第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三版(單元重點(diǎn))

第二課Iron deficiency is very common among womenaffecting one inis even greater among active women, affecting80 percent of female endurance athletes.This means, Lyle says, that "too many women ignore the amount of iron they;.Women of child-bearing age since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron , many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.their diet in an effort to control weight, they may.第三課Commitment among parents is a key ingredient in the Hyde mixture.For the student to gain , parents also must agree to accept and demonstrate the school's philosophies and.The parents agree in writing to meetin one of 20 regional groups, go to a yearly three-day regional retreat, and spend at least three times a year in , discussion groups andat Bath.Parents of Maine students have anrate of 95% in the many Joe and Malcolm Gauld both say childrenwhen they see their parents making similar efforts.The biggest obstacle for many parents, they say, is to realize their own weaknesses.第四課 In the mid-1870s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an , acelebrating US independence andfor a woman she had never met, but Bartholdiand married his love in 1876.第五課Time seems to stand still.In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath.Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two Her long fingers curl easily around my hand and I nod my head slowly, smiling.Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close.第六課Although scientists still cannot predict earthquakes, they are learning a great deal about how the large plates inmove, the stresses between plates, how earthquakes work, and the general probability that a given place will have an earthquake.Someday soon it may actually become possible to predict earthquakes However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes are a commonwill still have to do their best toto ground movement and by being personally prepared.canin saving lives and preventing the loss of homes.Education concerning how to survive an earthquake should be a major emphasis for all government programs and earthquake-related research projects.

第二篇：第三單元大學(xué)英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)翻譯

Organizing Data in a Traditional File

Environment

An effective information system provides users with timely, accurate, and relevant information.This information is stored in computer files.When the files are properly arranged and maintained, users can easily access and retrieve the information they need.傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境下的數(shù)據(jù)組織

一個(gè)高效的信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)向使用者提供及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確以及相關(guān)的信息。信息存儲(chǔ)在系統(tǒng)的文件中。正確地整理和維護(hù)文件，可以使用戶很容易地檢索到他們所需要的信息。

You can appreciate the importance of file management if you have ever written a term paper using 3×5 index cards.No matter how efficient your storage device(a metal box or a rubber band), if you organize the cards randomly your term paper will have little or no organization.如果你在撰寫(xiě)學(xué)期論文時(shí)曾經(jīng)使用過(guò)3×5索引卡，你會(huì)體會(huì)到文件管理的重要性。不管你的存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備（一個(gè)金屬盒或一個(gè)皮筋）效率如何,如果你隨意地組織你的卡片,你的學(xué)期論文將會(huì)缺乏組織性

Given enough time, you could put the cards in order, but your system would be more efficient if you set up your organizational scheme early on.If your scheme is flexible enough and well documented, you can extend it to account for any changes in your viewpoint as you write your paper.如果有足夠的時(shí)間，你可以將卡片按次序放置，但是如果你早點(diǎn)創(chuàng)建你自己的組織方案，你的系統(tǒng)會(huì)做得更有效。如果你的方案足夠的靈活并且文檔也很齊全，那么在你撰寫(xiě)論文時(shí)，可以利用它來(lái)說(shuō)明觀點(diǎn)中的任何變化。

The same need for file organization applies to firms.Well-managed, carefully arranged files make it easy to obtain data for business decisions, whereas poorly managed files lead to chaos in information processing high costs, poor performance, and little, if any, flexibility.Despite the use of excellent hardware and software, many organizations have inefficient information systems because of poor file management.公司同樣也需要組織文件。組織良好，認(rèn)真安排的文件可以使商業(yè)決策獲取數(shù)據(jù)變得更容易，而組織混亂的文件只能導(dǎo)致信息處理紊亂、成本高、性能差并且靈活性低。盡管使用優(yōu)秀的硬件和軟件，但由于文件組織得不好，很多組織的信息系統(tǒng)的效率還是很低。

File Organization Terms and Concepts A computer system organizes data in hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases.A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle.文件組織術(shù)語(yǔ)及概念

計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)按層次組織數(shù)據(jù)，位、字節(jié)、數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)、記錄、文件和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。位代表計(jì)算機(jī)中最小的數(shù)據(jù)單位。

A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol.A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number(such as a person’s name or age), is called a field.一組位，叫做一個(gè)字節(jié)，表示一個(gè)獨(dú)立的字，它可以是一個(gè)字母、一個(gè)數(shù)字或其它的符號(hào)。一組字組成一個(gè)詞、一組詞或一個(gè)純數(shù)字（例如一個(gè)人的名字或年齡）叫做一個(gè)字段。

A group of related fields, such as the student’s name, the course taken, the date, and the grade, comprises a record;a group of records of the same type is called a file.For instance, the student records could constitute a course file.一組相關(guān)的字段，例如學(xué)生的姓名、所選的課程、日期、年級(jí)，組成一個(gè)記錄；一組相同類型的記錄被稱為文件。例如，學(xué)生記錄可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)課程文件。

A group of related files makes up a database.The student course file could be grouped with files on student’s personal histories and financial backgrounds to create a student database.一組相關(guān)的文件組成一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。學(xué)生課程文件可以和學(xué)生個(gè)人履歷文件、個(gè)人經(jīng)濟(jì)情況文件共同創(chuàng)建一個(gè)學(xué)生數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

A record describes an entity.An entity is a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information.An order is a typical entity in a sales order file, which maintains information on a firm’s sales orders.Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity is called an attribute.一個(gè)記錄描述了一個(gè)實(shí)體。一個(gè)實(shí)體可以是一個(gè)人、一個(gè)地方、一個(gè)東西或一件事情，我們維護(hù)與它們有關(guān)的信息。銷(xiāo)售訂單文件提供一個(gè)公司銷(xiāo)售訂單信息，在銷(xiāo)售訂單文件中，一個(gè)訂單是一個(gè)典型的實(shí)體。

For example, order number, order date, order amount, item number, and item quantity would each be an attribute of the entity order.The specific values that these attributes can have can be found in the fields of the record describing the entity order.每個(gè)用來(lái)描述具體實(shí)體的特質(zhì)或特征的叫做屬性。例如，訂單號(hào)、訂貨日期、訂貨量、產(chǎn)品代碼和產(chǎn)品數(shù)量每一個(gè)都是實(shí)體訂單的一個(gè)屬性。這些屬性的具體取值可以在描述實(shí)體訂單的記錄中的字段里找到。

Every record in a file should contain at least one field that uniquely identifies that record so that the record can be retrieved, update, or sorted.This identifier field is called a key field.An example of a key field is the order number for the order record or an employee number or social security number for a personnel record(containing employee data such as the employees’ name, age, address, job title, and so forth).文件中的每一條記錄至少包含一個(gè)能被唯一識(shí)別的數(shù)據(jù)字段，這樣記錄可被檢索、更新或分類。這個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)字段叫做關(guān)鍵字段。舉個(gè)關(guān)鍵字段的例子,如訂單號(hào)是訂單記錄的關(guān)鍵字段，員工編號(hào)或社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)是一個(gè)個(gè)人記錄（包括員工數(shù)據(jù)，例如員工的名字、年齡、住址、工作職別等等）的關(guān)鍵字段。

