第一篇：【北京市特級教師二輪精講】2014屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題精講：第9講 閱讀理解經(jīng)典精講(下)

第9講 閱讀理解經(jīng)典精講（下）

開篇語

試題簡介

（1）一般考五篇文章，包括故事，新聞，科普知識，問題議論及應(yīng)用文。有的地區(qū)最后一

篇采取七選五的方式考核。

（2）文章本身和所附問題共約2000-2200詞。

（3）要求在40分鐘左右完成。

（4）會有少量生詞出現(xiàn)，有的注了中文，有的則需猜測。

（5）有的舊詞是以新的意義出現(xiàn)的。

（6）不但考查語言而且考查對英美文化的了解。

（7）閱讀時會碰到的十大語言難點(diǎn)（長句的結(jié)構(gòu)、詞義的辨別、連詞、替代、后置定語、非謂語動詞短語、省略、跳躍、各種否定和虛擬語氣。）

（8）所附問題可分四類（概括中心、推理判斷、詞義辨別、細(xì)節(jié)的理解）。

（9）主觀題量逐年增加。

應(yīng)試要點(diǎn)

（1）先將文章大概掃讀一遍，再行閱讀

（2）如有標(biāo)題，應(yīng)仔細(xì)看，它與全文中心有關(guān)

（3）遇有生詞又猜不出意思，跳過去繼續(xù)看

（4）每段的首句尾句常與本段中心有關(guān)

（5）概括全文中心意思要包括各段內(nèi)容

（6）猜詞要依據(jù)原文上下文來確定

（7）infer是指原文沒有明說但可猜出之意

（8）推理判斷要以作者態(tài)度為準(zhǔn)

（9）有的題可根據(jù)常識理解

（10）找具體信息時用跳讀的技術(shù)

（11）概括中心時用略讀的技術(shù)

（12）答題時要看清題目要求，四個選項(xiàng)都要看

（13）各類文章有不同特點(diǎn)，議論文要注意論點(diǎn)論據(jù)，記敘文要注意七個w

（14）不改變以往做題習(xí)慣,先看題還是先看文章各有利弊

備考措施

（1）每日堅(jiān)持讀2-4篇文章，日日不斷

（2）高三一年應(yīng)讀夠1000篇左右

（3）半數(shù)文章要精讀，即句句細(xì)看

（4）半數(shù)文章可泛讀，即只讀懂意思，不查單詞，不做題

（5）適當(dāng)練習(xí)長句分析，分清主謂賓定狀

（6）練習(xí)限時閱讀，提高閱讀速度

（7）掌握構(gòu)詞法知識

（8）養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣，擴(kuò)大眼幅，減少回讀，默讀不出聲音

第二篇：【北京市特級教師二輪精講】2014屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題精講：第5講 完形填空經(jīng)典精講(下)

第5講 完形填空經(jīng)典精講（下）

開篇語

考試趨勢的分析

完形填空這個題型讓很多高三的同學(xué)感到頭疼。它的分值高(考試中常占30分），難度最大，學(xué)生在考試中得分率普遍較低。

完形填空主要測試學(xué)生綜合使用語言的能力。它可以考查出學(xué)生閱讀理解的能力如何,也可以看出他們寫作技能的高低。同時又能鑒定出在一定語境下考生對詞匯和慣用法的掌握情況。當(dāng)然，由于做完形填空經(jīng)常要借助上下文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷，完形填空也是對思維能力的考核。

解完形填空題需要具備的幾種能力

1、英語語法和詞匯知識扎實(shí)牢固

2、較強(qiáng)的閱讀理解能力 解題時，考生必須首先通讀短文，大致了解短文主旨、事件發(fā)生的線索或所說明事物的基本情況等，進(jìn)而領(lǐng)悟短文的語言基調(diào)，如客觀、幽默等，以及作者意圖、態(tài)度等。應(yīng)該能在缺了若干詞的情況下仍能把文章讀懂。

