英譯漢練習(xí)

第一篇：英譯漢練習(xí)

英譯漢練習(xí)（1）08011班李瑩瑩080114124

中國(guó)國(guó)家技術(shù)進(jìn)口公司招標(biāo)通告

編號(hào)：TCB 827010

中國(guó)國(guó)家技術(shù)進(jìn)口總公司(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“中技”)根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系與貿(mào)易部與日本海外經(jīng)濟(jì)合作基金會(huì)簽訂的京秦鐵路、兗石鐵路、大瑤山隧道以及石臼所港口四項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程貸款協(xié)議，被授權(quán)采用國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式對(duì)上述項(xiàng)目建設(shè)所需的信號(hào)設(shè)備、通訊設(shè)備、電力以及高空電力牽引線設(shè)備、電線電纜、水泵、施工設(shè)備、玻璃等進(jìn)行采購(gòu)。所有款項(xiàng)通過(guò)貸款方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。

本公司誠(chéng)邀信譽(yù)良好經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的制造商和（或）在合格貨源國(guó)組建注冊(cè)并由該國(guó)控股的貿(mào)易公司（涉及所有發(fā)展中國(guó)家，包括中國(guó)以及所有經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織OECD成員國(guó)）參與上述競(jìng)標(biāo)活動(dòng)。對(duì)此招標(biāo)有興趣的制造商和（或）貿(mào)易公司請(qǐng)于1983年1月20日前以函告擬供貸項(xiàng)目并向我公司提交預(yù)審材料。全部材料請(qǐng)以英文書寫，一式三份。材料應(yīng)涉及以下條例：

①參與競(jìng)標(biāo)制造商和（或）貿(mào)易公司名稱及所屬國(guó)名稱。

②參與競(jìng)標(biāo)公司的歷史簡(jiǎn)介。

③參與競(jìng)標(biāo)公司的規(guī)章制度。

④競(jìng)標(biāo)公司的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、主要負(fù)責(zé)人及所屬財(cái)團(tuán)。

⑤競(jìng)標(biāo)公司的實(shí)收資本，最近三年的年度貿(mào)易總額及凈利潤(rùn)總額。

⑥競(jìng)標(biāo)公司的絕信銀行名稱以及該銀行所出具的資信證明。

⑦對(duì)競(jìng)標(biāo)公司授權(quán)代理的相關(guān)信息以及制造商的授權(quán)書（若該競(jìng)標(biāo)公司為代理）。

⑧制造商的相關(guān)信息以及其最近三年類似產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和銷售情況，參照清單、質(zhì)量保證書。

⑨競(jìng)標(biāo)公司對(duì)以上所提供物品的供貸能力及交貨時(shí)間。

凡在前兩輪招標(biāo)中審查合格的競(jìng)標(biāo)公司需提交補(bǔ)充材料。

若在此招標(biāo)書刊登起一年內(nèi)我們?nèi)缧栀?gòu)買上述所列中任一項(xiàng)設(shè)備，我們將直接向本次資格預(yù)審合格者發(fā)信任詢價(jià)并不再重新刊登招標(biāo)通告。

英譯漢練習(xí)（1）08011班李瑩瑩080114124

中國(guó)國(guó)家技術(shù)進(jìn)口總公司第七業(yè)務(wù)部

地址：中國(guó)北京市西郊區(qū)二里溝

電報(bào)地址：TECHIMPORT BEIJING

電傳：22244 CNTIC CN

電話：890931-240，242

第二篇：英譯漢練習(xí)短文

·英譯漢練習(xí)短文·

Passage1

SatiricLiterature1

Perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,itsoriginalityofperspective.Satirerarelyoffersoriginalideas.Instead,itpresentsthefamiliarinanewform.Satiristsdonotoffertheworldnewphilosophies.Whattheydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmful,oraffected.Satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.DonQuixotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;BraveNewWorldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;AModestProposaldramatizesstarvationbyadvocatingcannibalism.Noneoftheseideasisoriginal.ChivalrywassuspectedbeforeCervantes2,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforeAldousHuxley3,andpeoplewereawareoffaminebeforeSwift4.Itwasnottheoriginalityoftheideathatmadethesesatirespopular.Itwasthemannerofexpression，thesatiricmethod,thatmadetheminterestingandentertaining.Satiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,notbecausetheyaremorallywholesomeorethicallyinstructive.Theyarestimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcommonsensebriskness5theybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions6.Withspontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,andspeaksinapersonalidiominsteadofabstractplatitude.Satireexistsbecausethereisneedforit.Ithaslivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing7,andfoolishphilosophy.Satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruth,thoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth.Satiretendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaissanctimonious,sentimental,andonlypartiallytrue.Liferesemblesinonlyaslightdegreethepopularimageofit.Soldiersrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,notdoordinarycitizensdevotetheirlivestounselfishserviceofhumanity.Intelligentpeopleknowthesethingsbuttendtoforgetthemwhentheydonothearthemexpressed8.Notes

1．這篇文章用詞正式，句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、周密、冗長(zhǎng)，文風(fēng)較為華麗。翻譯時(shí)選詞要正式，可多用四字結(jié)構(gòu)和鋪排形式。

2．Cervantes:塞萬(wàn)提斯（1754-1616），西班牙偉大的作家、詩(shī)人、戲劇家。

3．AldousHuxley:奧爾德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英國(guó)生物學(xué)家，作家。