Accessing Records from Computer Files

Computer systems store files on secondary storage devices.Records can be arranged in several ways on storage media, and the arrangement determines the manner in which individual records can be accessed or retrieved.從計(jì)算機(jī)文件中存取記錄

計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)將文件存儲(chǔ)在外存設(shè)備中。記錄以多種方式存放在存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)中，而且存放方式?jīng)Q定了單個(gè)記錄被存取或檢索的方式。

One way to organize records is sequentially.In sequential file organization, data records must be retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored.In contrast, direct or random file organization allows users to access records in any sequence they desire, without regard to actual physical order on the storage media.一種組織記錄的方式是有序的。在按順序組織的文件中，數(shù)據(jù)記錄的檢索順序必須與數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)順序相同。相反，不考慮存取介質(zhì)的物理順序，直接或隨機(jī)存取文件允許用戶以任何他們想要的順序存取文件。

Sequential file organization is the only file organization method that can be used on magnetic tape.This file organization method is no longer popular, but some organizations still use it for batch processing applications in which they access and process each record sequentially.順序文件組織是唯一的一種可以用在磁帶上的文件組織方式。這種文件組織方式已不再流行了，但是一些組織仍然使用它來(lái)進(jìn)行批處理，這些處理對(duì)每一條記錄依次進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)和處理。

A typical application using sequential files is payroll, in which all employees in a firm must be paid one by one and issued a check.Direct or random file organization is utilized with magnetic disk technology(although records can be stored sequentially on disk if desired).Most computer applications today utilize some method of direct file organization.順序文件的一個(gè)典型應(yīng)用是工資單，必須依次地對(duì)工資單中的所有公司職員支付工資和支票。直接存取或隨機(jī)存取文件組織方式可用于磁盤(pán)技術(shù)（但是，如果愿意的話，磁盤(pán)中的記錄可以按順序存儲(chǔ)）。

Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Most organizations began information processing on a small scale, automating one application at a time.Systems tended to grow independently, and not according to some grand plan.Each functional area tended to develop systems in isolation from other functional areas.Accounting, finance, manufacturing, human resources, and marketing all developed their own systems and data files.傳統(tǒng)文件環(huán)境存在的問(wèn)題

大多數(shù)組織每次進(jìn)行的都是小規(guī)模的、自動(dòng)化的信息處理。系統(tǒng)越來(lái)越具有獨(dú)立性，并且不再采用大型的方案。每個(gè)功能區(qū)的開(kāi)發(fā)都試圖孤立于其它模塊。會(huì)計(jì)、金融、生產(chǎn)、人力資源和銷(xiāo)售均開(kāi)發(fā)各自的系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)文件。

Each application, of course, required its own files and its own computer program to operate.For example, the human resources functional area might have a personnel master file, a payroll file, a medical insurance file, a pension file, a mailing list file, and so forth until tens, perhaps hundreds, of files and programs existed.當(dāng)然，每個(gè)應(yīng)用都需要自己的文件和計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。例如，人力資源功能區(qū)可能需要一個(gè)人事主文件、一個(gè)工資文件、一個(gè)醫(yī)保文件、一個(gè)退休金文件、一個(gè)郵件發(fā)送清單文件等等，幾十個(gè)甚至上百個(gè)文件或程序。

In the company as a whole, this process led to multiple master files created, maintained, and operated by separate divisions or departments.就整個(gè)公司來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)過(guò)程會(huì)導(dǎo)致多種主要文件的創(chuàng)建、維護(hù)，并被不同的部門(mén)使用。

There are names for this situation: traditional file environment;the flat file organization(because most of the data are organized in flat files);and the data file approach(because the data and business logic are tied to specific files and related programs).By any name, the situation results in growing inefficiency and complexity.對(duì)這種情況的叫法有：傳統(tǒng)文件環(huán)境、平面文件組織（因?yàn)榇蟛糠值臄?shù)據(jù)組織在平面文件里）、數(shù)據(jù)文件方式（因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)和事務(wù)邏輯被捆綁于具體的文件和相關(guān)的程序中）。無(wú)論是哪個(gè)名字，這種環(huán)境的結(jié)果就是低效和復(fù)雜性越來(lái)越大。

As this process goes on for five or ten years, the organization is saddled with hundreds of programs and applications, with no one who knows what they do, what data they use, and who is using the data.當(dāng)這種處理方法使用了五或十年，組織已經(jīng)承載了上百個(gè)程序和應(yīng)用軟件，沒(méi)有人知道這些程序和軟件做什么，用什么數(shù)據(jù)，并且誰(shuí)在使用數(shù)據(jù)。

The organization is collecting the same information in far too many files.The resulting problems are data redundancy, program-data dependence, inflexibility, poor data security, and inability to share data among applications.組織可以從多個(gè)文件中搜集同一個(gè)信息。導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題就是數(shù)據(jù)冗余、程序與數(shù)據(jù)間相依賴、非靈活性、缺乏數(shù)據(jù)安全性和應(yīng)用軟件之間無(wú)法共享數(shù)據(jù)。

Data Redundancy and Confusion

Data redundancy is the presence of duplicate data in multiple data files.Data redundancy occurs when different divisions, functional areas, and groups in an organization independently collect the same piece of information.For instance, within the commercial loans division of a bank, the marketing and credit information functions might collect the same customer information.數(shù)據(jù)冗余和混亂

數(shù)據(jù)冗余表現(xiàn)為完全一樣的數(shù)據(jù)存放在多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件中。當(dāng)一個(gè)組織中不同的部門(mén)、功能和團(tuán)體獨(dú)立地搜集相同部分信息時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生數(shù)據(jù)冗余。例如，在一個(gè)銀行的商業(yè)貸款部門(mén)里，市場(chǎng)和借貸信息功能可能搜集相同的客戶信息。

Because it is collected and maintained in so many different places, the same data item may have different meanings in different parts of the organization.Simple data items such as the fiscal year, employee identification, and product code can take on different meanings as programmers and analysts work in isolation on different applications.由于信息的搜集和維護(hù)是在不同的地方進(jìn)行的，所以相同的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)會(huì)在組織中不同的部分有不同的含義。當(dāng)不同的應(yīng)用軟件的程序員和分析工作是相互孤立的，簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)，例如會(huì)計(jì)、員工身份證明和產(chǎn)品編碼會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不同的意思。

Program-Data Dependence

Program-data dependence is the tight relationship between data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files.Every computer program has to describe the location and nature of the data with which it works.程序與數(shù)據(jù)間相依賴

