第一篇：職稱英語考試補(bǔ)全短文口訣

補(bǔ)全短文口訣

補(bǔ)全短文有點(diǎn)難，前后呼應(yīng)才能填。

細(xì)看題目應(yīng)為先，空前空后再瀏覽。

問句要盯空后面，對應(yīng)回答是答案。

胡（who）問出現(xiàn)不要管，疑問排比會(huì)成串。

第三人稱開頭見，分清男女看前面。

人名物名上句傳，絲絲入扣即勾選。

賊（they）一出現(xiàn)不能亂，復(fù)數(shù)對應(yīng)要細(xì)驗(yàn)。

一空可能兩個(gè)選，其他方法再判斷。

數(shù)字出現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)間，先找數(shù)字空兩邊。

可搜整個(gè)自然段，信息匹配是答案。

奧獸（also）結(jié)構(gòu)看復(fù)現(xiàn)，找尋空格左半邊。

俺得（and）位于選項(xiàng)前，段首一般不多見。

指代（this、that、these和those）指誰看前面，單復(fù)分清很關(guān)鍵。

定冠（the）要把名詞看，對準(zhǔn)空前找復(fù)現(xiàn)。

第二篇：補(bǔ)全短文(全)

補(bǔ)全短文

11.Leukemia

Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare.Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow.（1）

A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow.Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don’t work the way they’re supposed to.（2）The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting

white blood cells to form.Other blood cells—such as red blood cells（that carry oxygen in the blood to the body’s tissues）and platelets（that allow blood to clot）—are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia.These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up.Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better.Almost all leukemia patients are treated with

chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs.（3）Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow.There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells.After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have radiation therapy, too.（4）If the cancer isn’t getting better from usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then a kid with leukemia Will probably need more

treatment—with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells.But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid’s bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood ceils.So, doctors will then give a kid—or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working—normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy.（5）練習(xí)：

A.The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid’s upper chest.B.Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.C.This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.D.Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood ceils are first made.E.They don’t protect the person from infections very well.F.Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves（similar to X-rays）to kill cancerous cells.練習(xí)答案：1.D 2.E 3.A 4.F 5.C

12.More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS

Prevention is a central issue being discussed at the sixteenth

International AIDS Conference in Toronto, Canada.Twenty-four thousand delegates are at the conference which ends Friday.Bill and Melinda Gates2 called for3 faster research to, develop preventions like microbicidest for women to use when they have

sex.___1___Melinda Gates said the way to “change this epidemic” is to put power in the hands of women5.In southern Africa, for example, about sixty percent of adults living with HIV6;are women.Bill Gates said women today often have no choice but to depend on men not to infect them.“A woman should never need her partner's permission to save her own life,” he said as the conference opened Sunday.___2___

On Monday, former President Bill Clinton said more people would get tested for HIV if an aggressive effort took place to fight the stigma.But reducing fears of social rejection is not enough.___3___

Researchers at the conference presented the results of a new study of HIV testing.It involved more than one hundred thousand people tested in California last year.Some received a quick test, with results in about twenty minutes.The others received a test that is more commonly used;the result takes two weeks.The researchers say twenty-five percent of the people who had the longer test did not return to learn the results.___4___George Lemp of the University of California led the study.He says quick tests could be especially important in developing countries with limited transportation.Speakers at the AIDS conference also discussed high rates of new HIV infections among black Americans.Julian Bond is chairman of the NAACP7, a leading civil rights group.___5___Public health officials say half of all new HIV infections in the United States are in blacks.African-American delegates at the

conference said they will prepare a five-year plan to reduce infection rates and increase testing.練習(xí)：

A.The chairman said African-Americans must, in his words, “face the fact that AIDS has become a black disease.”

B.Mr.Clinton said people also need a guarantee they would get medicine to suppress the virus.C.Delegates at the conference have worked out an action plan to fight the wide spread of this terrible disease all over the world.D.They hoped that such products could protect against infection with the virus that causes AIDS.E.The world's richest man said “stopping AIDS”is the top priority of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.F.But that was true of only two percent of those who had the quick test.參考答案：1.D 2.E 3.B 4.F 5.AWhat Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes?