4．Swift:斯威夫特（1667-1745），英國(guó)作家，擅長(zhǎng)用諷刺和幽默揭露社會(huì)黑暗現(xiàn)象。

5．briskness：brisk意為keenorsharpinspeechormanner。

6．secondhandopinions：不可翻譯為“二手的觀點(diǎn)”，應(yīng)該是“人云亦云的的觀點(diǎn)”。

7．cheapmoralizing：這里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar,contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”，而是“說(shuō)教”。

8．whentheydonothearthemexpressed：當(dāng)直譯不方便時(shí)，我們可用視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移法：但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時(shí)

Key

諷刺文學(xué)

或許諷刺文學(xué)最突出的特點(diǎn)是它耳目一新、視角獨(dú)創(chuàng)。諷刺文學(xué)很少給人以原創(chuàng)的思想,但是它卻將人們熟悉的事情以全新的形式展現(xiàn)出來(lái)。諷刺作家并不給人以新的哲學(xué)理念。他們所做的只是從某一視角來(lái)看待一些為人熟知的事情，在這一視角下，這些事情顯得愚蠢不堪、充滿危害而又矯揉造作。諷刺作品將我們從自鳴得意中震醒，讓我們既愉快又驚詫地看到，我們從未質(zhì)疑、全盤接受的價(jià)值觀中，有很多都是錯(cuò)誤的?！短萍娴隆肥沟抿T士精神顯得荒謬可笑；《挑戰(zhàn)新世界》嘲笑了科學(xué)的自詡；《一個(gè)小小的建議》則建議食用人肉，使饑餓問(wèn)題戲劇化。這些思想中沒(méi)有一條是原創(chuàng)的：在塞萬(wàn)提斯之前就有人懷疑騎士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主義者就反對(duì)宣稱純科學(xué)的至高無(wú)上；在斯威夫特之前人們就已經(jīng)意識(shí)到饑荒問(wèn)題。并不是思想的獨(dú)創(chuàng)而使得諷刺文學(xué)受人歡迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲諷方法使得它趣味橫生、有娛樂(lè)性。人們閱讀諷刺文學(xué)只是因?yàn)樵诿缹W(xué)上它是讓人心滿意足的藝術(shù)品，而不是因?yàn)樗诘赖律嫌幸婊騻惱砩系慕桃?。它激人興奮、爽人身心，因?yàn)樗皇沁\(yùn)用常理通識(shí)、辛言辣語(yǔ)，便將各種幻想和人云亦云的觀點(diǎn)一掃而光。諷刺文學(xué)自心而來(lái)不拘謙恭，它重新調(diào)整視角，將熟悉的事物紊雜地放置在一起，用個(gè)性化的語(yǔ)言而不是抽象的陳詞濫語(yǔ)表述出來(lái)。

諷刺作品之所以存在是因?yàn)槿藗冃枰?。它存續(xù)至今，是因?yàn)樽x者欣賞爽身怡心的刺激和不拘謙恭的告誡，它提醒讀者，他們生活的世界里充滿了陳腐的思想意識(shí)、低俗的道德說(shuō)教和愚蠢的哲學(xué)理念。諷刺作品雖然很少代表真理促成行動(dòng)，但它卻能使人們感悟到真理。諷刺作品常常告訴人們，他們?cè)诖蟊娒襟w中所看到的、聽到的、讀到的大多是偽裝善良、多愁善感或只有部分真實(shí)。生活只在很小的程度上與大眾對(duì)它的印象相符。士兵們很少擁有電影賦予他們的理想，而普通老百姓也決不會(huì)把自己的生命無(wú)私地奉獻(xiàn)給人道主義服務(wù)。聰明人知道這些事實(shí)，但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時(shí)，他們常常會(huì)忘記掉。

Passage2

AmericanFolkArt

WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday1“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts—forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theUnitedStates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtooriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.Butintheheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitist3wascalled.Localcraftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—

begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvasses,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.Notes

everyday:意為commonplace,ordinary

midwaythroughitsfirstcentury:美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間

portraitist：譯為“畫師”，以和前面的limner（畫家）相區(qū)別。

Key

美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)

我們所說(shuō)的美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)是由普通百姓所擁有、創(chuàng)造并享受的藝術(shù)。隨著財(cái)富和閑暇與日俱增，他們創(chuàng)造了各種藝術(shù)的市場(chǎng)，特別是肖像繪畫。家境殷實(shí)的、主要是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的市民——不管他們是古羅馬人，或是17世紀(jì)荷蘭自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人——都對(duì)肖像繪畫藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)出突出的愛好。從18世紀(jì)晚期開始，美國(guó)這一群體的數(shù)量不斷增加，而且滿足畫像要求的藝術(shù)家也不斷地增加。

勿需驚奇，美國(guó)最早的民間藝術(shù)畫像來(lái)自于新英格蘭地區(qū)——特別是康涅狄格州和.麻薩諸塞州——因?yàn)檫@一地區(qū)富裕、人口稠密，而且是濃厚藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的中心。1776年《獨(dú)立宣言》宣布后的幾十年中，人口不斷西徙，在紐約州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利諾斯州、密蘇里州，人們隨處可見肖像畫師繪畫的身影。美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間，人口增加了近5倍，原先13個(gè)州又增加了11個(gè)。在這些歲月里，肖像繪畫的要求不斷增長(zhǎng)，直到有了照相機(jī)才算得到滿足。1839年銀版照相法傳入美國(guó)，攝影時(shí)代開始，而且，在不超過(guò)一代人的時(shí)間內(nèi)，手工畫像就不再風(fēng)靡了。從此，人物畫像又成為了奢侈品——有錢人提出繪畫要求，專業(yè)畫家來(lái)完成繪畫。