程序和數(shù)據(jù)之間的依賴是指存儲(chǔ)在文件中的數(shù)據(jù)和用來(lái)更新及維護(hù)這些文件的具體的程序間存在緊密的關(guān)系。每個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)程序都必須對(duì)它使用的數(shù)據(jù)的位置和屬性進(jìn)行描述。

In a traditional file environment, any change in data requires a change in all programs that access the data.Changes, for instance, in tax rates or ZIP-code length require changes in programs.Such programming changes may cost millions of dollars to implement in programs that require the revised data.在傳統(tǒng)文件環(huán)境中，數(shù)據(jù)的任何更改要求所有存取這一數(shù)據(jù)的程序發(fā)生改變。例如，稅率或郵政編碼長(zhǎng)度的變化要求程序也要隨之變動(dòng)。這種對(duì)修改了數(shù)據(jù)的程序進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)上的改變可能會(huì)花費(fèi)幾百萬(wàn)美元。

Lack of Flexibility

A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled reports after extensive programming efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion..缺乏靈活性

一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)文件系統(tǒng)在大量的程序設(shè)計(jì)工作后會(huì)提供常規(guī)的日程安排報(bào)告，但是它不能提供臨時(shí)的報(bào)告或及時(shí)回應(yīng)事先無(wú)法預(yù)料到的信息需求。

The information required by ad hoc requests is somewhere in the system but too expensive to retrieve.Several programmers would have to work for weeks to put together the required data items in a new file.臨時(shí)請(qǐng)求所需要的信息存儲(chǔ)在系統(tǒng)某處，但由于花費(fèi)高而無(wú)法獲取。幾個(gè)程序員需要花費(fèi)數(shù)周的時(shí)間將所需的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)放到一個(gè)新文件中。

Poor Security

Because there is little control or management of data, access to and dissemination of information are virtually out of control.What limits on access exist tend to be the result of habit and tradition, as well as of the sheer difficulty of finding information.缺乏安全性

由于對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的控制和管理太少，信息的存取和傳播實(shí)際上是不被控制的?，F(xiàn)有的存取限制是由習(xí)慣和慣例所造就的，同樣也造就了尋找信息的異常艱難。

Lack of Data-Sharing and Availability

The lack of control over access to data in this confused environment does not make it easy for people to obtain information.Because pieces of information in different files and different parts of the organization cannot be related to one another, it is virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.缺乏數(shù)據(jù)共享和有效性

在這種混亂的環(huán)境里，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的存取缺乏控制使得人們很難獲取信息。因?yàn)椴煌募械男畔⒑徒M織的不同部分不能聯(lián)系起來(lái)，所以信息無(wú)法及時(shí)共享或存取。

The Database Environment Database technology can cut through many of the problems created by traditional file organization.A more rigorous definition of a database is collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and minimizing redundant data.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)環(huán)境

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)可以解決很多有傳統(tǒng)文件組織方式引發(fā)的問(wèn)題。對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)更嚴(yán)密的定義是通過(guò)集中數(shù)據(jù)和減少多余的數(shù)據(jù)，有效地向應(yīng)用軟件提供組織過(guò)的數(shù)據(jù)集合。

Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data are stored physically to appear to users as being stored in only one location.數(shù)據(jù)的物理存放要讓用戶覺(jué)著數(shù)據(jù)被存放在唯一的一個(gè)地方，而不是存儲(chǔ)到每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序所需的相互獨(dú)立的文件上。

A single database services multiple applications.For example, instead of a corporation storing employee data in separate information systems and separate files for personnel, payroll, and benefits, the corporation could create a single common human resources database.一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可以為多個(gè)應(yīng)用程序提供服務(wù)。例如，將員工數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在相互獨(dú)立的信息系統(tǒng)和相互獨(dú)立的員工文件、工資文件和保險(xiǎn)金文件中的一個(gè)替代做法是，公司可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)通用的人力資源數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

Database Management Systems

A database management system(DBMS)is simply the software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)（DBMS）就是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的軟件，它允許一個(gè)組織集成數(shù)據(jù)、有效管理數(shù)據(jù)并且通過(guò)應(yīng)用程序提供對(duì)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的存取。

The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs and the physical data files.When the application program calls for data item such as gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the database and presents it to the application program.DBMS在應(yīng)用程序和物理數(shù)據(jù)文件間扮演接口的角色。當(dāng)應(yīng)用程序需要如工資總額的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)，DBMS在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中查找這一數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)并將它提交給應(yīng)用程序。

Using traditional data files the programmer would have to define the data and then tell the computer where they were.A DBMS eliminates most of the data definition statements found in traditional programs.A database management system has three components: A data definition language A data manipulation language A data dictionary 使用傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)文件，程序員不得不定義數(shù)據(jù)并且告訴計(jì)算機(jī)它們?cè)谀莾骸Ｒ粋€(gè)DBMS會(huì)去除大部分傳統(tǒng)程序中的數(shù)據(jù)定義聲明。

一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)包含三個(gè)組成部分： 數(shù)據(jù)定義語(yǔ)言 數(shù)據(jù)操作語(yǔ)言 數(shù)據(jù)字典

The data definition language is the formal language used by programmers to specify the content and structure of the database.The data definition language defines each data element as it appears in the database before that data element is translated into the forms required by application programs.數(shù)據(jù)定義語(yǔ)言是程序員用來(lái)詳述數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的形式語(yǔ)言。在數(shù)據(jù)元素被翻譯成應(yīng)用程序所需要的形式之前，數(shù)據(jù)定義語(yǔ)言定義了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)元素。

Most DBMS have a specialized language called a data manipulation language that is used in conjunction with some conventional third-or fourth-generation programming languages to manipulate the data in the database.This language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications.大部分DBMS有一種叫做數(shù)據(jù)操作語(yǔ)言的專用語(yǔ)言，它和傳統(tǒng)的第三代或第四代程序語(yǔ)言結(jié)合起來(lái)操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)。這種語(yǔ)言包括允許終端用戶和程序設(shè)計(jì)專家從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中提取數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)滿足信息需求和應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)的命令。

The most prominent data manipulation language today is Structured Query Language, or SQL.Complex programming tasks cannot be performed efficiently with typical data manipulation languages.However, most mainframe DBMS are compatible with COBOL, FORTRAN, and other third-generation programming languages, permitting greater processing efficiency and flexibility.現(xiàn)今，最杰出的數(shù)據(jù)操作語(yǔ)言是結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語(yǔ)言，或者叫SQL。使用典型的數(shù)據(jù)操作語(yǔ)言，復(fù)雜的編程任務(wù)無(wú)法被高效率地執(zhí)行。然而大部分中央處理機(jī)的DBMS與COBOL, FORTRAN及其他第三代編程語(yǔ)言相兼容，這就使得處理更高效和更靈活。

