第一篇：admas錯誤改正方法（共）

導致矩陣異常的因素主要是Jacobian矩陣不可逆或者是模型中一些樞軸很小或為零。分析其本質原因：模型錯誤，如模型中零件的質量或者轉動慣量為零，通常無質量的物體不受系統(tǒng)約束；該系統(tǒng)處于鎖定狀態(tài)；一個較大的力或力矩發(fā)生突變；如果積分器中選用了I3格式，則有可能是積分步長太小。

在這個時候你可以嘗試以下幾種辦法：

首先應該確認建模過程中是否存在錯誤；使用別的積分器或者積分格式；放寬積分器誤差范圍；再次檢測一下模型，以保證所有的加速度、力、力矩的數(shù)值均合理；使用LSOLVER/HARWELL以啟動稀疏矩陣軟件包進行分析。

其實基本上99%的仿真失敗都可以這樣排除：

首先：看看所有的part是不是有質量，質量對不對，單位對不對，所有的約束加得對不對，這一步檢查完，排除錯誤后，基本上80%的模型可以仿真成功。如果還仿真不成功，就要調試求解器，比如換個求解器試試，或者，調求解參數(shù)，一般，把最大幾分步長Hmax調小些試試，或者把誤差調大寫試試，反復試。

第二篇：錯誤解析改正后文章

(一)審題錯誤

Taibai Mountain is a famous place of interest in Shaanxi Province.It has its special scenes all the year round, and spring is the best time to visit it.When spring comes, the mountains are covered with a great many green tall trees and all kinds of colorful wild flowers.It is so beautiful that a lot of visitors come here and enjoy its beauty every day.But a few years ago, some of the visitors paid no attention to protecting the environment.They used to throw lots of rubbish such as plastic bags, fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke some branches, picked flowers and even killed birds.Some even made fires in the forest to cook food.How dangerous it was!Luckily enough, the local government has begun to do something to stop polluting the area.Great changes have taken place here.(二)文體格式錯誤

Monday, March12th, 2007Sunny

It is March 12th today.At half past eight, all the teachers and students in our school gathered in front of the school gate.Then we went on foot to the Western Hill to plant trees.Before we started working, the teacher gave us a talk on the importance of planting trees.He said that trees can help to keep the air clean, protect us from strong wind and sand and make our city more beautiful.Then he showed us how to plant trees and asked each of us to plant at least five trees.After that we started working.Some strong boys dug holes, some carried water and some girls put trees in the holes.We all worked hard.Among us, Lin Tao, our monitor set a good example to us.Though he was ill, he worked harder.When he finished his task, he went on to help others.He was wet all over after work.Looking at the lines of the young trees, we smiled happily.(三)人稱和時態(tài)誤用

The computer — a high-tech product, has become so popular that it is seen in almost every family.It is playing an important role in our everyday life.The computer helps us handle many matters: official business, chat online, study, sending e-mails, long-distance education and entertainment such as listening to music and watching video.But we also know that the computer is bad for our eyes, especially for the young kids’.Now there are more and more children who have to wear glasses in order to see clearly.Many children become near-sighted, and they are doing worse and worse in their studies because they spend too much time playing computer games.So if you want to have beautiful and bright eyes and gain some useful knowledge when you are young, the most important thing you will do is to plan your time carefully and well.Only in this way can you have a bright future.(四)句型結構、固定搭配錯誤

Smoking is harmful to health

It is known to all that smoking is bad for health.In China there are millions of smokers.Each year millions of people die from smoking.Smoking makes many people ill.Those who often smoke have black teeth.Lots of smokers cough day and night.Lung cancer is one of the most serious illnesses that are caused by smoking.Many people suffer from this terrible disease and lose their lives.Smoking does harm not only to smokers themselves, but also to non-smokers, especially women and children.They may have their health harmed because of the smoke caused by cigarettes.Everyone agrees that smoking is not good for health, but it is not easy for smokers to give up smoking.I hope all the smokers will stop smoking for the good of their own health and also for the people around them.Let’s enjoy clean and fresh air together.(五)詞匯使用錯誤