When you eat, your body, takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel._____(1)_____ Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do

everything from breathing air to playing a video game.But glucose can’t be used by the body on its own—it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body.Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach.The pancreas makes insulin;insulin brings glucose into the cells;and the body gets the energy it needs.When a person has

insulin-dependent diabetes, it’s because the pancreas is not making insulin.So someone could be eating lost of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy._____(2)_____

You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents’ age.Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes.__________(3)_____

When a kid diagnosed with juvenile(insulin-dependent)diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life.It won’t ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older.Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness._____(4)_____ Many scientists believe that along with having

certain gees, something else outside the person’s body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.But the person must have the gene(or genes)for diabetes to start out with—this means you can’t get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold.And this type of diabetes isn’t caused by eating too many sugary foods, eight.Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person’s body

—sometimes months or year.Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious._____(5)_____ 練習(xí)：

A Genes are something that you inherit form your parents, and they are in your body even before you’re born.B This sugar-fuel is called glucose.C It may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes.D You can’t catch diabetes from people who have it, no mater how close you sit to them or if you kiss them.E The glucose can’t get into the cells of the body without insulin.F When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person’s body needs more than the pancreas can make.練習(xí)答案：1.B 2.E 3.F 4.A 5.D

14A Memory Drug?（A級(jí)）

IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.____1____ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work.As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1

Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice.____2____ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments.____3____ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues.Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs.If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise.How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?

____4____ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services.Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career

opportunities?

Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup.As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones.Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals.But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience?5 ____5____

練習(xí)：

A Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up

memory.B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with

aging and disease.C What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the

workplace?

D We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the

not-too-distant future.E There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember

everything.F The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor，which

plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.答案與題解：

1．B2．F3．A4．C5．D

By refusing to take essential medication after a kidney transplant, a 49-year-old woman drives her doctors and nurses to distraction—to no avail, because the organ has in the end to be removed____(1)_____ Patients refusing to cooperate with medical professionals cause damage not only to themselves but also impose substantial costs on the community.The

pharmaceutical company Glaxo Welcome estimates the costs to the German taxpayers of this kind of negative behaviour at around five billion dollars a year.A recent conference of medical professionals, health insurers, the pharmaceutical industry and patient representatives revealed a wide range of factors behind non-compliance.Not all defiant behaviour in a patient can be characterized as non-compliance.Greater stress should be placed on psychology during medical training, delegates said.____(2)_____

Psychologist Sibylle Storkebaum told of an eight-year-old boy who ran amok in a hospital before undergoing a heart transplant, threatening to rip out his drip tubes.____(3)_____“Doctors and nurses failed to see that they had downgraded a boy already conscious of his own responsibilities into a small child,” Storkebaum said, explaining that the boy merely wanted to be taken seriously and to be involved in his own treatment.“Once this was acknowledged, the anger attacks subsided.____(4)_____” Jan-Torsten Tews of Glaxo Welcome highlighted the problem of excessive medication, with patients having to take a wide range of medicines at short intervals.Educating patients and self-management were the key to treating patients with chronic conditions, he said.Health insurers also expressed interests in better cooperation

between doctor and patient.“The fact that non-compliance exists is a result of patient dissatisfaction with their treatment,” Walter Bockemuehl, a senior executive in the statutory medical insurance scheme.said.According to one study, half of all patients did not want medication, but had drugs prescribed nevertheless.____(5)_____練習(xí)：

A.However, there are still some medical professionals who don't believe in psychological therapy.B.He became noticeably quieter and turned into a good patient.C.“In these cases we should not be surprised if the advice is ignored,” he said.D.This case of medical non-compliance is not an isolated example.E.There was evidence that psychological therapy for insecure patients could improve cooperation between doctors and patients, they added.F.His fits of rage were subsequently seen as an attempt to assert his rights as a patient.練習(xí)答案：1.D 2.E 3.F 4.B 5.C