但是在肖像繪畫的全盛時(shí)期——從18世紀(jì)晚期到19世紀(jì)50年代——任何有一點(diǎn)藝術(shù)才能的人都可以成為“畫家”，當(dāng)時(shí)的肖像畫師就是這么被人稱呼的。當(dāng)?shù)厮嚾恕獦?biāo)牌、馬車、房屋的畫師——也開始畫人物肖像作為一個(gè)賺錢的副業(yè)。有時(shí)候有繪畫天賦的男子或婦女一開始只給家庭成員勾勒畫像，很快在當(dāng)?shù)芈曌u(yù)鵲起，然后很多人前來(lái)要求畫像；藝術(shù)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們收拾起顏料、畫布、畫筆去各地巡游，既做房屋裝飾又畫人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。

Passage3

Crows

matic,itisdifficulttodistinguishonecrowfromanother.Bands,radiotransmitters,orotheridentifyingdevicescanbeattachedtothem,butthisofcourserequirescatchinglivecrows,whoareamongthewariestandmostuntrappableofbirds.Technicaldifficultiesaside,crowresearchisdauntingbecausethewaysofthesebirdsaresocomplexandvarious.Aspreeminentgeneralists,membersofthisspeciesingeniouslyexploitagreatrangeofhabitatsandresources,andtheycanquicklyadjusttochangesintheircircumstances.Beingsoeducable,individualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,strategiesandscams.Forexample,onepetcrowlearnedhowtoletadogoutofitskennelbypullingthepinonthedoor.Whenthedogescaped,thebirdwentintothekennelandateitsfood.Key

烏鴉

烏鴉可能是美國(guó)本土動(dòng)物中最常見、也是最容易識(shí)別的成員（物種）。關(guān)于它的奇聞異事和神話傳說(shuō)（故事、傳說(shuō)和神話）流傳眾多，可見，人們對(duì)它的濃厚興趣由來(lái)已久。另一方面，在提及對(duì)它的本性——特別是行為方面的了解時(shí)，與其他同樣普通和一些非常罕見的物種——一個(gè)顯而易見的例子是加州瀕臨滅絕的禿鷲——相比，它更鮮為人知。這其中有一些實(shí)際的原因。

眾所周知，野外的烏鴉研究成果甚少，并讓研究者苦惱不已。它們觀察敏銳，領(lǐng)悟快捷，善于分辨其他動(dòng)物和研究人員的意圖，并能巧妙地避開他們。由于烏鴉數(shù)量眾多、顏色單

一、機(jī)警靈活，人們很難把它們區(qū)分開來(lái)。人們當(dāng)然可以把腳環(huán)、無(wú)線電發(fā)射機(jī)和其他識(shí)別裝置縛在烏鴉身上，但這卻要滿足一個(gè)前提，那就是活抓烏鴉——但這卻是最為機(jī)警、最難抓到的鳥類之一。

烏鴉的研究之所以令人卻步，撇開技術(shù)上的困難不談，其原因之一便是它們生活方式復(fù)雜多變。它們是超凡的多面手，其種族中的一些成員創(chuàng)造性地開發(fā)了大量的棲息地、利用大量的資源，而且能很快適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。由于善于學(xué)習(xí)，每個(gè)烏鴉個(gè)體都有迥然不同的興趣、愛好，策略和花招。比如，有一只寵物烏鴉，學(xué)會(huì)將狗窩上的門閂拉開放狗出窩。狗出窩后，它便進(jìn)去，享用了狗的美食。

Passage4

LifeonEarth

LifeoriginatedintheearlyseaslessthanabillionyearsaftertheEarthwasformed.Yetanotherthreebillionyearsweretopassbeforethefirstplantsandanimalsappearedonthecontinents.Life’stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife.WhatformsoflifewereabletomakesuchadrasticchangeinlifestyleThetraditionalviewofthefirstterrestrialorganismsisbasedonmegafossils--relativelylargespecimensofessentiallywholeplantsandanimals.Vascularplants,relatedtomodernseedplantsandferns,leftthefirstcomprehensivemegafossilrecord.Becauseofthis,ithasbeencommonlyassumedthatthesequenceofterrestrializationreflectedtheevolutionofmodernterrestrialecosystems.Inthisview,primitivevascularplatsfirstcolonizedthemarginsofcontinentalwaters,followedbyanimalsthatfedontheplants,andlastlybyanimalsthatpreyedontheplant-eaters.Moreover,themegafossilssuggestthatterrestriallifeappearedanddiversifiedexplosivelyneartheboundarybetweentheSilurianandtheDevonianperiods,alittlemorethan400millionyearsago.Recently,however,paleontologistshavebeentakingacloserlookatthesedimentsbelowthisSilurian-Devoniangeologicalboundary.Itturnsoutthatsomefossilscanbeextractedfromthesesedimentsbyputtingtherocksinanacidbath.Thetechniquehasuncoverednewevidencefromsedimentsthatweredepositedneartheshoresoftheancientoceans-plantmicrofossilsandmicroscopicpiecesofsmallanimals.Inmanyinstancesthespecimensarelessthanone-tenthofamillimeterindiameter.Althoughtheywereentombedintherocksforhundredsofmillionsofyears,manyofthefossilsconsistoftheorganicremainsoftheorganism.Thesenewlydiscoveredfossilshavenotonlyrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownorganisms,buthavealsopushedbackthesedatesfortheinvasionoflandbymulticellularorganisms.Ourviewsaboutthenatureoftheearlyplantandanimalcommunitiesarenowbeingrevised.Andwiththoserevisionscomenewspeculationsaboutthefirstterrestriallife-forms.Key