Dear Li Xiaoli,I’m glad to receive your e-mail.I’ve showed it to my friends.Every one of us thinks China is one of the greatest countries.We’ve known much about your country for years, but we have no chance to go there.We often watch the Great Wall and beautiful Beijing on TV.So I think China is worth visiting.I bought a book on China and study it when I’m free.I hope I can visit your country one day, and I also hope you can visit our country sometime in the future.Truly yours,Mary Baker

(六)漢式英語

We keep a lovely small cat at home.My family are always happy because of her.I went to the store to buy some food for her yesterday evening.Unluckily, there was a heavy rain on my way home.When I got home, I was wet through.Although I was wet, I was very happy.Anyway, the cat would not be hungry.

第三篇：語言學習中的錯誤改正

語言學習中的錯誤改正來源：英語畢業(yè)論文 http:///

數(shù)學語言是數(shù)學思想的表現(xiàn)形式,是進行數(shù)學思維和數(shù)學交流的工具。

斯托利亞爾曾指出“:數(shù)學教學也就是數(shù)學語言的教學?！睂W生學習數(shù)學的過程,就是將代表數(shù)學知識、數(shù)學思想的數(shù)學語言內化為自己頭腦中的數(shù)學認知結構的過程。因此,學生對數(shù)學語言的理解、掌握和運用將直接影響他的數(shù)學學習。

由于中學生(尤其是差生)在數(shù)學語言的學習中存在不少錯誤和障礙,要提高中學的數(shù)學教學質量,教師就應當對這些錯誤和障礙進行分析和研究,找出產生的原因,在教學中加以改進。數(shù)學語言一般可分為3部分:數(shù)學文字語言、數(shù)學符號語言和數(shù)學圖形語言。本文將對中學生在數(shù)學語言學習中常見的一些錯誤和障礙從以下3方面進行分析。

1、數(shù)學文字語言學習中的常見錯誤數(shù)學中的許多概念和定理是用文字語言來表述的,這里所指的文字語言與人們日常生活中的自然語言是有區(qū)別的,它是經(jīng)過提煉和加工,具有高度的概括性和嚴謹性的文字語言,故稱為數(shù)學文字語言。例如圓的定義是“:到定點的距離等于定長的點的集合。”又如判定兩個三角形全等的公理“:有三邊對應相等的兩個三角形全等?！敝袑W生在數(shù)學文字語言的學習中,常忽視某些字、詞、句,造成對概念和定理的錯誤理解。學習習近平行四邊形的判定定理“:一組對邊平行且相等的四邊形是平行四邊形”時,有的學生常忽視“且”字,認為1個字無關緊要,可有可無,因此出現(xiàn)這樣的錯誤,將定理理解為“:一組對邊平行,一組對邊相等的四邊形是平行四邊

形”。學生為何會忽略“且”字,心理學的理論認為,當人們對某個事物(稱為刺激物)進行感知時,刺激物中各部分的條件有強有弱,其中強的部分所產生的效果幾乎等價于整個刺激物所引起的效果,而弱的部分被強的部分所掩蔽,似乎不起獨立作用,故而常常被人們忽視。

在上述定理中“,平行”、“相等”的條件很強,因此,學生的注意往往集中在這個強的條件上,而“且”字條件較弱,不易引起學生的注意。此時,教師應根據(jù)這一情況,指出,定理中的“且”字是強調平行的這一組對邊“同時”還要相等,如果去掉“且”字,就有可能是“這一組對邊平行,而另一組對邊相等”。根據(jù)這樣的條件作出的四邊形就不一定是平行四邊形,這樣就加深了學生對這樣的關鍵詞的理解。學生在理解數(shù)學概念或定理時,常常停留在表面形式上。學生學習了奇函數(shù),偶函數(shù)的定義“:如果對于函數(shù)定義域內任意一個x,都有f(-x)= f(x),那么函數(shù)f(x)就叫奇函數(shù)”“;如果對于定義域內任意一個x,都有f(-x)=f(x),那么函數(shù)就叫偶函數(shù)”。