第三篇：2015職稱英語理工A補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

2015職稱英語補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

補(bǔ)全短文：第十一篇Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains.He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body.(1)D But how does an intelligent car control itself? Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1.This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too.The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right.If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer.(2)C This is the brain of the car.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2，analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly.(3)E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably.In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place?(4)Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.(5)However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.譯文：虛擬駕駛員

駕駛需要敏銳的視覺與聽覺，大腦分析，手、腳和大腦的協(xié)調(diào)配合。人具有敏銳的視覺與聽覺能力，能用大腦進(jìn)行分析，保持手和大腦的配合。人能用身體不伺部位來操控一輛快速行駛的 汽車，但是智能化的汽車怎樣自動(dòng)駕駛呢?顯然駕駛室里無人駕駛，但事實(shí)上的確存在一個(gè)虛擬 駕駛員，它有眼睛、大腦和手、腳。汽車兩邊的小型照相機(jī)就是它的眼睛，負(fù)責(zé)觀察前方的路況信息和左右兩側(cè)的交通狀況。如果你打開車身后部的行李箱，你就會(huì)看到自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)中最重要的部件：嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)。它是汽車的大腦，這個(gè)大腦負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算汽車周圍物體移動(dòng)的速度，分析它 在路上的位置，選擇正確的道路，并對方向盤和操控系統(tǒng)下達(dá)指令。

與人腦相比，虛擬駕駛員最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是反應(yīng)快。對照相機(jī)發(fā)送的圖像，能在100毫秒內(nèi)完成 對其的分析處理?？墒鞘澜缟献詈玫馁愜囀种辽僖?秒鐘內(nèi)才能做出反應(yīng)，并且這個(gè)時(shí)間還不包 括他采取應(yīng)對措施的時(shí)間。

由于虛擬駕駛員反應(yīng)迅速，操控準(zhǔn)確，它能大量減少高速公路的事故率。在這種情況下，是不是可以不分時(shí)間、不分地點(diǎn)都讓虛擬駕駛員駕駛汽車?專家們認(rèn)為目前尚不可以。由于虛擬 駕駛員識(shí)別物體的能力有限，目前這種智能化汽車只可以在高速公路上行駛。

智能汽車按清晰標(biāo)出的車道線決定自己的行車方向，靠車輛的常規(guī)形狀識(shí)別其他車輛。然而, 它卻不能識(shí)別在普通道路上行駛的沒有清晰標(biāo)記的自行車和行人。雖然情況是這樣，人們始終認(rèn)為未來的汽車就應(yīng)該是高度智能化的汽車。

第十二篇Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation.They found that developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.(1)Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist(神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家)at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This process is not much different from learning how to speak.(2)A Both involve different senses.The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2.She says speech and music pass through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.(3)F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.Until recently, experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.But Professor Kranss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity.The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument--the cello.(4)E Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had, the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest.(5)D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expressions better.譯文：音樂訓(xùn)練可以提高交流技能

美國科學(xué)家稱音樂訓(xùn)練可以提高交流技能并改善語言障礙。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在大腦中，培養(yǎng)音樂技能和學(xué)習(xí)如何講話所經(jīng)歷的過程是相同的?？茖W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，音樂訓(xùn)練可以幫助那些在學(xué)習(xí)上有障礙的兒童。

妮娜·克勞斯是伊利諾伊州西北大學(xué)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家。她說音樂訓(xùn)練包括整合不同類型的信息，例如聽音樂、看音符、觸摸樂器和觀察其他音樂家。這個(gè)過程和學(xué)習(xí)講話并沒有太大的不同，它們都需要不同的感官參與。

她又進(jìn)一步解釋了音樂訓(xùn)練和學(xué)習(xí)說話兩者都使我們思考正在做的事。她說，話語和音樂都會(huì)通過稱為腦干的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)組織，腦干控制我們的聽力。直到近日，專家們還都認(rèn)為腦干是不能被改善或改變的。但是克勞斯教授和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂訓(xùn)練可以改善一個(gè)人的腦干活動(dòng)。