The third element of a DBMS is a data dictionary.This is an automated or manual file that stores definitions of data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical representation, ownership(who in the organization is responsible for maintaining the data), authorization, and security.Many data dictionaries can produce lists and reports of data utilization, groupings, program locations, and so on.DBMS的第三個(gè)元素是數(shù)據(jù)字典。這是一個(gè)自動(dòng)或手工的文件，存儲(chǔ)了對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)元素和數(shù)據(jù)屬性的定義，例如使用、物理表示、所有權(quán)（組織中誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)）、授權(quán)和安全。很多數(shù)據(jù)字典可以提供數(shù)據(jù)使用、分組、程序存儲(chǔ)位置等內(nèi)容的列表和報(bào)告。

By creating an inventory of data contained in the database, the data dictionary serves as an important data management tool.For instance, business users could consult the dictionary to find out exactly what pieces of data are maintained for the sales or marketing function or even to determine all the information maintained by the entire enterprise.由于建立了一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中數(shù)據(jù)的清單，數(shù)據(jù)字典成為一個(gè)重要的數(shù)據(jù)管理工具。例如，商業(yè)用戶可以翻閱字典來(lái)正確地查找出用于銷(xiāo)售或市場(chǎng)功能的數(shù)據(jù)或者甚至支配整個(gè)公司的所有信息。

The dictionary could supply business users with the name, format, and specifications required to access data for reports.Technical staff could use the dictionary to determine what data elements and files must be changed if a program is changed.字典可以為商業(yè)用戶提供名字、格式和說(shuō)明，以獲取報(bào)告所需數(shù)據(jù)。技術(shù)員工可以利用字典來(lái)決定如果一個(gè)程序發(fā)生了改動(dòng),那么什么樣的數(shù)據(jù)元素和文件也必須被改變。

Most data dictionaries are entirely passive;they simply report.More advanced types are active;changes in the dictionary can be automatically utilized by related programs.For instance, to change ZIP codes from five to nine digits, one could simply enter the change in the dictionary without having to modify and recompile all application programs using ZIP codes.大部分的字典是完全被動(dòng)式的；它們只不過(guò)是報(bào)告。更高類型的字典是主動(dòng)的；相關(guān)程序可自動(dòng)地使用字典中的變化。例如，將郵政編碼由五位改為九位，一個(gè)人可以簡(jiǎn)單地在字典中記錄這一改變，不必修改和重新編譯所有使用郵政編碼的程序。

In an ideal database environment, the data in the database are defined only once and used for all applications whose data reside in the database, thereby eliminating data redundancy and inconsistency.Application programs, which are written using a combination of the data manipulation language of the DBMS and a conventional programming language, request data elements from the database.在一個(gè)理想的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)環(huán)境里，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)只被定義一次就可以被所有的應(yīng)用軟件使用，因此可以消除數(shù)據(jù)的冗余和不一致性。結(jié)合DBMS的數(shù)據(jù)操作語(yǔ)言和常規(guī)程序語(yǔ)言編寫(xiě)的應(yīng)用程序需要數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)元素。

Data elements called for by the application programs are found and delivered by the DBMS.The programmer does not have to specify in detail how or where the data are to be found.應(yīng)用程序需要的數(shù)據(jù)元素可由DBMS查找和傳遞。程序員不必詳述查找數(shù)據(jù)的位置和方式。

Use of a DBMS can reduce program-data dependence along with program development and maintenance costs.Access and availability of information can be increased because users and programmers can perform ad hoc queries of data in the database.The DBMS allows the organization to centrally manage data, utilization, and security.使用DBMS除了減少程序的開(kāi)發(fā)和維護(hù)費(fèi)用，還可以減少程序和數(shù)據(jù)間的依賴。由于用戶和程序員可以對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行隨機(jī)查詢，信息的可獲性和可用性得到提高。DBMS允許組織集中管理數(shù)據(jù)、應(yīng)用和安全。

New Words(1)New Words(2)New Words(3)New Words(4)New Words(5)New Words(6)Phrases(1)Phrases(2)Abbreviations Questions for Discussion Why do we need file organization? How to access records from computer files? Which problems exist in the traditional file environment? What is DBMS? How does DBMS resolve problems in the traditional file environment? Translation for Reference

第三篇：第三單元復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)_資料

人教六年級(jí)下冊(cè)語(yǔ)文第三單元復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

課文復(fù)習(xí)

1、《十六年前的回憶》通過(guò)對(duì)李大釗同志（被捕前）到（被捕后）的回憶，展示了革命先烈（忠于革命事業(yè)）的偉大精神和面對(duì)敵人（堅(jiān)貞不屈）的可貴品質(zhì)，表達(dá)了作者對(duì)父親的（敬仰）與（懷念）。除開(kāi)頭外，文章是按（被捕前）、（被捕時(shí)）、（法庭上）、（被害后）的順序來(lái)敘述的。文章的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)是（前后照應(yīng)）。

2、課文最后三個(gè)自然段與開(kāi)頭的聯(lián)系是：首尾呼應(yīng)（前后照應(yīng)）。（《匆匆》《頂碗少年》《十六年前的回憶》《燈光》都采用了首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)法）

這樣寫(xiě)的好處：使整篇文章顯得非常緊湊，更加突出了作者對(duì)父親被害的事情記憶深刻，也表達(dá)了作者對(duì)父親深深的懷念。

3、、“在法庭上，我們跟父親見(jiàn)了面。父親仍舊穿著他那件灰布舊棉袍，可是沒(méi)戴眼鏡。我看到了他那亂蓬蓬的長(zhǎng)頭發(fā)下面的平靜而慈祥的臉。”

答：從這句話中可以看出父親雖受敵人的折磨，但依舊沉著、慈祥。“沒(méi)戴眼鏡”“亂蓬蓬的長(zhǎng)頭發(fā)”說(shuō)明敵人對(duì)李大釗施了重刑，“平靜”說(shuō)明李大釗經(jīng)歷殘酷的折磨后依舊堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，“慈祥”充分體現(xiàn)了李大釗對(duì)親人的愛(ài)。

4、父親是很慈祥的，從來(lái)沒(méi)罵過(guò)我們，更沒(méi)打過(guò)我們。我總愛(ài)向父親問(wèn)許多幼稚可笑的問(wèn)題。他不論多忙，對(duì)我的問(wèn)題總是很感興趣，總是耐心地講給我聽(tīng)。這一次不知道為什么，父親竟這樣含糊地回答我。

答：這段話說(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)的局勢(shì)十分嚴(yán)重。這里寫(xiě)出了李大釗同志對(duì)待親人慈愛(ài)和善與對(duì)待工作認(rèn)真嚴(yán)肅。

5、局勢(shì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重，父親的工作也越來(lái)越緊張。他的朋友勸他離開(kāi)北京，母親也幾次勸他。父親堅(jiān)決地對(duì)母親說(shuō)：“不是常對(duì)你說(shuō)嗎？我是不能輕易離開(kāi)北京的。你要知道現(xiàn)在是什么時(shí)候，這里的工作多么重要。我哪能離開(kāi)呢？”母親只好不再說(shuō)什么了。