要求學生根據(jù)定義判斷函數(shù)f(x)=3 x2,x∈[-1,1)的奇偶性時,往往許多學生只是形式地得出于f(-x)=3(-x)2=3 x=f(x),而錯誤地斷定該函數(shù)是偶函數(shù)。原因是他們僅注意到定義的表面形式f(-x)=f(x),而沒有準確理解定義的深刻內涵。定義中的“對定義域內任意一個x,都有f(-x)=-f(x)“或”f(-x)=f(x)“隱含著奇、偶函數(shù)的定義域應滿足的條件是在X軸上是關于原點為對稱的數(shù)集。而該題的定義域為[-1,1),形式上雖有f(-x)=f(x),但注意到x的任意性,當x=-1時,-x=1|[-1,1),故f(1)無意義,因此f(-1)=f(1)不成立,故此函數(shù)應當是非奇非偶函數(shù)。由于學生沒有認識到定義隱含的條件,因而在判斷函數(shù)的奇偶性時,常犯形式主義的錯誤。

因此教師要引導學生對定義進行深入的剖析,注意挖掘其隱含條件,做到對概念的準確理解。

2、數(shù)學符號語言學習中常見的錯誤數(shù)學語言的一個顯著特點是使用符號,如數(shù)字、字母、運算符號和關系符號等,稱為數(shù)學符號語言(以下簡稱為符號語言)。符號語言的使用,使得數(shù)學語言具有高度的概括性和精確性,同時被抽象的數(shù)學概念和法則形式化。

例如,乘法分配律可用形式a(b+c)=ab+ac 表示。分式的基本性質,可用形式AB=A×MB×M;AB=A÷MB÷M(其中M是不等于零的整式)來表示。由于使用數(shù)學符號來表示文字語言中用詞組或句子表示的概念和法則,因此,不少中學生對于抽象的符號語言的理解存在許多障礙和困難,使得他們不能正確地掌握、靈活地使用這些符號所代表的數(shù)學內容。學生進入初中后,開始學習有理數(shù)的概念,教科書上規(guī)定“像5,115,1012,8 848等大于0的數(shù),叫做正數(shù)。

像-5,-115,-1012,-155等在正數(shù)前面加上‘-’(讀作負)號的數(shù),叫做負數(shù)。”隨著字母的引入,學生對字母代替數(shù)的任意性認識不夠,仍停留在對具體、直觀的數(shù)字的認識階段,由于思維定勢的作用,錯誤地認為字母“a”前面沒有負號因此是正數(shù),而“-a”的前面有負號因此是負數(shù),故初一的學生常犯下列錯誤:a+b>a-b,3 a>a,|a|=a,|-a|=a,a2=a要避免以上錯誤的產生,教師從初一就要注意逐步培養(yǎng)學生思維的抽象性,使學生的運算能力從數(shù)的運算提高到對代數(shù)式的運算。學生在學習新知識時,如果新知識與舊知識在內容或結構上相似但實質不相同時,學生頭腦中的原有知識容易先入為主,新知識常被理解為原有知識,被原有知識取代,從而出現(xiàn)負遷移,這樣的負遷移也影響了學生對一些公式或法則的理解。

學生常犯以下錯誤:sin(A+B)=sinA+sinB lg(A+B)=lg A+lg B。產生上述錯誤的原因在于學生把sin(A+B),lg(A+B)與先前學習的乘法分配律a(b+c)=ab+ac作形式上的類比,將sin,lg運算符號誤認為是數(shù)量符號,從而用對乘法分配律的認識來理解后面所學的知識。要防止以上負遷移的產生,就需要教

