新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程3第八單元作者介紹

第一篇：新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程3第八單元作者介紹

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程3第八單元作者介紹

Ford Motor began a manufacturing revolution with its mass production assembly lines in the early 1900s.Now the company has firmly established its status as one of the world’s largest makers of cars and trucks.It makes vehicles with such brands as Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury.Among its biggest successes are the redesigned Ford Mustang and F-Series pickup.Ford owns a 33% stake in Mazda and also controls the Land Rover, Jaguar, and Volvo nameplates through Premier Automotive Group.The Ford family owns about 40% of the company’s voting stock.So far General Motors(GM)has steered around competitors to remain the world’ s No.1 maker of cars and trucks, with brands such as Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Pontiac, Saab, and Saturn.GM also produces cars through its Holden, Opel, and Vauxhall units.GM also has stakes in Suzuki Motor, and GM Daewoo Auto & Technology.Subsidiary GMAC provides financing.GM has been selling off non-core assets including stakes in Fiat and Fuji Heavy Industries(Subaru), as well as its locomotive manufacturing business.Like its US counterparts Ford Motor and Chrysler, GM is in the midst of restructuring its sprawling North American operations.Wal-Mart Stores is an irresistible(or at least unavoidable)retail force that has yet to meet any immovable objects.Bigger than Europe’s Carrefour, Tesco, and Metro AG combined, it is the world’s No.1 retailer, with about 6,775 stores, including some 1,075 discount stores, 2,250 combination discount and grocery stores, and 580 warehouse stores(SAM’S CLUB).About 60% of its stores are in the US, but Wal-Mart is expanding internationally;it is the No.1 retailer in Canada and Mexico.It owns a majority stake in Japanese retailer SEIYU.Wal-Mart also has operations in Asia, Europe, and South America.Founder Sam Walton’s heirs own about 40% of Wal-Mart.Kmart is a chain of department stores in the United States, Puerto Rico and Guam.The chain merged with Sears in 2005, creating the Sears Holdings Corporation.Kmart also exists in Australia and New Zealand as Kmart Australia, although it now shares no current relation with the American stores except in name after US equity in the Australian business was purchased in the late 1970s.

第二篇：新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程3課文翻譯1-6

譯文

第一單元友誼的真諦

米歇爾·E·多伊爾

馬克·K·史密斯我們探討友誼這個(gè)概念時(shí)，遇到的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，沒(méi)有社會(huì)公認(rèn)的擇友標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在某一情境下，我們會(huì)把某個(gè)人稱(chēng)為朋友；然而，情境一旦變遷，朋友這個(gè)稱(chēng)呼就顯得沒(méi)那么貼切了。因此，人們對(duì)友誼的真諦的理解往往是非常膚淺的。為了幫助我們理解友誼的真正含義，我們需要回顧有關(guān)友誼的幾種傳統(tǒng)的看法。

一種傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀在古希臘著名的哲學(xué)家亞里士多德的著作里得以闡述。他將自己心目中真正的友誼同另外兩種友誼截然分開(kāi)。這兩種友誼分別是：基于互利的友誼；基于愉悅的友誼。因此，根據(jù)亞里士多德的觀點(diǎn)，我們可以將友誼分為三類(lèi)：

建立在功利之上的友誼。|功利并非永恒，它依照環(huán)境而變化。友誼的根基一旦消失，友誼也隨之破滅。這類(lèi)友誼似乎在老人之間最為常見(jiàn)，因?yàn)樯狭四昙o(jì)的人需要的不是愉悅而是實(shí)用?；诠挠颜x也同樣存在于追逐個(gè)人利益的中年人和青年人中。這些人不會(huì)在一起消磨時(shí)光，因?yàn)樗麄冇袝r(shí)甚至不喜歡對(duì)方，因而覺(jué)得除非可以互相利用，否則沒(méi)有交往的必要。只有當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為彼此有希望相互利用的時(shí)

候，才會(huì)樂(lè)于呆在一起。

建立在愉悅之上的友誼。|年輕人之間的友誼常被看作是建立在愉悅基礎(chǔ)之上的，因?yàn)槟贻p人的生活受感情支配，他們感興趣的主要是自己的快樂(lè)和眼前的重要機(jī)會(huì)。然而，他們的情趣隨著自己日漸成長(zhǎng)也會(huì)變化，他們交友容易，分手也干脆。年輕人的態(tài)度變化無(wú)常，甚至一日數(shù)變，難怪他們的友誼總是迅速地開(kāi)始，又匆匆地結(jié)束。

建立在美德之上的友誼。|完美無(wú)瑕的友誼立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且擁有相似美德的人之間建立的友誼才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行為是相同的，或者是類(lèi)似的。愛(ài)和友誼多半在品行高尚的人之間發(fā)生，而且以最高雅的形式出現(xiàn)。這種友誼是罕見(jiàn)的，需要時(shí)間，需要交

往。常言道，真正的朋友必須同甘共苦，歷經(jīng)風(fēng)雨。只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)人互相證明自己值得愛(ài)并獲得對(duì)方的信任之后，彼此方能接受對(duì)方為朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友誼卻要慢慢培養(yǎng)。

另一種傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀可以在古羅馬政治家、演說(shuō)家西塞羅的著作里找到。西塞羅認(rèn)為，真正的友誼只能在好人之間發(fā)生。他進(jìn)而將“好人”定義為“那些行為和生活無(wú)損于自己的榮譽(yù)、純潔、公平和開(kāi)明的人；那些擺脫了貪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念說(shuō)話和做事的人?！焙萌酥g建立的這種友誼立足于美德，它確實(shí)可以帶來(lái)物質(zhì)利益，但決不以追求物質(zhì)利益為目標(biāo)。人類(lèi)生活在以共同的理想為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)。因此，在處理朋友關(guān)系和其他人際關(guān)系時(shí)，優(yōu)越于他人的人必須平等地對(duì)待那些沒(méi)那么幸運(yùn)的人。美德創(chuàng)造友誼，美德使友誼之樹(shù)常青。

我們由此可以看出，傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀由三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成：朋友以相伴為樂(lè)；朋友必須彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事業(yè)。這些傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀告訴我們，兩個(gè)品德高尚的朋友是永不分離的，因?yàn)楸舜苏J(rèn)同對(duì)方的高尚品德。因此，認(rèn)識(shí)朋友就是認(rèn)識(shí)自我，了解朋友就是了解自我?？?1 以說(shuō)朋友就好比是一面鏡子，每個(gè)人都可以從朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我們會(huì)對(duì)美德達(dá)成共識(shí)，共同為之不遺余力。這樣的友誼是永恒的，因?yàn)榕笥褢?yīng)該具備的一切品質(zhì)都凝結(jié)在這種友誼關(guān)系中。

第二單元你的愛(ài)有多深有人認(rèn)為愛(ài)如浮云有人認(rèn)為愛(ài)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)如鐵

有人認(rèn)為愛(ài)是一種生活方式有人認(rèn)為愛(ài)是一種感覺(jué) 有人說(shuō)愛(ài)要執(zhí)著有人說(shuō)愛(ài)不要約束有人說(shuō)愛(ài)是生命的全部有人說(shuō)不知道愛(ài)為何物

在我們生命中的某個(gè)階段，我們會(huì)經(jīng)歷難以名狀的情感。這種情感只能體會(huì)，無(wú)法用語(yǔ)言描述。莫大的喜悅伴隨著絲絲的傷感一同降臨，這就是愛(ài)。

在緊張忙碌的生活中，我們竟能找到時(shí)間，沉湎于感情之中，這的確令人感佩。然而，此時(shí)我想知道：我們是否懂得愛(ài)到底有多么深刻。記得上學(xué)的時(shí)候，我迷戀的對(duì)象真是數(shù)不清：我的數(shù)學(xué)老師、鄰居的兒子、好朋友的弟弟，還有另外一些因?yàn)檠劬Φ念伾?、胡子的形狀或走路的姿?shì)而讓我傾慕的人。年少時(shí)的愛(ài)慕，不會(huì)帶來(lái)傷害，如肥皂泡一樣轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝。那些稚氣、大膽的想法和行為，現(xiàn)在想來(lái)大可一笑了之。但是，在那時(shí)，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有比戀愛(ài)更重要的事了。接著就進(jìn)入了真正“談”情“說(shuō)”愛(ài)的階段。

我在女子學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)，和男孩子交往的機(jī)會(huì)寥寥無(wú)幾，因此，我熱切地期待著我們學(xué)校和男子學(xué)校舉辦的交誼會(huì)。交誼會(huì)上，一群精心打扮的年輕男子毫無(wú)顧忌地盯著我們。這三個(gè)小時(shí)中的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴，成了我們?cè)谝院笏膫€(gè)星期中足夠的談資，我們?cè)谧h論時(shí)，心情澎湃。即使是在那個(gè)時(shí)候，我也沒(méi)有真正交男朋友的需要。

在我的成長(zhǎng)歲月中，不知何故，我相信愛(ài)情該來(lái)的時(shí)候自然會(huì)來(lái)。事實(shí)果真如此。當(dāng)我有了穩(wěn)定的工作，有了長(zhǎng)期的計(jì)劃和比較安定的生活（我現(xiàn)在還不到25歲呢?。r(shí)，愛(ài)情降臨了。我也比較成熟了，能夠步入不貪圖許多回報(bào)而需要大量付出的感情關(guān)系。

我的愛(ài)情是在友誼這塊地基上建起的高樓大廈。愛(ài)情經(jīng)過(guò)曠日持久的培養(yǎng)才開(kāi)花。我和我的戀人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互關(guān)心，投入了豐富的感情，才使愛(ài)情發(fā)展到今天。愛(ài)情意味著情投意合。你也許會(huì)說(shuō)，我屬于浪漫的傳統(tǒng)派。但是，依我看，愛(ài)情需要培養(yǎng)。我們必須把愛(ài)情同強(qiáng)烈而短暫的激情或身體的愉悅區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。

我們的父輩，接受了理想愛(ài)情的灌輸。那是一個(gè)約束、壓抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。長(zhǎng)裙、嫻靜質(zhì)樸的外表、卷曲的長(zhǎng)發(fā)、恬靜的氣質(zhì)、羞怯的目光——這一切常使人想起一個(gè)消逝久遠(yuǎn)的年代。那個(gè)年代，男女之間的距離無(wú)論如何都有助于維持愛(ài)情以及戀愛(ài)關(guān)系的神圣性。

年輕的一代人，由于觀念開(kāi)放，隨著男女之間交往界線的消退，他們便急于趕浪頭，匆忙戀愛(ài)，以至于難以區(qū)分身體的互相吸引與心靈的相投。我們從媒體中接觸到的人和事，使我們的感情歷程大大加速，要想慢慢地體會(huì)自己的感受，確實(shí)需要付出努力。

從這一代人處理個(gè)人生活的方式上，我們很容易看出他們的思想傾向。跟從前相比，現(xiàn)在有更多的情感在欲望的壓力下扭曲。他們更注重外表的美麗而忽視內(nèi)在的魅力。兩性交往隨便了，親密無(wú)間卻少了；激情多了，感情卻少了；個(gè)人獲得的多了，相互間分享的少了；尋機(jī)

獲利的現(xiàn)象多了，無(wú)私的奉獻(xiàn)少了。簡(jiǎn)而言之，“自我”多了，愛(ài)的分享少了。在這個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的年代，我們已經(jīng)變得麻木不仁，將戀愛(ài)的實(shí)質(zhì)拋于腦后。作為戀愛(ài)中的人，不只是意味著把紅色的玫瑰花和五毛錢(qián)一張的卡片送給戀人，我們要做的事情還很多。我們將自己的時(shí)間、陪伴、支持和友誼作為禮物送給自己的戀人了嗎？我們是否確定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真誠(chéng)地做好每一件事？我們是否先在情感上成熟起來(lái)，再盡情地追求愛(ài)情？我們是否給自己、給他人足夠的時(shí)間和空間以鞏固戀情的發(fā)展？我們是否為了追求有意義的、永恒的友誼而不遺余力？我們是否履行了自己的承諾？我們是否將自己的精力和感情傾注于終生不渝的關(guān)系而不是浪費(fèi)在朝秦暮楚的關(guān)系中？

人的生命只有一次，我們必須去體驗(yàn)?zāi)苁刮覀兏鼮閳?jiān)強(qiáng)的每件事。真正的愛(ài)情一生只有一次。我們?nèi)斡奢p佻的行為令自己身心疲憊，當(dāng)真正的愛(ài)情到來(lái)時(shí)，我們卻沒(méi)有能力伸開(kāi)雙臂迎接它的降臨。

第三單元

追求以公眾利益為宗旨的幸福

上述事實(shí)對(duì)我們個(gè)人以及社會(huì)優(yōu)先考慮的諸多事情都提出了挑戰(zhàn)。事實(shí)上，我們現(xiàn)在的處境是人類(lèi)從未經(jīng)歷過(guò)的。當(dāng)大多數(shù)人還在為溫飽發(fā)愁時(shí)，物質(zhì)條件的改善的確能令他們幸福一些。富庶國(guó)家（比如，人均年收入在兩萬(wàn)美元以上）的人民比貧窮國(guó)家的人民幸福一些；而貧窮國(guó)家的人民，如果稍微富裕，也會(huì)幸福得多。然而，物質(zhì)上的匱乏一旦消除，收入的增加便不如親情、友情、鄰里和睦等人際關(guān)系那么重要。但是，我們?cè)谧非蟾叩氖杖霑r(shí)犧牲了太多這樣的關(guān)系，這很危險(xiǎn)。

渴望幸福是人類(lèi)本性的核心。人人都渴望這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)：人們盡可能地幸福，每個(gè)人的幸福同等重要。這應(yīng)當(dāng)是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人生哲學(xué)，應(yīng)當(dāng)用來(lái)指導(dǎo)公共利益的維護(hù)準(zhǔn)則和每個(gè)人 3 的行為，應(yīng)當(dāng)逐漸取代無(wú)法使我們更加幸福的極端的個(gè)人主義。

金錢(qián)的確是影響個(gè)人幸福的關(guān)鍵因素之一。但是，金錢(qián)本身能使我們最終獲得幸福嗎？在任何一個(gè)社會(huì)，富人往往比窮人幸福。然而，當(dāng)一個(gè)西方國(guó)家越來(lái)越富有的時(shí)候，其人民的幸福程度在總體上并未得到改善。隨著時(shí)間的推移，我們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和期望隨著收入的增加而上升。蓋洛普民意測(cè)驗(yàn)每年都向美國(guó)人提問(wèn)：“一個(gè)四口之家至少需要多少錢(qián)才能在這個(gè)國(guó)家生活下去？”人們說(shuō)出的數(shù)字上升的幅度與平均收入增加的幅度是一樣的。因?yàn)槿藗兛偸悄米约旱氖杖牒退说氖杖胍约八麄儜T于擁有的收入相比較，只有當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為和平均水準(zhǔn)相比有所上升時(shí)才感到幸福。

這一過(guò)程反而達(dá)不到預(yù)期的目的。我努力工作、賺更多錢(qián)的動(dòng)力是：這會(huì)使我更幸福一些。其他的社會(huì)成員也同樣如此，他們也關(guān)注自己相對(duì)的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。既然社會(huì)整體無(wú)法以自己為參照物而提高自己的地位，那么社會(huì)成員為使自己更加幸福所付出的努力可以說(shuō)是一種浪費(fèi)

—— 當(dāng)休閑與工作的天平偏向工作時(shí)，工作是“沒(méi)有效率”的。

為了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)這一論點(diǎn)，我從社會(huì)地位方面加以說(shuō)明。人的地位可能來(lái)源于所掙得的收入或所花費(fèi)的金錢(qián)。人們工作，至少部分原因是為了提高自己的地位。然而，地位是一種等級(jí)體系：第一，第二，第三，等等，所以當(dāng)一個(gè)人的地位提高了，其他人的地位就同等程度地下降。這是一種得失平衡的游戲：從整個(gè)社會(huì)看，為了提高地位而犧牲個(gè)人的生活，是一種浪費(fèi)。因此，永無(wú)止境的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)極具破壞性：我們?cè)谧非笠环N總體不變的東西時(shí)失去了家庭生活和平和的心境。

在某種意義上，人們最渴望的是尊重。他們追求經(jīng)濟(jì)地位因?yàn)樗梢在A來(lái)尊重。但是，我們可以重視也可以輕視經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。在一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的社會(huì)，如果我們不放寬尊重的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，社會(huì)上能力偏低的人會(huì)感到生活更加艱辛。我們應(yīng)該尊重那些同他人一起合作而自己沒(méi)有獲益的人，那些在各個(gè)階層上施展才能、努力工作的人。因此，讓每個(gè)人都能學(xué)會(huì)一種本領(lǐng)尤為重要。在英國(guó)，這意味著只要年輕人愿意，一定要確保他們每個(gè)人都學(xué)會(huì)手藝，使那些學(xué)業(yè)不成功的人也能在職業(yè)生涯中感到自豪，不會(huì)在長(zhǎng)大成人時(shí)覺(jué)得自己是失敗者。

人與人之間難免產(chǎn)生比較，因?yàn)榈燃?jí)體系的存在是必要的，不可避免的。有些人得到晉升，而另一些人卻沒(méi)有。此外，職位得以晉升的人薪水也要提高，因?yàn)樗麄冇胁湃A，雇主也樂(lè)意招賢納士。所以，在人們挑選工作和選擇雇主的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，薪水作為一個(gè)重要因素影響著他們的決定。存在的問(wèn)題是，大部分的職業(yè)沒(méi)有客觀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量個(gè)人的業(yè)績(jī)，所以事實(shí)上只能拿一個(gè)人同自己的同事作比較才能得到評(píng)估。然而，這種等級(jí)評(píng)定的方法非常主觀，從根本上改變了雇員與顧主、雇員與同事之間的合作關(guān)系。

如果我們渴望一個(gè)更加幸福的社會(huì)，我們就應(yīng)該著重強(qiáng)調(diào)人們所珍視的經(jīng)歷——首要的是親情關(guān)系、工作關(guān)系和鄰里關(guān)系，人們珍視這些經(jīng)歷并非因?yàn)閯e人擁有它們，而是因?yàn)檫@些經(jīng)歷擁有內(nèi)在的價(jià)值。我們當(dāng)前享受的充分的舒適和安逸，看來(lái)有可能使我們的生活幸福一些，可是人與人之間關(guān)系的惡化又有可能降低了我們的幸福程度。

我們生活在一個(gè)空前的個(gè)人主義的時(shí)代。許多人都感到最重要的責(zé)任是充分發(fā)揮自己的才干，挖掘自己的潛力。這是一個(gè)可怕的、孤單的目標(biāo)。當(dāng)然，他們也感受到自己應(yīng)該對(duì)他人承擔(dān)的責(zé)任，但是在西方國(guó)家，這些責(zé)任缺乏一套清晰的理念。無(wú)論是古老的、虔誠(chéng)的世界 4 觀，還是戰(zhàn)后社會(huì)的團(tuán)結(jié)精神和國(guó)家的凝聚意識(shí)，皆蕩然無(wú)存。我們?nèi)粏适Я斯怖婊蚣w意義的概念。

我們要想幸福一些，必須在改變外在環(huán)境的同時(shí)改變我們內(nèi)在的態(tài)度。我說(shuō)的是一種永恒的人生哲學(xué)，它能使我們?cè)谧陨碚业椒e極的力量同時(shí)也能發(fā)現(xiàn)他人身上蘊(yùn)涵的積極因素。這種對(duì)他人和自己懷有的同情心，是可以學(xué)會(huì)的，學(xué)校應(yīng)該將這種同情心教給學(xué)生。每個(gè)城市都應(yīng)該有這樣的政策：在年輕人中間推廣更健康的人生哲學(xué)，幫助他們區(qū)別膚淺的快樂(lè)和真正的幸福。

因此，我希望在這個(gè)新的世紀(jì)我們最終能夠把人類(lèi)的最大幸福當(dāng)作我們的公益觀。這可能有兩個(gè)結(jié)果。這種人生觀可以明確地指導(dǎo)政策的制定，但是更重要的是，在日常的生活中，它會(huì)激勵(lì)我們因?yàn)閯e人幸福而感到更大的快樂(lè)，同時(shí)幫助他人獲得更大的幸福。只有這樣，我們才不會(huì)以自我為中心，才會(huì)更加幸福。

第四單元如何變老

但是，作為七十二子孫中的一員，我更喜歡她的這一處世秘訣。外祖母八十高齡后感到入睡有些困難，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三點(diǎn)這段時(shí)間閱讀科普書(shū)籍。我想，她無(wú)暇顧及自己是否老了。我認(rèn)為這就是保持年輕的秘訣。如果你擁有廣泛的、自己鐘愛(ài)的興趣和活動(dòng)，又能從中體會(huì)自己老當(dāng)益壯，你就沒(méi)有理由從那些只有在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中才有意義的數(shù)字上考慮生命已經(jīng)度過(guò)多少春秋，更沒(méi)有理由擔(dān)憂自己的未來(lái)也許很短暫。