在地球形成不到十億年的時(shí)間后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的觀點(diǎn)），要再過(guò)30億年，第一批動(dòng)植物才出現(xiàn)在大陸上。或許，正如生命的起源一樣，生命從海洋向陸地的過(guò)渡，同樣在進(jìn)化論上受到質(zhì)疑。

什么形式的生命能使其生活方式發(fā)生如此驚人的變化？對(duì)于第一批登陸的生物，傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)是建立在巨化石基礎(chǔ)上的，這些巨化石是一些基本上完整的動(dòng)植物的較大標(biāo)本。與現(xiàn)代種子植物和蕨類植物有種屬相關(guān)的微管植物，留下了一批巨化石記錄。因此，人們可以推測(cè)，生命登陸的次序反映了現(xiàn)代陸生系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化。按照這種觀點(diǎn)，維管植物首先移居到大陸水域的周邊，其次是以這種植物為食的動(dòng)物，最后是吃這種食草動(dòng)物的動(dòng)物。而且，巨化石也表明（提示），在四億多年前的志留紀(jì)和盆泥紀(jì)之間的期間（在志留紀(jì)和盆泥紀(jì)之間的期間，即四億多年前），陸生生命已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，種類也急劇增加。

但是最近，古生物學(xué)家一直對(duì)志留紀(jì)-盆泥紀(jì)抵制界限以下的積淀物進(jìn)行更為周密的調(diào)查。結(jié)果表明，將巖石放在一些盛有酸的容器里，一些化石就能從這些沉淀物中離析出來(lái)。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)從古海洋岸邊的沉積物中又發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的證據(jù)——植物的微小化石以及在顯微鏡才可以看得見的小動(dòng)物的碎片。多數(shù)情況下，標(biāo)本的直徑不足1/10微米。盡管他們?cè)趲r石中埋藏了數(shù)億年，許多化石仍遺留有生物體的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。

這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石不僅揭示了先前不為人質(zhì)的有機(jī)體的存在，也將多細(xì)胞生物進(jìn)居陸地的時(shí)間向前推移。我們對(duì)早期動(dòng)植物群體（群落）本質(zhì)的看法正得以修正，隨之而來(lái)的是對(duì)第一批陸生生命的新推斷。

Passage5

HistoricalMethods

thantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.Vocabulary:

practice:custom

create:makesthfromthepastexitagainorseemtoexistagain

affinity:acloseconnectionbetweentwothingsbecauseofqualitiesorfeaturesthattheyshare

revere:respectandadmire

primacy:thestateofbeingthemostimportantthingorperson

inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit

equate:toconsiderthattwoormorethingsaresimilarorconnected

Key

歷史研究方法

雖然每一位歷史學(xué)家對(duì)歷史有自己的界定，但是，現(xiàn)代最習(xí)慣的做法是，將歷史看著是對(duì)過(guò)去重大事件進(jìn)行再現(xiàn)并予以解釋。每一代的歷史學(xué)家，總會(huì)根據(jù)自身所處的時(shí)代和位置，重新判定過(guò)去的事件中哪些是重要的。這樣找到的證據(jù)往往是不完全的、零散的；也常常是片面的、有著個(gè)人偏見的。對(duì)歷史學(xué)家研究技藝的諷刺在于，運(yùn)用這一技藝的人總是知道，他們所付出的努力不過(guò)是在給一個(gè)無(wú)邊無(wú)際的過(guò)程不斷加磚添瓦。

人們對(duì)歷史學(xué)研究方法產(chǎn)生興趣原因有二，其主要原因是歷史學(xué)家內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，其次原因是，將歷史學(xué)作為一門需要智力活動(dòng)參與（進(jìn)行分析和研究）的學(xué)科是否合理，外界持尚有懷疑態(tài)度。雖然以前的歷史學(xué)重視與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的緊密關(guān)系，但是在提出新問(wèn)題、并為理解過(guò)去提供有益的方法方面，新興的社會(huì)科學(xué)似乎提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)。社會(huì)科學(xué)方法論必須調(diào)整之后適應(yīng)這樣的學(xué)科：它由歷史資料的重要程度決定，而非根據(jù)當(dāng)代世界所必不可少的需求決定。

在歷史學(xué)的研究中還有其他的一些方法是用來(lái)解釋歷史資料的。而在上一轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中，這些方法使得傳統(tǒng)研究方法更為有效。

也錯(cuò)誤地將學(xué)科看成是由一些技術(shù)運(yùn)用所組成的整體。這種謬誤同樣存在于傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)派和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)派的身上，前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料的評(píng)議；后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究應(yīng)該是某些具體技術(shù)的運(yùn)用。

Passage6

TheMethodofScientificInvestigation

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere‘splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingproseduringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.Key