答：李大釗完全明白形勢(shì)的險(xiǎn)惡、處境的危險(xiǎn)，但他把革命工作看得比生命都重要，決不離開(kāi)自己的工作崗位。這表現(xiàn)了他對(duì)革命高度負(fù)責(zé)的精神。

6、父親瞅了瞅我們，沒(méi)對(duì)我們說(shuō)一句話。他臉上的表情非常安定，非常沉著。他的心被一種偉大的力量占據(jù)著。這個(gè)力量就是他平日對(duì)我們講的──他對(duì)于革命事業(yè)的信心。答：偉大的力量是指他對(duì)于革命事業(yè)的信心。因?yàn)樗麑?duì)于革命事業(yè)充滿必勝的信心，所以李大釗在極端危險(xiǎn)和困難的情況下能夠坦然自若。他用“安定”“沉著”影響親人，使他們化悲痛為力量。

11* 燈光 作者王愿堅(jiān)采用（倒敘）的手法，由天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)的燈光寫(xiě)起，敘述過(guò)去的事情，結(jié)尾又回到燈光，使得文章（首尾呼應(yīng)），結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。課文的主體部分是（對(duì)往事的回憶），作者以細(xì)膩的筆調(diào)詳寫(xiě)郝副營(yíng)長(zhǎng)在激戰(zhàn)前的（神情）和（談話）。而郝副營(yíng)長(zhǎng)在戰(zhàn)斗中舍身為后續(xù)部隊(duì)引路的壯舉，作者卻用“（白描手法）”略寫(xiě)；兩相對(duì)比中，突出了革命先烈對(duì)未來(lái)的（美好憧憬），和（執(zhí)著的革命理想）為人民服務(wù)

1、《為人民服務(wù)》是一篇演講稿?！稙槿嗣穹?wù)》是毛澤東主席于1944年9月8日在張思德同志追悼會(huì)上所作的演講。

2、課文從三個(gè)方面說(shuō)明為人民服務(wù)：一是樹(shù)立“為人民利益而死，就比泰山還重”的生死觀；二是正確對(duì)待批評(píng)，為人民的利益堅(jiān)持好的、改正錯(cuò)的;三是搞好團(tuán)結(jié)、克服困難、提高勇氣、互相愛(ài)護(hù)，使整個(gè)人民團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)。

3、人固有一死，或重于泰山，或輕于鴻毛。（司馬遷）

答：固，本來(lái)?；颍械?。于，表示比較。人總是要死的，但死的意義有不同，有的比泰山還重，有的比鴻毛還輕。

4、我們的共產(chǎn)黨和共產(chǎn)黨所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的八路軍、新四軍，是革命的隊(duì)伍。我們這個(gè)隊(duì)伍完全是為著解放人民的，是徹底地為人民的利益工作的。

答：文章開(kāi)篇就點(diǎn)明主題。整段話表明：全心全意為人民服務(wù)，是共產(chǎn)黨和革命軍隊(duì)的根本宗旨?！巴耆钡囊馑迹喝俊！皬氐住笔秦瀼氐降椎囊馑?。這句話的意思是說(shuō)，我們的隊(duì)伍不管在什么時(shí)候，不管做什么工作，都百分之百地為人民服務(wù)。

5、我們的干部要關(guān)心每一個(gè)戰(zhàn)士，一切革命隊(duì)伍的人都要互相關(guān)心，互相愛(ài)護(hù)，互相幫助。答：這句話的意思是，革命隊(duì)伍的人是為了一個(gè)共同目標(biāo)走到一起來(lái)的。因此，不論是干部對(duì)戰(zhàn)士，還是戰(zhàn)士對(duì)戰(zhàn)士，都要互相關(guān)心、愛(ài)護(hù)和幫助。這樣才能更好地團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，共同奮斗，實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)。

6、因?yàn)槲覀兪菫槿嗣穹?wù)的，所以，我們?nèi)绻腥秉c(diǎn)，就不怕別人批評(píng)指出。不管是什么人，誰(shuí)向我們指出都行。只要你說(shuō)得對(duì)，我們就改正。你說(shuō)的辦法對(duì)人民有好處，我們就照你的辦。

答：這段話共4句話。共有4句話。第一句話是講我們要?dú)g迎批評(píng)，第二句話是講我們歡迎任何人的批評(píng)，第三句話是講我們接受任何人的只要是正確的批評(píng)，第四句講我們接受對(duì)人民有好處的辦法。

句與句之間聯(lián)系緊密，意思層層遞進(jìn)，圍繞為人民服務(wù)這一中心意思從不同側(cè)面進(jìn)行論述。

7、學(xué)寫(xiě)本文第4小節(jié)中的排比句

例1：人生的意義在于執(zhí)著的追求，在于不懈的努力，在于頑強(qiáng)的拼搏。

例2：我們每一個(gè)少先隊(duì)員都要努力學(xué)習(xí)，努力鍛煉，努力生活。

例3：在小學(xué)六年的學(xué)習(xí)生活中，我們收獲了豐富的知識(shí)，收獲了真摯的友誼，收獲了成功的喜悅。

例4：老師，在我們的心目中，您是大樹(shù)，您是高山，您是大海。

8、用三組不同的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)連接句子。

我們?nèi)娜獾貫槿嗣穹?wù)。我們這個(gè)隊(duì)伍一定會(huì)興旺起來(lái)。

（）我們?nèi)娜獾貫槿嗣穹?wù)，（）這個(gè)隊(duì)伍一定會(huì)興旺起來(lái)。（）我們?nèi)娜獾貫槿嗣穹?wù)，這個(gè)隊(duì)伍（）一定會(huì)興旺起來(lái)（）我們?nèi)娜獾貫槿嗣穹?wù)，這個(gè)隊(duì)伍（）一定會(huì)興旺起來(lái)

一夜的工作

1、《一夜的工作》節(jié)選自作家何其芳的《回憶周恩來(lái)同志》。先簡(jiǎn)要交代了自己得以目睹總理工作的（緣由），然后著重?cái)⑹隽恕拔摇迸阒芸偫韺忛喐遄訒r(shí)的（所見(jiàn)所聞），最后抒發(fā)了自己（真切的感受）。課文的重點(diǎn)是（陪同周總理審閱稿子）這部分。這部分是從（工作辛勞）和（生活簡(jiǎn)樸）兩方面表現(xiàn)周總理崇高品質(zhì)的。

多音字組詞復(fù)習(xí)

dāi待著──dài等待

jiá夾衣──jiā夾道

la快樂(lè)──yua音樂(lè) biàn便衣──pián便宜 kān看家──kàn觀看

hào記號(hào)──háo號(hào)叫 xīnɡ興旺──xìnɡ興致

wai為了──w?i為難

liànɡ分量──liánɡ測(cè)量 qiǎnɡ勉強(qiáng)──qiánɡ強(qiáng)大──jiànɡ倔強(qiáng)

zhoá著急──zhuó沉著──zhāo著數(shù)──zhe笑著

chā反差──chāi出差──cī參差──chà差不多

四字詞語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)