說(shuō)到健康，我很少生病，因此無(wú)法提供有用的建議。我隨心所欲地吃喝，不能清醒時(shí)就睡覺(jué)。我做任何事情都不是因?yàn)檫@些事情對(duì)健康有利。不過(guò)，我喜歡做的事情實(shí)際上大多都有益于健康。

就心理而言，老年人應(yīng)慎防兩種危險(xiǎn)。其一就是過(guò)度地沉湎于過(guò)去。人不能活在記憶中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而悵然若失中，也不能生活在緬懷已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必須放在未來(lái)上，想想可以有所作為的事情。這并非一件輕而易舉的事：一個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的往事，漸漸變成一個(gè)沉重的包袱。人們很容易以為過(guò)去的情感比現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)烈，過(guò)去的頭腦也比現(xiàn)在敏銳。倘若真的如此，我們就要忘卻這個(gè)事實(shí)；如果忘卻了這個(gè)事實(shí)，事實(shí)也許就不再是事實(shí) 5 了。

另一種要提防的危險(xiǎn)是：依戀年輕人，希望從他們的勃勃生機(jī)中汲取活力。當(dāng)你的孩子已長(zhǎng)大成人，他們就想過(guò)自己的生活；如果你仍像他們小時(shí)候那樣關(guān)注他們，你很可能就成了他們的包袱。動(dòng)物在下一代能夠自食其力時(shí)就不再給予關(guān)注；人類(lèi)因幼年時(shí)期較長(zhǎng)而很難做到這一點(diǎn)。

孩子已長(zhǎng)大成人，叮囑他們不犯錯(cuò)誤已經(jīng)沒(méi)有意義，因?yàn)樗麄儾辉傧嘈拍愕脑?，再說(shuō)錯(cuò)誤是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的興趣無(wú)法擺脫個(gè)人感情的支配，你也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，假如不關(guān)注子孫，生活就會(huì)空虛無(wú)望。在這種情況下，你必須意識(shí)到，雖然你仍可以給他們提供物質(zhì)上的幫助，比如給他們一筆零花錢(qián)或?yàn)樗麄兙幙椕€外套，但是你絕不能期望他們會(huì)樂(lè)意和你呆在一起。

有些老人因害怕死亡而煩惱。年輕人有這種感受是可以理解的。年輕人害怕在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上犧牲，這情有可原。他們認(rèn)為，死亡會(huì)剝奪生活賦予的最美好的東西，這讓他們深感痛苦。但是，飽嘗人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潛力、實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的抱負(fù)，倘若再對(duì)死亡產(chǎn)生恐懼之心，未免有些可恥?？朔謶种牡淖詈玫霓k法是 —— 至少我這樣看 ——

開(kāi)拓更廣泛的、不局限于個(gè)人感情的興趣，讓包圍自我的墻壁漸漸地消失，你的生活就漸漸融入人類(lèi)的生活中。一個(gè)人的存在應(yīng)該像一條河——初始為涓涓細(xì)流，裹在狹窄的岸

間，在巖石的縫隙中、在呼嘯的瀑布上奔瀉。河床漸漸變寬，河岸逐漸隱退，水流平緩，河水沒(méi)有明顯的停滯，最終融入海洋的懷抱，毫無(wú)痛苦地結(jié)束了獨(dú)立個(gè)體的存在。上了年紀(jì)的人，倘若能以這種態(tài)度看待人生，就不會(huì)因?yàn)楹ε滤劳龆话?，因?yàn)樗矏?ài)的一切將繼續(xù)存在。而且，當(dāng)生命力衰竭之時(shí)，疲憊感油然而生，長(zhǎng)眠的念頭并非令人厭惡。我希望在尚能勞作之時(shí)告別人世，知道他人會(huì)將我未竟的事業(yè)繼續(xù)下去，同時(shí)回想這一生有可能做的事情，都盡力而為了，由此可以滿意地安息了。

第五單元網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育

在最近的一次出差途中，有人問(wèn)及我的職業(yè)，我說(shuō)自己是從事編寫(xiě)和教授大學(xué)課程的?！芭叮磕窃谀膬航虝?shū)？”他問(wèn)道。我不假思索，老老實(shí)實(shí)地答道：“虛無(wú)空間里”。

我說(shuō)的是實(shí)情。1990年起，我就在被朋友稱(chēng)作“鍵盤(pán)大學(xué)”里教遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)位教育課程并提供輔導(dǎo)。我的課堂是在充滿電荷的空間里，其間一端連著我的電話插座，另一端連著一群年齡偏大的大學(xué)生家里的電腦。

1990年，我籌建了美國(guó)第一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)者在線輔導(dǎo)中心。迄今為止，我已在線輔導(dǎo)了7000多個(gè)學(xué)生，其中只有幾個(gè)人不及格，而我本人卻從未與他們謀面。

由于無(wú)法更清楚地解釋我的工作環(huán)境，我只能告訴這位問(wèn)話者：我在虛擬空間教書(shū)，“是個(gè)虛擬大學(xué)的教師。”我試著向他解釋“遠(yuǎn)程教育······在線學(xué)位課程······虛擬大學(xué)”等

等。

那人的臉上仍舊一片茫然。我不清楚他沉默不語(yǔ)到底是因肅然起敬所致，還是純粹對(duì)此稀里糊涂。我猜想兩個(gè)原因都有。于是，我就開(kāi)始解釋這些天來(lái)經(jīng)常解釋的事情：我認(rèn)為，美國(guó) 6 的大學(xué)教育在衰退，而美國(guó)的教育新思維正在興起。

遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)（即師生不用謀面的教育課程）并不是件新生事物。英國(guó)巴斯大學(xué)的艾塞克·彼特曼爵士曾突發(fā)奇想，讓鄉(xiāng)村居民把圣經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)換成速記文字，然后郵寄給他評(píng)閱，以這種辦法教會(huì)他們文秘技能。1840年他就開(kāi)始實(shí)施，從中賺取了大筆的金錢(qián)。我并不教速記，我教心理學(xué)和職業(yè)拓展。但還是和艾塞克爵士一樣，很多課程是自己編寫(xiě)的。我的崗位是在萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)，我把作業(yè)張貼在電子布告欄上，把批閱過(guò)的試卷用電子郵件通過(guò)國(guó)際電話線發(fā)送出去，而且免交關(guān)稅；必要時(shí)，把班級(jí)學(xué)生召集起來(lái)，在網(wǎng)上聊天室里在線講課。

難道這種方式能夠摒棄現(xiàn)實(shí)中的大學(xué)教育嗎？學(xué)生難道不用整齊地坐在教室里聆聽(tīng)老師——講壇上的圣人——講課就能學(xué)到知識(shí)嗎？

絕對(duì)可以，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)。事實(shí)上，很多人都認(rèn)為沒(méi)有校園的大學(xué)難以想象，可我現(xiàn)在卻以為不在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間這塊充滿自由氛圍的地方教書(shū)才是匪夷所思呢。

我不是憑借他們的臉龐或是他們?cè)趯挸ń淌依锼恢脕?lái)認(rèn)識(shí)我的學(xué)生，而是通過(guò)他們每周作業(yè)里的文字和觀點(diǎn)了解他們。這些文字與觀點(diǎn)大家都能在線讀到。我不是講壇上的圣人——我更像是他們身邊的向?qū)?。通常，學(xué)生們之間“說(shuō)”的或?qū)懙臇|西、把自己工作和職業(yè)體會(huì)融入論文和辯論的方式，比起我能夠提供的任何東西都更加實(shí)用，更有啟迪性。

我學(xué)生的年齡一般是四十歲，還有不少五六十歲。他們通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)上學(xué)。因?yàn)樗麄儾荒芑蛘卟辉敢廪o去工作、離開(kāi)兒女或?qū)O輩們搬進(jìn)大學(xué)校園——那樣的大學(xué)無(wú)非就是一個(gè)依照中世紀(jì)修道院模式建立起來(lái)的教育實(shí)體。

他們大多數(shù)了解自己所談?wù)摰臇|西，不僅如此，他們清楚自己為何返回大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育適合他們，因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育尊重學(xué)員界定知識(shí)和追求知識(shí)的能力，鼓勵(lì)他們抒發(fā)自己的觀點(diǎn)和見(jiàn)解，沒(méi)有教師干擾，因?yàn)榻處熆赡軙?huì)情不自禁地介入他們的爭(zhēng)論，把原本很有啟發(fā)性的課堂討論“平息”或者“引到別的話題上去”。

學(xué)生們體驗(yàn)到的東西完全不同于依照傳統(tǒng)工廠模式運(yùn)作的美國(guó)教育。在傳統(tǒng)教育中，生產(chǎn)線上的每個(gè)人接收到相同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位的信息（講座和教材），然后必須通過(guò)同一質(zhì)量檢查（客觀考試）。學(xué)生們坐在整齊排列的座位上，舉手請(qǐng)求允許后才發(fā)言，不斷地看著鐘表學(xué)課本、聽(tīng)講座，課本和講座被分解成不相關(guān)聯(lián)的知識(shí)玩意兒。沒(méi)有證據(jù)顯示，這樣的工廠模式是有效的學(xué)習(xí)途徑，而只能證明這是一種很便利的方式：大學(xué)在成績(jī)報(bào)告單上記錄下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)份量的知識(shí)已如期地傳授。

或許，在虛擬環(huán)境下教大學(xué)文科課程對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)特別有意義，因?yàn)樗梢宰匪莸轿耶?dāng)年所了解到的真正的大學(xué)文科教育。在希臘雅典研讀哲學(xué)時(shí)，老師教導(dǎo)我，要學(xué)到東西就得扔掉課本和筆記本這些不過(guò)是記憶工具的東西，要依賴(lài)我們與生俱來(lái)的本領(lǐng)進(jìn)行批判性思考。

我的網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生的確是有教材，但那都是學(xué)習(xí)的輔助材料，不是他們汲取知識(shí)的唯一源泉。他們還將從網(wǎng)上辯論、會(huì)議和論文寫(xiě)作的合作中學(xué)到知識(shí)。學(xué)生們要為發(fā)言認(rèn)真思考；他們每周來(lái)上課時(shí)，充分準(zhǔn)備好辯論，通過(guò)鍵盤(pán)上的交流獲取真知。

說(shuō)也奇怪，虛擬大學(xué)興許正是柏拉圖這樣的古典哲學(xué)家喜歡授課的地方——假如他那個(gè)時(shí)期有因特網(wǎng)的話。你問(wèn)我本人的意見(jiàn)？我也認(rèn)為教育應(yīng)該比較少地在校園里開(kāi)展，而更多地應(yīng)該在參與者的腦子里進(jìn)行。

第六單元文化沖擊

我們不妨把文化沖擊稱(chēng)為突然置身國(guó)外的人們所得的職業(yè)病。和大部分疾病一樣，這種病有其獨(dú)特的起因、癥狀和療法。

文化沖擊是因?yàn)槲覀兪ナ煜さ纳鐣?huì)交往標(biāo)記和符號(hào)而產(chǎn)生的焦慮所促成。這些標(biāo)志或暗示包括我們應(yīng)付日常生活各種情境時(shí)使用的諸多方式方法：與人會(huì)面時(shí)何時(shí)握手、該說(shuō)些什么；在什么時(shí)間、以什么方式付小費(fèi)；如何吩咐傭人；怎樣購(gòu)物；何時(shí)該接受、何時(shí)該拒絕他人的邀請(qǐng)；別人說(shuō)的話，何時(shí)該當(dāng)真，何時(shí)不該當(dāng)真。這些暗示可以是語(yǔ)

言、手勢(shì)、面部表情、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣或社會(huì)行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我們?cè)诔砷L(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中獲得了這些暗示，就像我們的語(yǔ)言和我們所接受的信仰一樣，它們已經(jīng)成為我們文化的一部分。我們所有的人都依賴(lài)成百上千個(gè)這樣的暗示才能擁有寧?kù)o的心境，過(guò)上高效率的生活。當(dāng)你走進(jìn)一種陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就隨之消失。此時(shí)的你宛如一條離開(kāi)水的魚(yú)。無(wú)論你的心胸多么開(kāi)闊，你賴(lài)以生存的支柱此時(shí)都已倒塌，挫折感和焦慮感油然而生。人們對(duì)此種挫折的反應(yīng)非常相似：他們首先排斥令他們不適的環(huán)境：“我們所到之國(guó)的生活方式很不好，讓我們感覺(jué)很糟糕?！碑?dāng)美國(guó)人或其他的外國(guó)人來(lái)到一個(gè)陌生的國(guó)度，聚在一起抱怨所到之國(guó)及其人民時(shí) ——

可以肯定，他們正深受文化沖擊之苦。文化沖擊的另外一個(gè)階段是回歸。故鄉(xiāng)的一草一木突然變得極為重要。一個(gè)美國(guó)人會(huì)不合理地美化美國(guó)的一切事物。在自己國(guó)家所經(jīng)歷的困難和問(wèn)題都拋在了腦后，只記得故鄉(xiāng)美好的事物。通常要回國(guó)一趟方可回到現(xiàn)實(shí)中。要克服文化沖擊的心理，了解文化的性質(zhì)及其與個(gè)人的關(guān)系會(huì)有所裨益。除了賴(lài)以生存的自然環(huán)境，一個(gè)人還生活在由人造的有形物體、社會(huì)風(fēng)俗、觀念和信仰構(gòu)成的文化環(huán)境中。一個(gè)人并非天生就有文化，而是生來(lái)就具備學(xué)習(xí)和使用文化的能力。新生嬰兒的身上不存在一種只許他最終說(shuō)葡萄牙語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)的東西，也不存在一種只許他用左手而不是右手執(zhí)叉或只許他用筷子吃飯的東西。這些東西都是要孩子去學(xué)習(xí)的。文化也不是由父母負(fù)責(zé)傳遞給孩子的。任何一個(gè)民族的文化都是歷史的產(chǎn)物，經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的、本民族意識(shí)不到的過(guò)程才得以積累形成。孩子通過(guò)文化學(xué)會(huì)適應(yīng)周?chē)奈镔|(zhì)環(huán)境，學(xué)會(huì)和周?chē)娜舜蚪坏?。眾所周知，青少年在學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)的過(guò)程中經(jīng)常遇到困難。但是，文化一旦學(xué)會(huì)了，就會(huì)成為一種生活方式。

人們往往認(rèn)為自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。這非常正常，完全可以理解。我們把這種態(tài)度稱(chēng)為“民族優(yōu)越感”，即一種認(rèn)為自己的文化、種族和國(guó)家構(gòu)成世界中心的想法。個(gè)人往往將自己與所處的群體等同起來(lái)，因此任何批評(píng)的言論在他們看來(lái)都是對(duì)個(gè)人及其群體不尊敬的：如果你批評(píng)我的祖國(guó)，你就是在批評(píng)我；如果你批評(píng)我，你就是在批評(píng)我的祖國(guó)。抱著這種態(tài)度，人們往往把個(gè)人的怪癖歸結(jié)為民族的特點(diǎn)。例如，倘若一個(gè)美國(guó)人在國(guó)外做出怪異的或有悖社會(huì)公德的事情，在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的人們會(huì)認(rèn)為這純屬個(gè)人行為，但在國(guó)外 8 卻被視為一種民族特性：他那樣做并非因?yàn)樗菃獭ざ嗫怂?，而是因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)美國(guó)人。遭受責(zé)難的不是他這個(gè)個(gè)體，而是他的祖國(guó)。因此，我們最好把民族優(yōu)越感看成是民族群體的一個(gè)永恒的特性。即使一個(gè)國(guó)家的公民批評(píng)了自己文化的某些方面，外國(guó)人也只應(yīng)當(dāng)聽(tīng)著，而不應(yīng)該參與批評(píng)。

你一旦意識(shí)到面臨的問(wèn)題并非因?yàn)楫愑虻臄骋舛且驗(yàn)樽约簩?duì)其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏與對(duì)方溝通的方式，你同時(shí)就會(huì)意識(shí)到你本身能夠了解他人的文化，并能夠掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到這一點(diǎn)，文化沖擊就消失得越快。

接下來(lái)的問(wèn)題是，你怎樣做才能盡快克服文化沖擊？答案是：了解所到之國(guó)的國(guó)民。但是，倘若不懂語(yǔ)言，你是無(wú)法成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言是用于交流的主要的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。我們現(xiàn)在都知道，學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)新的語(yǔ)言不容易，對(duì)成年人來(lái)說(shuō)，尤為如此。無(wú)論教語(yǔ)言的老師多么擅長(zhǎng)于減輕你學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的難度，單單學(xué)語(yǔ)言這項(xiàng)任務(wù)都足以讓你焦慮不安、飽受挫折。不過(guò)，你一旦能夠和女傭、鄰居進(jìn)行友好的交談，能夠單獨(dú)出門(mén)購(gòu)物，你就會(huì)重獲信心，充滿力量，一個(gè)蘊(yùn)含各種文化意義的新世界就向你敞開(kāi)了大門(mén)。

你開(kāi)始發(fā)現(xiàn)人們做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他們感興趣的事情。人們往往通過(guò)日常的談話內(nèi)容和時(shí)間、金錢(qián)的分配方式來(lái)表達(dá)自己的興趣愛(ài)好。你一旦了解了他們的興趣和價(jià)值模式，就很容易和他們交談，也容易讓他們對(duì)你產(chǎn)生興趣。

有時(shí)候，參加人們舉辦的各種活動(dòng)，不管是嘉年華會(huì)、宗教儀式還是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，在活動(dòng)中仔細(xì)觀察，和人們一起喜怒哀樂(lè)，這都有好處。不過(guò)，你永遠(yuǎn)都不要忘記，你是一個(gè)外人，人們也會(huì)把你當(dāng)成一個(gè)外人對(duì)待。你應(yīng)當(dāng)把參與活動(dòng)看成角色扮演。了解一個(gè)民族的生活方式很重要，但這并非意味著你要放棄自己的文化。實(shí)際上，你已經(jīng)具備兩種行為方式。

作文

第一單元

1.Bob and I became brother-like friends in our childhood.We played, dined and discussed our ambitions together.Once grown up, he started for the West to make his fortune while I became a policeman in New York.Before his departure, we had dinner together and we agreed that we would meet at the same place exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.Then came the day we were supposed to meet.I was on my beat then.Walking up to the appointed place which had been turned into a hardware store, I saw a man standing there with an unlighted cigar in his mouth.Before I could speak, he told me that he was waiting for a friend by the name of Jimmy Wells.When he struck a match to light his cigar, I saw a pale face with keen eyes and a scar.I recognized him immediately.It was Bob, and it was also the face of the man wanted by the Chicago Police.For a moment I felt like telling him to escape right away.After all, we had been friends for so many years and he had traveled all the way to see me!But then my sense of duty told me the right thing to do.I said good-bye to him and continued my patrol, his last words still ringing in my ear: “I’ll wait for half an hour.Jimmy will keep his promise if he’s alive…” I then sent for a plain clothes man and had Bob arrested.2.An Important Friend in My Life Li Qiang, one of my classmates, is fun to be with.He is always wearing a broad smile as if life is forever“sunshine and butterflies”.One day, I revealed to him my worries and anxieties: I, an ordinary-looking girl, was 177 centimeters tall, even taller than any of the boys in my class.I thought no boy would like to date me.Besides, I was very poor at my academic courses.He suggested that I should learn to be myself and then he introduced me to a fashion show team of the university.Encouraged, I decided to change myself.After a 3-month training program on weekends, I could perform beautifully as a model, and surprisingly, I could concentrate on the required academic courses as well.The applauses I won at each fashion show and the scholarship I earned proved that being myself was terrific.Since then, my life has changed a lot.Thus, Li Qiang became an important friend of mine.Last semester, we began to help young people who suffer pressures from physical defects, academic failures or financial problems.We set up a Confidence Club.Those who come to us for help find our work definitely beneficial.Our friendship has led me into a sparkling, rewarding life.第二單元

1.Male-female relations are indispensable to adults all through their lives.But different generations handle them differently.Our parents’ generation lived in an era of constraints, restraints, respect, admiration, and plenty of romance.They kept a distance from people of the opposite gender in order to preserve the holiness of love and relationships.My generation, on the other hand, began with countless crushes for the opposite sex just because of their superficial charm.Harmless as it was, the love was as brief as soap bubbles.As we grew up, we came to the stage of developing real relationships, believing that love demanded a lot of give and not so much of take.By comparison, the younger generation is more open-minded and less restricted in handling the matter of love and relationships.They jump on the bandwagon of love with so much haste that it is difficult for them to distinguish between physical attraction and mental compatibilities.In short, the younger generation focuses more on physical beauty, closeness and passion, and they tend to seek what they want from the relationships.The other two generations give priority to inner charm, intimacy, emotion and sharing in dealing with relationships.2.What Do Girl Students Look for in Love and Life? In order to know about girl students’ opinion about love and life, a survey with girl students was conducted in 2005 in two universities — Chongqing University of Technology and Business and East China Normal University.The survey sought answers to two questions: What do you look for first in a boyfriend? What’s the most important thing for a happy life? About one third of the students chose personality as the top factor in choosing a boyfriend, followed by 27 percent focusing on abilities.Next came common interests and goals, favoured by 17 percent, with only 14 percent of students claiming appearance to be uppermost in their minds.Fewer still, 11 percent, rated economic status as the first consideration.As to their views about a happy life, nearly seventy percent of the girls attached the greatest importance to marriage and family.“Career” was given top priority by just under 20 percent, while even fewer, around 9 percent, believed that money was the key to a happy life.Based on the survey, we may conclude that nowadays, girl students generally hold a rational attitude towards love and life.Admittedly