師在遇到類似情況時,強調新舊知識的差異,從正、反兩方面給出例證,使學生清楚地認識到新知識與舊知識不同的地方,從而正確理解各種數(shù)學符號的含義。

3、數(shù)學圖形語言學習中的常見錯誤和障礙數(shù)學研究中的許多數(shù)學對象,數(shù)學性質都可以用圖形或圖象表示,稱其為數(shù)學圖形語言。這是1種視覺語言,可以為數(shù)學對象、數(shù)學質提供直觀的模型。例如實數(shù)集可用數(shù)軸來表示,函數(shù)的一些性質可以通過函數(shù)圖象看出來。中學生在圖形語言學習中,將文字或符號語言轉化為圖形語言時,常出現(xiàn)錯誤和障礙。

已知等腰三角形的底角等于15°,腰長為a,求腰上的高。圖1有的學生作△ABC,∠B=15°,AB=AC=a后,將題目要求的高作成AD,如圖1所示,而沒有作出腰上的高,當老師問及原因時,這些學生認為,只有這條邊(指BC)上能作出高,其它邊上的高作不出來,因此題目要求的當然是AD。為何學生作不出兩腰上的高呢?原因是由于學生平時在幾何學習中經(jīng)?？吹降氖卿J角三角形,銳角三角形三條邊上的高都在三角圖形的內部,高的垂足都在三條邊上,因此,學生被這些表面現(xiàn)象所迷惑,將這些非本質特征誤作為三角形的高的特征。

當三角形是鈍角三角形時,只有鈍角所對的邊上的高在三角形的內部,而從其余個銳角的頂點向所對的邊作垂線時,垂足都落在對邊的延長線上,垂線位于三角形的外部,因此學生認為兩腰上的高沒法作。如果在學習三角形的高的概念圖時,采用變式圖形,通過各種三角形將高的特征突出,就可以避免出現(xiàn)這樣的錯誤了。

中學生在將圖形語言轉化為文字語言或符號語言時,由于觀察不全面或概括不準確,也會出現(xiàn)錯誤。教師在“弦切角”的概念教學中,先出示弦切角的各種圖形,如圖2所示,讓學生觀察后概括這些角的特點,往往學生概括為“弦與切線所成的角”,或“割線與切線所成的角”,原因是圖形中,角的“兩條邊”這

個條件很強,將角的“頂點”這一較弱的條件掩蔽,因此學生容易注意到角的兩邊而忽視角的頂點。

為此,教師可以通過圖3中的∠A′B′C′與圖(2)中的角對比,找出兩者的差異在于圖2中∠ABC的頂點在切點,而圖3中∠A′B′C′的頂點不在切點,指出學生概括的漏洞,引導學生逐步抽象出弦切角的定義,同時也培養(yǎng)了學生全面觀察問題和抽象概括的能力。

綜上所述,教師分析研究中學生數(shù)學語言學習中的錯誤和障礙,幫助他們加以克服,將使學生加深對數(shù)學概念的理解,有助于對數(shù)學知識的掌握和應用,促進學生的數(shù)學學習,也必然有助于數(shù)學教學質量的提高。