1不慌不忙： 形容十分從容的樣子。（造句）他喝了一口水，這才不慌不忙地講述了事情的經(jīng)過(guò)。

2一擁而入： 形容很多人同時(shí)闖進(jìn)來(lái)，形容秩序非?；靵y。（造句）大門(mén)剛打開(kāi)，記者們就一擁而入，爭(zhēng)著采訪那個(gè)奧運(yùn)會(huì)冠軍。

3滿臉橫肉： 整個(gè)臉上都長(zhǎng)著帶有兇相的肌肉。（造句）《沙家濱》中的偽司令長(zhǎng)得滿臉橫肉，是個(gè)大草包。

4怒氣沖沖： 形容非常生氣的樣子。（造句）他怒氣沖沖地走進(jìn)教室，誰(shuí)也不知道發(fā)生了什么事。

5聚精會(huì)神： 集中精神。（造句）上課時(shí)，我們聚精會(huì)神地聽(tīng)老師講課。

6自言自語(yǔ)： 自己與自己說(shuō)話。（造句）奶奶有時(shí)候會(huì)自言自語(yǔ)，也不知道她在說(shuō)什么 7震天動(dòng)地：震撼著天，動(dòng)搖著地。形容巨響或其勢(shì)盛大異常。（造句）建路工人開(kāi)山劈嶺的爆破聲震天動(dòng)地。

8千鈞一發(fā)：鈞：古代重量單位，一鈞等于30斤。指千鈞的重量系在一根頭發(fā)上，比喻極其危險(xiǎn)。（造句）在千鈞一發(fā)的時(shí)刻，他飛身向前，從車(chē)輪底下救出了那個(gè)被嚇呆的小孩。9精兵簡(jiǎn)政：縮小機(jī)構(gòu)，精簡(jiǎn)人員。（造句）各級(jí)機(jī)關(guān)若要改變?nèi)烁∮谑碌臓顩r，提高工作的效率，就必須精兵簡(jiǎn)政。

10五湖四海：泛指全國(guó)大地。（造句）這個(gè)連隊(duì)的戰(zhàn)士來(lái)自五湖四海，但十分團(tuán)結(jié)。11死得其所：死得有價(jià)值，有意義。（造句）那個(gè)警察為了救出人質(zhì)而光榮犧牲，死得其所。

拓展：

描寫(xiě)人物神態(tài)、表情的詞語(yǔ)

提心吊膽 面如土色 目光如炬 冷若冰霜 從容自若 驚慌失措 興高采烈 得意洋洋 描寫(xiě)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的詞語(yǔ)

一觸即發(fā) 千鈞一發(fā) 沖鋒陷陣 金戈鐵馬 炮火連天 前赴后繼 槍林彈雨 千軍萬(wàn)馬 跋山涉水 翻山越嶺 震天動(dòng)地 雷霆萬(wàn)鈞

ABB式：亂蓬蓬 黑魆魆 熱騰騰 ABAC式：不慌不忙 自言自語(yǔ) ABCC式：怒氣沖沖 含反義詞的：震天動(dòng)地

作文復(fù)習(xí)題目： 《我的理想》

習(xí)作要求：

1、寫(xiě)清自己的理想是什么。

2、為什么會(huì)有這樣的理想。

3、怎樣實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)理想。

4、語(yǔ)句通順，最好在文章中運(yùn)用一些關(guān)于理想的名人名言。

我的理想 每個(gè)人都有自己的理想，有的想當(dāng)士兵，保家護(hù)國(guó)；有個(gè)人想當(dāng)醫(yī)生，救死扶傷??我的理想是成為一名老師。

記得上幼兒園的時(shí)候，老師教我們唱歌、跳舞，給我們講故事聽(tīng)。那時(shí)，我覺(jué)得老師真神奇，真?zhèn)ゴ螅裁炊紩?huì)，我就想：我長(zhǎng)大了，我也要當(dāng)一名神奇老師，把我懂得都教給小朋友。慢慢地，我長(zhǎng)大上學(xué)了，覺(jué)得老師更加神奇了。不認(rèn)識(shí)的字，不懂得的知識(shí)，只要老師一講，就豁然開(kāi)朗，全部明白了。老師教給我們做人的道理，告訴我們要做一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的好孩子。當(dāng)我們傷心的時(shí)候，老師給予我們安慰；當(dāng)我們遇到挫折的時(shí)候，老師給予我們鼓勵(lì)。老師真?zhèn)ゴ螅拖褚槐緯?shū)，那么多的知識(shí)老師都懂得，只要看到老師那和藹的面孔，再困難，在傷心的事情都會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單起來(lái)，都會(huì)煙消云散。這更加堅(jiān)定了我當(dāng)老師的信念。

我知道，雖然我離我的理想實(shí)現(xiàn)還有很遠(yuǎn)，但是，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)我的目標(biāo)，從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始我就要為我的理想打好基礎(chǔ)。首先，我要做好課內(nèi)的工作，從課堂上的一次次小測(cè)驗(yàn)中做起，認(rèn)真對(duì)待每一堂課，積極發(fā)言，好好學(xué)習(xí)，每次考試爭(zhēng)取考到100分。接著，要在課外提高自己的閱讀量，擴(kuò)展自己的知識(shí)，多看書(shū)，吸取書(shū)中的精髓，還要多做練習(xí)題等等。當(dāng)老師并不只課本知識(shí)，還要培養(yǎng)多方面的能力。所以，在其他方面，我也要勤奮。魯迅爺爺曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“時(shí)間就像海綿里的水，只要愿擠，總還是有的?！敝灰夷軌虬芽沼鄷r(shí)間都用到學(xué)習(xí)上去，那我的成績(jī)將更上一層樓，我離我的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)就更近了一步！

如果說(shuō)，理想是駛向成功的一艘小船，那么，我一定會(huì)把好船舵。

我的理想

世界上的每個(gè)人都有自己的理想，如果沒(méi)有自己的理想，就不回?fù)碛惺澜?。我的理想是?dāng)是名醫(yī)生。

去年，爸爸突然得了疾病，住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院，過(guò)了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才出院。但是爸爸什么也不能做，身體還是很虛弱，家里的一切只好讓媽媽來(lái)做，累得媽媽滿頭大汗。媽媽也告訴我，讓我也幫著爸爸做些自己能干的事情。從那時(shí)起，我們沒(méi)有去過(guò)一次公園，看著小朋友們游玩高興的樣子，我多想去看看調(diào)皮的猴子，兇猛的老虎、獅子和狗熊，嚇人的毒蛇，美麗的孔雀呀，可是，爸爸去不了。我想，要是我是醫(yī)生，能治好爸爸的病，帶我去大梅沙看海、游泳，到梧桐山看日出，我該多快樂(lè)呀！