第三單元

1.Man Does Not Live by Bread Alone No one would doubt the truth that man’s existence relies essentially on material things.We need them to get fed, clothed and sheltered.Once we are living near the breadline, we’ll feel frustrated and miserable.However, our contentment does not merely lie in material things.This is especially the case in modern times.The fast-developing economy has noticeably improved our lives and fulfilled most of our material needs.Then there comes the need of spiritual satisfaction, which is derived from good health, close friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and an enjoyable job.While material things may lose their charm over time, spiritual satisfaction will bring us lasting happiness.Therefore, to live a happy life, we should focus more on those things that meet our spiritual demands.After all, when our need for bread is met, happiness will not come unless we feel spiritually satisfied.2.I Really Made It I will never forget the awful feeling in my first Oral English class at college.I tried hard to listen to every word the teacher spoke, but what she was saying made no sense to me.Bitterly, I admitted that I was so poor at listening and speaking in English.I wept several times, cursing my middle school for failing to provide adequate listening and speaking practice.But finally I calmed down because the familiar words rang in my ears: There must be a way out.I had a rather solid foundation of English vocabulary and grammar.What was left for me to do was to increase my listening input and speaking output.I made it a rule that every morning I would do reading aloud by the campus lake for 40 minutes, and every evening I would stay in the language lab, listening to English for at least an hour.Then at the end of the second year came my happiest moment: I got the Scholarship for Academic Excellence.I wore a broad smile when the president granted me the award.I then came to realize that happiness can only be gained through hard work.第四單元

1.AIDS Across the Earth AIDS has killed and is threatening to kill millions all across the earth.Several million infections are reported by WHO each year.The virus does not care whether you are black or white, male or female, young or old.It will attack you as long as you are a human.Today, AIDS has become the leading killer of young adults and is turning the children whose parents suffer the disease into orphans.It is no exaggeration to say that we live under the shadow of AIDS.There are several possible causes for such a situation: unsafe sexual intercourse;sharing or reusing contaminated needles;transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products;an infected person’s pregnancy, giving birth and breastfeeding, etc.Unfortunately, our ignorance, prejudice and silence have carried the situation to a desperate extreme.Patients are isolated or treated as outcasts by their families and their communities.AIDS victims feel ashamed to be identified as such and try hard to hide their disease.For this reason, they cannot get immediate medical treatment.Our harmful attitudes towards the disease and its victims have actually placed more people at risk.In our fight against this deadly disease, we should educate people on how to avoid being infected with the disease and how to lead life and, more importantly, how to treat AIDS patients properly.Only in this way can we really bring AIDS under control.2.Why Do the Young Adults Kill Themselves? Young adults are in the prime of their lives and are supposed to pursue their dreams and enjoy themselves.Yet it was reported in the Guardian that suicide is the main cause of death among young adults in China.Why have so many young people ended their lives? Three factors are thought to account for the high suicide rate: increasing stress, loneliness and a lack of medical support for depression.The most pressing one, I think, is stress.Take my college life for example.From the first day I entered the university, I have been living under pressure.I used to worry that I could not quite fit into the campus life;I also feared that I might not catch up with my classmates in my studies or could not live up to my parents’ expectations.Now I am deeply concerned about whether I can find a desirable job after graduation.Endless pressures give rise to stress.Loneliness is another problem.Many young people find they just feel helpless when they are suffering intolerable sadness or frustration.Suicide is a great tragedy, especially for the young.If we can find ways to relieve them of their stress and offer timely help, we may save many young lives.第五單元

1.The Significance of Lifelong Education Decades ago, due to the low standard of living in China, only a small percentage of the nation's population could receive college education.Once given the opportunity, one would surely secure a well-paid and much-respected job, which he or she would probably do for a lifetime.Therefore, to secure a college degree used to be the ultimate goal of a person's education.Today, however, we are living in what is called a“knowledge society”, where creative ideas and innovations are generated at a fantastic speed.One must constantly renew one's knowledge and upgrade one's skills so as to meet the needs of the changing world.Moreover, at the stage of general education, it is pointless for a person to attempt to know everything.When one is required to settle down to be a specialist in a specific field, one has to make an in-depth study of the subject one is supposed to know.In this sense, general education can provide students with only a passport to lifelong education.As Robert Maynard Hutchins once said, the object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives.In my opinion, life in modern society is not only a process of“l(fā)earning to live”but also a process of“l(fā)iving to learn”.The slogan“Live and Learn”can best reflect the concept of lifelong education.2.Should Family Schooling Exist? Meng Mu Tang, a private school in Shanghai, is modeled after the educational system of ancient Chinese home schools, which favored rote memorization and recitation of classic works.But the local education authorities in Shanghai have declared it illegal according to a report in 21st Century.Should family schooling exist? What role should it play? In my opinion, family schooling should be permitted to play a positive role in the current educational system in China.Every family should be free to choose the form of education that best suits their children's interests and natural gifts.Although the existing education system in China has remarkably improved, it does not fit each child perfectly.Since family schooling provides a means to develop a person's talents and unique interest, Meng Mu Tang, as a private school geared to a specific group of children, should not be banned in haste.In view of the current dynamic, quality-minded educational reforms in China, we should permit family schooling to enrich and diversify our educational system.On the other hand, home schooling should adapt itself to the modern world.To prepare children for the future, it should equip them with knowledge and innovative power so that they can cope with the development of the modern world.While tapping children's innate talents on an individual basis, family schooling should never neglect their all-round development.Meng Mu Tang may not be a perfect private school, but we should let it live and have a try so that family schooling may eventually become an indispensable component of our formal education.第六單元

1.My Views on Cultural Differences In my opinion, cultural differences have more advantages than disadvantages.First of all, it is cultural differences that make our world so colorful.If you go to a foreign country, you will be impressed not only by its physical environment but also by its cultural environment — its foods, clothes, customs, social practices, etc.Differences between cultures have always been a source of joy and inspiration.Secondly, differences in culture enrich human civilization.Different cultures compete with as well as learn from each other.Roman culture was modeled on Greek culture, which had once borrowed a lot from Egyptian culture.American culture is also a blend of many different cultures.Thirdly, differences in culture give each culture its unique identity.A culture is usually seen in relation to other cultures.Chinese culture distinguishes itself from others by its peculiar concepts and things that can hardly be found elsewhere.Of course, cultural differences may cause conflicts and misunderstandings.But interdependence, common interests and mutual goals of different nations always outweigh differences in culture.Nations with different cultures should learn from each other and live peacefully together.To this end, we should be more tolerant to other cultures while preserving, protecting and developing our own.2.My Views on the Influence of Western Culture On weekends, I gather with my friends at MacDonald's or KFC.We eat fried chicken, drink Coco-cola and talk about the latest release of Hollywood movies.We read foreign novels, listen to Western music and watch NBA.We admire Bill Gates, George Michael and Princess Diana.We dress ourselves in the Western style and celebrate Christmas and Valentine's Day.Our way of life has thus changed.Indeed, the influence of Western culture is strongly felt in our everyday life.This influence in turn prepares us well to blend into the modern world and participate in the world market competition.But we should not ignore its side effects.Our national culture may gradually lose its ground if our attention is focused only upon Western culture.In following the trend of globalization we should maintain our own cultural identity, cherish our cultural tradition and develop our own culture.What Mahatma Gandhi once said can best sum up my views on the influence of Western culture:“I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed.I want the cultures of all the lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible.But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.” 14

第三篇：新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程3表達(dá)總結(jié)(完整版)

讀寫(xiě)譯表達(dá)總結(jié)

UNIT 1（1）There is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for 缺乏社會(huì)公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

（2）in one setting, in another 在某種情況下,在另一種情況下

（3）distinguish between 辨別

（4）break up 打破

(5)the ground for...的根基

（6）seem to似乎

（7）own advantage 個(gè)人利益

（8）feel no need of 覺(jué)得沒(méi)有必要

（9）take pleasure in（doing）sth 以（做）某事為樂(lè)（10）the opportunity of the moment 當(dāng)下的機(jī)會(huì)

（11)fall in and out of陷入，走出

（12）in the highest form 最高形式的（13）trials and tribulations艱難困苦

（14）as the saying goes常言道

（15)leave no question無(wú)損于

（16）have the courage of one’s(own)convictions 有勇氣去做或說(shuō)出自己認(rèn)為正確的事

（17）be made up of three components由三部分構(gòu)成（18）be under arrest被逮捕

（19）cast an eye over粗略地看一下

（20）check up on核實(shí)

（21）lose track of失去聯(lián)系的（22）make a fortune大賺一筆

（23）tear down拆除

UNIT 2（1）beyond /defy description難以描述

（2）yearn/thirst for渴望

（3）indulge in（使自己）沉溺于

（4）let it go任由

（5）at some stage or the other in our lives在人生某階段

（6）defy definition無(wú)法被定義

（7）an overwhelming joy一個(gè)巨大的喜悅

（8）matters of the heart情感之事

（9）puppy love（少男、少女）對(duì)（年齡較大的）異性的短暫癡情

（10）well-groomed young gentlemen打扮入時(shí)的年輕紳士

（11）long-term長(zhǎng)期的（12）more or less或多或少

（13）A was a magnificent building I built on the foundation of B.It took time to blossom.It took a lot of C,loads of D and E，and plenty of.......A是我在B的基礎(chǔ)上建立的宏偉建筑（用于寫(xiě)B(tài)的必要性?。?/p>

（14）be fed lavishly with滿懷

（15）bygone era過(guò)去的時(shí)代

（16）jump on the bandwagon of趕浪頭，隨大流

（17）physical attraction身體吸引力

（18）mental compatibilities精神上的兼容性

（19）peer pressure同儕壓力

（20）harden ourselves強(qiáng)化自己

（21）object of affection愛(ài)的對(duì)象

（22）set priorities in設(shè)置優(yōu)先級(jí)

（23)let sb.loose(on sth.)讓.....任意（放手）行動(dòng)

（24）frivolous acts輕佻的行為

（25）in short簡(jiǎn)言之

（26）state of affairs事態(tài)，情勢(shì)

（27）fit into（使）適合（28）grow used to習(xí)慣于....的（29)in the course of在.....過(guò)程中

（30）in vain徒勞（31）a green hand生手

UNIT 4（2）（1）propose a recipe for為....提供秘訣

（2）at an advanced age在年老的的年紀(jì)

（3）provide insights into the issue of就...話題提出自己的見(jiàn)解

（4）at my time of life在我這個(gè)年紀(jì)

（5）my first advice would be...我的第一個(gè)建議將是

（6）in this respect=from this perspective在這一方面

（7）as regards有關(guān)，關(guān)于

（8）cut off夭折

（9）in the flower of one’s youth風(fēng)華正茂

（10）to one’s last day在人生最后一天

（11）inquire the cause of詢(xún)問(wèn)...的原因

（12）part from別離

（13）popular science科普

（14）on the ground that以....作為理由

（15）guard against警惕

（16）undue absorption in過(guò)度沉迷于

（17）in regrets for遺憾于

（18）in sadness about哀傷于

（19）suck vigor from汲取活力

（20）cling to=attach to依附

（21）become indifferent to漠不關(guān)心于

（22）it is no use無(wú)用

（23）be incapable of沒(méi)有能力....（24）concern oneself with使擔(dān)心

（25）render sb.sth給予某人某物

（26）be oppressed by被...所壓抑

（27）bit by bit漸而漸之

（28）A becomes increasingly merged in B A漸漸融入到B中

（29）carry on 進(jìn)行

（30）in the hope of希望

（31）bring...to an end使結(jié)束

（32）make room for騰出地方

（33）set aside不顧

UNIT 5（3）think highly of=place a high value on高度重視

（2）a answer came out of one’s mouth回答

（3）older than average超過(guò)平均水平

（4）for want of=for lack of由于缺乏

（5）one’s face remained as blank as a clear summer sky形容某人茫然的樣子（6）be the case是事實(shí)

（7）hit upon the idea of想到...點(diǎn)子

（8）dispense with使成為不必要，省掉

（9）twiddle one’s thumbs閑得無(wú)聊

（10）as the clock ticks away隨著時(shí)間流逝

（11）incorporate A into B把A并入B（12）more than a few不少

（13）model after仿造

（14）assembly line流水線

（15）liberal arts文科

（16）make sense有意義

（17）oddly enough奇怪的是（引出反方觀點(diǎn)）

（18）in favor of支持

（19）hold in store儲(chǔ)存，即將發(fā)生

（20）A must be based upon the hope for B A必須建立在對(duì)B的希望上

（21）to this end為此

（22）turn one’s back on the past漠視過(guò)去

（23）it is one’s noble task是...的神圣使命

（24）in accordance with與...相一致

（25）name just a few舉幾個(gè)例子

（26）with the rapid changes brought about by隨著由...所帶來(lái)的急劇變化

（27）general education通識(shí)教育

（28）first and foremost首先,也是最重要的（29）A provides the passport to B，but also lays the foundations for C A不僅能為B提供通行證，還能為C奠定基礎(chǔ)

（30）is still the norm仍是主流

（31）last，but far from least最后但并非最不重要的（32）bring back使想起

（33）go after追求

（34）in turn依次輪流

（35）reflect on反省，回想

（36）step in介入

（37）call for需要，提倡

（38）cry out for迫切需要

（39）get...out of從...得到...（40)lend itself to適用于，有助于

（41）so to speak打個(gè)比方說(shuō)

（42）try out試驗(yàn)

（43）absent-mindedness 心不在焉 UNIT 6（4）culture shock文化沖擊

（2）A is precipitated by B that results from....由于...造成的B促成了A（3）the thousand and one=many（4）orient oneself to使自己熟悉（新情況）

（5）make purchases購(gòu)物

（6）peace of mind寧?kù)o的心境

（7）a fish out of water不得其所的人

（8）irrationally glorified非理性地被美化

（9）in an effort to get over A,there is some value in knowing something about B 為了克服A，有價(jià)值去了解B（10）by means of用，依靠

（11）adapt oneself to使自己適應(yīng)

（12）identify oneself/sb.with sb./sth與某人/某事物密切相關(guān)

（13）at times有時(shí)偶爾

（14）role playing角色扮演

（15）as such同樣地

（16）build up增進(jìn)加強(qiáng)

（17）enter into進(jìn)入

（18）open up展示，打開(kāi)

（19）from head to toe從頭到腳

（20）hold one’s breath屏住呼吸

（21）on the....side頗為...有點(diǎn)...（22）win over說(shuō)服

UNIT 8（1）A is often described as B A常被描述為B那樣

（2）dog-eat-dog rivalries損人利己的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

（3）be fueled by被...所激起

（4）the law of the jungle叢林法則

（5）survival of the fittest適者生存

（6)in contrast相反，與此比較

（7）pull together（一群人）通力合作

（8）excel at擅長(zhǎng)于

（9）as a result of由于

（10）A would be impossible without B沒(méi)有B，A也將不可能出現(xiàn)

（11）in a genuine sense 從真正的意義上講

（12）satisfy demands滿足需求

（13）have one’s own roles to play有自己的角色扮演

（14）A is an unequaled example of B A是B的一個(gè)無(wú)與倫比的例子

（15）compete for為..角逐

（16）compete against sb.for sth為...與...競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

（17）A is inseparable from B A與B不可分割

（18）it follows that于是出現(xiàn)了…的結(jié)果

（19）bid for出價(jià)，投標(biāo)

（20）in exchange for調(diào)換

（21）differs fundamentally from有本質(zhì)差異

（22）beat up暴打

（23）fellow employees同事

（24）all manner of=all kinds of（25）repeat customers回頭客

（26）A is indeed a hallmark of B A是B的一個(gè)顯著標(biāo)志

（27）at the expense of在損失或損壞某事物的情況下

（28)strive to努力

（29）better off富裕的（30）far from遠(yuǎn)非

（31）in combination with與...結(jié)合（32）leave aside擱置一邊，撇開(kāi)不考慮

（33）on one’s guard against保持警惕

（34）subject to使接受，使遭受

（35）take...lightly淡然，不重視

（36）work on（sth）從事于，對(duì)...起作用，設(shè)法說(shuō)服

第四篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課文翻譯答案(新世紀(jì)綜合教程3)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課文翻譯答案(新世紀(jì)綜合教程3)BOOK 3 Unit 1 What is Friendship?

Michele E.Doyle&Mark K.Smith The text is excerpted and adapted from “Friendship: Theory and Experience” written by Michele E.Doyle & Mark K.Smith.It appears in The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education(2002).When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend.In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend;in another, the label may seem less appropriate.Therefore, people tend to have a very thin understanding of what friendship really means.To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship.友誼的真諦

米歇爾·E·多伊爾馬克·K·史密斯我們探討友誼這個(gè)概念時(shí)，遇到的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，沒(méi)有社會(huì)公認(rèn)的擇友標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在某一情境下，我們會(huì)把某個(gè)人稱(chēng)為朋友；然而，情境一旦變遷，朋友這個(gè)稱(chēng)呼就顯得沒(méi)那么貼切了。因此，人們對(duì)友誼的真諦的理解往往是非常膚淺的。為了幫助我們理解友誼的真正含義，我們需要回顧有關(guān)友誼的幾種傳統(tǒng)的看法。

One classical view of friendship is provided by Aristotle, the famous ancient Greek philosopher.Aristotle distinguishes between what he believes to be genuine friendships and two other forms: one based on mutual usefulness, the other on pleasure.So, according to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:

一種傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀在古希臘著名的哲學(xué)家亞里士多德的著作里得以闡述。他將自己心目中真正的友誼同另外兩種友誼截然分開(kāi)。這兩種友誼分別是：基于互利的友誼；基于愉悅的友誼。因此，根據(jù)亞里士多德的觀點(diǎn)，我們可以將友誼分為三類(lèi)：close3RT Friendship based on utility.Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances.When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up.Friendships of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility.Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage.Such persons do not spend much time together, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful.They take pleasure in each other's company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.建立在功利之上的友誼。功利并非永恒，它依照環(huán)境而變化。友誼的根基一旦消失，友誼也隨之破滅。這類(lèi)友誼似乎在老人之間最為常見(jiàn)，因?yàn)樯狭四昙o(jì)的人需要的不是愉悅而是實(shí)用?；诠挠颜x也同樣存在于追逐個(gè)人利益的中年人和青年人中。這些人不會(huì)在一起消磨時(shí)光，因?yàn)樗麄冇袝r(shí)甚至不喜歡對(duì)方，因而覺(jué)得除非可以互相利用，否則沒(méi)有交往的必要。只有當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為彼此有希望相互利用的時(shí)候，才會(huì)樂(lè)于呆在一起。close4RT Friendship based on pleasure.Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships.That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.建立在愉悅之上的友誼。年輕人之間的友誼常被看作是建立在愉悅基礎(chǔ)之上的，因?yàn)槟贻p人的生活受感情支配，他們感興趣的主要是自己的快樂(lè)和眼前的重要機(jī)會(huì)。然而，他們的情趣隨著自己日漸成長(zhǎng)也會(huì)變化，他們交友容易，分手也干脆。年輕人的態(tài)度變化無(wú)常，甚至一日數(shù)變，難怪他們的友誼總是迅速地開(kāi)始，又匆匆地結(jié)束。close5RT Friendship based on goodness.Perfect friendship is based on goodness.Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect.The conduct of good men is the same or similar.It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form.Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy;for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations together.And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust.The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.建立在美德之上的友誼。完美無(wú)瑕的友誼立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且擁有相似美德的人之間建立的友誼才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行為是相同的，或者是類(lèi)似的。愛(ài)和友誼多半在品行高尚的人之間發(fā)生，而且以最高雅的形式出現(xiàn)。這種友誼是罕見(jiàn)的，需要時(shí)間，需要交往。常言道，真正的朋友必須同甘共苦，歷經(jīng)風(fēng)雨。只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)人互相證明自己值得愛(ài)并獲得對(duì)方的信任之后，彼此方能接受對(duì)方為朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友誼卻要慢慢培養(yǎng)。close6RT Another classical view of friendship can be found in the writings of Cicero, an ancient Roman statesman and orator.According to Cicero, true friendship is only possible between good men.He further defines “the good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality;who are free from greed, lust, and violence;and who have the courage of their convictions.” The friendship between good men, based on virtue, does offer material benefits, but it does not seek them.All human beings are bonded together in a community of shared reason.Therefore, in friendships and relationships, those who possessany superiority must regard themselves as equals of those who are less fortunate.It is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship.另一種傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀可以在古羅馬政治家、演說(shuō)家西塞羅的著作里找到。西塞羅認(rèn)為，真正的友誼只能在好人之間發(fā)生。他進(jìn)而將“好人”定義為“那些行為和生活無(wú)損于自己的榮譽(yù)、純潔、公平和開(kāi)明的人；那些擺脫了貪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念說(shuō)話和做事的人?！焙萌酥g建立的這種友誼立足于美德，它確實(shí)可以帶來(lái)物質(zhì)利益，但決不以追求物質(zhì)利益為目標(biāo)。人類(lèi)生活在以共同的理想為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)。因此，在處理朋友關(guān)系和其他人際關(guān)系時(shí)，優(yōu)越于他人的人必須平等地對(duì)待那些沒(méi)那么幸運(yùn)的人。美德創(chuàng)造友誼，美德使友誼之樹(shù)常青。close7RT Thus, we may see that the traditional idea of friendship is made up of three components: Friends must enjoy each other's company;they must be useful to one another;and they must share a commitment to the good.According to the classical views, virtuous friends are bound together, as they recognize each other's moral excellence.To perceive a friend, therefore, is to perceive oneself;and to know a friend is to know oneself.Each can be said to provide a mirror in which the other may see himself.Through networks of such virtuous friends, we can develop a shared idea of the good and pursue it together.Friendship of this kind is permanent, because in it are united all the attributes that friends ought to possess.我們由此可以看出，傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀由三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成：朋友以相伴為樂(lè)；朋友必須彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事業(yè)。這些傳統(tǒng)的友誼觀告訴我們，兩個(gè)品德高尚的朋友是永不分離的，因?yàn)楸舜苏J(rèn)同對(duì)方的高尚品德。因此，認(rèn)識(shí)朋友就是認(rèn)識(shí)自我，了解朋友就是了解自我?？梢哉f(shuō)朋友就好比是一面鏡子，每個(gè)人都可以從朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我們會(huì)對(duì)美德達(dá)成共識(shí)，共同為之不遺余力。這樣的友誼是永恒的，因?yàn)榕笥褢?yīng)該具備的一切品質(zhì)都凝結(jié)在這種友誼關(guān)系中。