3、邏輯推理能力

由于完形填空題型的特殊性，即“殘缺”的短文，在解題時，要在理解短文基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)短文的已知內(nèi)容去推斷未知內(nèi)容，并能把握句子間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系，上下文的聯(lián)系，短文的結(jié)構(gòu)、層次，前后出現(xiàn)的提示語、詞等。因此，要會觀察，分析，推理，判斷和想象。

4、會靈活運(yùn)用各項(xiàng)知識

完形填空題難在英語知識的運(yùn)用，既涉及到語法、詞匯等基礎(chǔ)知識，又涉及到英語語境、習(xí)俗、文化背景等綜合知識的具體應(yīng)用。那么在解題中分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、辨析選項(xiàng)用法、結(jié)合文意語境、了解固定搭配等等的綜合運(yùn)用，準(zhǔn)確判斷文章的主題就是解題的關(guān)鍵。具體問題具體分析，不能照一個固定的模式去解題。

5、英語思維和鑒賞能力

每門語言都有特定的表達(dá)形式，文化背景等，英語也不例外。具備一定的英語思維鑒賞能力就能依據(jù)英語語言特點(diǎn)，更好地區(qū)別“最佳”與“合適”選項(xiàng)，避免母語的干擾，誤選較生硬的“合適”選項(xiàng)。

重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)：重點(diǎn)是閱讀理解和綜合運(yùn)用各項(xiàng)知識的能力，難點(diǎn)是英語思維和逆向思維能力。完形填空的主要特點(diǎn)

1、四項(xiàng)

2、情節(jié)，敘議結(jié)合3、250詞和9-10個

4、首句尾句

5、單個詞

6、不靠語法7、7643實(shí)詞8、80個選項(xiàng)

9、加漢語1-210、后線索

11、地面信息

12、最佳

完形填空的解題方法

1、粗讀全文

2、首句

3、尾句

4、第一遍 三分之一5、42-506、原文信息

7、連詞

8、動詞名詞搭配

9、同義詞

10、構(gòu)詞法

11、單句合理、全文也合理

動詞與名詞的搭配

make the bed,raise the pay,lay the table,eat the soup,blow his nose,develop one’s ability,play a role,play a trick,make the way,beat time,meet the need,take the step,open an account,run the factory,adopt the plan,follow the advice.名詞辨析

1.clothesclothclothingdressuniformsuit

2.incidentaccident

3.armsweapon

4.numberamount

5.familyhousehome

6.chickchicken

7.talkspeechlecturereport

8.causereason

9.pencepennies

10.changechanges

11.subjectcourse

12.crowdgroup

13.exercisepractice

動詞辨析

1.raiseriselift

2.wearput ondress

3.receiveaccept

4.bringtakefetchcarry

5.spendpaycosttake

6.lendborrow

7.lielay

8.speaksaytelltalk

9.robstealcheat 10.dropfall

11.windefeatbeat

12.beathitstrike

13.divideseparate

14.persuadeadvise

15.chooseselectelect

16.become

17.contain

18.be destroyed

19.be fined

20.fit sb

名師寄語

be include be damaged be fired suit sb

第三篇：【北京市特級教師二輪精講】2014屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題精講：第30講 高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)綜合驗(yàn)收精講(三)（最終版）

第30講 高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)綜合驗(yàn)收精講(三)

單項(xiàng)選擇

題一：

Theater fans love New York, _____ offers a variety of Broadway plays.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.who

題二：

From our window we have a good view of the open fields, _______ into the distance.A.to reachB.having reachedC.reachingD.reached

題三：

Sorry about the mess.The house _____ at the moment.A.has paintedB.had paintedC.is being paintedD.will be painted 題四：

Egg prices usually_____ in the spring when they are most plentiful.A.are droppingB.dropC.have droppedD.will drop

題五：

— George, good luck with your English exam!

— Gosh, I wish I _______ for it last night!

A.have studiedB.studiedC.had studiedD.would study 題六：

— Did you like Mr.Green’s lecture?