上學(xué)了，我看到同學(xué)們經(jīng)常生病，不能和我們一起學(xué)習(xí)，不能和我們一起快快樂(lè)樂(lè)的玩；有一天，老師生病了，不能給我們上課了，我們?nèi)w同學(xué)都很傷心地快要哭了。

我想，要是我當(dāng)醫(yī)生，治好老師的病該多好，我們就可以和老師在一起高高興興地學(xué)習(xí)、做游戲了。

我知道，要想實(shí)現(xiàn)這一美好理想，從小就要把基礎(chǔ)打好，掌握好課堂知識(shí)，平時(shí)多看一些課外書(shū)，作文選等書(shū)籍，因?yàn)檫@些書(shū)都能夠幫助我們提高寫(xiě)作能力，同時(shí)也可以把一些好詞好句，名言警句給摘抄下來(lái)，多背，多寫(xiě)，多讀，這樣真是＂一箭雙雕＂．還有，我們經(jīng)常多做一些有過(guò)語(yǔ)文，數(shù)學(xué)的練習(xí)，這對(duì)我們也有幫助哦！最不能忘的是英語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)是我們和世界各國(guó)的交流語(yǔ)言，雖然，學(xué)起來(lái)有些費(fèi)勁，但是，只要你肯下點(diǎn)功夫，就一定能學(xué)會(huì)的。

我一直在為這個(gè)理想而不懈地努力，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)學(xué)好每一門(mén)功課，一步一個(gè)腳印朝這個(gè)目標(biāo)攀登??

第四篇：2016年三年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)第三單元重點(diǎn)單詞總結(jié)

2016年三年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)第三單元重點(diǎn)單詞

總結(jié)

Unit 3：red(紅色的)yellow(黃色的)green(綠色的)blue(藍(lán)色的)purple(紫色的)white(白色的)black(黑色的)orange(橙色的)pink(粉色的)brown(棕色的;褐色的)how如何;怎樣 are是 fine好的 thank謝謝 thanks多謝 paint繪畫(huà) great很好的

以上是為大家準(zhǔn)備的三年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)第三單元重點(diǎn)單詞，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

小學(xué)三年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)二單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

三年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)第一單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

第五篇：人教版八年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)第三單元重點(diǎn)知識(shí)總結(jié)

Unit 3（比較級(jí)的使用，both的用法，描述性格的單詞）1.Words Outgoing both better loudly quietly hard-working competition fantastic which clearly win though talented truly care laugh serious mirror kid grade should saying reach hand touch heart fact break arm share loud similar primary information

重點(diǎn)講解： 1)both 兩個(gè)都 一般和of連用

Eg:Both of pens are mine.兩支鋼筆都是我的。2)hard-working

adj.工作努力的，辛勤的 Eg:I admire their hard-working spirit.我欽佩他們的辛勤工作的精神。3)Which 哪一個(gè)

Which class are you in?你在哪個(gè)班？ Which one is yours?哪個(gè)是你的？ 4)Serious adj嚴(yán)肅的，穩(wěn)重的

Eg:Ian is a serious guy.伊恩是一個(gè)認(rèn)真的人。（伊恩是一個(gè)穩(wěn)重的人）This is a serious decision.這是個(gè)嚴(yán)肅的決定。<拓>adv seriously 認(rèn)真地，嚴(yán)肅地

Eg:Let’s talk about it seriously.讓我們認(rèn)真的來(lái)談一談。（讓我們嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真的來(lái)聊聊）

5)Truly adv 真正，確實(shí) Eg:He truly loved his children.他由衷地愛(ài)他的孩子們。<拓>典型地

Eg:Spain was truly a European nation.西班牙是個(gè)典型的歐洲國(guó)家。

6)Necessary adj.必要的，必須的 Eg: s that really necessary? 那真有必要嗎？

It is necessary that buy some papers when we are in art class.當(dāng)我們上藝術(shù)課的時(shí)候買(mǎi)些紙是很必要的。7)Should 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 “應(yīng)該”

Eg:We should go outside to buy some papers.我們應(yīng)該去外面買(mǎi)紙。You should be quiet.你應(yīng)該安靜點(diǎn)。8)Break v.損壞，斷，裂，破 Eg:Did your dress break? 你的衣服破了嗎？ Did you break the table? 是你損壞了桌子嗎？

My pen was broken yesterday.我的鋼筆昨天被弄壞了。<拓>名詞

休息

Let’s take a break.休息一會(huì)兒。短語(yǔ)：

Break down 出故障

Eg:Their car broke down.他們的車(chē)出故障了。9)Share v.分享

Eg: Children should learn to share.小孩應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)與人分享東西。Share sth with sb與某人分享某物

Eg:You should share your apples with your sister.你應(yīng)該把你的蘋(píng)果和你妹妹分享。10)Primary adj 最初的，最早的

Eg:My father is the primary investigators on that case 我父親是最早參加那個(gè)項(xiàng)目的研究員?？偨Y(jié)形容詞變副詞： 形容詞變副詞的一般規(guī)則

形容詞變副詞通常是加ly, 其變化有規(guī)律可循 口訣：

一般直接加，“元e”去e加，“輔y”改i加，“l(fā)e”結(jié)尾e改y。分別舉例如下：

quick-quickly;true-truly;happy-happily;possible-possibly 2.Phrases 1)care about 擔(dān)心，關(guān)心,在意

Eg:I really care about my work.我真的關(guān)心我的工作.<辨>take care of；look after ；care about;Take care of;look after 都是照看，照顧的意思。

Eg:He spent years taking care of his sick mother．他數(shù)年中一直在照顧生病的母親.He spent years looking after his sick mother．他數(shù)年中一直在照顧生病的母親.Care about 側(cè)重于關(guān)心某種情況。

Don't you care about anybody?你難道誰(shuí)也不關(guān)心嗎? 2)As long as 只要，既然，如果

Eg:As long as there is life there is hope.留得生命在,不怕沒(méi)希望.(留得青山在，不怕沒(méi)柴燒)You can go out, as long as you promise to be back before 11 o'clock.你可以出去,只要你答應(yīng)在11點(diǎn)以前回來(lái).<拓>as long as=so long as.I'll accept any job so long as I don't have to get up early.只要不必早起,任何工作我都可以接受.3)Be different from 與什么不同；不同于

Eg:My way of life is very different from hers.我和她的生活方式差別很大。(hers=her way of life)<拓>be different from 一般指同一種類型的東西在某點(diǎn)上不同 be different with一般是指不同類型事物的比較。

Eg:He's always noisy with us, but he is different with girls。和我們?cè)谝黄鹚艹臭[，和女孩在一起就不一樣了。4)Bring out 使顯現(xiàn)，使表現(xiàn)出

Eg:Difficulties can bring out a person's best qualities． 艱難困苦方能顯示出一個(gè)人的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。<拓> 其他含義： ?出版