After Twenty Years

O.Henry The text is adapted from “After Twenty Years”, a short story written by O.Henry.close1RT It was barely 10 o'clock at night.The policeman on the beat(巡邏路線)moved up the avenue impressively.He turned now and then to cast his watchful eye over the doors and shop windows on both sides of the street.He was of a powerful build and made a fine picture of a guardian(衛(wèi)士)of the peace.二十年之后歐·亨利

將近夜里十點(diǎn)，巡邏警察來(lái)到這條街上，樣子威嚴(yán)，不時(shí)地看看街道兩邊的店鋪，警惕的目光落在店鋪的大門(mén)和櫥窗上。身材魁梧的他，儼然一副和平衛(wèi)士的模樣。close2RT Around the midway of a certain block, the policeman suddenly slowed his walk.In the doorway of a darkened hardware store stood a man, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth.As the policeman walked up to him, the man spoke up quickly.在一個(gè)街區(qū)走到一半時(shí)，他突然放慢了步伐。只見(jiàn)一個(gè)光線黯淡的五金店門(mén)口，站著一個(gè)人，嘴里叼著沒(méi)有點(diǎn)燃的雪茄。他走了過(guò)去，那人趕緊開(kāi)腔：close3RT “It's all right, officer,” he said.“I'm just waiting for a friend.It's an appointment made twenty years ago.Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it? Well, I'll explain.Twenty years ago, there used to be a restaurant where this store stands now.”

“沒(méi)事兒，警官，”他說(shuō)道。“我只是在等個(gè)朋友。這可是二十年前的約定。聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)好笑吧？我跟你說(shuō)，二十年前這里曾經(jīng)是個(gè)飯店?！眂lose4RT “Until five years ago,” said the policeman.“It was torn down then.”

“五年前才拆的?！本煺f(shuō)道。close5RT The man in the doorway struck a match and lit his cigar.The light showed a pale, square-jawed(方下巴)face with keen eyes, and a little white scar(傷疤)near his right eyebrow.門(mén)口那人劃了根火柴，點(diǎn)燃了雪茄。火光中可見(jiàn)一張蒼白的臉，方下巴，目光敏銳，右邊眉毛附近有一道白色的細(xì)小傷疤。close6RT “Twenty years ago tonight,” said the man, “I dined here with Jimmy Wells, my best chum(好友)and the finest chap in the world.He and I were raised here in New York, just like two brothers, together.I was eighteen and Jimmy was twenty then.The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune.You couldn't have dragged Jimmy out of New York;he thought it was the only place on earth.Well, we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be.”

“二十年前的今晚，”那人說(shuō)，“我和我最好的朋友吉米·韋爾斯就在這里吃的飯。他可是個(gè)再好不過(guò)的家伙了。我倆在紐約這兒一起長(zhǎng)大，好得像兄弟倆，那年我十八，他二十。第二天早上我就要?jiǎng)由砣ノ鞑堪l(fā)財(cái)。唉，要想讓吉米離開(kāi)紐約可是比登天還難哪！在他眼里人世間就只有紐約這么一個(gè)地方。不過(guò)我倆那天晚上約定，二十年后的今日此刻，無(wú)論各自的境況如何，無(wú)論各自遠(yuǎn)在何方，都要在這里相聚。我們當(dāng)時(shí)認(rèn)為，二十年后，不管各自做什么，有什么樣的命運(yùn)，發(fā)多大的財(cái)，一切都該成了定局?！眂lose7RT “It sounds pretty interesting,” said the policeman.“Haven't you heard from your friend Jimmy since you left?”

“聽(tīng)起來(lái)還真有意思，”警察說(shuō)道。“那你離開(kāi)后就再?zèng)]有你朋友吉米的消息了？”close8RT “Well, yes, for a time we corresponded,” said the other.“But after a year or two we lost track of each other.You see, the West is pretty big and wild, and I kept hustling(急速行進(jìn))around over it pretty lively.But I know Jimmy will meet me here if he's alive, for he always was the truest old chap in the world.He'll never forget.I came a thousand miles to stand in this door tonight, and it's worth it if my old partner turns up.He will keep his promise.”

“不，我們通過(guò)一陣子信，”那人答道，“可一兩年后就斷了音信。要知道，西部幅員遼闊，荒蠻原始，我又一直四處奔波，東跑西顛。不過(guò)，我確信，吉米只要活著，他會(huì)來(lái)見(jiàn)我的。他是這世界上我最信得過(guò)的人。他絕對(duì)不會(huì)忘記。我千里迢迢來(lái)到這兒就是為了今晚站在這門(mén)口，只要我那老伙計(jì)露面，我也就不虛此行了。他是不會(huì)食言的?！眂lose9RT The waiting man pulled out a handsome watch, the lids of it set with small diamonds.那守候的人掏出一只精致的懷表，表蓋上綴滿了小粒鉆石。close10RT “Three minutes to ten,” he announced.“It was exactly ten o'clock when we parted here at the restaurant door.”

“九點(diǎn)五十七分，”他說(shuō)道，“我們是十點(diǎn)整在飯店門(mén)口的這個(gè)地方揮手告別的?！眂lose11RT “You did pretty well out West, didn't you?” asked the policeman.“在西部混得不錯(cuò)吧？”警察問(wèn)道。close12RT “You bet!I hope Jimmy has done half as well.”

“那還用說(shuō)！吉米干得有我一半好就不錯(cuò)了。”close13RT The policeman twirled his club and took a step or two.警察轉(zhuǎn)了轉(zhuǎn)警棍，邁出了一兩步。close14RT “I'll be on my way.Hope your friend comes around on time.”

“我走了，但愿你的朋友會(huì)按時(shí)赴約?！眂lose15RT “I'll wait for half an hour at least,” said the man.“If Jimmy is alive on earth he'll be here by that time.So long, officer.”

“我至少會(huì)等他半個(gè)小時(shí)，”那人說(shuō)，“吉米要是還活著，他會(huì)在我走之前來(lái)的。再見(jiàn)，警官?！眂lose16RT “Good-night, sir,” said the policeman, passing on along his beat, checking up on the doors as he went.“晚安，先生，”警察說(shuō)完，又繼續(xù)巡邏，邊走邊檢查店門(mén)。close17RT There was now a fine, cold drizzle(細(xì)雨)falling, and the wind had risen.The man who had come a thousand miles to keep the appointment with the friend of his youth still stood in the doorway of the hardware store, smoking his cigar.這時(shí)，天下起了蒙蒙細(xì)雨，冷冰冰的，起風(fēng)了。為了履行和少時(shí)好友的約定，那個(gè)不遠(yuǎn)千里來(lái)到這里的人還站在五金店的門(mén)口，抽著雪茄。close18RT About twenty minutes had passed.Then a tall man in a long overcoat, with the collar turned up to his ears, hurried across from the opposite side of the street.He went directly to the waiting man.約二十分鐘后，一個(gè)身著大衣、衣領(lǐng)立起的高個(gè)子男人從街對(duì)面匆匆走了過(guò)來(lái)，徑直走向那守候者。close19RT “Is that you, Bob?” he asked, doubtfully.“鮑勃，是你嗎？”他狐疑地問(wèn)道。close20RT “Is that you, Jimmy Wells?” cried the man in the door.“你是吉米?韋爾斯？”門(mén)口那人高聲叫道。close21RT “Bless my heart!” exclaimed the new arrival, grasping both the other's hands with his own.“It's Bob, sure as fate.I was certain I'd find you here if you were still in existence.Well, well, well!Twenty years is a long time.How has the West treated you, old man?”

“天哪！”新來(lái)者高興地大叫了起來(lái)，一把握住了那人的雙手?！笆酋U勃，真的是鮑勃！我就知道，只要你還活著，我就會(huì)在這里找到你。哎呀呀，二十年啊，時(shí)間可真不短！老兄，西部待你怎樣？”close22RT “It has given me everything I asked it for.You've changed a lot, Jimmy.I never thought you were so tall by two or three inches.”

“西部給了我想要的一切。你變了很多啊，吉米！沒(méi)想到你長(zhǎng)高了二三英寸呢。”close23RT “Oh, I grew a bit after I was twenty.”

“哦，二十歲后我又長(zhǎng)了點(diǎn)個(gè)子?！眂lose24RT “Doing well in New York, Jimmy?”

“在紐約混得不錯(cuò)吧，吉米？”close25RT “Just so-so.I have a position in one of the city departments.Come on, Bob;we'll go around to a place I know of, and have a good long talk about old times.”

“馬馬虎虎。在市政部門(mén)做事。走吧，鮑勃，咱們到我熟悉的一個(gè)地方去，好好地?cái)⑴f吧?！眂lose26RT The two men started up the street, arm in arm.The man from the West was beginning to talk about the history of his career.The other listened with interest.兩人手挽著手，沿街前行，西部來(lái)的這位開(kāi)始講他的發(fā)跡史，另一位饒有興致地聽(tīng)著。close27RT At the corner stood a drug store, brilliant with electric lights.When they came into this glare(強(qiáng)光), each of them turned simultaneously(同時(shí)地)to gaze upon the other's face.拐角處有一家藥店，燈光明亮。來(lái)到通明的光線里，兩人同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)身盯住對(duì)方的臉。close28RT The man from the West stopped suddenly and released his arm.西部來(lái)的人突然停下來(lái)，抽出手臂。close29RT “You're not Jimmy Wells,” he shouted all of a sudden.“Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change a man's nose from a Roman nose(鷹鉤鼻)to a pug nose(扁鼻).”

“你不是吉米?韋爾斯！”他突然喊道，“二十年時(shí)間是很長(zhǎng)，但也不至于把鷹鉤鼻變成了塌鼻梁?！眂lose30RT “It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man.“You've been under arrest for ten minutes.Chicago thinks you may have dropped over(順便拜訪)our way and they want to have a chat with you.Going quietly with us, are you? That's sensible.Now, before we go on to the station, here's a note I was asked to hand you.You may read it here at the window.”

“可是有時(shí)二十年會(huì)把一個(gè)好人變成惡棍，”高個(gè)子說(shuō)道。“十分鐘前你就已經(jīng)被捕了。芝加哥方面認(rèn)為你可能到我們這里來(lái)了，他們要和你談?wù)?。還是老老實(shí)實(shí)地跟我們走吧，放聰明點(diǎn)！不過(guò)，我們?nèi)ゾ?，你先看看這張字條，是一個(gè)人托我交給你的。你就在櫥窗邊上看吧。”close31RT The man from the West unfolded(展開(kāi))the little piece of paper.His hand was steady when he began to read, but it trembled a little by the time he had finished.The note was rather short:

西部來(lái)的人展開(kāi)小字條。開(kāi)始讀的時(shí)候手握得很穩(wěn)，可讀完時(shí)，手微微地抖動(dòng)了起來(lái)。字條很短：close32RT “Bob: I was at the appointed place on time.When you struck the match to light your cigar I saw it was the face of the man wanted in Chicago.Somehow I couldn't do it myself, so I went around and got a plain clothes man to do the job.JIMMY.”

“鮑勃：我準(zhǔn)時(shí)赴約了。當(dāng)你劃亮火柴點(diǎn)燃雪茄時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)你正是受到芝加哥警方通緝的人?？晌易约簾o(wú)論如何動(dòng)不了手，所以就走開(kāi)，找了個(gè)便衣行使職責(zé)。吉米?！?/p>

Unit 2 T How Deep Is Your Love? Mansi Bhatia The text is excerpted and adapted from Writers Monthly, a US online magazine.close1RT Love to some is like a cloud To some as strong as steel For some a way of living For some a way to feel And some say love is holding on And some say let it go And some say love is everything Some say they don't know

你的愛(ài)有多深曼茜·巴蒂亞

有人認(rèn)為愛(ài)如浮云有人認(rèn)為愛(ài)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)如鐵

close2RT At some stage or the other in our lives we experience an emotion which defies definition.It's a feeling that can only be felt and not described.An overwhelming joy that comes together with its share of sadness.Love.在我們生命中的某個(gè)階段，我們會(huì)經(jīng)歷難以名狀的情感。這種情感只能體會(huì)，無(wú)法用語(yǔ)言描述。莫大的喜悅伴隨著絲絲的傷感一同降臨，這就是愛(ài)。close3RT Given the busy nature of our lives, it's to be appreciated that we even find the time to indulge in matters of the heart.But at the same time I wonder if we even understand its true depth.I remember having countless crushes while in school.My math teacher, our neighbour's son, my best friend's brother and lots of others whom I fancied for the colour of their eyes, the shape of their moustaches or just the way they walked.Harmless puppy loves that are as brief as soap bubbles.I can laugh about all those silly and adventurous thoughts and acts now but at that time nothing could be more serious an affair for me.Then came the stage of real relationships.在緊張忙碌的生活中，我們竟能找到時(shí)間，沉湎于感情之中，這的確令人感佩。然而，此時(shí)我想知道：我們是否懂得愛(ài)到底有多么深刻。記得上學(xué)的時(shí)候，我迷戀的對(duì)象真是數(shù)不清：我的數(shù)學(xué)老師、鄰居的兒子、好朋友的弟弟，還有另外一些因?yàn)檠劬Φ念伾?、胡子的形狀或走路的姿?shì)而讓我傾慕的人。年少時(shí)的愛(ài)慕，不會(huì)帶來(lái)傷害，如肥皂泡一樣轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝。那些稚氣、大膽的想法和行為，現(xiàn)在想來(lái)大可一笑了之。但是，在那時(shí)，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有比戀愛(ài)更重要的事了。接著就進(jìn)入了真正“談”情“說(shuō)”愛(ài)的階段。close4RT Being in an all girls' school I hardly had the opportunity to interact with members of the opposite gender.Socials between our school and the boys' college, therefore, would be awaited anxiously.Those three hours of unhesitant attention by a group of well-groomed young gentlemen provided us with enough content to talk and feel excited about for the next four weeks.我在女子學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)，和男孩子交往的機(jī)會(huì)寥寥無(wú)幾，因此，我熱切地期待著我們學(xué)校和男子學(xué)校舉辦的交誼會(huì)。交誼會(huì)上，一群精心打扮的年輕男子毫無(wú)顧忌地盯著我們。這三個(gè)小時(shí)中的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴，成了我們?cè)谝院笏膫€(gè)星期中足夠的談資，我們?cè)谧h論時(shí)，心情澎湃。close5RT And even then there was no real need of having a boyfriend.即使是在那個(gè)時(shí)候，我也沒(méi)有真正交男朋友的需要。close6RT I somehow grew up believing that love would happen when it had to.And sure enough it did.It came at an age when I had a career, a long-term plan and a more or less settled life(and now I am not yet 25!).I was mature enough to enter a relationship which demands a lot of give and not so much of take.在我的成長(zhǎng)歲月中，不知何故，我相信愛(ài)情該來(lái)的時(shí)候自然會(huì)來(lái)。事實(shí)果真如此。當(dāng)我有了穩(wěn)定的工作，有了長(zhǎng)期的計(jì)劃和比較安定的生活（我現(xiàn)在還不到25歲呢！）時(shí)，愛(ài)情降臨了。我也比較成熟了，能夠步入不貪圖許多回報(bào)而需要大量付出的感情關(guān)系。close7RT Love was a magnificent building I built on the foundation of friendship.It took time to blossom.It took a lot of understanding, loads of sharing and caring, and plenty of affection to become what it is today.And it meant a meeting of minds.You might say that I belong to the traditional school of romance.But in my opinion, love needs to be nurtured.And it has to be distinguished from the intense but short-lived love or the pleasures of the flesh.我的愛(ài)情是在友誼這塊地基上建起的高樓大廈。愛(ài)情經(jīng)過(guò)曠日持久的培養(yǎng)才開(kāi)花。我和我的戀人相互理解、同甘共苦、相互關(guān)心，投入了豐富的感情，才使愛(ài)情發(fā)展到今天。愛(ài)情意味著情投意合。你也許會(huì)說(shuō)，我屬于浪漫的傳統(tǒng)派。但是，依我看，愛(ài)情需要培養(yǎng)。我們必須把愛(ài)情同強(qiáng)烈而短暫的激情或身體的愉悅區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。close8RT Our parents' generation was fed lavishly with ideals.It was an era of constraints, restraints, respect, admiration, and plenty of romance.The long skirts, the quiet and unpretentious looks, the curled long hair, the calmness, the shy glance — these are all so frequently remindful of a bygone era.An age when the distance between the sexes somehow managed to help preserve the holiness of love and relationships.我們的父輩，接受了理想愛(ài)情的灌輸。那是一個(gè)約束、壓抑、崇敬、仰慕和十足浪漫的年代。長(zhǎng)裙、嫻靜質(zhì)樸的外表、卷曲的長(zhǎng)發(fā)、恬靜的氣質(zhì)、羞怯的目光 —— 這一切常使人想起一個(gè)消逝久遠(yuǎn)的年代。那個(gè)年代，男女之間的距離無(wú)論如何都有助于維持愛(ài)情以及戀愛(ài)關(guān)系的神圣性。close9RT The younger generation, with its openness and fading lines of proximity, has jumped on the bandwagon of love with so much haste that it is difficult for them to distinguish between physical attraction and mental compatibilities.What we have been exposed to via the media have fast paced our sensibilities so much that taking things slow requires effort on our parts.年輕的一代人，由于觀念開(kāi)放，隨著男女之間交往界線的消退，他們便急于趕浪頭，匆忙戀愛(ài)，以至于難以區(qū)分身體的互相吸引與心靈的相投。我們從媒體中接觸到的人和事，使我們的感情歷程大大加速，要想慢慢地體會(huì)自己的感受，確實(shí)需要付出努力。close10RT I am sorry to learn about the kind of emotional baggage school kids are carrying in what are purely unemotional relationships.Some might blame the current state of affairs on peer pressure.But has anyone ever stopped to figure out where this peer pressure originates? Do any of us try and understand who is responsible for this shift? Does anyone bother to study the state of mind of the teenagers?