—Yes, _______ any description.I will come again with my classmates.A.overB.inC.beyondD.for

題七：

I am sure that if it came to that point, he would do _______ is expected of him.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.as

題八：

Look!How active the guys are!Never before ____ my students so enthusiastic.A.I seeB.I have seenC.do I seeD.have I seen 題九：

—Why wasn’t John hired for the job?

—I don’t know, but he ______.A.wasB.had beenC.should haveD.should have been 完形填空

第二節(jié)完形填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，共30分）

閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該

項(xiàng)涂黑。

So tired as I was, I bothered myself to open up my cafe shop on the cold morning.With many consumers streaming in, I knew another long business day began.And I had to serve far into the night.if I could mind a child.I was quite

wanted his son to stay and wait for him, he had to something in the shop.was dressed.It looked as if he had tried to come in his old and worn outhe had often worn them, just to make himself look best.Looking down I could see his were also a bit torn and the heels were in a terrible state.I thought he was going for a job infor his little son and seated him down in the corner.I could tell the boy was feeling down and only could cheering up.Seeing that the kid sat there for quite a while, I was a bit the poor little kid was sitting his own.People watched him and some kids even came over to pick on him.I wasto see one of them even knocked his cookies off the table.He quickly went and got them back without saying a word.I was hoping his father wouldup and come back for his son’s

At closing time, the only person left was the little boy.After a while, the father finally came in with a tiresome look.I he didn’t get any job.As they were leaving,I offered the kid a little cake,but the man rejected it.I mean to.But I could understand why he felt like that.I only wished them goodwhatever happened.The man opened the door to leave－father and son hand in hand.36.A.voiceB.soundC.noiseD.tune

37.A.pleasedB.frightenedC.annoyedD.Interested

38.A.dealB.decisionC.promiseD.date

39.A.leaveB.buyC.doD.eat

40.A.easyB.naturalC.hardD.possible

41.A.explainB.proveC.thinkD.tell

42.A.mannerB.meansC.methodD.way

43.A.poorestB.bestC.prettiestD.oldest

44.A.even thoughB.so thatC.as ifD.now that

45.A.socksB.glovesC.pantsD.shoes

46.A.sweetsB.cigarettesC.cookiesD.cakes

47.A.laughB.speakC.doD.help

53.A.hopedB.imaginedC.doubtedD.guessed

54.A.clarifiedB.assumedC.confusedD.ignored

55.A.luckB.progressC.supperD.night

第30講 高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)綜合驗(yàn)收精講(三)單項(xiàng)選擇

題一： A

題六：C題二：C題七：A題三：C題八：D題四：B題九：D 題五：C

完形填空

36-40 A C A B C41-45 D D B C D46-50 C C D A C51-55 A B D B A

第四篇：【北京市特級教師二輪精講】2014屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)專題精講：第7講 完形填空2013新題賞析

第7講 完形填空2013新題賞析

根據(jù)上文的語境及詞義辨析推斷

根據(jù)句內(nèi)及上下文的語境

根據(jù)句內(nèi)語境及生活常識推斷

利用下文原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題

根據(jù)語法現(xiàn)象推斷

新題好文

We have been driving in fog all morning, but the fog is lifting now.The little seaside villages one by one.“There is my grandmother’s house,” I say, the bay to a shabby old house.I am in Nova Scotia on a pilgrimage(朝圣)with Lisa, my grand daughter, seeking roots for her, retracing(追溯)memory for me.Lisa was one of the mobile children,for 200 years.We soon by the house and I tell her what it was like here, theback, swift as the tide(潮水).Suddenly, I long to walk again in thewhere I was once so gloriously a child.It stilla member of the family, but has not been lived in for a while.the rooms in memory.Here, my motherin her bedroom window and wrote in her diary.I can still see the enthusiastic familyinto and out of the house.I could never have enough of being them.However, that was long after those childhood days.Lisasays, “So this is where I