第四篇：寫作常見錯誤總匯及改正建議

【附錯誤歸類及修改建議】

1.We college students had enough time to take a part-time job, no matter how busy we were.2.There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international language.3.The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.4.Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.5.I can solve our problem of tuition and fees by taking some part-time jobs.6.Without television, people can’t get information that comes from other parts of the world immediately.7.At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons.8.To improve one’s writing skill, regular practice is necessary.9.With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home.10.Nowadays, people not only eat enough food, but also eat better.11.Participating in sports is good for our physical health, and through it we can also train our character.12.Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden the have to bear.13.Someone believes that the teacher’s task is to students knowledge, which may not be true.14.People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but it often proves useless.15.While we reduce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased.16.Each of us may take a part-time job to help support ourselves, but if you spend too much time on it, your study will be affected.17.TV presents us with many useful informations.18.Making our cities greener is not an easy work.19.Each people has his own opportunities.20.Book knowledge is important, but we should learn something in the society.21.When I was in the high school, I always have a beautiful picture of the college life.22.If there were no electric power, we would have to do everything by the hands.23.If there were no electric power, factory would stop producing goods, car, bus and train would stop running.24.TV now plays and important role in our daily life, Because we think it extremely important.25.There are many ways to contact with society.For example, join in clubs, take part-time jobs and help the poor.26.If no electricity, all activities such as watching TV and seeing movies will be impossible.27.Because some college students could not find a better job, so they decided to continue to read for second degree.28.Although an opportunity is rare, but we must be ready to seize it.29.We students should learn / study as much knowledge as possible.30.With a rise in he number of cars and buses, traffic in Shanghai has become more and more crowded.31.People begin to eat more vice food.32.Actually, traffic jams have effected our daily life.33.In my opinion, I believe the present educational system is in need of reform.34.The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there.35.After four years, we all graduated from college and entered society.36.Many college students have a strong desire to be independent on their parents.37.The computer like TV, it has both advantages and disadvantages.38.Obviously, our country would stop develop if no electricity.39.Riding bicycles conveniences my work.40.Unlike movies, TV shows on continuously, and doesn’t need to pay an extra money.41.Too easy or to difficult is no good for us.42.College students doing part-time jobs is god to his family, himself, and the whole society.43.The canteen should setup several televisions.44.Reading books can acquire knowledge.45.People think go to the movie will cost a lot of money.46.There are many people take part in sports and games now.47.There are many people complain the paper-making mill pollute our fresh water can by people use.48.Although difficulty is exist, but we can overcome it.49.We should put our heart into the study.50.We young people are now living in sugar water.51.In a society where men are heavy and women are light, women cannot enjoy full equality.52.People set off firecrackers to congratulate the red and white happy things.53.We should advocate five talks and four beauties.54.Those are my humble opinions.【錯誤歸類及修改建議】

（一）主干性錯誤

時態(tài)：1，2

1.We college students we are.2.There are so many countries using English that itbeen regarded as an

international language.語態(tài)：15

15.While theof traffic should be

increased.句子成分：25，26，38，39，41，42，43，44，45，46，47，48

25.There are many ways to contact with society.For example, join in clubs,take part-time jobs, or help the poor.26.Ifno electricity, all activities,be impossible.38.Obviously, our country would stop 39.It is convenient for me to go working by bicycles.41.no good for us.42.Collegedoing part-time jobs is good to himself, his family and the whole

society.43.Several televisions should be setup in the canteen.44.45.People think going to movies will cost a lot of money.46.There are many peoplepart in sports and games now.47.There are many people complain the paper-making mill our fresh

water 48.Although difficulties exist, we can overcome them.主干搭配：30，34，40，30.With a rise in the number of cars and buses, in Shanghai 34.The reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is neither

pollution nor noise there.40.Unlike movies, TV shows on continuously, and the viewers don’t need to pay an

extra money.（二）細節(jié)性錯誤

代詞（指代明確）：12，13，14，12.Sometimes（如此一來，句中的they就明確的指向了students）

13.Someone believes that a teacher’s task is to give students knowledge,which may not be true.（如此一來，which明確的指向前文的整句含義）

14.People have been fighting against the influence the influence of TV commercials,butoften proves useless.（it指代不明確，換成the effort便可以明確的指代前文中所言的斗爭）

名詞（泛指，特指）：20，21，22，23

20.It is important for us to acquire knowledge from books, but we should also learn

something from（不需要the）

21.When I was in a high school, I always had a beautiful picture of college life.22.If there were no electric power, we would have to do everything 23.If there were no electric power,would stop producing goods, buses and trains would stop running.用詞（準確性）：17，18，19，29，31，32，33，35，36，37，17.TV presents us withuseful（分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞）

