ordered coffee ice-cream.He ought to be able to understand simple English.”

The waiter smiled and looked pleased.B.“No,” said Ann laughing, “it’s his country.We ought to be able to speak his language.” One day when I went back home from the outside, I couldn’t get in.I had left my key at

home.My wife was out of town staying with her parents, so it was no use knocking.I had to break a window, and I found a big stone.There was a tremendous crash when I broke the glass, and I had to be careful when I reached through to turn the handle.I was just climbing in when a deep voice said, “What do you think you’re doing?” It was a policeman.My neighbour heard the glass breaking and phoned the police.It took quite a long time to explain that I wasn’t a burglar.In future I think I’ll leave a spare key under the door-mat.III.Listening Comprehension

A.1.D2.C

B.(omitted)

IV.Translation

A.1.By the time I got to the meeting room on the top floor, they had already left.1.This programme caters for many different types of interest and taste among the public.2.The old song has brought back memories of those good old days.3.They finished the project one week earlier than they had expected to.4.At last the jury was convinced that the middle-aged man had nothing to do with the murder.5.This is the third time I have been in shanghai, and I’ve noticed that shanghai has taken on a

new look.B.1.one day when Ma Ming came home from school, he found that everything had been turned upside down in the living room.His mother was searching the drawers, his father was searching the bookcase, his younger brother was crying.He wondered what had happened.As soon as his mother saw him, she asked, “Have you seen Xiaoqing’s maths textbook?” Ma Ming went to the bedside and took out a textbook from under the pillow.He explained, “Last night when I came into the room, Xiaoqing had gone to bed and his textbook way lying on the floor.I picked it up and put it under there.”

2.Last Friday, I met a former classmate of mine in shanghai Museum.We had not seen each other for about four years.After leaving school, he went to college and I joined the PLA.He said

he had graduated from the English Department at Pujiang University, and was now working as an interpreter for the international Travel Agency.We were both overjoyed at the unexpected meeting.V.Blank filling

A.1.was 2.lived 3.had…been 4.made/took 5.could 6.saw 7.saw 8.had…seen 9.did 10.had…done11.took 12.went 13.had…ridden14.found 15.got 16.had 17.was 18.saw 19.was 20.dared 21.had…seen 22.had 23.were

B.1.The 2.the 3./ 4./ 5.the 6.a 7.the 8./ 9.a 10.the 11.the 12.the 13.the 14.the 15.the 16.the

17.the 18.an 19.The 20.the 21.the 22.the 23.The 24.a 25.the 26.the 27.the 28.a 29.the 30.the

VI.Vocabulary

A.1.a boy who has red hair2.a man who has a bad temper

3.a pair of shoes that are of a medium size

4.a cake that is baked at home5.a chair that is covered with leather

6.a pullover that is knitted by hand7.a street that is lined with trees

8.a footballer who is trained well

B.1.taking in 2.has taken up 3.take after 4.take over 5.take down 6.took to 7.taken off 8.take …for

C.1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D

第二篇：英語演講稿哦

小學(xué)生英語演講稿默認(rèn)分類 2010-09-27 09:30:03 閱讀156 評(píng)論0字號(hào)：大中小 訂閱.Ourhobbies

我們的愛好

Hello, Everyone!Today, the topic of my speech is “Our hobbies.”

My name is Shi Hanrui.I’m ten years old.I’m in Class One, Grade Six.I’m in Sizhaoyuan Primary school.I have many friends.We often go home together.Do you know what my hobby is? Now let me tell you.I have many hobbies.Such as riding a bike, singing, listening to music, swimming, playing chess and reading books.I like reading books best.Because it can help me leaning.And I also like playing badminton with my parents.I think it’s good for my health.I’ m good at math and English.So I want to be a math or English teacher in the future.My mom is a housewife.She likes singing and reading newspapers.My dad is a policeman.He likes watching TV and playing chess.I love them very much.I have a sister.Her name is Chen Yan.She likes drawing pictures and cleaning her room.And she likes making kites, too.I like sports, but she likes art.We look the same, but we don’t like the same things.And my brother Zhang Xing likes playing computer games.I think he wants to be a computer expert one day.You know, I like math, but my friends don’t like it.However, we all like English best.They also like making kites, dancing and drawing pictures.We always play together every day.I think we are good friends, and we often help each other in study.My pen pal Lucy lives in England.I think England must be fun!She likes playing the violin, doing an experiment and collecting stamps.She likes writing letters and emails, too.We often send the e-mails with each other.What about you? Cam you tell me what’s your hobby?