科學(xué)研究的方法

科學(xué)研究的方法只是人類思維中必要的工作方式的表現(xiàn)，正是通過(guò)這種方式，人類對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行邏輯推理，并做出精確的解釋?？茖W(xué)家的思維活動(dòng)與普通人的思維活動(dòng)之間并無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)的區(qū)別，其區(qū)別有如面包師或者肉匠用普通磅秤稱量他們的物品，而化學(xué)家則用天平和精確/細(xì)致分級(jí)的砝碼來(lái)進(jìn)行難度很大和復(fù)雜深入的分析一樣。并不是因?yàn)樵谇耙环N情況下的磅秤與后一種情況下的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因?yàn)樘炱绞歉鼮榫艿膬x器，與磅秤比較起來(lái)，其稱量結(jié)果自然要精確得多。

如果我給你（可省去）舉一些非常熟悉的例子，或許你會(huì)理解得更清楚。你會(huì)多次聽說(shuō)過(guò)科學(xué)家們是運(yùn)用歸納法和演繹法工作，而且，在某種意義上，他們運(yùn)用這些思維方式從自然界中總結(jié)出一些自然規(guī)則，然后運(yùn)用特殊的技巧，在這些自然規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上建立自己的理論。因此，很多人認(rèn)為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)決不能與科學(xué)家的思維活動(dòng)堪比；只有通過(guò)某種特殊訓(xùn)練，普通人才能獲得這些思維過(guò)程。聽到這些夸張的說(shuō)法，你或許會(huì)認(rèn)為科學(xué)家的大腦和普通人的大腦在構(gòu)造上不相一樣；但是如果你不被這些大話（夸張的說(shuō)法）唬住，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你弄錯(cuò)

了：在你生命中的每天、每時(shí)、每刻，你都在運(yùn)用這些絕妙的思維方法。

在莫里哀的戲劇中有一個(gè)眾所周知的情節(jié)：主人公在聽到別人夸贊他畢生都是出口成章時(shí)，他表現(xiàn)出無(wú)盡的喜悅。同樣，我相信，當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)（在科學(xué)家運(yùn)用科學(xué)思維的同時(shí)，）你也一樣基于歸納法和演繹法原理行事，你會(huì)感到十分慰籍，也會(huì)對(duì)自己也非常滿意。（在座）每一個(gè)人在一天中都有可能有機(jī)會(huì)開動(dòng)一輛思維的列車進(jìn)行（一連串）復(fù)雜的推理，這與科學(xué)家在探尋自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)的思維活動(dòng)相比，雖然程度有些不同，但其性質(zhì)卻完全一樣。

Asecretary’sjob

Althoughthesecretaryismostoftenthoughtofas”she”andtheexecutiveas“he”,itisn’talwaysnecessarilyso!Intheearlydaysofofficework,mostsecretariesweremalebecausewomenwereconsideredtooweakforsuchhardactivities.NowthereisanincreaseinthenumberofmencomingintothesecretarialfieldAndmorewomenaremovingintoexecutivepositions.Jobsandcareersanrnolongerdecidedbysex,butbyability.Aslongasthepersonhasthequalityofbeingagoodsecretary,heorshewillbeabletogetajob.Goodsecretariesarealwaysindemand.Agoodsecretaryshouldbeexcellentinofficeduties.Forexample,whenthebosshasanurgentbudgetmeeting,thesecretaryshouldnotdisturbhim.Ifthebossisgoingtogiveadinnerparty,heorsheshouldmakethereservationaheadoftimeinanappropriaterestaurant.Goodsecretariesshouldalsopayattentiontotheirappearanceanddressfashionablyandneatly.Theymustbeabletospeakatleastoneforeignlanguagefluently.Ifasecretaryisveryskilledintypingandusingacomputer,sheismorelikelytoberecommendedforpromotion.一份秘書的工作

通常秘書一般都被想成是“她”而執(zhí)行者是“他”，但這不是必然的！在最初的辦公室工作中，幾乎所有的秘書都是男性，因?yàn)榕员徽J(rèn)為是無(wú)法勝任如此難的工作?，F(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的男性加入到秘書的工作領(lǐng)域而許多女性加入到執(zhí)行者的行列。工作和經(jīng)歷不在取決于性別而是能力。只要這個(gè)人有成為好秘書的資質(zhì)，他或她將得到這份工作。好的秘書經(jīng)常是受歡迎的。一個(gè)好的秘書必須有出色的辦公室工作潛質(zhì)。例如：當(dāng)老板正在開一個(gè)緊急預(yù)算會(huì)議，秘書就不能打擾他。如果老板要開一個(gè)晚宴，他或她在這之前要預(yù)定一個(gè)合適的酒店。好的秘書還必須要注重他們的形象，穿著時(shí)尚整齊。他們要最少流利的講一門外語(yǔ)。如果一個(gè)秘書非常熟練并且有技巧的掌握電腦，那么她很有可能被推薦升職。

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第三篇：英譯漢練習(xí)