She has her roots.To know where I come from is one of the great longings of the human.To be rooted is “to have an origin”.We needorigin.Looking backward, we discover what is unique in us;learn the of “I”.We must all go home again—in reality or memory.36.A.appearingB.movingC.exposingD.expanding

37.A.referringB.travellingC.pointingD.coming

38.A.sharedB.shortC.freshD.treasured

39.A.passedB.raisedC.movedD.sent

40.A.homeB.dutyC.realityD.relief

41.A.builtB.livedC.remainedD.explored

42.A.catch upB.pull upC.step downD.come down

43.A.fallingB.turningC.rushingD.bringing

44.A.yardB.villageC.roomD.house

45.A.adapts toB.appeals toC.belongs toD.occurs to

46.A.acrossB.throughC.alongD.past

47.A.layB.playedC.stoodD.sat

48.A.marchingB.lookingC.breakingD.pouring

49.A.betweenB.withC.nearD.behind

50.A.wondersB.listensC.reactsD.agrees

51.A.beganB.grewC.studiedD.stayed

52.A.deepened

53.A.heart

54.A.one

55.A.meaningB.recognizedB.rightsB.itsB.expressionC.acceptedD.found C.interestD.behaviors C.thatD.every C.connectionD.background

36-40 ACDCC

ADACA

第7講 完形填空2013新題賞析41-45 BBCDC46-50BDDBB51-55

第五篇：2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語教案

2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語教案

專題八 非謂語動詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

【專題要點(diǎn)】非謂語動詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用法如下：1.動名詞和動詞不定式作主語、賓語；2.只跟動名詞作賓語的動詞或動詞短語；3.只跟動詞不定式作賓語的常見動詞； 4.既可以跟動名詞又可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，且意義不同的動詞或短語；5.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別；6.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作定語時的區(qū)別； 7.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語時的區(qū)別；8.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語； 9.there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種非謂語形式；10.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語； 11.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語或定語。

【考綱要求】非謂語動詞包括不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞三種形式。動詞的非謂語形式是中學(xué)英語語法的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是每年高考熱點(diǎn)中的熱點(diǎn), 考綱要求掌握：非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)；他們在英語句子中的作用；非謂語動詞的基本用法和含義，非謂語動詞在句子中可以充當(dāng)多種句子成分，比如主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、表語等；掌握非謂語動詞充當(dāng)相同句子成分時的辨析；掌握非謂語動詞在不同的語境、語義下的運(yùn)用。對于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)考綱要求掌握獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式；在句子中的作用以及with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

【教法指引】非謂語動詞包括不定式、v-ing形式和過去分詞，是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)，也是高考考查的重點(diǎn)。高中英語非謂語動詞是一個重要考點(diǎn)，教師在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考中要注意重點(diǎn)突出、訓(xùn)練得當(dāng)，尤其是對以下要點(diǎn)的復(fù)習(xí)： 1.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法區(qū)別；2.非謂語動詞的主動式與被動式；3.非謂語動詞完成式的用法；4.非謂語動詞用作伴隨狀語；5.非謂語動詞用作目的狀語；6.非謂語動詞用作結(jié)果狀語；7.非謂語動詞用作賓語補(bǔ)足語；8.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語問題；9.非謂語動詞用作主語的問題；10.“(be+)過去分詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；11.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語動詞形式。

對于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)習(xí)，教師必須要講清它的構(gòu)成方式和在句子中的作用以及與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞之間的辨析的關(guān)系。【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】 非謂語動詞用法

非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別

(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))(3）不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語

1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。

3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補(bǔ)充說明 作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。(注)動名詞作表語時與進(jìn)行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人??的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到??”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對??感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth.is interesting.這類詞常見的有： interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別

英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 【口訣記憶】

決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，主動答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃 同意請求幫一幫，愿望似乎就沒有，碰巧承擔(dān)常努力。attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg請求 fail不能 plan計(jì)劃

bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿 care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備 decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí)regret抱歉，遺憾 choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許 start開始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕 decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí)vow起

contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有?傾向 propose提議 seek找，尋覓 try試圖