學(xué)生姓名：王蕾性別：女出生年月：1998年1月3日

參賽題目：What I Am Going to Do In the Summer Holidays

暑假我將做些什么

所在學(xué)校：安慶市四照?qǐng)@小學(xué)六（1）班

指導(dǎo)老師：李云

What I Am Going to

Do In the Summer Holidays

暑假我將做些什么

The new summer holidays are coming.As everybody knows, summer is a beautiful season.The sky is blue and the sun is shining.The flowers are blossoming and the birds are singing.The trees are green and the rice is golden.I like it very much.During the coming summer holidays, I am going to go on with my study.In the morning, I’ll study English.I have many, many English books.I like to read them.Then I’ll do my homework.I am going to borrow some science books from the library, too.Besides, I’m going to discuss problems with my classmates.I’ll do something good for my family and others.I’ll cook and do some washing.I’ll clean the room.I’ll learn from Uncle Lei Feng and try to help the old and the young.My brother and I have a very small garden in front of my house.There are many kinds of flowers in it.I’ll water them every day.I’m going to have some sports.I’ll play basketball, volleyball and badminton with my neighbors in the afternoon.What＇s more, I’m going to learn to swim with the help of my father.If my parents have time, I’ll go out sightseeing with them.There is a large, beautiful park in the middle of the city.There we can go boating and take photos.My summer holidays will be happy holidays.I’ll have a good time!

學(xué)生姓名：胡新性別：女出生年月：1998年12月18日

參賽題目：How a Farmer Saved the Snake

一民農(nóng)夫怎樣條救蛇

所在學(xué)校：安慶市四照?qǐng)@小學(xué)六（1）班

指導(dǎo)老師：李云

Farmer and Snake

農(nóng)夫與蛇

One day, it was snowing heavily.It was white everywhere.A farmer had cut some wood and was returning home when he saw a rattlesnake on the road, numb with cold.“Oh, little snake.Whyaren’tyouathomeinsuchcoldweather ? Look, you’re freezing.Poor you!’’

The farmer thought some more to himself: “What can I do for you? Make a fire to warm you? No, it’s snowing so hard, and I have only a small bundle of wood.Besides, my family is waiting for the wood to cook.”

The farmer turned round and round anxiously and then said: “I know!I’ll put you under my clothes, it’s warm there.”He uncut---toned his clothes and put the snake inside, against his chest.Some time later, the snake came to life gradually.The warmth of the old farmer had not changed its cruel nature.It opened its mouth and bit right in to the farmer’s chest.“Oh, my god!How cruel you are!I saved you, but you bit me.Why?” As he was saying this, he took out the snake and threw it on the ground.But the farmer was already poisoned and was dying.Only at this time did he realize that he had done something wrong.“I took pity on him, but he bit me in return.”

Tiger’s lunch（老虎的午餐）人物 扮演者

tiger老虎 馬凱文

deer小鹿 韓晴 賈俊俊

goats小羊 王迪 崔成男

rabbits小兔 楊媛媛 姜夢雅

rats老鼠 張露 易珍珍

解說員 門天宇

輔導(dǎo)老師 李春燕

畫外音：Good morning ,everone.I will tall a story to you.Long long ago.There lived some animals in the forest.Look , They are coming.(在美麗的大森林里，有一群可愛的動(dòng)物。看，他們來了。)

動(dòng)物隨著音樂，蹦蹦跳跳地上場。:We are coming.Together : hello ,teachers.Hello , students.（一起說：你們好，老師，你們好，同學(xué)們。）Deer : We are deer.（小鹿：我們是鹿。）

Goats : We are goats.（小羊：我們是山羊。）

Rabbits : We are rabbits.（小兔：我們是兔子。）

Rats : We are rats.（小老鼠：我們是老鼠。）

Deer : We are beautiful.（小鹿：我們是漂亮的。）

Together: Yes.（一起說：是的。）

Goats : We are friendly.（小羊：我們是友善的。）

Together:Yes.（一起說：是的。）

Rabbits : We are smart.（小兔：我們是聰明的。）

Together:Yes.（一起說：是的。）

Rats : We are happy.（小老鼠：我們是快樂的。）

Together:Yes , very very happy.（一起說：是的，非常非?？鞓罚?/p>

于是大家跳起了舞蹈

突然，傳來了老虎的叫聲，把小動(dòng)物們嚇得四散奔逃。

:tiger!Hurry up.在音樂聲中，老虎上場：I am a tiger.I am hungry.I want something to eat.(我是老虎。我餓了，我想吃東西。)