英譯漢練習(xí)1.The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy.2.It is desirable always to wear a safety belt when you are driving on a highway.3.Finland of Northern Europe is remarkable for its large number of lakes.4.The student can hardly speak simple English, much less write English articles.5.Some highly praise him, whereas others put him down highly.6.That car has given me nothing but trouble ever since I bought it.7.This attitude resulted in a nation committed to researching and experimenting.8.Many new arrivals have difficulty adapting themselves to life in a foreign country.9.Nowadays depressing amounts of environmental pollution is familiar to the public.10.Many young men in modern society have not enough political awareness.11.In spite of the severe competition, he is still ambitious to be successful in the job.12.The National Arts Association sponsored the fair to raise money for Hope Project.13.Last year the Central Government waged a war against crime and disease.14.New buildings have been springing up everywhere since the reform policy in 1978.15.Upon arriving in New York he converted all his pounds into dollars.16.The factory is faced with many problems as a result of years of bad management.17.It is too difficult for us to finish the task, so it remains for him to do it.18.The famine, together with the war, killed millions of lives.19.He cannot go without wine even for one day;he is a complete slave to drink.20.Illness and age had changed the once well-known actress beyond recognition.21.One clear finding is that people need green spaces for better mental health.22.However, city children just don’t have as much fun as children in small towns.23.People there have coordinated their efforts to clean up the trash or garbage.24.People in cities have little opportunity to experience parks or unprotected spaces.25.Last week we went mountaineering and the view was breathtaking on the summit.26.His contact with famous critics paved the way to his

artistic success.27.When reading a poem, you’d better not understand it in a literal sense.28.People living in large cities often erect emotional barriers against each other.29.An environmentalist is one concerned with the conservation of natural resources.30.They are fully confident that the 21st century will be characterized by development.31.The light went out and the entire hall sank into complete darkness.32.The Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking.33.The man and his friend were supportive of each other at that critical moment.34.My figuring was wrong because I overlooked one tiny point.35.As everyone was seated, the chairperson proceeded to announce her plan.36.I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit.37.We anticipate that we will meet a certain amount of resistance to our plan.38.One ingredient needed when making a cake is flour;another is sugar.39.Try to be diplomatic when you turn down her invitation.40.Our efforts should be directed towards/with great efficiency.41.Mother is against the idea, but I’m sure I can win her over.42.The working staff had some reservations about the truth of the claim.43.He tried to buy time by doing a lot of talking.44.This year the company hit the target to double their domestic sales.45.Some are reluctant to work because their living is ensured by social assistance.46.The boss encourages his employees to go all out for a prosperous business.47.The days are lengthening as summer approaches.48.As she was waiting for the result to come out, her excitement was heightening.49.Before night fell, the setting sun reddened the clouds.50.Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was still living.51.In China we implement a system ensuring that people doing comparable jobs receive comparable rates of pay.52.Indonesians have traditionally favored large families and their religion, Islam, frowns on birth control.53.In order to protect the environment, people should remove all the tins, bottles, leftovers and other garbage after a picnic.54.The education system in China is currently characterized by an emphasis on success in exams.55.By itself, nature can keep the water recycling and provide us with an unchanging amount of water.56.Nature’s recycling system is in danger because much of the Earth is covered with paved and concrete surfaces.57.A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S.is likely to be that everyone is in a rush—often under pressure.58.We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices;we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails.59.In some countries no major businesses is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation.60.That telephone save the feet and endless amounts of time is partly due to the fact that the telephone service is superb here.61.Having studied business at college and knowing two foreign languages, my secretary is perfectly competent for her job.62.There is an acute lack of water in the northern part of the country, because there have been no rain since last February.63.What one thinks and feels is, in the eyes of social scientists, mainly due to tradition, habit and education.64.To do the job of the sales representative, it is desirable that you know something about medicine as well as the market.65.The bank will lend you money on very favorable terms so long as you are able to pay the money back in good time.66.The quality of the water has greatly improved in this region and now the water coming directly from a tap is perfectly drinkable.67.In order to meet the demands of quality education, China should introduce more choice into the educational system.68.Since the beginning of this summer, Haier has waged a massive ad campaign to promote its air-conditioner sales.69.Emily knows that continuous letters from John, together with countless roses, are aimed at winning her heart.70.Psychologists have been studying the changes people experience when they leave rural areas and move into urban environments.71.Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree with it.72.In those days when he looked for a job, he strongly felt that there was a strong prejudice against men over forty-five.73.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr.Smith is now taking care of marketing and public relations.74.To make a man perfectly happy, tell him that he is brilliant, or noble, or wise, or good.75.A dialect is a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area by people belonging to a particular social class.76.Sitting motionlessly at his desk for quite a while, Robert

thought hard but could not come up with a solution to the problem.77.Most of them are not used to food and long for home;some find it difficult to observe the regulation about time.78.Online learning has marked a new departure in education;now the students have more resources to turn to.79.He has a good command of French and German, which enables him to work in these two countries successfully.80.The slightest carelessness in handling the current crisis can result in a crash on the country’s stock market.81.In order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a new measure to raise income tax.82.An icy wind from the north had been blowing the whole night, so the temperature dropped below zero early this morning.83.Tension descended on these children when it was time for departure, since they didn’t know whether they could adapt to the new life.84.We must take everything into consideration before we make any decision, because a wrong decision could do infinite harm to us.85.We don’t agree with him because his argument is unrealistically idealistic and does more to harden the problem than to provide solutions.86.Prejudices are most difficult to remove from the heart whose soil has never been loosened by education.87.Many American gestures may have offending, embarrassing, or at least confusing meanings in another culture.88.Martin Luther King, Jr.is awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for advocating the nonviolence policy in the movement for civil rights.89.Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced opinions, we’re all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent.90.It is common sense that lightning usually accompanies thunder, but can you tell me whether we see lightning first or hear thunder first?