學(xué)校里的青少年在全然沒(méi)有感情的關(guān)系中所背負(fù)的感情包袱，令我深感難過(guò)。也許有些人會(huì)把他們目前的感情狀況歸結(jié)為同齡人之間所施加的壓力。但是，可曾有任何人停下來(lái)想一想同齡人之間的壓力來(lái)自何處？我們是否嘗試著弄清楚是誰(shuí)造成了這樣的轉(zhuǎn)變？可曾有人費(fèi)神去研究青少年的心理呢？close11RT The mindset of this generation is all too evident in the way it handles its personal life.There are more relationships being distorted under the pressures of lust than ever before.There is more focus on physical beauty than on inner charm.There is more of closeness and less of intimacy.There is more of passion and less of emotion.There is more of acquiring and less of sharing.There is more of opportunism and less of selflessness.In short, there is more of ME and less of US.從這一代人處理個(gè)人生活的方式上，我們很容易看出他們的思想傾向。跟從前相比，現(xiàn)在有更多的情感在欲望的壓力下扭曲。他們更注重外表的美麗而忽視內(nèi)在的魅力。兩性交往隨便了，親密無(wú)間卻少了；激情多了，感情卻少了；個(gè)人獲得的多了，相互間分享的少了；尋機(jī)獲利的現(xiàn)象多了，無(wú)私的奉獻(xiàn)少了。簡(jiǎn)而言之，“自我”多了，愛(ài)的分享少了。close12RT We have hardened ourselves so much in this competitive age that we have forgotten the essence of relationships.There's much more to being someone's lover than gifting them red roses and fifty-cent cards.What about gifting our object of affection, our time, our company, our support, our friendship? What about setting priorities in our lives and focusing on each with sincerity? What about trying to be self-sufficient emotionally before letting ourselves loose? What about giving ourselves, and others, time and space to forge relationships? What about working towards meaningful and lasting friendships? What about honouring our commitments? What about channeling our energies and emotions towards building lifelong bonds rather than wasting them on seasonal relationships?

在這個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的年代，我們已經(jīng)變得麻木不仁，將戀愛(ài)的實(shí)質(zhì)拋于腦后。作為戀愛(ài)中的人，不只是意味著把紅色的玫瑰花和五毛錢(qián)一張的卡片送給戀人，我們要做的事情還很多。我們將自己的時(shí)間、陪伴、支持和友誼作為禮物送給自己的戀人了嗎？我們是否確定了生活中最重要的事情，而后真誠(chéng)地做好每一件事？我們是否先在情感上成熟起來(lái)，再盡情地追求愛(ài)情？我們是否給自己、給他人足夠的時(shí)間和空間以鞏固戀情的發(fā)展？我們是否為了追求有意義的、永恒的友誼而不遺余力？我們是否履行了自己的承諾？我們是否將自己的精力和感情傾注于終生不渝的關(guān)系而不是浪費(fèi)在朝秦暮楚的關(guān)系中？close13RT We have but one life and we must experience everything that can make us stronger.True love happens once in a lifetime.And we should not have become so tired by our frivolous acts that when it comes we aren't able to receive it with open arms.人的生命只有一次，我們必須去體驗(yàn)?zāi)苁刮覀兏鼮閳?jiān)強(qiáng)的每件事。真正的愛(ài)情一生只有一次。我們?nèi)斡奢p佻的行為令自己身心疲憊，當(dāng)真正的愛(ài)情到來(lái)時(shí)，我們卻沒(méi)有能力伸開(kāi)雙臂迎接它的降臨。

Holding Hands

Helen Troisi Arnery This text is excerpted and adapted from A Second Chicken Soup for the Woman's Soul by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Jennifer Read Hawthorne and Marci Shimoff.close1RT My husband Paul's hands had a fine, firm feeling: warm, never cold, never moist, their slight pressure always reassuring(使安心的).And whenever those hands sought mine in the final days of his life, he pressed them both together around one of my hands.牽手

海倫·托爾西·阿諾里

丈夫保羅的手舒服有力：暖暖的，從來(lái)不會(huì)發(fā)涼潮濕，輕輕的一握總是令我感到安心踏實(shí)。在他生命最后的那些日子里，每次他摸到我的手，都會(huì)把我的一只手放在他的兩手之間握著。close2RT It was during that time, as I sat by his bed, that I tried to memorize his hands.They were twice as long as mine and half a hand wider.His fingers did not get thinner;they were long and square, laced with fine veins(血管)all the way to the tips.His nails squared off(使成方形)the ends of his fingers, with clearly defined white edges.He had always taken great care to keep them neat.They were not tough hands;nor soft, either.They were the hands of a college professor whose tools were chalk and red pens.也就是在那段時(shí)間里，我坐在他的床邊，竭力記住他雙手的樣子。他的手比我的手要長(zhǎng)一倍，寬一半；手指上下一般粗，方方長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的，毛細(xì)血管一直延伸到指尖。方正的指甲使得指尖也呈正方形，指甲一圈白色的邊清晰可見(jiàn)。他總是悉心地讓雙手潔凈無(wú)暇。它們既不粗糙，也不柔軟多肉。那是雙持粉筆和紅墨水鋼筆的大學(xué)教授的手。close3RT I wondered if his students had difficulty reading his handwriting.I had grown used to it the year we were apart — engaged to be married, but separated — so he could pursue a master's degree at Bradley University, 800 miles away from our Pennsylvania hometown.不知道他的學(xué)生是否覺(jué)得他的字難以辨認(rèn)。我們分開(kāi)的那年我漸漸熟悉了他的字體。我倆訂婚后曾分隔兩地，因?yàn)樗骄嚯x賓夕法尼亞州（我們的家）800英里的布拉德利大學(xué)攻讀碩士學(xué)位。close4RT Had I remembered to tell him that I found his large hands beautiful? Did I ever explain that, before our marriage, when he was invited regularly to dinner in my home, my mother was fascinated with the quiet way he managed the silverware and coffee cups in his hands in which they nearly disappeared? Did I mention that in his clasp — in a movie, in sad moments in church, in the hospital beds to which the illnesses of his last four years confined him — I felt pure and honest expressions of his love?

不知我是否記得告訴過(guò)他我覺(jué)得他那雙大手很美。不知我是否告訴過(guò)他，結(jié)婚前他定期到我家做客吃飯時(shí)，他使用銀制餐具和咖啡杯的斯文樣子，令我母親十分欣賞，銀具和杯盞在他手里幾乎都沒(méi)了蹤影。也不知我是否告訴過(guò)他，在看電影時(shí)，在教堂悲傷時(shí)，在那張最后四年病魔困得他脫不了身的病榻上，他緊緊的一握令我至真至切地感受到了他的愛(ài)。close5RT In those hands, also, originated his caring for his children.It was a point of pride that he gave our newborn daughter her first bath.At seven pounds and fourteen ounces, she fit comfortably into the length of those two hands, but his large fingers moved with grace and delicacy to bathe her and the five babies who followed.他對(duì)孩子們的關(guān)愛(ài)之情也源于他的那雙手。大女兒的第一個(gè)澡就是他給洗的，這讓他倍感驕傲。7磅14盎司的女兒舒舒服服地躺在他那雙大手里，長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的手指靈巧細(xì)致地給大女兒和后來(lái)的5個(gè)孩子洗浴。close6RT Those hands, in our early hard times, gave haircuts to three sons in the course of their growing up and toweled three daughters' hair dry after showers.在我們?cè)缙谄D難的日子里，那雙手給三個(gè)正在長(zhǎng)大的兒子理發(fā)，給三個(gè)浴后的女兒擦干頭發(fā)。close7RT They manipulated suitcases, with a maximum of sweat and a minimum of complaints in top-of-the-car carriers(置物架)of station wagons for trips to Pennsylvania to visit grandparents.They traced patterns in the air as he taught his marketing students in the university in which he had studied so many years before.多少次要去賓夕法尼亞探望孩子的祖父母，在旅行大巴車(chē)頂上他那雙手把一個(gè)個(gè)旅行箱往貨架上放，他汗流浹背，但毫無(wú)怨言。在他早年曾就讀過(guò)的大學(xué)里，他教授市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生，用這雙手在空中比劃出一個(gè)個(gè)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)模式。close8RT Those hands clasped mine in the most frightening moments of his illnesses.They reached for mine through seven months of chemotherapy(化療)and its agonizing side effects, through the few weeks of the end of his life, when children came to visit, give service(宗教儀式)and mourn(為···哀痛)in advance what they could clearly see was the end of their father's seventy-five years.在他病得最令人膽顫心驚的時(shí)候，那雙手緊緊地攥著我的手。在他經(jīng)受7個(gè)月的化療及其副作用的痛苦折磨期間，他向我伸出雙手。在他生命的最后幾個(gè)星期里，他向我伸出雙手。孩子們來(lái)探視他，看出他們75歲的父親命不久矣而提前禱告哀悼時(shí)，他還是向我伸出雙手。close9RT Those hands clasped mine in the deepest, darkest moment when he whispered in my ear, “I wonder...how it is to die.I wonder if it hurts.” I could only give him what I believed was the sum of his life — that he would be surrounded, uplifted, overjoyed with the glory of God.在那最為黑暗的時(shí)刻，他攥著我的手，在我耳邊小聲說(shuō)道：“不知道······會(huì)是怎樣死去。不知道會(huì)不會(huì)疼痛?！蔽耶?dāng)時(shí)唯一能告訴他的就是我深信他此生將有個(gè)圓滿的結(jié)局：他會(huì)被簇?fù)碇穑谏系鄣臉s光中感到無(wú)比歡愉。close10RT Finally, he was no longer able to hold my hands.Early one morning, when I offered Paul a breakfast, he could no longer eat.In a state of nervous anxiety I clipped, filed(銼光)and whitened his fingernails.There was no movement, no recognition, no response as I laid his hands across his chest, where they had lain still for several days.Within an hour, when the nurse checked him with her stethoscope(聽(tīng)診器), there was nothing left for me to do but close his bright green eyes and lay my hands on his for the last time, in the quiet peaceful corner of our bedroom.最后，他再也沒(méi)有力氣握住我的手了。清晨，我給保羅喂早餐，他再也不能下咽了。我在緊張焦慮中修剪、打磨他的指甲，把指甲白色的邊緣弄干凈。我把他的手放到他的胸前（他的手放在那兒一動(dòng)不動(dòng)已經(jīng)好幾天了），它們沒(méi)有動(dòng)靜，沒(méi)有認(rèn)可，沒(méi)有反應(yīng)。一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間里，護(hù)士用聽(tīng)診器做了檢查，剩下我唯一能做的事就是合上他那雙明亮的綠色眼睛，在我們臥室恬靜的一隅里最后一次把我的手放在他的手上。close11RT Months later, I opened the top drawer of Paul's dresser one Sunday and reached in for one of his clean, pressed handkerchiefs — I liked to use them now.What I touched was an opened pack of emery boards(指甲砂銼).幾個(gè)月后的一個(gè)周日，我打開(kāi)保羅衣櫥最上面的一個(gè)抽屜，取他折疊整齊的干凈的手帕（我現(xiàn)在喜歡用那些手帕）時(shí)，我觸摸到了一個(gè)開(kāi)了封的指甲砂銼袋。close12RT For seven-and-a-half months, my grief for my husband had been frozen within me like an icy presence that would not yield.Then, this last Sunday of February, I was undone by the simple presence of emery boards.Tears came as I closed my eyes and tried in vain to remember the clasp of Paul's hands.7個(gè)半月里，對(duì)丈夫逝去的悲傷如同冰凌雪塊封存在心中，不曾融化?？稍诙碌淖詈笠粋€(gè)周日，目睹面前的指甲銼具，我無(wú)法克制自己了。我閉上眼睛，怎么也回憶不起保羅的雙手握著我的手時(shí)的感覺(jué)，淚水奪眶而出。close13RT Soon after, Stephen, the youngest — who most resembles his father — came to see me.When it was time to go, Stephen kissed me good-bye and then, impulsively, took my hand in both of his large, broad ones.For several moments, I couldn't speak.It was as though his father's long, graceful hands clasped mine once again.Still reassuring me.那之后沒(méi)過(guò)多少日子，斯蒂芬來(lái)看我，他是我們的最小的兒子，長(zhǎng)得也最像他的父親。臨走的時(shí)候，斯蒂芬吻了吻我，和我道別；然后，把我的手一把攥在他那雙又大又寬的手中。好一陣子，我說(shuō)不出話來(lái)，仿佛他父親那雙長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的、雅致的手再次握住了我的手，令我依然感到安心平靜。

Unit 3

T The Pursuit of Happiness for the Common Good

Richard Layard The text is an excerpt from the article “Happiness is Back” by Richard Layard in Prospect, March 2005.close1RT Over the last 50 years, we in the west have enjoyed unparalleled economic growth.We have better homes, cars, holidays, jobs, education and above all health.According to standard economic theory, this should have made us happier.But surveys show otherwise.When Britons or Americans are asked how happy they are, they report no improvement over the last 50 years.More people suffer from depression, and crime — another indicator of dissatisfaction — is also much higher.追求以公眾利益為宗旨的幸福 <

理查德·萊亞德

在過(guò)去的50年里，我們西方國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)獲得了史無(wú)前例的增長(zhǎng)。我們的家園、車(chē)輛、假期、工作、教育，尤其是健康，均得以改善。依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，這些改善原本應(yīng)該使我們更加幸福，然而，調(diào)查顯示并非如此。英國(guó)人和美國(guó)人接受幸福程度的調(diào)查時(shí)說(shuō)，在過(guò)去的50年里，他們的幸福程度并沒(méi)有得到改善。抑郁癥患者人數(shù)上升，同時(shí)犯罪率大幅增長(zhǎng)也說(shuō)明了人們對(duì)生活的不滿足。close2RT These facts challenge many of the priorities we have set ourselves both as societies and as individuals.The truth is that we are in a situation previously unknown to man.When most people exist near the breadline, material progress does indeed make them happier.People in the rich world(above, say, $20,000 a head per year)are happier than people in poorer countries, and people in poor countries do become happier as they become richer.But when material discomfort has been banished, extra income becomes much less important than our relationships with each other: with family, with friends and in the community.The danger is that we sacrifice relationships too much in pursuit of higher income.上述事實(shí)對(duì)我們個(gè)人以及社會(huì)優(yōu)先考慮的諸多事情都提出了挑戰(zhàn)。事實(shí)上，我們現(xiàn)在的處境是人類(lèi)從未經(jīng)歷過(guò)的。當(dāng)大多數(shù)人還在為溫飽發(fā)愁時(shí)，物質(zhì)條件的改善的確能令他們幸福一些。富庶國(guó)家（比如，人均年收入在兩萬(wàn)美元以上）的人民比貧窮國(guó)家的人民幸福一些；而貧窮國(guó)家的人民，如果稍微富裕，也會(huì)幸福得多。然而，物質(zhì)上的匱乏一旦消除，收入的增加便不如親情、友情、鄰里和睦等人際關(guān)系那么重要。但是，我們?cè)谧非蟾叩氖杖霑r(shí)犧牲了太多這樣的關(guān)系，這很危險(xiǎn)。close3RT The desire to be happy is central to our nature.We all want a society in which people are as happy as possible and in which each person's happiness counts equally.That should be the philosophy for our age, the guide for public policy and for individual action.And it should come to replace the intense individualism which has failed to make us happier.渴望幸福是人類(lèi)本性的核心。人人都渴望這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)：人們盡可能地幸福，每個(gè)人的幸福同等重要。這應(yīng)當(dāng)是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人生哲學(xué)，應(yīng)當(dāng)用來(lái)指導(dǎo)公共利益的維護(hù)準(zhǔn)則和每個(gè)人的行為，應(yīng)當(dāng)逐漸取代無(wú)法使我們更加幸福的極端的個(gè)人主義。close4RT Indeed, money is perceived as one of the key factors affecting a person's happiness.But can money alone make us happy in the long run? In any society, richer people are often happier than poor people.Yet, as a western country becomes richer, its people overall do not become happier.The reason for this is that over time our standards and expectations rise to meet our income.A Gallup poll has asked Americans each year: “What is the smallest amount of money a family of four needs to get along in this community?” The sums mentioned rise in line with average incomes.Since people are always comparing their incomes with what others have, or with what they are used to, they only feel better off if they move up relative to the norm.金錢(qián)的確是影響個(gè)人幸福的關(guān)鍵因素之一。但是，金錢(qián)本身能使我們最終獲得幸福嗎？在任何一個(gè)社會(huì)，富人往往比窮人幸福。然而，當(dāng)一個(gè)西方國(guó)家越來(lái)越富有的時(shí)候，其人民的幸福程度在總體上并未得到改善。隨著時(shí)間的推移，我們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和期望隨著收入的增加而上升。蓋洛普民意測(cè)驗(yàn)每年都向美國(guó)人提問(wèn)：“一個(gè)四口之家至少需要多少錢(qián)才能在這個(gè)國(guó)家生活下去？”人們說(shuō)出的數(shù)字上升的幅度與平均收入增加的幅度是一樣的。因?yàn)槿藗兛偸悄米约旱氖杖牒退说氖杖胍约八麄儜T于擁有的收入相比較，只有當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為和平均水準(zhǔn)相比有所上升時(shí)才感到幸福。close5RT This process can have counterproductive effects.I have an incentive to work and earn more: it will make me happier.So do other members of society, who also care about their relative standard of life.Since society as a whole cannot raise its position relative to itself, the effort which its members devote to that end could be said to be a waste — the balance between leisure and work has been shifted “inefficiently” towards work.這一過(guò)程反而達(dá)不到預(yù)期的目的。我努力工作、賺更多錢(qián)的動(dòng)力是：這會(huì)使我更幸福一些。其他的社會(huì)成員也同樣如此，他們也關(guān)注自己相對(duì)的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。既然社會(huì)整體無(wú)法以自己為參照物而提高自己的地位，那么社會(huì)成員為使自己更加幸福所付出的努力可以說(shuō)是一種浪費(fèi) —— 當(dāng)休閑與工作的天平偏向工作時(shí)，工作是“沒(méi)有效率”的。close6RT To reinforce the case, let me explain it in terms of status, which may derive as much from the earning of income as from the spending of it.People work, in part at least, to improve their status.But status is a system of ranking: one, two, three and so on.So if one person improves his status, someone else loses an equal amount.It is a zero-sum game: private life sacrificed in order to increase status is a waste from the point of view of society as a whole.That is why the rat race is so destructive: we lose family life and peace of mind in pursuing something whose total cannot be altered.為了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)這一論點(diǎn)，我從社會(huì)地位方面加以說(shuō)明。人的地位可能來(lái)源于所掙得的收入或所花費(fèi)的金錢(qián)。人們工作，至少部分原因是為了提高自己的地位。然而，地位是一種等級(jí)體系：第一，第二，第三，等等，所以當(dāng)一個(gè)人的地位提高了，其他人的地位就同等程度地下降。這是一種得失平衡的游戲：從整個(gè)社會(huì)看，為了提高地位而犧牲個(gè)人的生活，是一種浪費(fèi)。因此，永無(wú)止境的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)極具破壞性：我們?cè)谧非笠环N總體不變的東西時(shí)失去了家庭生活和平和的心境。close7RT In one sense, what people most want is respect.They seek economic status because it brings respect.But we can increase or decrease the weight we give to status.In an increasingly competitive society, life will become tougher for people in the bottom half of the ability range unless we develop broader criteria for respect.We should respect people who co-operate with others at no gain to themselves, and who show skill and effort at whatever level.That is why it is so important to enable everyone to develop a skill.In Britain, this means ensuring that all young people can take up an apprenticeship if they wish, so that those who have not enjoyed academic success at school can experience professional pride and avoid starting adult life believing themselves to be failures.在某種意義上，人們最渴望的是尊重。他們追求經(jīng)濟(jì)地位因?yàn)樗梢在A來(lái)尊重。但是，我們可以重視也可以輕視經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。在一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的社會(huì)，如果我們不放寬尊重的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，社會(huì)上能力偏低的人會(huì)感到生活更加艱辛。我們應(yīng)該尊重那些同他人一起合作而自己沒(méi)有獲益的人，那些在各個(gè)階層上施展才能、努力工作的人。因此，讓每個(gè)人都能學(xué)會(huì)一種本領(lǐng)尤為重要。在英國(guó)，這意味著只要年輕人愿意，一定要確保他們每個(gè)人都學(xué)會(huì)手藝，使那些學(xué)業(yè)不成功的人也能在職業(yè)生涯中感到自豪，不會(huì)在長(zhǎng)大成人時(shí)覺(jué)得自己是失敗者。close8RT Some comparisons between people are inevitable, since hierarchy is necessary and unavoidable.Some people get promoted and others do not.Moreover, those who get promoted must be paid more, since they are talented and the employer wishes to attract talent.So pay is important at key moments as a way of affecting people's decisions about occupations or in choosing between employers.The problem is that in most jobs there is no objective measure of individual performance, so people must in effect be evaluated against their peers.But the ranking process, which is very subjective, fundamentally alters the relationship of co-operation between an employee and his boss, and between an employee and his peers.人與人之間難免產(chǎn)生比較，因?yàn)榈燃?jí)體系的存在是必要的，不可避免的。有些人得到晉升，而另一些人卻沒(méi)有。此外，職位得以晉升的人薪水也要提高，因?yàn)樗麄冇胁湃A，雇主也樂(lè)意招賢納士。所以，在人們挑選工作和選擇雇主的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，薪水作為一個(gè)重要因素影響著他們的決定。存在的問(wèn)題是，大部分的職業(yè)沒(méi)有客觀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量個(gè)人的業(yè)績(jī)，所以事實(shí)上只能拿一個(gè)人同自己的同事作比較才能得到評(píng)估。然而，這種等級(jí)評(píng)定的方法非常主觀，從根本上改變了雇員與雇主、雇員與同事之間的合作關(guān)系。close9RT If we want a happier society, we should focus most on the experiences which people value for their intrinsic worth and not because other people have them — above all, on relationships in the family, at work and in the community.It seems likely that the extra comforts we now enjoy have increased our happiness somewhat, but that deteriorating relationships have made us less happy.如果我們渴望一個(gè)更加幸福的社會(huì)，我們就應(yīng)該著重強(qiáng)調(diào)人們所珍視的經(jīng)歷 —— 首要的是親情關(guān)系、工作關(guān)系和鄰里關(guān)系，人們珍視這些經(jīng)歷并非因?yàn)閯e人擁有它們，而是因?yàn)檫@些經(jīng)歷擁有內(nèi)在的價(jià)值。我們當(dāng)前享受的充分的舒適和安逸，看來(lái)有可能使我們的生活幸福一些，可是人與人之間關(guān)系的惡化又有可能降低了我們的幸福程度。close10RT We live in an age of unprecedented individualism.The highest obligation many people feel is to make the most of themselves, to realise their potential.This is a terrifying and lonely objective.Of course they feel obligations to other people too, but these are not based on any clear set of ideas in western societies.The old religious worldview is gone;so too is the postwar religion of social and national solidarity.We are left with no concept of the common good or collective meaning.我們生活在一個(gè)空前的個(gè)人主義的時(shí)代。許多人都感到最重要的責(zé)任是充分發(fā)揮自己的才干，挖掘自己的潛力。這是一個(gè)可怕的、孤單的目標(biāo)。當(dāng)然，他們也感受到自己應(yīng)該對(duì)他人承擔(dān)的責(zé)任，但是在西方國(guó)家，這些責(zé)任缺乏一套清晰的理念。無(wú)論是古老的、虔誠(chéng)的世界觀，還是戰(zhàn)后社會(huì)的團(tuán)結(jié)精神和國(guó)家的凝聚意識(shí)，皆蕩然無(wú)存。我們?nèi)粏适Я斯怖婊蚣w意義的概念。close11RT To become happier, we have to change our inner attitudes as much as our outward circumstances.I am talking of the everlasting philosophy which enables us to find the positive force in ourselves, and to see the positive side in others.Such compassion, to ourselves and others, can be learned and it ought to be taught in schools.Every city should have a policy for promoting a healthier philosophy of life in its youngsters and for helping them to distinguish between superficial pleasures and real happiness.我們要想幸福一些，必須在改變外在環(huán)境的同時(shí)改變我們內(nèi)在的態(tài)度。我說(shuō)的是一種永恒的人生哲學(xué)，它能使我們?cè)谧陨碚业椒e極的力量同時(shí)也能發(fā)現(xiàn)他人身上蘊(yùn)涵的積極因素。這種對(duì)他人和自己懷有的同情心，是可以學(xué)會(huì)的，學(xué)校應(yīng)該將這種同情心教給學(xué)生。每個(gè)城市都應(yīng)該有這樣的政策：在年輕人中間推廣更健康的人生哲學(xué)，幫助他們區(qū)別膚淺的快樂(lè)和真正的幸福。close12RT So my hope is that in this new century we can finally adopt the greatest happiness of humankind as our concept of the common good.This would have two results.It would serve as a clear guide to policy.But, even more important, it would inspire us in our daily lives to take more pleasure in the happiness of others, and to promote it.In this way we might all become less self-centered and more happy.因此，我希望在這個(gè)新的世紀(jì)我們最終能夠把人類(lèi)的最大幸福當(dāng)作我們的公益觀。這可能有兩個(gè)結(jié)果。這種人生觀可以明確地指導(dǎo)政策的制定，但是更重要的是，在日常的生活中，它會(huì)激勵(lì)我們因?yàn)閯e人幸福而感到更大的快樂(lè)，同時(shí)幫助他人獲得更大的幸福。只有這樣，我們才不會(huì)以自我為中心，才會(huì)更加幸福。