老虎在場上走，看見兩只小老鼠：Oh, two rats are over there.This is my lunch.(噢，兩只小老鼠在那兒，這是我的午餐。)

老虎上前抓住了老鼠。

Tiger : Haha ,You are my lunch.（老虎：哈哈，你是我的午餐。）

Rat: Don’t eat me , please.（老鼠：請(qǐng)不要吃我！）

Tiger : Why?（老虎：為什么？）

Rat :Can you see some rabbits over there.（老鼠：你看到幾只兔子在那邊了嗎？）Tiger : Yes.（老虎：是的。）

Ret : I am small.Those rabbits are big.You can get a big

one.（老鼠：我是小的，那些兔子是大的，你能得到一個(gè)大的呀。）

Tiger : OK, Go away.（老虎：好，你走吧。）

老虎又抓住了兔子。

Tiger : Haha , You are my lunch.（老虎：哈哈，你是我的午餐。）

Rabbit : Don’t eat me , Mr tiger.（兔子：請(qǐng)不要吃我！虎先生）

Tiger : Why?（老虎：為什么？）

Rabbit : Can you see some goats over there.（兔子：你看到幾只山羊在那邊了嗎？）Tiger : Yes.（老虎：是的。）

Rabbit : I am small.Those goats are big.You can have a big one.（兔子： 我是小的，那些山羊

是大的，你能得到一個(gè)大的呀。）

Tiger : OK, Go away.（老虎：好，你走吧。）

老虎又抓住了小羊。

Tiger : Haha ,You are my lunch.（老虎：哈哈，你是我的午餐。）

Goat: Don’t eat me , please.（山羊：請(qǐng)不要吃我！）

Tiger : Why?（老虎：為什么？）

Goat :Can you see some deer over there.（山羊：你看到幾只鹿在那邊了嗎？）

Tiger : Yes.（老虎：是的。）

goat : I am small.Those deer are big.You can catch a big

one.（山羊：我是小的，那些兔子是大的，你能得到一個(gè)大的呀。）

Tiger : OK, Go away.（老虎：好，你走吧。）

老虎又向小鹿撲去。

Tiger : You are my lunch.my lunch.Oh , I can’t catch him.（老虎：你是我的午餐，我的午餐！噢，我捉不著它了。）

Deer : Haha ,I ’m fast.You can’t canch me.（哈哈，我跑得快，你捉不到我。）小鹿跑掉了。

老虎累壞了，它愣愣坐在地上。

Tiger : Oh, I’m hungry.Where is my lunch.。（噢，我餓了。我的午餐在哪里？）

畫外音：Let’s think it over, Why didn’t the tiger have his lunch？（讓我們想一想，為什么老虎吃不到它的午餐呢

第三篇：新編英語教程5(第三版)