18.Making our city greener is not an easy（分清抽象名詞和具體名詞）

19.Each（分清個體和集體概念）

29.31.32.33.We students shouldas much knowledge as possible.People begin to have more non-staple food.Actually, traffic jams have（注意區(qū)分形似詞）In my opinion, the present educational system is in need of reform.（不必重復）

35.Four years , we all graduated from college and entered society.36.Many college students have a strong desire totheir children.37.Like TV, a computer has both advantages and disadvantages.修飾成分：6，7，8，6.Without a television, people cannot immediately get information that comes from

other parts of the world.7.At my age of six, I was taught English by my father.8.To improve one’s writing skill, he needs regular practice.（三）邏輯性錯誤

邏輯缺失：23，23.If there were no electric power,would stop producing goods,would stop running.邏輯冗余：27，28，48

27.Because some college students cannot find satisfactory jobs, they decide to

continue their schooling for second degree.28.Although opportunities are rare, we must be ready to seize them.48.Although difficulties exist, we can overcome them.邏輯不成立：24

24.TV now plays an important role in our daily life, insight into the alien world without it.（四）一致性錯誤

主謂一致：2，3

2.There are so many countries using English that itbeen regarded as an

international language.3.The diet of Chinese peoplechanged in the past decade.句中指代一致：4，5，16

4.Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere whenin season.5.I can solveproblem of tuition and fees by taking 16.Each of us may take a part-time job to help support himself, but if he spends too

much time on it,平行結構前后一致：9，10，11，15，20

9.With a computer, one can do shopping, banking and

10.Nowadays, people have.11.Participating in sports is good for p.15.While the number of vehicles is reduced, the efficiency of traffic should be

increased.20.It is important for us to acquire knowledge from books, but we should also learn

something from.（整句前后要平行）

（五）荒謬、無聊、不可思議的錯誤

49，50，51，52，53，54

49.We.50.We young people are now leading a sweet life.51.In a society equality.52.Firecrackers are often set off

53.We should advocate 54.Those are my opinion.

第五篇：改正下列各句中錯誤的標點

改正下列各句中錯誤的標點。

1．教室里有五、六個人。

2．每逢三五日，她都要去趕集，在農貿市場上總能看到她采購時討價還價的身影。

3．語文課本第三冊四五單元是小說，同學們學習得很有興趣。

4．小河對岸三、四里外是淺山，好似細浪微波，線條柔和，宛延起伏，連接著高高的遠山。

5．語言，人們用來抒情達意，文字，人們用來記言記事。6．張華考上了北京大學；李萍進了中等技術學校。

7．他身體很高，青白臉色，皺紋間時常夾些傷痕，一部亂蓬蓬的花白胡子。8．如果我們黨不知道在一定時期中同資產階級聯(lián)合，黨就不能前進；革命就不能發(fā)展；如果我們黨不知道在聯(lián)合資產階級時同資產階級進行堅決的、嚴肅的“和平”斗爭，黨在思想上、政治上、組織上就會瓦解；革命就會失敗；又如果我們黨被迫著同資產階級分裂時不同資產階級進行堅決的、嚴肅的武裝斗爭，同樣黨也會瓦解；革命也就會失敗。

9．夏普以獨創(chuàng)的技術，開發(fā)了兩面自動播放唱機；夏普為您——音樂愛好者，提供循環(huán)放音的兩面自動播放。10．今天是哪個組做值日。

11．你這樣，不是明目張膽的欺人嗎。

12．為什么語言要學，并且要用很大氣力去學呢，因為語言這東西，不是隨便可以學好的，非下苦功不可。13．我可以看這本書嗎？老師。

14．什么時候動身？從哪兒上車？我都打聽好了。

15．他猶豫不決，自言自語道：“是去好呢？還是不去好呢？” 16．“先生，“怪哉”這蟲，是怎么一回事？”

17．魯迅先生曾說：“聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的”。

18．魯迅先生說的“聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的，”是一條非常重要的原則。19．我們搞聯(lián)合，要以魯迅先生說的“聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的”，這句話作為原則。