這項(xiàng)研究包含音樂能力水平各不相同的人。這些人被要求帶上一種可以測量腦部活動(dòng)的電極裝置。在這些人帶著電極裝置的同時(shí)，他們會(huì)觀看某人講話和某人演奏樂器——大提琴——的視頻?？藙谒菇淌谡f大提琴的音質(zhì)和一些對演講很重要的聲音的音質(zhì)非常相似。這項(xiàng)研究表明人們接收音樂訓(xùn)練的年份越長，其對音樂聲音和節(jié)奏的敏感性也越高。那些接受過音樂訓(xùn)練的人在感官測試中取得的進(jìn)步也最大。這表明了音樂訓(xùn)練對學(xué)習(xí)上有障礙的兒童的重要性?？藙谒菇淌谡f使用音樂來改善聽力意味著兒童可以更好地聽一些句子和更好地理解一些面部表情 +第十三篇（重點(diǎn)）Affectionate Androids

Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1.And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades.____1 C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.____ Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months.____2_ F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.___ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler.When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3 E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine.Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children.Few consider that unethical.____4__ B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.__ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr.or Ms.Right could be mighty tempting.As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”

A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired.And that’s the big disadvantage.Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships.People will always seem imperfect in comparison.When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5 D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences.It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser.A robot companion will be perfect at the start.However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.參考譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)已經(jīng)足夠成熟，能支持人形機(jī)器人的誕生和普及，進(jìn)人人形機(jī)器人的時(shí)代。那些有著人類的皮膚、敏捷性、智力的機(jī)器人已經(jīng)離我們不遠(yuǎn)了。它們將被設(shè)計(jì)成能滿足我們所有的需求。

我們會(huì)不會(huì)想和機(jī)器人結(jié)婚呢？人工智能研究人員大衛(wèi)?萊維曾出版過一本書，在書中他認(rèn)為，人與機(jī)器人之間的交互在幾十年內(nèi)將會(huì)變得很常見。而如果你想和你的特別的電子朋友戀愛結(jié)婚，萊維認(rèn)為，這種婚姻關(guān)系將在2050年左右得到社會(huì)認(rèn)可。

人們真的能夠?qū)C(jī)器產(chǎn)生深厚的感情嗎？事實(shí)上，產(chǎn)生這種感情不難，因?yàn)槿四X喜歡將物體擬人化，也就是給其他生物甚至物體賦予人類的特質(zhì)。

比如說，圣地亞哥的研究人員曾將小型的人形機(jī)器人放置在一個(gè)兒童游樂場里幾個(gè)月時(shí)間。：這個(gè)機(jī)器人認(rèn)識(shí)每一個(gè)孩子，因?yàn)閮?nèi)在的程序系統(tǒng)賦予了他人臉識(shí)別和聲音識(shí)別能力，并且當(dāng)有人給它撓癢癢的時(shí)候它還會(huì)笑。最后,孩子們都把它當(dāng)作自己的同伴。當(dāng)它因?yàn)闆]電而躺倒在地的時(shí)候，孩子們甚至給它蓋上毯子。

幾十年之后，當(dāng)人形機(jī)器人有著類似人類的皮膚，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的時(shí)候，人們會(huì)不會(huì)想和它們發(fā)展深入的關(guān)系呢？要是機(jī)器人能進(jìn)行對話，情況會(huì)怎樣呢？要是編程能使它們變成完美的同伴，甚至心靈伴侶，結(jié)果會(huì)怎樣呢？可能我們這一代人會(huì)反對這種情況，但是最終會(huì)有一代人將同機(jī)器人一同長大，將機(jī)器人視為正常生活的一部分。像實(shí)驗(yàn)中的這些機(jī)器人，他們很受歡迎。

下一個(gè)問題是，與機(jī)器人發(fā)展感情關(guān)系有沒有什么問題。即使是現(xiàn)在，也有許多人對他們的寵物產(chǎn)生深厚的依戀，并以此替代朋友甚至孩子。很少有人認(rèn)為這種行為有違道德。