第四篇：1英譯漢練習(xí)之一

《翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》之“英譯漢練習(xí)”

英譯漢練習(xí)之一參考譯文

English Invades Chinese Language 字母詞時(shí)代來(lái)臨漢語(yǔ)“純度”受污染？

Does technology pose a threat to the purity Chinese language? 科技發(fā)展威脅到了漢語(yǔ)的“純度”？

Many Chinese use instant messenger tools such as MSN or QQ, listen to music on MP3 players and log on the Internet using ADSL--most without knowing the literal Chinese translation of the abbreviations.很多中國(guó)人使用MSN或QQ等即時(shí)通信工具、用MP3聽音樂(lè)、用ADSL上網(wǎng)，但大多數(shù)人都不知道這些英文縮寫的中文翻譯。

But they don’t have to, as many English letters have become part of the local lexicon.但他們也不一定非得知道，因?yàn)楹芏嘧帜冈~已成為漢語(yǔ)詞匯中的一部分。

A dozen abbreviations including GDP, NBA, IT, MP3, QQ, DVD and CEO are among the 5,000 most-frequently used words in the Chinese-language media last year, according to a report on the 2006 Language Situation in China, which was released yesterday in Beijing.據(jù)昨天在北京公布的《中國(guó)語(yǔ)言生活狀況報(bào)告（2006）》顯示，去年，GDP、NBA、IT、MP3、QQ、DVD、和CEO等十余個(gè)字母詞進(jìn)入中文媒體前5000個(gè)高頻詞之列。

The report said some parents are so keen on English letters that a couple tried to name their baby “@”, claiming the character used in email addresses reflects their love for the child.報(bào)告中提到，一些家長(zhǎng)也很喜歡英文字母詞，一對(duì)夫婦想給他們的孩子起名為@，他們說(shuō)，這個(gè)用在電子郵件地址中的符號(hào)能體現(xiàn)他們對(duì)孩子的愛。

While the “@” is obviously familiar to Chinese e-mail users, they often use the English word “at” to pronounce it-which with a drawn out “T” sounds something like ai ta, or “l(fā)ove him”, to Putonghua speakers.用電子郵箱的人都很熟悉@這個(gè)符號(hào)，它的發(fā)音為英文單詞at，拉長(zhǎng)“T”的發(fā)音后聽起來(lái)就像是ai ta，用普通話說(shuō)就是“愛他”。

The study collected more than 1 billion language samples from newspapers, magazines, TV, radio and websites.The annual report is jointly compiled by the Ministry of Education and the State Language Commission.該報(bào)告是由教育部和國(guó)家語(yǔ)言文字工作委員會(huì)聯(lián)合編撰的。該項(xiàng)調(diào)查從報(bào)紙、雜志、電視、廣播和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上收集了10億多份語(yǔ)言樣本。

“Nowadays, more and more English abbreviations are being used in Chinese, making them an important part of the contemporary language,” said Hou Min, a professor at Communication University of China.中國(guó)傳媒大學(xué)的侯敏教授說(shuō)：“如今，越來(lái)越多的英文縮寫出現(xiàn)在中文中，它們已成為現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言中的重要組成部分?！?/p>

“The abbreviations have gained popularity because of the ease of usage,” Hou said.侯教授說(shuō)：“由于這些英文縮寫易于使用，所以很受歡迎?！?/p>

For example, DNA is much simpler to use than its Chinese version tuoyang hetang hesuan.比如，用DNA比用中文“脫氧核糖核酸”要簡(jiǎn)單得多?！癆s more Chinese people learn foreign languages, especially English, in recent years, using abbreviations has become a trend among educated people,” she said.她說(shuō)：“近年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)，尤其是英語(yǔ)，使用英文縮寫已成為受過(guò)良好教育的人的一種潮流?！?/p>

Some language scholars fear such usage will contaminate the purity of Chinese and cause confusion in communication.一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)者擔(dān)心，這些字母詞的使用會(huì)污染漢語(yǔ)的純度，會(huì)導(dǎo)致溝通上的混亂。--------------------------

第五篇：英譯漢練習(xí)短文6篇

英譯漢練習(xí)短文6篇·

Passage 1 Satiric Literature1

Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective.Satire rarely offers original ideas.Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form.Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies.What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd;Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science;A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism.None of these ideas is original.Chivalry was suspected before Cervantes2, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley3, and people were aware of famine before Swift4.It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular.It was the manner of expression，the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining.Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness5 they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions6.With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing7, and foolish philosophy.Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true.Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, not do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed8.Notes

1．這篇文章用詞正式，句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、周密、冗長(zhǎng)，文風(fēng)較為華麗。翻譯時(shí)選詞要正式，可多用四字結(jié)構(gòu)和鋪排形式。2．Cervantes: 塞萬(wàn)提斯（1754-1616），西班牙偉大的作家、詩(shī)人、戲劇家。

3．Aldous Huxley:奧爾德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英國(guó)生物學(xué)家，作家。

4．Swift: 斯威夫特（1667-1745），英國(guó)作家，擅長(zhǎng)用諷刺和幽默揭露社會(huì)黑暗現(xiàn)象。

5．briskness：brisk意為keen or sharp in speech or manner。

6．secondhand opinions：不可翻譯為“二手的觀點(diǎn)”，應(yīng)該是“人云亦云的的觀點(diǎn)”。

7．cheap moralizing：這里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar, contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”，而是“說(shuō)教”。