T Material Things and Happiness

Marshall Brain This text is excerpted and adapted from the book The Teenager's Guide to the Real World by Marshall Brain, published in 1997.close1RT Material things do not necessarily bring you happiness.That is a fact of life.It is a hard fact to understand sometimes, especially in a society that strives to teach you otherwise.2 物質(zhì)財(cái)富與幸福生活馬歇爾·布雷恩

物質(zhì)財(cái)富未必會(huì)帶給你幸福。這是一個(gè)無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的生活現(xiàn)實(shí)，但有時(shí)這一事實(shí)卻難以理解，尤其在這個(gè)竭力向你灌輸相反觀念的社會(huì)里。close2RT It is not uncommon to get into a mode where you think, “If only I had object X, my life would be perfect and I would be happy.” You REALLY want something: a new TV, a new car, a special pair of shoes, whatever.Then you buy it and you LOVE having it for a few days.But over time you get bored or it wears out.You can see this pattern repeated constantly in your own life.For example, your parents and grandparents likely spent thousands and thousands of dollars on toys for you as you were growing up: Dump trucks(自卸貨車(chē))and Barbie dolls(芭比娃娃)and video games and electric cars and on and on and on.All of those toys got boring or broken or outgrown eventually.They brought happiness for a moment or a week, but over time they became worthless and your desire turned to a new object.通常，你會(huì)陷入這樣一種思維模式：“要是我擁有了X，我的生活就會(huì)完美無(wú)缺，幸福無(wú)比了?！蹦惴浅Ｏ胍臇|西可能是一臺(tái)新電視機(jī)、一輛新車(chē)或者是一雙特別的鞋子等等。爾后，你就購(gòu)買(mǎi)了，幾天都在因?yàn)榈玫搅怂沧套痰摹？墒?，過(guò)了段時(shí)間，你感到厭煩了，或者東西給用舊了。你會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)這樣一個(gè)模式在你自己的生活中不斷地重復(fù)。比如在你小時(shí)候，你父母或祖父母可能花費(fèi)了成千上萬(wàn)美元給你買(mǎi)玩具：自卸貨車(chē)、芭比娃娃、電視游戲、電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，等等等等。所有的那些玩具最終都會(huì)遭你厭倦、被你玩壞或因你長(zhǎng)大而被擱置一邊。它們帶來(lái)了一陣子或者一星期的快樂(lè)，可時(shí)間一長(zhǎng)，它們變得一文不值，你的興趣轉(zhuǎn)向了某個(gè)新玩意兒。close3RT This pattern begs the following question: “If material things bring just a temporary and short-term happiness, then what does that mean?” It might mean that you have to buy material objects at a rate of perhaps one per day to sustain the temporary and short-term high of getting something new.This train of thinking(思路)can get you into thinking of such questions as: ●What is happiness? ●What does it mean to be happy? ●What do I want to do in my life?

這樣一種模式自然讓人們提出以下的問(wèn)題：“假如物質(zhì)的東西帶來(lái)的幸福只是曇花一現(xiàn)，那么這一切又意味著什么呢？”或許這就意味著，你得以一天一件的速度購(gòu)置物品，才能維持住你因得到新東西而感受到的那種短暫的快感。循著這個(gè)思路，你可以接著考慮下面的這些問(wèn)題： ●什么是幸福？

●感到幸福意味著什么？

●我這一生想做些什么？close4RT There is a difference between material happiness, which implies having all the basic or extravagant(奢侈的)comforts necessary to live a life, and spiritual happiness, which implies something else altogether.I had a friend whose philosophy was this:

物質(zhì)上的幸福和精神上的幸福是不同的。物質(zhì)上的幸?；谏钏璧囊磺斜匦杵泛蜕莩奁?；精神上的幸福則基于生活必需品和奢侈品之外的一切東西。我的一個(gè)朋友持有這樣一個(gè)哲學(xué)觀：close5RT No matter how much money you make, you always want more.So if you make $25,000 a year, you believe that if you just made $50,000 you would be happy.But then you begin to make $50,000.At that point you believe that if you just made $100,000 you would be happy, and so on throughout life.This pattern is true whether you make $25,000 or $10,000,000 a year, because as you earn more money you acquire more expensive tastes.It seems to me that you might as well learn to be happy on $25,000 a year, figure out an easy way to earn it and then have the rest of your time free to do what you want.你無(wú)論賺多少錢(qián)，你都想要更多的錢(qián)。假如你一年掙25,000美元，你會(huì)認(rèn)為要是掙到50,000美元，你就會(huì)感到幸福了。于是，你就開(kāi)始掙50,000美元。等掙夠了那個(gè)數(shù)目，你又會(huì)想，假如掙到100,000美元你就會(huì)感到幸福了，就這樣周而復(fù)始，終其一生。無(wú)論你一年掙25,000美元還是10,000,000美元，情況都是一樣。因?yàn)槟阗嵉迷蕉?，你的品味就越昂貴。依我看，不妨學(xué)會(huì)一年掙得25,000美元就感到滿足，想出一個(gè)輕輕松松把它們賺到手的辦法，然后用余下的時(shí)間去做你想做的事情。close6RT This sort of philosophy suggests that you can find something other than material happiness to make your life meaningful.根據(jù)這個(gè)哲學(xué)觀，要想令你的生活富有意義，你可以尋找除物質(zhì)幸福以外的東西。close7RT The thing about “wealth” is that there is more than one way to measure it.Traditionally it is measured in dollars, but there are many other scales.You can be “rich” in ways that have nothing to do with money.For example: ● Rich in friends.A person who cultivates friendships and who is a joy to be around can have hundreds of good friends and can be rich beyond the wildest dreams of others.Rich in health.A person who spends time eating right, exercising and relaxing from stress can be extremely healthy, and this health can be far more valuable than any amount of money.● Rich in strength.A person who works out with weights every day, runs, swims, etc.can be rich in strength and will have an attractive body.● Rich in family.A person who devotes time to his or her spouse and children will have a strong and happy family that is rewarding throughout life.● Rich in knowledge.A person who reads and studies will become rich in knowledge.● Rich in skill.A person who practices anything daily(a skill, a sport, whatever)will excel(擅長(zhǎng))in that skill area.Excellence has its own rewards.● Rich in character.A person who takes pains to be honest and truthful in all situations will become rich in character and will be trusted by everyone.衡量“財(cái)富”這東西，辦法不止一種。傳統(tǒng)上它是用金錢(qián)來(lái)衡量，但是還有很多其他的度量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在與金錢(qián)沒(méi)有絲毫關(guān)系的方面，你照樣可以“腰纏萬(wàn)貫”。例如：

●富有眾多的朋友。一個(gè)與人為友、樂(lè)觀待人的人可以擁有數(shù)以百計(jì)的好友，可以超乎其他人想象得富裕。

●富有健康的體魄。一個(gè)愿意花時(shí)間合理進(jìn)食、鍛煉身體、消除壓力的人可以身強(qiáng)體健。健康的體魄比起任何數(shù)目的金錢(qián)都要有價(jià)值得多?！窀挥谐渑娴木?。一個(gè)每天舉啞鈴、跑步、游泳的人能夠精力充沛，身材迷人?！窀挥泻湍赖募彝ァＲ粋€(gè)愿意把時(shí)間給配偶和孩子的人可以擁有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定幸福的家庭，令他獲益終身。

●富有知識(shí)。一個(gè)愛(ài)好閱讀和鉆研的人可以學(xué)富五車(chē)。

●富有技能。一個(gè)每天勤學(xué)苦練（某種技能、運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目等等）的人會(huì)在所操練的領(lǐng)域出類(lèi)拔萃。出類(lèi)拔萃，自有回報(bào)。●富有人格魅力。一個(gè)在一切場(chǎng)合殫精竭慮地做到真實(shí)、坦誠(chéng)的人會(huì)富有人格的魅力，受到眾人的信任。

close8RT One funny thing about all of these different areas is that none of them are taxed.You are taxed on the money you earn, and that is it.There is no knowledge tax, for example.You can learn freely throughout life and acquire a huge “bank account(銀行賬戶(hù))” of knowledge.No one can steal it or diminish(減少)it in any way.Presumably, knowledge is the one thing you might be able to take with you to Heaven.有趣的是，上述源自不同領(lǐng)域的這些財(cái)富都用不著上稅?？赡銙炅隋X(qián)是要繳納所得稅的，就是這么回事。沒(méi)有什么（比如說(shuō)）知識(shí)稅。你可以分文不花地終身學(xué)習(xí)，獲得豐厚才識(shí)的儲(chǔ)備。沒(méi)有人可以將其盜走、令其減少。知識(shí)很有可能就是那件你能夠帶入天堂的東西。close9RT All of these alternative types of wealth are different from financial wealth, and yet all of them can be equally rewarding in their own ways.The point is that the act of purchasing things by itself, despite what television informs you, may not be what will bring you maximum happiness in life.Things like good friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and a job you truly enjoy bring you contentment that lasts and has meaning.These things are often quite beyond the simple-minded teenagers, but as you mature these things become more important.雖然所有這些可選擇的財(cái)富都有別于金錢(qián)，但都能夠以各自獨(dú)特的方式令人受惠。撇開(kāi)電視給你提供信息不說(shuō)，單就購(gòu)買(mǎi)東西這一行為本身是不會(huì)給你帶來(lái)人生最大的幸福。好朋友，愛(ài)你的配偶，健康成長(zhǎng)的孩子，充滿愛(ài)的家，無(wú)愧的良心，值得奮斗的目標(biāo)，你真心喜愛(ài)的工作，所有這些給你帶來(lái)的滿足感天長(zhǎng)地久，意味深長(zhǎng)。頭腦簡(jiǎn)單的青少年通常是不能領(lǐng)悟到的，但這些東西隨著年輕人逐漸成熟會(huì)變得愈加重要。close10RT As you look at the world around you and come to understand what is important to you, keep these things in mind.Think about what it is that you enjoy and what makes you truly happy.See what you find.In thinking about it consciously, you might be surprised by what you discover.Money is incredibly important, for you need it to survive.But it is not the only thing you need, and money itself will not bring lasting happiness to most people.Man does not live by bread alone.當(dāng)你環(huán)顧周?chē)氖澜?，明白什么?duì)你才是至關(guān)重要的時(shí)候，你要將其銘記在心。考慮清楚你究竟心儀什么，什么才會(huì)給你真正幸福。審視一下你的發(fā)現(xiàn)。一番清楚的思考之后，你會(huì)吃驚于自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)：金錢(qián)固然極其重要，因你需要它活命；但金錢(qián)不是你唯一需要的東西。對(duì)于多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，金錢(qián)本身不會(huì)帶來(lái)恒久的幸福。人不是只靠面包生活的。

Unit 4

How to Grow Old

Bertrand Russell This text is slightly adapted from Portraits from Memory and Other Essays(1956), London: George Allen and Unwin;New York: Simon and Schustery.close1RT In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject.My first advice would be to choose your ancestors carefully.Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors.My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off.A great grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants.My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow, devoted herself to women's higher education.She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women.She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad.She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren.“Good gracious”, she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a dismal existence!” “Madre snaturale,” he replied.But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe.After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m.in reading popular science.I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old.This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young.If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future.“

如何變老 <

伯特蘭·羅素

盡管文章的標(biāo)題是“如何變老”，真正要談的卻是如何不老。在我這個(gè)年紀(jì)，討論“如何不老”，著實(shí)更為重要。首要的一條忠告是，要慎重地選擇祖先。雖然我的父母皆屬早逝，但是考慮到我其他的祖先，我的選擇尚好。我的外祖父在六十七歲風(fēng)華正茂時(shí)早逝，這是事實(shí)，可我的外祖母，還有我的祖父、祖母，都活到了八十多歲。在那些與我血緣關(guān)系稍疏些的祖先中，我只發(fā)現(xiàn)有一位不長(zhǎng)壽的，他死于一種當(dāng)前罕見(jiàn)的病：被砍了頭。我的一位曾祖母是吉本的朋友，活到九十二歲，其精神狀態(tài)之好自始至終都讓子孫們敬畏，一直到她撒手人寰的那天。我的外祖母，生養(yǎng)了十個(gè)孩子，其中一個(gè)夭折，另外九個(gè)健康成長(zhǎng)。此外，她還有過(guò)多次小產(chǎn)。她守寡之后，即刻投身于婦女的高等教育事業(yè)。她是格頓學(xué)院的創(chuàng)始人之一，為促使醫(yī)療事業(yè)向婦女敞開(kāi)大門(mén)而不遺余力。她過(guò)去常講這樣的一個(gè)故事：她在意大利遇見(jiàn)一個(gè)滿面哀傷的老紳士，便詢(xún)問(wèn)他為何如此憂傷，老紳士說(shuō)剛剛和自己兩個(gè)孫子道別?！疤炷模　彼械?，“我有七十二個(gè)孫子孫女，如果和其中的一個(gè)分別一次就傷心一次，那我的生活豈不太凄慘了！”“非同尋常的母親啊！”老紳士回答道。但是，作為七十二子孫中的一員，我更喜歡她的這一處世秘訣。外祖母八十高齡后感到入睡有些困難，她便常常在半夜到凌晨三點(diǎn)這段時(shí)間閱讀科普書(shū)籍。我想，她無(wú)暇顧及自己是否老了。我認(rèn)為這就是保持年輕的秘訣。如果你擁有廣泛的、自己鐘愛(ài)的興趣和活動(dòng)，又能從中體會(huì)自己老當(dāng)益壯，你就沒(méi)有理由從那些只有在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中才有意義的數(shù)字上考慮生命已經(jīng)度過(guò)多少春秋，更沒(méi)有理由擔(dān)憂自己的未來(lái)也許很短暫。close2RT As regards health I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.說(shuō)到健康，我很少生病，因此無(wú)法提供有用的建議。我隨心所欲地吃喝，不能清醒時(shí)就睡覺(jué)。我做任何事情都不是因?yàn)檫@些事情對(duì)健康有利。不過(guò)，我喜歡做的事情實(shí)際上大多都有益于健康。close3RT Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.One's thoughts must be directed to the future and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy: one's own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen.If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.就心理而言，老年人應(yīng)慎防兩種危險(xiǎn)。其一就是過(guò)度地沉湎于過(guò)去。人不能活在記憶中，不能生活在因美好往昔的逝去而悵然若失中，也不能生活在緬懷已故朋友的哀痛中。人的心思必須放在未來(lái)上，想想可以有所作為的事情。這并非一件輕而易舉的事：一個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的往事，漸漸變成一個(gè)沉重的包袱。人們很容易以為過(guò)去的情感比現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)烈，過(guò)去的頭腦也比現(xiàn)在敏銳。倘若真的如此，我們就要忘卻這個(gè)事實(shí)；如果忘卻了這個(gè)事實(shí)，事實(shí)也許就不再是事實(shí)了。close4RT The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.另一種要提防的危險(xiǎn)是：依戀年輕人，希望從他們的勃勃生機(jī)中汲取活力。當(dāng)你的孩子已長(zhǎng)大成人，他們就想過(guò)自己的生活；如果你仍像他們小時(shí)候那樣關(guān)注他們，你很可能就成了他們的包袱。動(dòng)物在下一代能夠自食其力時(shí)就不再給予關(guān)注；人類(lèi)因幼年時(shí)期較長(zhǎng)而很難做到這一點(diǎn)。close5RT It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren.In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.孩子已長(zhǎng)大成人，叮囑他們不犯錯(cuò)誤已經(jīng)沒(méi)有意義，因?yàn)樗麄儾辉傧嘈拍愕脑?，再說(shuō)錯(cuò)誤是教育不可或缺的一部分。但是，如果你的興趣無(wú)法擺脫個(gè)人感情的支配，你也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，假如不關(guān)注子孫，生活就會(huì)空虛無(wú)望。在這種情況下，你必須意識(shí)到，雖然你仍可以給他們提供物質(zhì)上的幫助，比如給他們一筆零花錢(qián)或?yàn)樗麄兙幙椕€外套，但是你絕不能期望他們會(huì)樂(lè)意和你呆在一起。close6RT Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.In the young there is a justification for this feeling.Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat ignoble.The best way to overcome it — so at least it seems to me — is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome.I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.有些老人因害怕死亡而煩惱。年輕人有這種感受是可以理解的。年輕人害怕在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上犧牲，這情有可原。他們認(rèn)為，死亡會(huì)剝奪生活賦予的最美好的東西，這讓他們深感痛苦。但是，飽嘗人世酸甜苦辣的老者已挖掘自己的潛力、實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的抱負(fù)，倘若再對(duì)死亡產(chǎn)生恐懼之心，未免有些可恥?？朔謶种牡淖詈玫霓k法是 —— 至少我這樣看 —— 開(kāi)拓更廣泛的、不局限于個(gè)人感情的興趣，讓包圍自我的墻壁漸漸地消失，你的生活就漸漸融入人類(lèi)的生活中。一個(gè)人的存在應(yīng)該像一條河 —— 初始為涓涓細(xì)流，裹在狹窄的岸間，在巖石的縫隙中、在呼嘯的瀑布上奔瀉。河床漸漸變寬，河岸逐漸隱退，水流平緩，河水沒(méi)有明顯的停滯，最終融入海洋的懷抱，毫無(wú)痛苦地結(jié)束了獨(dú)立個(gè)體的存在。上了年紀(jì)的人，倘若能以這種態(tài)度看待人生，就不會(huì)因?yàn)楹ε滤劳龆话?，因?yàn)樗矏?ài)的一切將繼續(xù)存在。而且，當(dāng)生命力衰竭之時(shí)，疲憊感油然而生，長(zhǎng)眠的念頭并非令人厭惡。我希望在尚能勞作之時(shí)告別人世，知道他人會(huì)將我未竟的事業(yè)繼續(xù)下去，同時(shí)回想這一生有可能做的事情，都盡力而為了，由此可以滿意地安息了。