但是，一個(gè)復(fù)雜的機(jī)器人將很可能變得更有吸引力。對于那些看上去老是和錯(cuò)誤的人結(jié)婚的人來說，一個(gè)機(jī)器人伴侶可能非常有誘惑力的。人工智能之父馬文?明斯基談到孤獨(dú)的老人與機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生親密關(guān)系這一問題時(shí)說：“如果機(jī)器人有人類所擁有的所有美德，并且更聰明更善解人意，那么老人干嗎還要費(fèi)勁同另一個(gè)脾氣暴躁的老人交談呢?” —臺(tái)機(jī)器人可以按照主人的要求被設(shè)定成蠢笨的，也可以設(shè)定成聰明的，或者性格獨(dú)立的。而這正是機(jī)器人的一大缺陷。擁有這樣一個(gè)完美的機(jī)器人伙伴會(huì)損害人們形成親密的人與人之間關(guān)系的能力。人們同機(jī)器人比起來，總是顯得不夠完美。當(dāng)你有做得不對的地方時(shí)，好朋友總是會(huì)告訴你.但是很少有人會(huì)將自己的機(jī)器人設(shè)定為會(huì)指出自己的不足。

處在人際關(guān)系中的人必須要學(xué)會(huì)互相適應(yīng)：享受共同的興趣，同時(shí)妥善處理分歧，這使得我們更充盈、更強(qiáng)大、更富有智慧。在一開始的時(shí)候機(jī)器人會(huì)顯得很完美。但這對 于我們將關(guān)系深入發(fā)展沒有益處。

第十四篇Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels.F These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made milesThey can even be programmed to move on their own1 at any particular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time.____2 And they can return to the original place at the end of the day____ “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said.“The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，” Fanitor said in a report oh his creation.____3_ Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.__The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students2 at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides.“It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said.“Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them.____4 We replace that with a robot.____”

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds.“That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,5” Fanitor said.While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere.Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next.____5_ He is thinking about starting a small business.__ He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who7 may benefit from them.譯文：機(jī)器人高速路錐形路標(biāo)

一名耐伯拉斯卡(Nebraska)大學(xué)的教授開發(fā)出了機(jī)器人錐形路標(biāo)和路障。幾英里以外的電腦就可以發(fā)出指令將這些機(jī)器人錐形路標(biāo)和路障移開或者移入某一地點(diǎn)。耐伯拉斯卡大學(xué)機(jī)械工程助教謝恩·福瑞特說人們甚至可以編程讓這些機(jī)器人路標(biāo)和路障在一天的某個(gè)時(shí)段自行移動(dòng)。

例如，如果工人們上午6點(diǎn)要在高速公路上施工，錐形路障就可以在這個(gè)時(shí)候從高速公路邊上移動(dòng)到施工的行車道上設(shè)置障礙。并且它們還能再一天工作結(jié)束后回到原地。福瑞德說：“這看起來是對機(jī)器人非常好的應(yīng)用。”福瑞德還在他的一篇發(fā)明報(bào)告中說：“機(jī)器人還可以使人們從在高速公路上放置路標(biāo)和路障的危險(xiǎn)工作中解脫出來?！?/p>

這個(gè)想法起始于2002年國家科學(xué)研究院的一個(gè)授權(quán)項(xiàng)目。這項(xiàng)基金使得福瑞德可以和耐伯拉斯卡大學(xué)的研究生以及助理史蒂文·戈達(dá)德共同開發(fā)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。

機(jī)器人被安裝在錐形路標(biāo)和路障的底部。它們非常 小，足以不改變這些路標(biāo)、路障的原貌。福瑞德說：“它們看起來和普通的路標(biāo)、路障一模一樣。普通的路標(biāo)、路障帶有一個(gè)黑色的橡膠底座?，F(xiàn)在的底座被換成了機(jī)器人。”

福瑞德和耐伯拉斯卡大學(xué)公路系的職員曾經(jīng)探討怎樣才能使機(jī)器人最有利于他們的需要。

機(jī)器人可以用于緩慢移動(dòng)的維護(hù)性的操作，例如在胃公路粉刷白色的標(biāo)線操作中需要隨時(shí)擺放和移動(dòng)路標(biāo)、路障的地方。福瑞德說：“采用了這種方法，人們就不用在施工中一次封鎖10英里長的地帶?！?/p>

雖然發(fā)明的樣機(jī)已經(jīng)做成了，但還沒有投入使用。福瑞德說他已經(jīng)申請了專利并且正在考慮下一步的打算。他計(jì)劃開一家小型公司，并打算向公路部門和其他國內(nèi)能受益于這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的地方推銷。第十五篇A Memory Drug?

IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.____1_ B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.___ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work.As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1

Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice.The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor，which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.___ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments.____3_ Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.___ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues.Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs.If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise.How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?

____4__What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?__ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services.Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?

Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup.As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones.Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals.But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.譯文：記憶藥物?

很難想象還有比能增強(qiáng)記憶力的藥物更受人們歡迎的東西了。增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物能讓人消除因變老和疾病造成的遺忘。而且這種藥物能夠幫助人們更加清晰地記起過去的經(jīng)歷，更容易地在學(xué)習(xí)和工作中獲取新信息。隨著科學(xué)家對記憶了解增多，我們正在接近這一誘人的目標(biāo)。

一些最激動(dòng)人心的證據(jù)來自于一項(xiàng)研究，這項(xiàng)研究是基于早期通過將LTP 和記憶連接起來識(shí)別老鼠中能提升記憶力的基因所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這種基因能夠制造一種輔助NMDA 受體的蛋白質(zhì)，這個(gè)受體通過幫助啟動(dòng)LTP而在長期記憶中起到重要作用。被喂養(yǎng)這種基因復(fù)制品的老鼠的NMDA受體表現(xiàn)得更活躍，具有更多的LTP，在許多不同的記憶實(shí)踐中有更好的表現(xiàn)——學(xué)習(xí)空間布置，辨認(rèn)熟悉物品，回憶起引起驚嚇的沖擊。

如果這些有關(guān)記憶基因、LTP 的基本認(rèn)識(shí)和記憶的突觸原理能夠轉(zhuǎn)用到人身上去——那還有待觀察——那么它們就為增強(qiáng)記憶的治療鋪平道路。就像類固醇可以強(qiáng)壯肌肉，這些藥物可以增強(qiáng)記憶。盡管聽起來令人激動(dòng)，它們也會(huì)引起令人苦惱的問題?？紤]一下增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物潛在的教育影響，如果記憶增強(qiáng)劑能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，使用它們的孩子就有可能獲取并記住大量的信息，在學(xué)校里就比不用藥物要進(jìn)步更快。大腦對這些洶涌而來的信息能處理得多好?無法得到最新記憶增強(qiáng)劑的孩子該怎么辦?他們在學(xué)校中就會(huì)落在后面，以后的人生就有殘缺嗎?

增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物在職場潛在的影響又是什么?想象一下你正申請一個(gè)需要記憶力好的工作，比如一家科技公司的經(jīng)理或需要記住顧客名字以及不同產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)特征的銷售崗位。你會(huì)服用增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物來增加你得到職位的概率嗎?服用這種藥物感到不舒服的人會(huì)失去獲利頗豐的工作機(jī)會(huì)嗎?

記憶藥物使我們想忘記卻又不能忘記的令人煩擾的記憶變得令人易于接受。2004年的賣座電影《美麗心靈的永恒陽光》講述的是一個(gè)年輕人找尋能夠擺脫愛情破裂的痛苦記憶方法的故事。正如你會(huì)在后面的情節(jié)中看到有關(guān)堅(jiān)持不懈的那部分，從情感上喚起的事件經(jīng)常能夠形成令人煩惱的記憶，并且研究者已經(jīng)用阻擋主要荷爾蒙活動(dòng)的藥物消除了情感的記憶。應(yīng)該給那些必須直面恐怖的事故現(xiàn)場并且被相關(guān)記憶煩擾的急救人員提供這類藥物嗎?應(yīng)該給那些不能忘記創(chuàng)傷的被強(qiáng)奸的受害者服用這些藥物嗎?記憶藥物可能會(huì)給這些人帶來一絲慰藉，但它們也會(huì)干擾一個(gè)人吸收消化的能力，以及對困境妥協(xié)讓步的能力嗎?在不久的將來，我們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在與這類問題做斗爭。