1)The reason why little girl like Barbie very much is that she looks like real people and can be dressed up in a perfect way.2)Man-made objects, though out-numbered by natural objects, play a more and more important role in people’s life.3)The number of man-made object is increasing steeply, compared with the number of natural objects as well as its actual number.4)The little girl of today would gladly use their old Barbie to exchange the new version of Barbie whereas their mother or grandmother would be reluctant to throw away their dolls until they fall-apart simply, because they are too old nothing could be more obvious than the difference between them.5)The societies and people that are used to poverty reject the practice of using one product only for once or a short time and then replace it by a new one.6)It is meaning that less for a man who is fairy old to say that he wants to develop a hobby in this or that form.7)It is sensible that you further develop the hobby;you already have instead of trying to cultivate a new one.8)Taking up a hobby and living a more regularized way of life are the most effective way to save them from their boredom.9)The long hour’s work in the office or factory provides these people with the money so they can live their lives and gives them a strong desire for the simplest pleasure.10)In fact, it is highly likely that those people who take their work as their pleasure are need to divert their effort from work from time to time urgently.11)The ability to do the right thing at the right time is essential to a good leader.12)A leader must be good at exercising his authority(this is a quality that a leader must have)and be able to demonstrate to the people that he does.13)A leader should find out what the people want to do or have, and guide them to achieve it.14)If we are not powerful, determined and brave, we can’t except to find a good leader, no matter how skilled we are in shopping images, we can’t make him to be what he is not, he is only a representative of all of us.15)John Dewey has said seriously that the degree that someone’s behavior can influence the custom is the same as the degree that his body talk can influence his mother tongue.16)The result from a serious study of the custom which is not influence by the outside shows that what Dewey said is just an objective description of the fact.17)If we still think that our culture is superior to those of the people who we regard as uncivilized, underdeveloped or irreligious, the study anthropology must be meaningless.18)We must realized that all the beliefs are based on the same thing, the intangible and should be treated equally along with our own.19)I believe that people in the society high above me are selfless, pure, noble and very intelligent.20)But it is difficult for a man of the working class to improve his social status, especially when he was full of objectives and imaginations 21)It is physically strong, and they profited a lot by exploiting my strength, but I only lived a poor life.22)He was no longer strong enough to make money by selling his strength and had nothing left to him, he had no other choice, but to slide down to the bottom of the society and die there in misery.23)After 100 years, the black people is still suffering in the isolated part of American society, and he feels like an outcast in his own country.24)We can see very clearly that as far as the black people are concerned, America didn’t fulfill its promise.25)We are here to demand the fulfillment of the promises which can guarantee us our freedom and justice.26)This is not the right time to calm down and adopt gradualism, waiting patiently for a solution.

第四篇：新編大學(xué)英語4翻譯

新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？ 聽了一個(gè)有趣的故事會(huì)發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會(huì)使一個(gè)故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 我是第一次辨識(shí)出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。為什么聽我講完一個(gè)笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會(huì)笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報(bào)一樣呢？顯然，有些人對(duì)幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點(diǎn)有趣的事卻要費(fèi)好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住?！庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個(gè)真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個(gè)笑話，就會(huì)從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個(gè)缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個(gè)真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會(huì)上也往往是人們注意的焦點(diǎn)。這么說是有道理的。甚至有些動(dòng)物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時(shí)間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時(shí)候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時(shí)，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)?！?典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個(gè)出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個(gè)妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個(gè)笑話便會(huì)很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強(qiáng)效果。我們可以對(duì)幽默這種娛樂形式，進(jìn)行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個(gè)有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默?！盎鼊　笔亲蠲黠@的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個(gè)講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆。”這個(gè)笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個(gè)高雅的女人。這個(gè)笑話并沒有因?yàn)榻?jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因?yàn)榇蠹覍?duì)這個(gè)笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個(gè)人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺(tái)上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式?！扒纹ぴ挕辈幌窕鼊∧菢訙\顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個(gè)例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時(shí)，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧。”我們知道上了年紀(jì)的人往往耳背，因此會(huì)把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道。”這位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個(gè)，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個(gè)傻瓜?！?這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因?yàn)樗鼈冑N近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個(gè)詞的不同意思。有些批評(píng)家認(rèn)為雙

關(guān)語是最低級(jí)的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時(shí)我聽到了下面這個(gè)謎語。一個(gè)人問：“什么東西整個(gè)兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個(gè)人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報(bào)紙?！比绻阒涝谟⒄Z中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個(gè)意思往往很不相同，一個(gè)比較恰當(dāng)，另一個(gè)往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個(gè)關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對(duì)學(xué)生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻?！甭牭叫β暎庾R(shí)到她沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚，于是補(bǔ)充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了。”當(dāng)然，這個(gè)解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個(gè)笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。一些專業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過錯(cuò)。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，只因?yàn)槊刻於加杏腥さ氖虑榘l(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會(huì)看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。