A Whisper of AIDS

Mary Fisher The article is adapted from The Art of Public Speaking, edited by Stephen E.Lucas, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.close1RT Less than three months ago, at platform hearings(政黨綱領(lǐng)聽(tīng)證會(huì))in Salt Lake City, I asked the Republican Party(共和黨)to break the silence which has been kept over the issue of HIV/AIDS.I have come tonight to bring our silence to an end.低語(yǔ)艾滋

瑪麗·費(fèi)希爾

差不多三個(gè)多月前，在鹽湖城召開(kāi)的政黨綱領(lǐng)聽(tīng)證會(huì)上，我曾向共和黨提出了請(qǐng)求，請(qǐng)求打破長(zhǎng)期對(duì)艾滋病病毒和艾滋病問(wèn)題保持的沉默。今晚，我來(lái)到這兒，要給這樣的沉默作個(gè)了斷。close2RT I bear a message of challenge, not self-congratulation.I want your attention, not your applause.I would never have asked to be HIV-positive.But I believe that in all things there is a good purpose, and so I stand before you, and before the nation, gladly.我?guī)?lái)的是挑戰(zhàn)的信息，而不是自鳴得意的信息。我需要的是大家的關(guān)注，而不需要大家的掌聲。我從來(lái)也沒(méi)有主動(dòng)要求做一個(gè)艾滋病病毒的攜帶者。但是我相信，凡事都有好的一面。于是，我就站在眾人的面前，站在國(guó)人的面前，心甘情愿。close3RT The reality of AIDS is brutally clear.Two hundred thousand Americans are dead or dying;a million more are infected.Worldwide, 40 million, 60 million, or a hundred million infections will be counted in the coming few years.艾滋病存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)殘酷地?cái)[在世人的面前。有20萬(wàn)美國(guó)人有的已經(jīng)命喪黃泉，有的命懸一線；還有100萬(wàn)人已經(jīng)染上了艾滋病。在世界范圍內(nèi)，在未來(lái)的幾年里，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)4千萬(wàn)、6千萬(wàn)、乃至1萬(wàn)萬(wàn)個(gè)艾滋病感染的病例。close4RT In the context of an election year, I ask you — here, in this great hall, or listening in the quiet of your home — to recognize that the AIDS virus is not a political creature.It does not care whether you are Democrat(民主黨黨員)or Republican.It does not ask whether you are black or white, male or female, gay(同性戀的)or straight(非同性戀的), young or old.在這個(gè)選舉年里，無(wú)論您此刻是在這寬敞的會(huì)議廳，還是在安靜的家里，我都要請(qǐng)您明白：艾滋病病毒不是政治產(chǎn)物。它并不介意您是民主黨人還是共和黨人；它并不過(guò)問(wèn)您是黑人還是白人，是男人還是女人，是同性戀還是異性戀，是青年人還是老年人。close5RT Tonight, I represent an AIDS community whose members came reluctantly from every segment of American society.Though I am white and a mother, I am one with a black infant struggling with tubes in a Philadelphia hospital.Though I am female and contracted this disease in marriage, and enjoy the warm support of my family, I am one with the lonely gay man sheltering a flickering(搖曳)candle from the cold wind of his family's rejection.今晚，我代表的是一個(gè)罹患艾滋病的社群。這個(gè)社群的成員來(lái)自美國(guó)社會(huì)的各個(gè)階層，但都不是志愿加入的。盡管我是個(gè)白人，是個(gè)母親，但我和一個(gè)正在費(fèi)城醫(yī)院和試管搏斗的黑皮膚的嬰兒命運(yùn)相連。盡管我是個(gè)女性，結(jié)婚時(shí)染上了艾滋病，同時(shí)也享受著家人溫馨的支持，但我和一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的同性戀男人命運(yùn)相連；他正在家人厭棄的寒風(fēng)下呵護(hù)著搖曳的生命燭火。close6RT This is not a distant threat;it is a present danger.The rate of infection is increasing fastest among women and children.Largely unknown a decade ago, AIDS is the third leading killer of young adult Americans today — but it won't be third for long.Because, unlike other diseases, this one travels.Adolescents don't give each other cancer or heart disease because they believe they are in love.But HIV is different.And we have helped it along — we have killed each other — with our ignorance, our prejudice, and our silence.艾滋病的威脅并非遙不可及，相反，它的危險(xiǎn)近在咫尺。婦孺的染疾率正以最快的速度上升。艾滋病十年前還鮮為人知，可如今已是奪取美國(guó)年輕人生命的第三大元兇 —— 不過(guò)，它屈居第三的位置也將不會(huì)為時(shí)多久。因?yàn)橛袆e于其他疾病的是，艾滋病四處游蕩。青少年不會(huì)因?yàn)樽哉J(rèn)為相愛(ài)而相互傳染癌癥或者心臟病?？砂滩〔《緟s是另外一回事兒。無(wú)知、偏見(jiàn)和緘默使得我們助紂為虐，相互殘殺。close7RT We may take refuge(庇護(hù))in our stereotypes, but we cannot hide there long.Because HIV asks only one thing of those it attacks: Are you human? And this is the right question: Are you human? Because people with HIV have not entered some alien(性質(zhì)全然不同的)state of being.They are human.They have not earned cruelty and they do not deserve meanness.They don't benefit from being isolated or treated as outcasts(被拋棄的人).Each of them is a person.Not evil, deserving of our judgment;not victims, longing for our pity.They are people, ready for support and worthy of compassion.我們或許會(huì)固守成見(jiàn)，但成見(jiàn)不能長(zhǎng)久保護(hù)我們。因?yàn)榘滩〔《景l(fā)起進(jìn)攻時(shí)只會(huì)問(wèn)：你們是人嗎？問(wèn)得好！你們是人嗎？因?yàn)榘滩〔《镜臄y帶者并非變成了某種怪異的生物體，他們是人。他們并沒(méi)有犯下遭此殘酷待遇的罪行，不應(yīng)該受到刻薄的對(duì)待。他們?cè)诒还铝?、被遺棄當(dāng)中沒(méi)有獲益。他們每個(gè)人都是一名個(gè)體，他們不是禍害，不應(yīng)該受到審判；他們不是受害者，不渴望大家的憐憫。他們是需要支持、值得同情的人。close8RT My call to the nation is a plea(懇求)for awareness.If you believe you are safe, you are in danger.Because I was not hemophiliac(患血友病的), I was not at risk.Because I was not gay, I was not at risk.Because I did not inject(注射)drugs, I was not at risk.我向國(guó)人發(fā)出的是“覺(jué)悟起來(lái)”的訴求。如果你們相信自己是安全的，那你們已身處危境了。當(dāng)初不是因?yàn)槲也皇茄巡』级鴽](méi)有危險(xiǎn)，不是因我不是同性戀而沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)，不是因我不吸毒而沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)。close9RT Tonight, HIV marches firmly towards AIDS in more than a million American homes, littering its pathway with the bodies of the young — young men, young women, young parents, and young children.One of the families is mine.If it is true that HIV inevitably turns to AIDS, then my children will inevitably turn to orphans(孤兒).今晚，艾滋病病毒在一百多萬(wàn)美國(guó)家庭里正穩(wěn)步地向艾滋病邁進(jìn)，沿途丟棄的盡是年輕的尸骨 —— 年輕的男人、年輕的女人，年輕的父母和年幼的孩童。在這些眾多的家庭中就有我的家庭。如果艾滋病病毒果真不可避免地令我患上艾滋病，那么我的孩子將不可避免地成為孤兒。close10RT My family has been a rock of support.My 84-year-old father, who has pursued the healing of the nations, will not accept the premise(假設(shè))that he cannot heal his daughter.My mother refuses to be broken;she still calls at midnight to tell wonderful jokes that make me laugh.Sisters and friends, and my brother Philip(whose birthday is today)— all have helped carry me over the hardest places.I am blessed, richly and deeply blessed, to have such a family.我的家人一直給予我磐石般的支持。我84歲的父親一直致力于上帝“醫(yī)治萬(wàn)民”的事業(yè)，他不愿意接受自己無(wú)力醫(yī)治女兒創(chuàng)傷的假定。我母親拒絕放棄希望，午夜時(shí)分，她仍打來(lái)電話講些令我捧腹的精彩笑話。姐妹、朋友、我的兄弟菲利普（今天是他的生日），他們都幫助我穿越了最艱難的地帶。擁有這樣一個(gè)家庭，我是“幸?！钡?，深深的、無(wú)比的“幸?！?。close11RT But not all of you have been so blessed.You are HIV-positive but dare not say it.You have lost loved ones, but you dared not whisper the word AIDS.You weep silently;you grieve alone.但是，你們大家并非都如我這般幸福。你們是艾滋病病毒的攜帶者，但卻沒(méi)有勇氣說(shuō)出來(lái)；你們失去了心愛(ài)的人，但卻沒(méi)有勇氣輕聲說(shuō)出“艾滋病”這個(gè)詞。你們悄悄啜泣，獨(dú)自悲傷。close12RT I have a message for you: It is not you who should feel shame;it is we.We who tolerate ignorance and practice prejudice, we who have taught you to fear.We must break the silence, making it safe for you to reach out for compassion.It is our task to seek safety for our children, not in quiet denial but in effective action.我要告訴你們的是：應(yīng)該感到羞愧的不是你們，而是我們大家！是我們?nèi)萑虩o(wú)知、抱有偏見(jiàn)！是我們教會(huì)你們害怕！我們必須打破沉默，讓你們?cè)跔?zhēng)取同情時(shí)感到心安理得。我們有義務(wù)給孩子們尋求安全，但不是通過(guò)默默的排斥而應(yīng)是積極的行動(dòng)。close13RT To the millions of you who are grieving, who are frightened, who have contracted AIDS firsthand: Have courage and you will find support.對(duì)那些哀傷著恐懼著罹患了艾滋病的數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人們，我想說(shuō)：鼓起勇氣，才能獲得支援！close14RT To the millions who are strong, I issue this plea: Set aside prejudice and politics to make room for compassion and sound policy.對(duì)數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的健康人，我懇求你們放下偏見(jiàn)和政見(jiàn)，施以憐憫，制定明智的政策。close15RT To all within the sound of my voice, I appeal: Learn with me the lessons of history and of grace, so my children will not be afraid to say the word AIDS when I am gone.Then their children, and yours, may not need to whisper it at all.我要向所有的人高聲疾呼：和我一起汲取歷史教訓(xùn)吧，和我一起學(xué)習(xí)寬容吧。這樣，我的孩子在我離去時(shí)才會(huì)有膽量說(shuō)出“艾滋病”這個(gè)字眼兒，孩子的孩子以及你們的孩子也許就再也不必竊竊私語(yǔ)說(shuō)出“艾滋病”這個(gè)字眼兒了。

Unit 5 Education in Cyberspace

Vicky Phillips The text is taken and adapted from the website: http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1998/01/20feature.html

close1RT On a recent business trip a man asked me what I did for a living.I replied that I wrote and taught college courses.網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育

維基· 菲利普斯

在最近的一次出差途中，有人問(wèn)及我的職業(yè)，我說(shuō)自己是從事編寫(xiě)和教授大學(xué)課程的。close2RT ”O(jiān)h?“ he said.”Where do you teach?“

“哦？你在哪兒教書(shū)？”他問(wèn)道。close3RT A peculiarly honest answer came out of my mouth before I could think.”Nowhere,“ I said.我不假思索，老老實(shí)實(shí)地答道：“虛無(wú)空間里”。close4RT It's true.Since 1990 I have taught and counseled for what a friend of mine calls ”keyboard colleges“ — distance-learning degree programs.Where I teach is inside that electrically charged space that lies between my phone jack and the home computers of a group of generally older-than-average college students.我說(shuō)的是實(shí)情。1990年起，我就在被朋友稱(chēng)作“鍵盤(pán)大學(xué)”里教遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)位教育課程并提供輔導(dǎo)。我的課堂是在充滿電荷的空間里，其間一端連著我的電話插座，另一端連著一群年齡偏大的大學(xué)生家里的電腦。close5RT In 1990, I designed America's first online counseling center for distance learners.Since then I've worked with more than 7,000 learners online.I've flunked a few of them.I've never personally met any of them.1990年，我籌建了美國(guó)第一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程學(xué)習(xí)者在線輔導(dǎo)中心。迄今為止，我已在線輔導(dǎo)了7000多個(gè)學(xué)生，其中只有幾個(gè)人不及格，而我本人卻從未與他們謀面。close6RT For want of a clearer explanation of my career situation, I told the man who inquired that I teach in cyberspace.”I'm a virtual professor,“ I tried explaining.”Distance learning...online degree programs...virtual universities.“

由于無(wú)法更清楚地解釋我的工作環(huán)境，我只能告訴這位問(wèn)話者：我在虛擬空間教書(shū)，“是個(gè)虛擬大學(xué)的教師?！蔽以囍蛩忉尅斑h(yuǎn)程教育······在線學(xué)位課程······虛擬大學(xué)”等等。close7RT The man's face remained as blank as a clear summer sky.I couldn't tell whether he was silent out of respect or keen confusion.I imagined both to be the case, so I settled in to explain what I have to explain frequently these days: the decline of the American college campus and the rise of the American educational mind — as I see it.那人的臉上仍舊一片茫然。我不清楚他沉默不語(yǔ)到底是因肅然起敬所致，還是純粹對(duì)此稀里糊涂。我猜想兩個(gè)原因都有。于是，我就開(kāi)始解釋這些天來(lái)經(jīng)常解釋的事情：我認(rèn)為，美國(guó)的大學(xué)教育在衰退，而美國(guó)的教育新思維正在興起。close8RT Distance learning, or educational programs where pupil and professor never meet face-to-face, is nothing new.Sir Isaac Pitman of Bath, England, hit upon the idea of having rural residents learn secretarial skills by translating the Bible into shorthand, then mailing these translations back to him for grading.He began doing this in 1840.And he made mounds of money doing it.遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)（即師生不用謀面的教育課程）并不是件新生事物。英國(guó)巴斯大學(xué)的艾塞克·彼特曼爵士曾突發(fā)奇想，讓鄉(xiāng)村居民把圣經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)換成速記文字，然后郵寄給他評(píng)閱，以這種辦法教會(huì)他們文秘技能。1840年他就開(kāi)始實(shí)施，從中賺取了大筆的金錢(qián)。close9RT I don't teach shorthand;I teach psychology and career development.I write many of my own lessons, though, just as Sir Isaac had to do.My post is the World Wide Web.I post assignments to electronic bulletin boards and send graded papers across the international phone lines in tariff-free e-mail packets.I convene classes and give lectures in online chat rooms when need be.我并不教速記，我教心理學(xué)和職業(yè)拓展。但還是和艾塞克爵士一樣，很多課程是自己編寫(xiě)的。我的崗位是在萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)，我把作業(yè)張貼在電子布告欄上，把批閱過(guò)的試卷用電子郵件通過(guò)國(guó)際電話線發(fā)送出去，而且免交關(guān)稅；必要時(shí)，把班級(jí)學(xué)生召集起來(lái)，在網(wǎng)上聊天室里在線講課。close10RT Is this any way to dispense with a real college education? Can people learn without sitting in neat rows in a lecture room listening to the professor — the Sage on the Stage?

難道這種方式能夠摒棄現(xiàn)實(shí)中的大學(xué)教育嗎？學(xué)生難道不用整齊地坐在教室里聆聽(tīng)老師 —— 講壇上的圣人——講課就能學(xué)到知識(shí)嗎？close11RT Yes, absolutely.Why not? In fact, while many people find it hard to imagine a college with no campus, I nowadays find it hard to imagine teaching anywhere other than in the liberal freedom that is cyberspace.絕對(duì)可以，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)。事實(shí)上，很多人都認(rèn)為沒(méi)有校園的大學(xué)難以想象，可我現(xiàn)在卻以為不在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間這塊充滿自由氛圍的地方教書(shū)才是匪夷所思呢。close12RT In cyberspace, I listen, read, comment and reflect on what my students have to say — each of them in turn.What they know, they must communicate to me in words.They cannot sit passively in the back row twiddling their mental thumbs as the clock ticks away.They must think;and horrors of horrors, they must write.Thinking and writing: Aren't these the hallmarks of a classically educated mind?

在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間里，我傾聽(tīng)、閱讀、評(píng)價(jià)、思考學(xué)生們表述的觀點(diǎn) —— 一次一個(gè)，輪流發(fā)言。他們必須書(shū)面把見(jiàn)解傳輸給我，他們不能坐在后排座位上，無(wú)所事事地打發(fā)時(shí)光。他們必須思考，最令他們頭疼的是，他們必須寫(xiě)作。思考與寫(xiě)作，那不就是傳統(tǒng)教育培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的人才所具備的特質(zhì)嗎？close13RT I know my students not by their faces or their seat position in a vast lecture auditorium;I know them by the words and ideas they express in their weekly assignments, which everyone reads online.我不是憑借他們的臉龐或是他們?cè)趯挸ń淌依锼恢脕?lái)認(rèn)識(shí)我的學(xué)生，而是通過(guò)他們每周作業(yè)里的文字和觀點(diǎn)了解他們。這些文字與觀點(diǎn)大家都能在線讀到。close14RT I am not a Sage on the Stage — I am more a Guide on the Side.Often what the students ”say“ or write to one another, or the way they incorporate their work and career ideas into their papers and debates with each other, is more practically inspiring than any help I could provide them with.我不是講壇上的圣人 —— 我更像是他們身邊的向?qū)АＭǔ?，學(xué)生們之間“說(shuō)”的或?qū)懙臇|西、把自己工作和職業(yè)體會(huì)融入論文和辯論的方式，比起我能夠提供的任何東西都更加實(shí)用，更有啟迪性。close15RT My average college ”kid“ is 40 years old.More than a few are in their 50s or 60s.They are telecommuting to campus because they could not, or would not, uproot their careers and kids or grandkids to move to a college campus — an entity modeled after the learning monasteries of medieval times.我學(xué)生的年齡一般是四十歲，還有不少五六十歲。他們通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)上學(xué)。因?yàn)樗麄儾荒芑蛘卟辉敢廪o去工作、離開(kāi)兒女或?qū)O輩們搬進(jìn)大學(xué)校園 —— 那樣的大學(xué)無(wú)非就是一個(gè)依照中世紀(jì)修道院模式建立起來(lái)的教育實(shí)體。close16RT Many of them know what they are talking about.Even more so, they know why they came back to college to learn.A cyber-education suits them because it respects their abilities to define for themselves what knowledge is and to go after it.It encourages them to argue their points and their perspectives without the interference of a professor, who might be tempted to step in to ”calm down“ or ”refocus“ an otherwise wonderfully enlightening classroom debate.他們大多數(shù)了解自己所談?wù)摰臇|西，不僅如此，他們清楚自己為何返回大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育適合他們，因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育尊重學(xué)員界定知識(shí)和追求知識(shí)的能力，鼓勵(lì)他們抒發(fā)自己的觀點(diǎn)和見(jiàn)解，沒(méi)有教師干擾，因?yàn)榻處熆赡軙?huì)情不自禁地介入他們的爭(zhēng)論，把原本很有啟發(fā)性的課堂討論“平息”或者“引到別的話題上去”。close17RT They are experiencing something very different from the traditional factory model of American education, in which everyone on the assembly line is delivered the same standardized units of information(lectures and textbooks)and then must pass the same quality inspection(objective exams).This factory model — where students sit in neat rows, holding up their hands for permission to speak, clock-watching their way through textbooks and lectures that are broken into discrete bits of knowledge — has never been shown to be an effective way to learn.It has, however, been proven to be a convenient way for colleges to record on transcripts that a standard body of knowledge has been duly delivered.學(xué)生們體驗(yàn)到的東西完全不同于依照傳統(tǒng)工廠模式運(yùn)作的美國(guó)教育。在傳統(tǒng)教育中，生產(chǎn)線上的每個(gè)人接收到相同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位的信息（講座和教材），然后必須通過(guò)同一質(zhì)量檢查（客觀考試）。學(xué)生們坐在整齊排列的座位上，舉手請(qǐng)求允許后才發(fā)言，不斷地看著鐘表學(xué)課本、聽(tīng)講座，課本和講座被分解成不相關(guān)聯(lián)的知識(shí)玩意兒。沒(méi)有證據(jù)顯示，這樣的工廠模式是有效的學(xué)習(xí)途徑，而只能證明這是一種很便利的方式：大學(xué)在成績(jī)報(bào)告單上記錄下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)份量的知識(shí)已如期地傳授。close18RT Maybe teaching a liberal arts curriculum via a virtual environment makes more sense to me because it brings me back to what I learned to be a true liberal arts education.Studying philosophy in Athens, Greece, I was taught that to learn anything, one had to throw away textbooks and notebooks — mere memory tools — and instead rely on one's native ability to think critically.或許，在虛擬環(huán)境下教大學(xué)文科課程對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)特別有意義，因?yàn)樗梢宰匪莸轿耶?dāng)年所了解到的真正的大學(xué)文科教育。在希臘雅典研讀哲學(xué)時(shí)，老師教導(dǎo)我，要學(xué)到東西就得扔掉課本和筆記本這些不過(guò)是記憶工具的東西，要依賴(lài)我們與生俱來(lái)的本領(lǐng)進(jìn)行批判性思考。close19RT While my cyber-students do have textbooks, the books are learning aids;they are not the only pool of knowledge the students will drink from.Instead, they will learn also from the collaborative efforts of online debates, conferences and papers.They will think about what they have to say, and they will come to class each week amazingly prepared to argue and type their way toward insight.我的網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)生的確是有教材，但那都是學(xué)習(xí)的輔助材料，不是他們汲取知識(shí)的唯一源泉。他們還將從網(wǎng)上辯論、會(huì)議和論文寫(xiě)作的合作中學(xué)到知識(shí)。學(xué)生們要為發(fā)言認(rèn)真思考；他們每周來(lái)上課時(shí)，充分準(zhǔn)備好辯論，通過(guò)鍵盤(pán)上的交流獲取真知。close20RT The virtual university: Oddly enough, it's just what a classical philosopher like Plato would have practiced — had there been an Internet way back then.Me? I'm in favor of less learning taking place on a campus and more that happens in the minds of the participants.說(shuō)也奇怪，虛擬大學(xué)興許正是柏拉圖這樣的古典哲學(xué)家喜歡授課的地方 —— 假如他那個(gè)時(shí)期有因特網(wǎng)的話。你問(wèn)我本人的意見(jiàn)？我也認(rèn)為教育應(yīng)該比較少地在校園里開(kāi)展，而更多地應(yīng)該在參與者的腦子里進(jìn)行。