第四篇：全國醫(yī)學(xué)職稱英語考試應(yīng)試口訣

完形填空

1，平民 愛啊硬邦邦插花用什么

2，Invention 第二輪寵兒鍛煉出網(wǎng)絡(luò)表演 3，Most parents 如何洞房e脫而偶數(shù)愛戴 4，1688 好哇我兒孫慈善友愛不生重病 5，Not everybody reads the daily newspaper 高齡兒產(chǎn)婦聽到天使保護(hù)二室

6，F(xiàn)rom the earliest times 天地道路哦長短偶然哦 7，Televisions is the 無恥三人偶偶說偶偶愛婊子 8，親戚 她又和我泡啊山口瘋友誼 9．Inclusion safety 我愛春之舞在東歐送走平常愛憎 閱讀理解

1，START 俺三爺子怕死他大兒 2，雙層玻璃，甲醛 爺兒倆我不愛 3，氡 跳傘逃散他是命大

4，喧鬧的，雜亂無章的 癟三癟三用石頭上山 5，社會(huì)學(xué)家，教師 喝過漫山墨水

6，抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶病毒藥，延遲 誰愛三不三婚姻 7，Doreen Sykora 惡狼他三天撕票 8，Procrastination 得到一批泰山

9，揭穿...的真相 他這輩子特善投訴爾 10，Moods 花兒啊愛美啊 11，Nancy 托兒所母愛容山

12，柔軟體操 胖子恨死灑脫師徒 13，青霉素 防毒病兒他死戳

14，Jean Nidetch(瓊)玉山也是冰山夢幻山 15，死亡 跑二躺死神不死哇 16，河馬 美味三百三河豚 17，肺炎雙球菌 不準(zhǔn)啊嫂配對 18，緩解疼痛 按著額頭而安定 19，納米技術(shù) 替5女熬三年

20，氫過氧化物 他二爺替三媽養(yǎng)兒 21，胎兒 胎兒餓胎兒要爾養(yǎng)

22，As the pace of life continues 不能都忍讓 23，轉(zhuǎn)基因食物 9放他三個(gè)屁 24，接收者 大海邊兒魚兒跳著 25，事先指導(dǎo) 愛陜北怎表示不善愛 止痛劑 愛的真言是高喊 完成句子

1，松弛的，耐力 容e餓老人 2，脆弱的，逆境 往往會(huì)郁悶 3，紫外線的 養(yǎng)鵝利用妞兒

4，煩瑣的程序 入黨三月二奶分散 5，悲慟的 哀嘆善人傷感

6，按字母排序 2啊俺二Y兒認(rèn)真 7，肺炎，衛(wèi)生 被埋天山路三天 8，After age 40 好似嫵媚姐兒們 9，突變，非洲黑猩猩 考驗(yàn)放他二次 10，碳水化合物 灌的他老挺尸

11，Experts say mother’s 丑惡媒婆癟三 12，American officials have 提8孩子不難 13，Do you final getting up 猴兒又過黑洞 14，1977 and 19831983退后五年

15，早老性癡呆癥，禁忌 陪同著美色準(zhǔn)透支 16，含于血液中的復(fù)合胺 送爾上天是送神 17，腦瘤 頭兒滲透著暗核

18，170 and 200 beats 天天哦玩三步 19，瘧疾 大皮襖而沒汗

20，有同感的 玩三遍逃跑挺尸 21，冠狀疾病讓求愛無緣散

22，Just seven years ago(剛好七年前)愛爾每天幾兩躺兒

23，分貝 從此啊爾臺(tái)灣死 24，Since the beginning of history 普爾茶啊泰山品 25，AIDS 16.7 percent 病人也不善呀 26，螺旋狀物，破譯 已知道第四代三胎 語句排列