Unit 2

便箋的力量 我當(dāng)體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報(bào)》工作，當(dāng)時(shí)我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關(guān)于老虎隊(duì)的述評(píng)很不錯(cuò)，再接再厲。”簽名的是體育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時(shí)我只是一個(gè)十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計(jì)達(dá)15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時(shí)，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會(huì)樹起信心來。后來，我逐漸對(duì)堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說：“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時(shí)，我也感覺好極了?！?因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報(bào)社，都來自于曾經(jīng)得到過他激勵(lì)（文字）的人們。多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關(guān)心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因?yàn)槲矣X得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個(gè)慣于冷漠、無動(dòng)于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時(shí)不時(shí)地需要鼓勵(lì)，大家知道幾行贊揚(yáng)的話會(huì)改變一個(gè)人的一天，甚至一生。那么，這些激勵(lì)人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因?yàn)樗麄兲粗厝藗兊目捶?。他們?dān)心會(huì)被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時(shí)間，遠(yuǎn)不如打電話方便。當(dāng)然打電話的缺點(diǎn)是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀，細(xì)細(xì)品味并珍藏起來。盡管寫便箋會(huì)多花一些時(shí)間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚(yáng)的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚(yáng)信，感到很驚訝。那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強(qiáng)硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學(xué)習(xí)寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵(lì)同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時(shí)走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?！拔抑徊贿^匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道。“每天最重要的一段時(shí)間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘?！?“太多的時(shí)候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)以為，我并沒有說過什么批評(píng)的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵(lì)——事實(shí)上，我們靠這個(gè)取得進(jìn)步，獲得成功！” 怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達(dá)出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。３）具體(specific)。贊揚(yáng)一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。16 當(dāng)你非得到處找寫信用品時(shí)，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時(shí)也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達(dá)的思想。17 那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵(lì)呢？一位鄰居？為你服務(wù)的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個(gè)寫的理由，就找一個(gè)生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個(gè)特殊事件的周年紀(jì)念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠(yuǎn)方的朋友每年準(zhǔn)備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運(yùn)特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級(jí)的表達(dá)法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點(diǎn)也沒關(guān)系，記住，夢想的實(shí)現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚(yáng)信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機(jī)前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會(huì)不會(huì)使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對(duì)我自己確實(shí)如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。

Unit 3

從文化角度看性別角色 在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長的過程中，每個(gè)孩子學(xué)會(huì)了細(xì)微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計(jì)，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無意識(shí)地或間接地學(xué)會(huì)的，因?yàn)槲幕癁榕⒆雍湍泻⒆犹峁┑男蜗?、向往的目?biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。例如，最近對(duì)美國公立學(xué)校的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實(shí)存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計(jì)學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認(rèn)為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請(qǐng)男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過程有著巨大的影響，因?yàn)榭偟膩碚f，那些積極的課堂活動(dòng)參與者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)60年代末期，當(dāng)美國東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時(shí)候會(huì)按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時(shí)，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實(shí)驗(yàn)”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動(dòng)手操作是早期教育的一個(gè)重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會(huì)影響到她們今后的整個(gè)人生。美國教師中一個(gè)具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會(huì)在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強(qiáng)。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國的男孩們確實(shí)在閱讀上出了問題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強(qiáng)，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)的一個(gè)例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。在教育過程中對(duì)女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項(xiàng)研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠(yuǎn)，這時(shí)男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵(lì)去發(fā)展求知欲和動(dòng)手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時(shí)有用的；對(duì)女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對(duì)自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對(duì)自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處?，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整

潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨(dú)立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時(shí)間，社會(huì)則通過這一過程加強(qiáng)了它固有的價(jià)值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。

Unit 4

關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵(lì)孩子思考 教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會(huì)有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品 了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時(shí)就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強(qiáng)，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時(shí)間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵(lì)員工抽出15%的工作時(shí)間專門用來開動(dòng)腦筋搞創(chuàng)新?，F(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認(rèn)為，對(duì)待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為，如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會(huì)中更好地發(fā)揮作用。受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會(huì)尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。5 創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個(gè)人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點(diǎn)子，而這些點(diǎn)子有助于解決某方面的問題。遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對(duì)創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識(shí)，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識(shí)。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會(huì)用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會(huì)是如何。要回答這一問題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識(shí)。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會(huì)很可笑，也毫無關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認(rèn)為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實(shí)可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵(lì)孩子，同時(shí)對(duì)他們的想法和新點(diǎn)子表示贊賞。專家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個(gè)尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會(huì)荒誕想法的環(huán)境。8 在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會(huì)帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑?。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。具有幽默感對(duì)于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時(shí)，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造往往也得如此。給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時(shí)間或金錢；當(dāng)他們作出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí)，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會(huì)使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關(guān)系。因?yàn)楦挥袆?chuàng)造力的人有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)。