Eg:They try to bring out one new book each month．他們爭(zhēng)取每月出版一本新書(shū)。?生產(chǎn)

Eg:The factory is bringing out a new type of recorder．這家工廠正在生產(chǎn)一種新型錄音機(jī)。

5)The same as和??一致；與??一樣

Eg:His dream is the same as mine.他的夢(mèng)想和我的一樣。<拓>as...as的含義為“和??一樣”，用于形容詞、副詞的同級(jí)比較。需要注意的是，兩個(gè)as的詞性和用法不一樣，第一個(gè)as是副詞，后面接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)，第二個(gè)as多為連詞，后面多接比較狀語(yǔ)從句，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：as + adj + as和as+adv+as。

Eg:This dictionary is as useful as you 這本字典和你想象的一樣有用 He speaks English as well as Zhang Ming 他講英語(yǔ)和張明一樣好。6)In fact 事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上，確切地說(shuō)

Eg:In fact ,I've never liked you，事實(shí)上，我從沒(méi)喜歡過(guò)你。<拓>really, truly(同義)下面是in fact 的句中用法。

Eg:I thought Betty was in the garden, but in fact she was in her room.我以為貝蒂在花園，其實(shí)她在自己的房間里。

In fact the earth is actually a bit nearer to the sun during our winter.在冬天地球離太陽(yáng)實(shí)際上還要近一些。

No one believed it, but in fact, Mary did pass her exam.盡管沒(méi)有人相信，但實(shí)際上瑪麗確實(shí)考試及格了。7)Be similar with 與??相似；類似的 Eg:I have no similar with Tom.湯姆和我毫無(wú)共同之處.<拓>be similar to后邊既可以加物主代詞又可以加人，即：be similar to sth/sb be similar with后邊只可以加人，即be similar with sb Eg:My problems are similar to yours.我的問(wèn)題與你的類似。

8)Be taller than(比較級(jí))比??高 Eg:I am taller than my sister.9)Talk about談?wù)摚ㄊ虑榛蛉耍?/p>

Eg:Please don't talk about it in front of the children.請(qǐng)不要當(dāng)著孩子們談?wù)撃鞘?10)That’s why 這便是為什么；這就是??的原因 Eg:That’s why he was late this morning.這就是他今天早上遲到的原因。3.Grammar 1)形容詞副詞比較級(jí)

形容詞的比較級(jí)變化規(guī)則；

1、規(guī)則變化：(1)單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加er：

如: small---smaller(2)以不發(fā)音的e字母結(jié)尾的加r,：

如: late---later

(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為I加er: 如: easy---easier

(4)以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加er: 如: big---bigger 以er，ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞加er 如: slow---slower(5)多音節(jié)詞前加more.如: important---more important 2.不規(guī)則變化

good / well---better 好

bad / badly / ill---worse 壞 many / much---more 多

little---less 少

old---older / elder 老, 舊

far---farther / further 遠(yuǎn) 2)一般疑問(wèn)句

一、含有be動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句,通常把be動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。eg: 陳述句:They are in the swimming pool.一般疑問(wèn)句:Are they in the swimming pool? <注意>:一般疑問(wèn)句句末要用“?”。

二、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句(can, may...),把情態(tài)動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句首。eg: 陳述句:He can drive a car.一般疑問(wèn)句: Can he drive a car?

三、含有have的一般疑問(wèn)句,have譯為“有”。一般疑問(wèn)句式有兩種形式: 1.把have/has調(diào)到句首。eg: 陳述句:Tommy has a computer.一般疑問(wèn)句:Has Tommy/he a computer? 2.加助動(dòng)詞do/does,第三人稱單數(shù)用does,其他人稱用do。其句型為:Do/Does + 主 語(yǔ) + have...? Does Tommy have a computer? 四、一般動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句,也要借助助動(dòng)詞do/does,第三人稱單數(shù)用does,其余人稱用do。其句型為:Do/Does + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形+其它? 陳述句:Amy speaks English.一般疑問(wèn)句:Does Amy speak English? 如何回答一般疑問(wèn)句。首先要有人稱的改變。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí),在答語(yǔ)中要改成其相應(yīng)的代詞。另外,答語(yǔ)有兩種,肯定的回答(用yes)和否定的回答(用no),否定式常用縮寫(xiě)形式。一、一般疑問(wèn)句含be動(dòng)詞時(shí),用be動(dòng)詞回答,句末用句號(hào)。eg:-Is Mary your sister?-Yes, she is./ No, she isn’t.(縮寫(xiě))二、一般疑問(wèn)句含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, should等)時(shí),用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞回答。eg:-May I come in?-Yes, you may./ No, you can’t.三、一般疑問(wèn)句含有have(譯為“有”)時(shí),有兩種回答方式。1.直接用have/has回答。eg:-Have they any pictures?-Yes, they have./ No, they haven’t.2.用助動(dòng)詞do/does回答。eg:-Does Millie smoke?-Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t.四、一般動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句回答時(shí)也用助動(dòng)詞。eg:-Do the workers live in London?-Yes, they do./ No, they don’t.一般疑問(wèn)句也可稱為“yes ／ no questions”，因這種問(wèn)句通常用yes ／ no來(lái)回答,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“??嗎？”其語(yǔ)序是：系動(dòng)詞be ／ 助動(dòng)詞／ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)＋其他成分？

eg：Are you from Japan？ Yes I am． ／ No I'm not．

Is her sister doing her homework now？Yes she is．／No she isn't.Does he work in a bank？ Yes he does． ／ No he doesn't.Do you live near your school？ Yes I do．／ No I don't． Can you speak French？Yes I can． ／ No I can't．

May I go home now？Yes you may． ／ No you mustn't．

1．將陳述句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)，如句中有be 動(dòng)詞（am is are ?）時(shí)，可直接將它們提至主語(yǔ)前。如主語(yǔ)為第一人稱，應(yīng)將其改為第二人稱。eg：

I'm in Class 2Grade 1． → Are you in Class 2Grade 1？ We're watching TV． → Are you watching TV？

2．陳述句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can may must ?）時(shí)，也可直接將它們提至主語(yǔ)前,即可成為一般疑問(wèn)句。

eg：He can swim now．→ Can he swim now？

3．陳述句中只有一個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)且其時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句時(shí)要在句首加do或does 主語(yǔ)后的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用原形。Eg:I like these animals． → Do you like these animals？

She wants to go to the movies． → Does she want to go to the movies？ 描述性格的詞：

描述人性格的英語(yǔ)詞匯

optimistic樂(lè)觀independent獨(dú)立的 out-going外向的 active 活潑的

able 有才干的，能干的；adaptable 適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的 active 主動(dòng)的，活躍的； aggressive 有進(jìn)取心的 outgoing外向的 quietly 安靜地 hard-working 勤奮的 Talented 有才能的 serious 穩(wěn)重的 kind 和藹的 nice 親切的smart 聰明的 Friendly 友好的