20．毛主席在《延安文藝座談會上的講話》中說：“?聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的??！?/p>

21．某某說：“魯迅先生確是一位偉人，是他提出的?聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的。?” 22．某某說：“我們要以魯迅先生說的?聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的?，話為原則來進行聯(lián)合?！?/p>

23．魯迅先生曾說：“聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的。（《對左翼作家聯(lián)盟的意見》）”

24．魯迅先生說的“聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的”，（《對左翼作家聯(lián)盟的意見》）是一條非常重要的原則。

25．我們搞聯(lián)合，要以魯迅說的“聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)線是以有共同的目的為必要條件的”這句話作為原則。（《對左翼作家聯(lián)盟的意見》）

26．今天晚會上有如下節(jié)目——舞蹈、獨唱、二重唱、相聲和雜技。

27．這次職工代表大會有三項議程——審議獎懲條例，通過三年規(guī)劃，選舉職工代表會理事。

28．我國的四大發(fā)明：火藥、印刷術、指南針、造紙術對世界歷史的發(fā)展有偉大貢獻。

29．胡適的學術活動的終極目的，就是在替中國人民的敵人：帝國主義、封建軍閥、買辦資產階級起幫兇作用。

30．蟬的幼蟲初次出現(xiàn)于地面，需要尋求適當?shù)牡攸c——矮樹、籬笆、野草、灌木枝等脫掉身上的皮。

31．自高自大，個人英雄主義，風頭主義……，在黨內不少同志的思想意識中還是或多或少地存在著。

32．他自已說：“因為從舊壘中來，情形看得較為分明，反戈一擊，易制強敵的死命”（《墳》：《寫在〈墳〉的后面》）。

33．以《清晨》為題寫一篇記敘文，不得少于600字。34．我讀了《〈吶喊〉自序》這篇文章，感想頗多，這些感想后來變成了那篇習作“夢”。

3曹植聰慧

曹植年十余歲，誦讀《詩》、《論》及辭賦數(shù)十萬言，善屬文。太祖嘗視其文，謂植曰：“汝請人邪？”植跪曰：“言出為論，下筆成章，顧當面試。奈何請人？”時鄴筆立成，可觀。太祖甚異之。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①顧

②悉

③將 ④諸

⑤援

2、翻譯：善屬文

； ②奈何請人

； ③太祖甚異之

3、理解：“可觀”的意思是什么？

4、默寫《七步詩》。

4鮑子難客

齊田氏祖于庭，食客千人。有獻魚、雁者，田氏視之，乃吧曰：“天之于民厚矣！殖五谷，生魚鳥，以為之用?！北娍秃椭?。有鮑氏之子，年十二，亦在坐，進曰：“不如君言。天地萬物與我并生，類也。類無貴賤，徒以小大智力而相制，彼此相食，非相為而生。人取可食者食之，豈天本為人生之？且蚊蚋囋膚，虎狼食肉，非天本為蚊蚋生人、虎狼生肉者也！”

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①和

②亦

③并

④類

2、翻譯：①天之于民厚矣 ②不如君言

③徒以小大智力而相制

3、題目“鮑子難客”中的“難”，解釋為。

5、曹紹夔捉“怪”

洛陽有僧，房中有罄，日夜輒自鳴。僧以為怪，懼而成疾。求術士百方禁之，終不能已。紹夔與僧善，來問疾，僧俱以告，俄，擊齋鐘，罄復作聲。紹夔笑曰：“明日可設盛饌，當為除之。”僧雖不信紹夔言，然冀其有效，乃具饌以待之。夔食訖，出懷中銼，銼罄數(shù)處，其響遂絕。僧苦問其所以，紹夔云：“此罄與鐘律合，擊彼此應?！鄙笙?，其疾亦愈。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①已

②善

③俄

④作 ⑤盛饌

⑥冀

⑦具

⑧訖

2、翻譯：①僧俱以告 ②當為除之 ③僧苦問其所以

6、楊億巧對

寇萊公在中書。與同事戲作對子：“水底日為天上日”，未有對，而會楊大年適來白事，因請其對，大年應聲曰：“眼中人是面前人?！币蛔Q為好對。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①為