Unit 6

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與你 在說不定的某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會(huì)去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對(duì)疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險(xiǎn)也并非我們唯一會(huì)遇上的危險(xiǎn)。現(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對(duì)我們生命的威脅，對(duì)我們平和心境的威脅，對(duì)我們家人的威脅，對(duì)我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會(huì)傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)遭搶劫？我們的疑

慮就無休止地增加。對(duì)生活中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個(gè)明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，事情就要困難得多，因?yàn)閷?duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來說，情況并不那么簡單。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎總是一個(gè)可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會(huì)問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車?yán)铮忠虬踩珟аb置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險(xiǎn)氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會(huì)發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——與我們的每個(gè)業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項(xiàng)工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說，與所進(jìn)行的任何活動(dòng)有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險(xiǎn)存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動(dòng)是比其它活動(dòng)更危險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然后相機(jī)行事。例如，兩車相撞時(shí)，大車總的說來要比小車安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴(yán)重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?。?。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時(shí)候值得為降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加花費(fèi)呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最保險(xiǎn)的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時(shí)死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費(fèi)用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？ 在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度呢？有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過是一個(gè)簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險(xiǎn)得多嗎？未必。事實(shí)是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評(píng)估一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個(gè)比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們在某個(gè)特定時(shí)期由于從事某種特定活動(dòng)而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時(shí)期從事這種活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）到1（完全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）之間。7 通過把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都簡化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個(gè)比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動(dòng)中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對(duì)安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險(xiǎn)程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多，其實(shí)后者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒?dòng)或情形的危險(xiǎn)性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)，你就會(huì)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率較小的活動(dòng)。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會(huì)對(duì)高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對(duì)安全的事，我們也就會(huì)明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理需要兩大要素：常識(shí)以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。

第五篇：新編大學(xué)英語第一冊漢譯英練習(xí)

新編大學(xué)英語第一冊漢譯英練習(xí)1)我累了，昨晚我不該那么晚睡覺

I’m tired.I shouldn’t have gone to bed so late last night.2)我和鮑勃不是很熟，不過我們偶爾一起出去喝一杯

I don’t/didn’t know Bob very well ,but we go/went out for an occasional drinking together

3)我們應(yīng)該到火車站接她We are supposed to meet her at the railway/train station4)你可以清楚地看到有人快要淹死，而你卻沒有采取行動(dòng)救他們

You could clearly see(some)people drowning,but/and you didn’t take any action/took no action to save them.5)包括周末在內(nèi)僅僅還有12天時(shí)間可以用來買圣誕禮物

Including weekends,they are only 12 more days to buy Christmas’gifes.6)如果不立即采取行動(dòng)，許多種野生動(dòng)物就會(huì)因饑餓而死亡。

Without immediate action ,many kinds of wild animals would did from hunger.1)那首歌總是使她回想想在芝加哥過的那個(gè)夜晚

That/The song always reminds/reminded her of the night spent in Chicago 街角處有一位警察，我便向他問路。

2)There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way.3)由于天氣惡劣，今天所有去紐約的航班都延誤了。

All flights to New York today have been delayed because of the bad weather.4)誰有責(zé)任誰就必須賠償。

Whoever is responsible must/will have to pay for the damage.5)我找不到我的支票簿，我準(zhǔn)是把它留在家里了。I can`t find my check book;/.I must have left it at home.6)到足球比賽快開始時(shí)，暴風(fēng)雨已經(jīng)停了。

By the time the football match was going to start ,the storm had already stopped.1)除非你有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，否則你得不到這份工作。

You won`t get the job unless you have/have gotthe experience.2)我把大部分時(shí)間花在研究中美文化的差異上了。

I spend most of my time on the differences between Chinese and American cultures./ Most of my time spent studying the differences between Chinese and American cultures.3)這句話意思極清楚，決不會(huì)引起誤解。

The stentence/statement is so clear that it can`t cause any misunderstanding.4)他希望能夠給與她比現(xiàn)在更多的幫助。

He hopes to give her more help than he does./ He wishes he could give her more help than he does.5)穿上外套，否則你會(huì)感冒。Put on your coat or you will catch cold.6)她的手藏品中增加了一張畢加索的畫。She has added a Piasso to her collection.7)我沒意識(shí)到以前曾來過這兒。I am not aware of ever having been here before.8)如果你繼續(xù)對(duì)每個(gè)人這么粗魯，你很快機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己什么朋友都沒有了。