1，F(xiàn)or example 皚皚山水圖

2，焊接，視網(wǎng)膜 愛兒要愛孩兒童話 3，412B.C.要愛他發(fā)汗

4，Studies have shown…400,000 便宜因而殺兒孫 5，Often speakers 偶要富 6，鼻煙 油冒冒而突突兒 7,13,1906俺因它三天而胃痛 8,歸還 要熬你一二晚

9,猛列的干咳 發(fā)生問題所致 10,AZT DD? 第二胎瑞典人兒 11,醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 沒一位愛買爾

12,60歲廳長不退 廳長他愛熬資本

13,However ,most Braille 要后母別墅 14,10 days 一頭二天扒他山羊皮 15,乳腺X光照片 女模啊凸凸兒 16,支氣管炎 富翁偷偷兒熬夜 17,The CDC 陶醉每天晚上 18,Somke 熬身體啊真惡口魔 19,菌株 他折騰三天呀

20,Eggs milk meat 天鵝慰問團(tuán)長 21,Omega-3 愛他頭兒

22,4590,1991 to 1773 啊她天真哦 23,Food 富裕不停投資 24,腦血管 額頭啊太重要

25,If you being you talk不愛音質(zhì)要藥善 26,飛沫 核問題研討著 27,遺傳的 他愛訛他二爺

28,HIV...D51,2914 同房啥事兒忍哦 29,To make insttrance 哦碳酸鹽而已 30,age group 24-44 徒兒愛醫(yī)生他們 31,65 and older 老頭有緋聞 18 and 80 太重要哦太重要

University of Chicago 惡人沒人追隨

about 60-70 times a minute at rest 憋不住呃陽萎 語句填空

1,痙攣 啊因愛她三輪

2,AIDS in New York States 膿惡真疼痛啊 3,In 1957 淫惡文壇三年

4,What is quinine(奎寧)春天最愛? 5,乙醚 他三天要二兩五 6,胰島素 特種體質(zhì)讓他折騰

7,Of the 21500 那兒啊二五他透支 8,避孕套 用套子保護(hù)二婚

9,整形外科的 挑三對真模特而脫爾 10,1918 他說為他同志

11,使人不快的 訛二人挑山頭哦 12,1960 殯葬他娘山坡

13,檢查1907 第二天廳長要用 14,Not only 他二叔我討厭

15,臨終關(guān)懷醫(yī)院 少數(shù)活著沒好轉(zhuǎn)

16,Having...WHO's Weekly Reports 醫(yī)生為愛作保障

17,精神病學(xué) 魔頭它是花樣子 18,骨質(zhì)疏松癥 他把泰山哦哦 19,Of 412 B.C.分裂由于這野種

20,I studied to be a nurse in England 一張圖紙哇走天涯

第五篇：2015年職稱英語綜合類補(bǔ)全短文：Price Planning

正保遠(yuǎn)程教育（美國紐交所上市公司 代碼：DL）

2015年職稱英語考試備考已經(jīng)開始,網(wǎng)校編輯特意整理了職稱英語考試相關(guān)復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容,希望對您有所幫助,祝您學(xué)習(xí)愉快！

Price Planning

A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer.Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing.The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors.An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings__1__.An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer‘s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile.For an example to take place,both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value.To the buyer,the payment of a price reduces purchasing power __2__.To the seller,receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.Many words are substitutes for the term price： admission fee,membership fee,rate,tuition,service charge,donation,rent,salary,interest,retainer,and assessment.No matter what it is called,__3__：monetary and non-monetary charges,discounts,handling and shipping fees,credit charges and other forms of interest,and late-payment penalties.A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time.Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined.This is common with automobiles,__4__.This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.From a broader perspective,price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy.If there is an excess of demand over supply,prices are usually bid up by consumers.If there is an excess of supply over demand,__5__.Exercise：

A.a price contains all the terms of purchase

B.obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer C.where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in D.available for other items

E.prices are usually reduced by sellers

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[1]

職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng) 010-82333888（24小時(shí)）

正保遠(yuǎn)程教育（美國紐交所上市公司 代碼：DL）

F.price means what one pays for what he wants 參考答案：BDACE

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[2]

職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng) 010-82333888（24小時(shí)）