8．when they do not hear them expressed：當(dāng)直譯不方便時(shí)，我們可用視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移法：但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時(shí)

Key 諷刺文學(xué)

或許諷刺文學(xué)最突出的特點(diǎn)是它耳目一新、視角獨(dú)創(chuàng)。諷刺文學(xué)很少給人以原創(chuàng)的思想,但是它卻將人們熟悉的事情以全新的形式展現(xiàn)出來(lái)。諷刺作家并不給人以新的哲學(xué)理念。他們所做的只是從某一視角來(lái)看待一些為人熟知的事情，在這一視角下，這些事情顯得愚蠢不堪、充滿危害而又矯揉造作。諷刺作品將我們從自鳴得意中震醒，讓我們既愉快又驚詫地看到，我們從未質(zhì)疑、全盤接受的價(jià)值觀中，有很多都是錯(cuò)誤的。《唐吉珂德》使得騎士精神顯得荒謬可笑；《挑戰(zhàn)新世界》嘲笑了科學(xué)的自詡；《一個(gè)小小的建議》則建議食用人肉，使饑餓問(wèn)題戲劇化。這些思想中沒(méi)有一條是原創(chuàng)的：在塞萬(wàn)提斯之前就有人懷疑騎士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主義者就反對(duì)宣稱純科學(xué)的至高無(wú)上；在斯威夫特之前人們就已經(jīng)意識(shí)到饑荒問(wèn)題。并不是思想的獨(dú)創(chuàng)而使得諷刺文學(xué)受人歡迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲諷方法使得它趣味橫生、有娛樂(lè)性。人們閱讀諷刺文學(xué)只是因?yàn)樵诿缹W(xué)上它是讓人心滿意足的藝術(shù)品，而不是因?yàn)樗诘赖律嫌幸婊騻惱砩系慕桃?。它激人興奮、爽人身心，因?yàn)樗皇沁\(yùn)用常理通識(shí)、辛言辣語(yǔ)，便將各種幻想和人云亦云的觀點(diǎn)一掃而光。諷刺文學(xué)自心而來(lái)不拘謙恭，它重新調(diào)整視角，將熟悉的事物紊雜地放置在一起，用個(gè)性化的語(yǔ)言而不是抽象的陳詞濫語(yǔ)表述出來(lái)。

Passage 2 American Folk Art

republics—whether

ancient

Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially

Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri.Midway through its first century2 as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen.During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s — anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist3 was called.Local craftspeople—sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline;sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits;artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvasses, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.Notes everyday: 意為commonplace, ordinary

midway through its first century: 美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間

portraitist：譯為“畫師”，以和前面的limner（畫家）相區(qū)別。

Key 美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)

Passage 3 Crows

Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States.The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time.On the other hand, when it comes to substantive─particularly behavioral─information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones, the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example.There are practical reasons for this.Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.Because they are so numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another.Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.Key 烏鴉

Passage 4 Life on Earth

Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed.Yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents.Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils--relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals.Vascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns, left the first comprehensive megafossil record.Because of this, it has been commonly assumed that the sequence of terrestrialization reflected the evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems.In this view, primitive vascular plats first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eaters.Moreover, the megafossils suggest that terrestrial life appeared and diversified explosively near the boundary between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more than 400 million years ago.Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary.It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously unknown organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular organisms.Our views about the nature of the early plant and animal communities are now being revised.And with those revisions come new speculations about the first terrestrial life-forms.Key

在地球形成不到十億年的時(shí)間后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的觀點(diǎn)），要再過(guò)30億年，第一批動(dòng)植物才出現(xiàn)在大陸上?；蛟S，正如生命的起源一樣，生命從海洋向陸地的過(guò)渡，同樣在進(jìn)化論上受到質(zhì)疑。

Passage 5

Historical Methods

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.”Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Vocabulary: practice: custom create: make sth from the past exit again or seem to exist again affinity: a close connection between two things because of qualities or features that they share revere: respect and admire primacy: the state of being the most important thing or person inherent: a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it equate: to consider that two or more things are similar or connected Key 歷史研究方法

在歷史學(xué)的研究中還有其他的一些方法是用來(lái)解釋歷史資料的。而在上一轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中，這些方法使得傳統(tǒng)研究方法更為有效。

在歷史學(xué)界，方法論是一個(gè)從根本上就非常含糊的術(shù)語(yǔ)。它到底是普通歷史研究中所特有的概念，還是適合于各個(gè)分支領(lǐng)域的研究技巧，人們對(duì)此尚無(wú)定論。歷史學(xué)家，特別是那些盲目從于自己的研究興趣、因而被指責(zé)為使用“井蛙（狹隘）方法”的歷史學(xué)家，常常成為“技術(shù)謬誤”的犧牲品。同樣，在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，技術(shù)謬誤也錯(cuò)誤地將學(xué)科看成是由一些技術(shù)運(yùn)用所組成的整體。這種謬誤同樣存在于傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)派和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)派的身上，前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料的評(píng)議；后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究應(yīng)該是某些具體技術(shù)的運(yùn)用。

Passage 6 The Method of Scientific Investigation

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person , as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men;but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong , and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere's plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life.In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.Key 科學(xué)研究的方法

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第一篇：英譯漢練習(xí)

第二篇：英譯漢練習(xí)短文

第三篇：英譯漢練習(xí)

第四篇：1英譯漢練習(xí)之一

第五篇：英譯漢練習(xí)短文6篇

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