②應聲

2、翻譯：會楊大年適來白事

3、理解：楊大年對的對子好在哪里？

7、解縉敏對

解縉嘗從游內苑。上登橋，問縉：“當作何語？”對曰：“此謂后邊又高似前邊?！鄙洗笳f。一日，上謂縉曰：“卿知宮中夜來有喜乎？可作一詩?！笨N方吟曰：“君王昨夜降金龍?！鄙襄嵩唬骸笆桥畠??！奔磻唬骸盎麈隙鹣戮胖亍！鄙显唬骸耙阉酪印！?/p>

又曰：“料是世間留不住?！鄙显唬骸耙淹吨??！庇衷唬骸胺硖胨m?！鄙媳居幯砸岳е＜鹊迷?，深嘆其敏。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①對

②說 ③方

④遽

⑤應 ⑥既

⑦敏

2、翻譯：上本欲詭言以困之。

3、理解：“降金龍”的意思是

（二）學習

8、承宮樵薪苦學

承宮，瑯邪姑幕人。少孤，年八歲，為人牧豬。鄉(xiāng)里徐子盛明《春秋》經(jīng)，授諸生數(shù)百人。宮過其廬下，見諸生講誦，好之，因忘其豬而聽經(jīng)。豬主怪其不還，求索。見而欲笞之。門下生共禁，乃止。因留宮門下。樵薪執(zhí)苦，數(shù)十年間，遂通其經(jīng)。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①孤

②明

③廬

④笞

2、翻譯：①豬主怪其不還，行求索。

9、桓榮勤學不倦

桓榮初遭倉卒，與族人桓元卿同饑厄，而榮講誦不息，元卿嗤榮曰：“但自苦氣力，何時復施用乎？”榮笑而不應。及為太常，元卿吧曰：“我農家子，豈意學之為利若是哉！”

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①初

②厄

③嗤

④應

⑤及

2、翻譯：①而榮講誦不息

②但自苦氣力，何時復施用乎？

10、宋太宗學書

太宗朝有王著者右軍書，深得其法，侍書翰林。帝聽政之余，留心書法，數(shù)遣內侍持書示著，著每以為未善，太宗遂刻意臨學。又以問著，對如初?；蛟兤湟猓唬骸皶碳岩?，若遽稱善，恐帝不復用意矣?！逼浜?，帝筆法精絕，超越前古，世以為由著之規(guī)益也。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①善

②刻意

③臨 ④或

⑤遽

⑥絕

2、翻譯：①數(shù)遣內侍持書示著 ②又以問著 ③書固佳矣

3、上文“學右軍書”中的“右軍”是指

11、崔景偁拜師

余始識景偁于京師，與為友，景偁以兄事余。既數(shù)歲，已而北面承贄，請為弟子。余愧謝，不獲。且曰：“偁之從先生，非發(fā)策決科之謂也。先生不為世俗之文，又不為世俗之人，某則愿庶幾焉。

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①既

②弟子

③從

2、翻譯：①余愧謝，不獲 ②某則愿庶幾焉

3、上文有四個“為”，請依次作解釋：①

② ③

④

12、為人大須學問 唐太宗謂房玄齡曰：“為人大須學問。朕向為群兇未定，東西征討，躬親戎事，不暇讀書。比來四海安靜，身處殿堂，不能自執(zhí)書卷，使人讀而聽之。君臣父子，政教之道，共在書內。古人云'不學業(yè)，墻面，蒞事惟煩?！煌窖砸?。卻思少小時行事，大覺非也。”

【思考與練習】

1、解釋：①向

②暇

③比

④四海

2、翻譯：①躬親戎事

②不徒言也

③卻思少小時行事，大覺非也

3、唐太宗認為不讀書的后果是什么？請用原文回答。