You will soon find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everday.1)房間里熱極了，請(qǐng)把窗戶打開。It’s far too hot in the room.Open the window, please!2)半夜里拿嘈雜聲把我們弄醒了。

The noise woke us up in the middle of the night/ at the midnight.3)他不應(yīng)該對(duì)我說的話表示生氣，那僅僅是玩笑而以。

He shouldn’t have been angry at what I said(my words).It was nothing more than(just,only)a joke.4)我們邀請(qǐng)了所有的朋友去野餐，但是由于下雨之來了一位。

We invited all our friends to the picnic,but only five of them showed up(arrived)because of the rain.=but it rained and only five of them showed up(arrived).5)她視婚姻為嚴(yán)肅的事。She views marriage as a serious thing(matter).6)令我失望的是，這部電影并不像我期望的那么好。

To my disappointment,the movie(film)didn’t live up to my expectations.1)我過去常去看電影，但現(xiàn)在再也沒時(shí)間了。

er have the time.2)兩個(gè)工人互相合作修理破裂的管子。

The two workers cooperated with each other to repair/fix the broken pipe.3)這是一種殘忍的做法，應(yīng)該馬上停止。

This is a cruel practice which should be stopped immediately.4)你的工作的那一方面最困難，那一方面最有益。

Which aspect of your work/job is the most difficult,and which aspect(of your work/job)is the most rewarding?

5)有些人認(rèn)為他很粗野，但情況并非如此。

Some people think he is rude,but that is not the case=true.6)我會(huì)盡我的所能幫忙，但我所能做的也有限。

I will help as much as I can,but there is a limit to what I can do.1)她的努力工作，使她得到了一大筆獎(jiǎng)金Her hard work resulted in a big bonus for her.2)孩子們正在觀看飛機(jī)起飛和著

陸。The children are/were watching the plane(s)take off and land.3)我總是一上船就暈。As soon as I am on board a ship,I always feel sick.、4)博物館的公眾開放的第一天，總共有20,000人參觀。

On the first day when it was open to the public, a total number of 20,000 people visited the museum.5)委員會(huì)由科學(xué)家和工程師組成。

The committee consists of(is made up of)scientists and engineers.6)工作沒有完成我不剛回家。

With the job/work unfinished,I dare not go home /I did not dare to go home.1）我們正在考慮賣房子。We are considering selling the house.2）我建議先把它等一會(huì)兒，然后再作決定。

I suggest(that)he(should)wait a while(moment)before he makes the decision.3）明天約翰很可能來參加聚會(huì)。John is very likely to come to the party tomorrow.4）我們想知道她不接受這份工作的原因。

We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job(work)

5）你本不應(yīng)該再回到那棟還在燃燒的大樓，你有可能會(huì)被嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?.You shouldn’t have gone to the burning building,for you might have been seriously(badly)burnt.6)我從來沒有想過會(huì)有問題。

The thought/It never crossed my mind that there might be a problem.1)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)發(fā)生于1945World War II took place in 1945.2)我爺爺喝酒喝得厲害My grandfather drinks a great deal.3)到65歲的時(shí)候，他仍在工作He was still working by the age of 65.4)這個(gè)老師知道他所有學(xué)生的名字The teacher knows all his students by name.5)警察最終成功破解了這個(gè)疑案

The police have finally succeeded in solving the mystery.6)他喜歡各種體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是籃球

He like all kinds of sports,but most of all, baskeball.7)打電話和面對(duì)面說話不一樣

Talking on the phone is different from talking face to face/.8)他們因?yàn)橛泄餐呐d趣愛好而相愛

They fell in love with each other because they had common interests.1)The topic of the speech is announced a week in advance,but the name of the speaker is not.2)It seemed incredible that some students still played football before the exams.3)Mr.Auden is a happy man who derives pleasure from helping others.4)Two Americans shared last year’s Nobel Prize for Medicine.5)First of all I’d like to welcome you to the meeting.6)I’m not accustomed/used to such luxury.It’s a waste of money.7)The results of the exam will be put up on Friday afternoon.8)Some cruel experiments on animals are carried out in the name of science.1)The best way to lose weight is to avoid eating fatty foots.2)One of the main causes of hunger used to be lack of transportation.3)Wasterful packaging will add to the price of food/food price.4)Economic reform would not have been successful without the development of agriculture.5)The farmers will grow more cash crops next year instead of grains.6)At present,there are still places in the world where farmers make use of animal labour.