2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ)：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式 ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使 allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿 announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使 bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求 assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示 advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求

authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦 bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒 beg請求 induce引誘 report報(bào)告

compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引，邀請，summon傳喚 command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示 drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓(xùn)練 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴 direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘 entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡 enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說 encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 【口訣記憶】

考慮建議盼原諒，避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞 禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡

acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說到，講到 admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有，喜愛 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口 consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好 favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描繪，計(jì)算 miss錯過 resent怨恨

finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù) imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險(xiǎn)

involve卷入，包含 practise 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐 suggest建議 hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄 keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅(jiān)持，忍受 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。

(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別 【口訣記憶】 想起忘記常后悔

1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算，有意要? mean doing意味著

7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語

1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系 Get him something to eat．給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。

4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如： ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運(yùn)動，活動 ambition抱負(fù)，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會 chance機(jī)會 force力，壓力，要點(diǎn) promise許諾，希望 courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因 decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光

determination決心，決定 motive動機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要求不定式做補(bǔ)語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他們放棄這個實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他總是第一個到來，最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語

分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點(diǎn)：

1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進(jìn)教師。

3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點(diǎn)要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系 一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？ 5．不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。

1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。

2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會長得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計(jì)劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計(jì)劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細(xì)讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應(yīng)該注意的：

a：not/never too?to, too?not to , but/only too? to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義

b：做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。6．非謂語動詞常考的其它結(jié)構(gòu)（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：

When to start has not been decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?，只能?”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式 連用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式

1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.讓他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：

①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。

（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。

2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞's+動名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。

間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。

7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型

1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時間。

3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光說沒用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。8.非謂語動詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering（考慮到，就?而言），providing / provided ?假如，supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

一、概念：

“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系，通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。

二、功能：

“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí)，雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，并不是真正的獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。

三、形式：

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔(dān)任。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：—ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；—ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。

四、舉例：

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無事可做，他們離開了。（代詞＋－ing;表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著書。（無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。（名詞＋－ed;表狀態(tài)）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放學(xué)了，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞＋副詞；表時間）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個字，他拾起那張紙。（借此結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我們的晚會開始了。（名詞＋不定式；表時間）

五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同：

1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。但是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例：

⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果時間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。

⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。

2、還應(yīng)該注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例：

⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很長時間。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）

六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同：

1、有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：

⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。

⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根據(jù)他所說的，她一定很誠實(shí)。

2、有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：

⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.說實(shí)話，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。

⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪?/p>

七、非謂語動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系）

= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學(xué)校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達(dá)。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時間。

（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。

（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

動詞的-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后，他開始看雜志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

1． 表示時間的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每個人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每個人坐好后，主席開始開會。（相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那個男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：

含有being的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。

= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.時間允許的話，我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校里走著，每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當(dāng)于一個并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

C．-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。

= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。

= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。

= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任務(wù)完成以后，他休了兩個月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比較：

動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進(jìn)行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進(jìn)行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的

八、with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補(bǔ)足語可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：

在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。B． with+名詞代詞+副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時，我們的學(xué)?？瓷先ジ?。

= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。

= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號發(fā)出了，火車開始起動了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁沒人注意的時候，從窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：

在with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without不能省略）

九、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。A．作狀語

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句或并列分句。1．表示時間 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決，新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。

（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜沒有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示條件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動會。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果從各方面考慮，你的計(jì)劃似乎更實(shí)際些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：

表示時間、原因、條件的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞?！菊`】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下課了，學(xué)生都離開了教室。

【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4．表示伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那個奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進(jìn)來，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定語

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the student)他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾bottle)你可以使用一個頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。(without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：

在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個句子改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的情況。需要提示的是，不 是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細(xì)檢查試卷的話，有些錯誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）