The Four Pillars of Education in the Twenty-first Century

Jacques Delors The text is excerpted from Learning: The Treasure Within, a report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century, by Jacques Delors, 1996.close1RT In confronting the many challenges that the future holds in store, humankind sees in education an indispensable asset(資產(chǎn))in its attempt to attain the ideals of peace, freedom and social justice.二十一世紀(jì)教育的四個(gè)支柱雅克· 德洛爾

面對(duì)未來(lái)的種種挑戰(zhàn)，教育看來(lái)是使人類(lèi)朝著和平、自由和社會(huì)正義邁進(jìn)的一筆不可或缺的財(cái)富。close2RT The role of education in the 21st century must be based upon the hope for a world that is a better place to live in.To this end, we have to confront and overcome some of the problems of the 21st century, namely:

●The tension between the global and the local.People need to become world citizens gradually but without losing their roots.●The tension between tradition and modernity, which is part of the same problem: how to adapt to change without turning one's back on the past.●The tension between long-term and short-term considerations.Public opinion always cries out for quick answers and ready solutions, whereas many problems call for a patient, concerted(協(xié)同完成的), negotiated strategy of reform.This is precisely the case where education policies are concerned.●The tension between, on the one hand, the need for competition, and on the other, the concern for equality of opportunity.This has led us to reconcile three forces: competition, which provides incentives;co-operation, which gives strength;and solidarity, which unites.●The tension between the spiritual and the material.It is education's noble task to encourage each and every one to lift their minds and spirits in accordance with their traditions and convictions.在二十一世紀(jì)，教育的作用必須立足于人類(lèi)對(duì)更美好世界的向往。為此，我們必須正視二十一世紀(jì)面臨的一些問(wèn)題，并予以解決。這些問(wèn)題是： ●全球與局域之間的緊張關(guān)系：各國(guó)人民在不失其根本的同時(shí)，需逐漸成為世界公民。

●傳統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)代之間的緊張關(guān)系，這和“如何適應(yīng)變革又不漠視過(guò)去”屬于同一個(gè)問(wèn)題。

●長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)考慮和短期考慮之間的緊張關(guān)系。輿論總是迫切需要迅速得到問(wèn)題的答案和現(xiàn)成的解決辦法，而許多問(wèn)題卻需要從長(zhǎng)計(jì)議，耐心協(xié)調(diào)，策略變通方能解決。教育政策正屬于這種情況。●人類(lèi)一方面需要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，另一方面也關(guān)注機(jī)會(huì)的均等，這兩者之間也存在著緊張關(guān)系。這促使我們把三個(gè)因素協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái)：具有激勵(lì)作用的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、產(chǎn)生活力的合作精神以及具有凝聚力的團(tuán)結(jié)精神?！窬窈臀镔|(zhì)之間的緊張關(guān)系。在不違背每個(gè)人的傳統(tǒng)和信仰的基礎(chǔ)上，激勵(lì)他們升華自己的思想和精神境界，這是教育的崇高使命。close3RT Having adopted this position, we propose to put greater emphasis on one of the four pillars which serve as the foundations of education: learning to live together.One of education's tasks is both to teach pupils and students about human diversity and make them aware of the similarities and interdependence of all people.From early childhood, schools should seize every opportunity to pursue this two-pronged(兩方面的)approach.Some subjects lend themselves to this — human geography in basic education, foreign languages and literature later on, to name just a few.Learning to live together can be achieved by developing an understanding of others and their history, traditions and spiritual values and, on this basis, creating a new spirit which would induce people to implement common projects or to manage the inevitable conflicts in an intelligent and peaceful way.站在這個(gè)立場(chǎng)上，我們建議，人類(lèi)需要更加重視作為教育基礎(chǔ)的四個(gè)支柱之一：學(xué)會(huì)共同生活。教育的使命之一是讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)的多樣性，同時(shí)還要讓他們意識(shí)到所有人之間的相似性和相互依存性。從幼兒開(kāi)始，學(xué)校就應(yīng)該抓住各種機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行這一雙重教育。有些學(xué)科適合進(jìn)行這種教育，例如，在基礎(chǔ)教育階段開(kāi)設(shè)人文地理，晚些時(shí)候開(kāi)設(shè)外語(yǔ)和外國(guó)文學(xué)。為了學(xué)會(huì)共同生活，我們可以多了解他人、了解他人的歷史、傳統(tǒng)和精神價(jià)值，在此基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造一種新的精神，這種精神會(huì)激勵(lì)人們參與共同的項(xiàng)目或者用明智、和平的方式化解不可避免的沖突。close4RT In the meantime, we should not disregard the other three pillars of education which provide, as it were(可以說(shuō)是), the bases for learning to live together.The first of these is learning to know.With the rapid changes brought about by scientific progress, the emphasis has to be on combining a sufficiently broad general education with the possibility of in-depth work on a selected number of subjects.同時(shí)，我們也不應(yīng)該忽視教育的另外三個(gè)支柱，它們可以說(shuō)是學(xué)會(huì)共同生活的基本要素。第一是學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)知。隨著科學(xué)進(jìn)步所帶來(lái)的迅速變革，人類(lèi)必須重視以下兩個(gè)方面的結(jié)合：一是相當(dāng)廣泛的普通教育；二是就少量精選的學(xué)科進(jìn)行深入研究的可能性。close5RT Learning to know, therefore, implies learning how to learn.Since knowledge is of multiple nature, any attempt to know everything becomes more and more pointless.In fact, after the basic education stage, the idea of being a multi-subject specialist is simply an illusion.A truly educated person nowadays needs a broad general education and the opportunity to study a small number of subjects in depth.General education, which gives pupils and students a chance to learn other languages and become familiar with other subjects, first and foremost provides a way of communicating with other people.Such a general background provides, so to speak, the passport to lifelong education, in so far as it gives people a taste — but also lays the foundations — for learning throughout life.因此，學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)知就意味著學(xué)會(huì)如何學(xué)習(xí)。由于知識(shí)涉及到方方面面，試圖想什么都知道，這愈來(lái)愈做不到。事實(shí)上，在基礎(chǔ)教育階段之后，想成為多門(mén)學(xué)科的專(zhuān)家就成了不切實(shí)際的幻想。今天，一個(gè)真正受到良好教育的人需要接受廣泛的通識(shí)教育，同時(shí)有機(jī)會(huì)深入地研究少量的學(xué)科。通識(shí)教育使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)其他語(yǔ)言、熟悉其他學(xué)科，首先而且尤為重要的是，通識(shí)教育提供了與他人交流的手段。這種通識(shí)教育可以說(shuō)是接受終身教育的通行證，因?yàn)樗谷藢?duì)終身學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了興趣并為其奠定了基礎(chǔ)。close6RT Learning to do is another pillar.This question is closely associated with the issue of occupational training: how do we adapt education so that it can equip people to do the types of work needed in the future? Here we should draw a distinction between industrial economies, where most people are wage-earners, and other economies where self-employment or casual(臨時(shí)的)work is still the norm.The future of industrial economies hinges on(取決于)their ability to turn advances in knowledge into innovations that will generate new businesses and new jobs.In addition to learning to do a job, it also refers to the acquisition of a competence(能力)that enables people to deal with a variety of situations and to work in teams.In many cases, such competence and skills are more readily acquired if pupils and students have the opportunity to try out and develop their abilities by becoming involved in work experience schemes or social work while they are still in education.另外一個(gè)支柱是學(xué)會(huì)做事。這和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)密不可分：我們?nèi)绾问菇逃臀磥?lái)相適應(yīng)、使人們有能力做好未來(lái)所需要的工作？這里我們應(yīng)該將以雇傭勞動(dòng)為主的工業(yè)化經(jīng)濟(jì)同以個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)或臨時(shí)工為主的其他類(lèi)型的經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。工業(yè)化經(jīng)濟(jì)的未來(lái)取決于它們能否把知識(shí)的進(jìn)步轉(zhuǎn)化為革新，從而開(kāi)創(chuàng)新企業(yè)、創(chuàng)造新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。除了學(xué)習(xí)從事一種職業(yè)外，學(xué)會(huì)做事也指獲得一種能力，這種能力使一個(gè)人能夠應(yīng)付各種各樣的情況，而且能夠參與集體勞動(dòng)。如果在校的中小學(xué)生和大學(xué)生都有機(jī)會(huì)參加一些以獲取工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)為目標(biāo)的培訓(xùn)活動(dòng)或社會(huì)福利工作，以此來(lái)實(shí)踐和鍛煉自己的能力，以上所說(shuō)的能力和技能在許多情況下是比較容易獲得的close7RT Last, but far from least, is the fourth pillar: learning to be.In the twenty-first century everyone will need to exercise greater independence and judgment.It is necessary to have a stronger sense of personal responsibility for the attainment of common goals.Education should contribute to every person's complete development — mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic(美感的)appreciation and spirituality.All people should receive in their childhood and youth an education that equips them to develop their own independent, critical way of thinking and judgment, so that they can make up their own minds on the best courses of action(行動(dòng)步驟)in the different circumstances in their lives.None of the talents which are hidden like buried treasure in every person must be left untapped(未開(kāi)發(fā)的).These are, to name but a few: memory, reasoning power, imagination, physical ability, aesthetic sense, the aptitude(才能)to communicate with others and the natural charisma(領(lǐng)袖氣質(zhì))of the group leader, which again goes to prove the need for greater self-knowledge.最后但同樣重要的是第四個(gè)支柱：學(xué)會(huì)生存。在二十一世紀(jì)，人人都需要發(fā)揮更強(qiáng)的自主能力和判斷能力；每個(gè)人都要對(duì)共同目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)懷有更強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任感。教育應(yīng)當(dāng)促進(jìn)每個(gè)人的全面發(fā)展，即身心、智力、敏銳性、審美情趣以及精神的升華等方面的發(fā)展。每個(gè)人在青少年時(shí)代接受的教育應(yīng)該使他們形成一種獨(dú)立自主的、富有批判精神的思維方式和判斷力。只有這樣，他們才能夠在人生不同的情況下自己確定最應(yīng)該做的事情。蘊(yùn)藏在每個(gè)人身上的像寶藏一樣的才能都必須發(fā)揮出來(lái)，例如記憶力、推理能力、想象力、體能、審美意識(shí)、與他人交流的能力以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者天生的領(lǐng)袖魅力。這再次證明一個(gè)人需要對(duì)自己有更深入的了解。close8RT What we shall build in the twenty-first century is a learning society founded on the acquisition, renewal(更新)and use of knowledge.As the development of the ”information society“ is increasing the opportunities for access to data and facts, education should enable everyone to gather information and to select, arrange, manage and use it.我們要在二十一世紀(jì)建立以獲取、更新和利用知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的教育社會(huì)。由于“信息社會(huì)”不斷發(fā)展，人們接觸數(shù)據(jù)和事實(shí)的機(jī)會(huì)大增，教育應(yīng)該使每個(gè)人都能收集種種信息，并能篩選、整理、管理和使用這些信息。close9RT Faced with a growing and at the same time increasingly quality-minded demand for education, how can educational policies achieve the twin aims of high educational standards and equity? These are the questions that we should address concerning courses of study, educational methods and content, and prerequisites(先決條件)for the effectiveness of education.面對(duì)這種對(duì)教育越來(lái)越多、越來(lái)越高的要求，怎樣才能使教育政策實(shí)現(xiàn)既提高教育質(zhì)量又體現(xiàn)教育公正這兩個(gè)目標(biāo)呢？這是我們應(yīng)該解決的問(wèn)題，其中涉及課程設(shè)置、教學(xué)方法和內(nèi)容、以及提高教學(xué)效果應(yīng)必備的條件。close10RT These four pillars of knowledge cannot be anchored(固定)solely in one phase in a person's life or in a single place.There is a need to re-think when in people's lives education should be provided, and the fields that such education should cover.The periods and fields should complement each other and be interrelated in such a way that all people can get the most out of their own specific educational environment all through their lives.教育的這四個(gè)支柱不能只涉及一個(gè)人一生中的某個(gè)階段或單純某個(gè)方面。我們有必要重新思考：人的一生什么時(shí)候應(yīng)該獲得教育？所受的教育應(yīng)該覆蓋哪些領(lǐng)域？教育的各個(gè)階段和領(lǐng)域應(yīng)該相互補(bǔ)充，相互關(guān)聯(lián)，從而使每個(gè)人在一生中都能夠充分利用自己擁有的獨(dú)特的教育環(huán)境。Close

Unit 6 Culture Shock

Kalervo Oberg The text is excerpted and adapted from Kalervo Oberg's talk presented to the Women's Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 3, 1954.close1RT We might almost call culture shock an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure.文化沖擊

卡勒沃·奧伯格

我們不妨把文化沖擊稱(chēng)為突然置身國(guó)外的人們所得的職業(yè)病。和大部分疾病一樣，這種病有其獨(dú)特的起因、癥狀和療法。close2RT Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues.文化沖擊是因?yàn)槲覀兪ナ煜さ纳鐣?huì)交往標(biāo)記和符號(hào)而產(chǎn)生的焦慮所促成。這些標(biāo)志或暗示包括我們應(yīng)付日常生活各種情境時(shí)使用的諸多方式方法：與人會(huì)面時(shí)何時(shí)握手、該說(shuō)些什么；在什么時(shí)間、以什么方式付小費(fèi)；如何吩咐傭人；怎樣購(gòu)物；何時(shí)該接受、何時(shí)該拒絕他人的邀請(qǐng)；別人說(shuō)的話，何時(shí)該當(dāng)真，何時(shí)不該當(dāng)真。這些暗示可以是語(yǔ)言、手勢(shì)、面部表情、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣或社會(huì)行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我們?cè)诔砷L(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中獲得了這些暗示，就像我們的語(yǔ)言和我們所接受的信仰一樣，它們已經(jīng)成為我們文化的一部分。我們所有的人都依賴(lài)成百上千個(gè)這樣的暗示才能擁有寧?kù)o的心境，過(guò)上高效率的生活。close3RT Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.No matter how broad-minded you may be, a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort: ”The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.“ When Americans or other foreigners in a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people — you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.當(dāng)你走進(jìn)一種陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就隨之消失。此時(shí)的你宛如一條離開(kāi)水的魚(yú)。無(wú)論你的心胸多么開(kāi)闊，你賴(lài)以生存的支柱此時(shí)都已倒塌，挫折感和焦慮感油然而生。人們對(duì)此種挫折的反應(yīng)非常相似：他們首先排斥令他們不適的環(huán)境：”我們所到之國(guó)的生活方式很不好，讓我們感覺(jué)很糟糕?！爱?dāng)美國(guó)人或其他的外國(guó)人來(lái)到一個(gè)陌生的國(guó)度，聚在一起抱怨所到之國(guó)及其人民時(shí) —— 可以肯定，他們正深受文化沖擊之苦。文化沖擊的另外一個(gè)階段是回歸。故鄉(xiāng)的一草一木突然變得極為重要。一個(gè)美國(guó)人會(huì)不合理地美化美國(guó)的一切事物。在自己國(guó)家所經(jīng)歷的困難和問(wèn)題都拋在了腦后，只記得故鄉(xiāng)美好的事物。通常要回國(guó)一趟方可回到現(xiàn)實(shí)中。close4RT In an effort to get over culture shock, there is some value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of man-made physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a new born child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French;nor that he should eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right or use chopsticks.All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.And as we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned, culture becomes a way of life.要克服文化沖擊的心理，了解文化的性質(zhì)及其與個(gè)人的關(guān)系會(huì)有所裨益。除了賴(lài)以生存的自然環(huán)境，一個(gè)人還生活在由人造的有形物體、社會(huì)風(fēng)俗、觀念和信仰構(gòu)成的文化環(huán)境中。一個(gè)人并非天生就有文化，而是生來(lái)就具備學(xué)習(xí)和使用文化的能力。新生嬰兒的身上不存在一種只許他最終說(shuō)葡萄牙語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)的東西，也不存在一種只許他用左手而不是右手執(zhí)叉或只許他用筷子吃飯的東西。這些東西都是要孩子去學(xué)習(xí)的。文化也不是由父母負(fù)責(zé)傳遞給孩子的。任何一個(gè)民族的文化都是歷史的產(chǎn)物，經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的、本民族意識(shí)不到的過(guò)程才得以積累形成。孩子通過(guò)文化學(xué)會(huì)適應(yīng)周?chē)奈镔|(zhì)環(huán)境，學(xué)會(huì)和周?chē)娜舜蚪坏?。眾所周知，青少年在學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)的過(guò)程中經(jīng)常遇到困難。但是，文化一旦學(xué)會(huì)了，就會(huì)成為一種生活方式。close5RT People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things.This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group to the extent that any critical comment is taken as a remark which is rude to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me;if you criticize me, you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait.He acts that way not because he is Joe Doaks but because he is an American.Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured.It is thus best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups.Even if a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreigner should listen but not enter into the criticism.人們往往認(rèn)為自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。這非常正常，完全可以理解。我們把這種態(tài)度稱(chēng)為“民族優(yōu)越感”，即一種認(rèn)為自己的文化、種族和國(guó)家構(gòu)成世界中心的想法。個(gè)人往往將自己與所處的群體等同起來(lái)，因此任何批評(píng)的言論在他們看來(lái)都是對(duì)個(gè)人及其群體不尊敬的：如果你批評(píng)我的祖國(guó)，你就是在批評(píng)我；如果你批評(píng)我，你就是在批評(píng)我的祖國(guó)。抱著這種態(tài)度，人們往往把個(gè)人的怪癖歸結(jié)為民族的特點(diǎn)。例如，倘若一個(gè)美國(guó)人在國(guó)外做出怪異的或有悖社會(huì)公德的事情，在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的人們會(huì)認(rèn)為這純屬個(gè)人行為，但在國(guó)外卻被視為一種民族特性：他那樣做并非因?yàn)樗菃獭ざ嗫怂?，而是因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)美國(guó)人。遭受責(zé)難的不是他這個(gè)個(gè)體，而是他的祖國(guó)。因此，我們最好把民族優(yōu)越感看成是民族群體的一個(gè)永恒的特性。即使一個(gè)國(guó)家的公民批評(píng)了自己文化的某些方面，外國(guó)人也只應(yīng)當(dāng)聽(tīng)著，而不應(yīng)該參與批評(píng)。close6RT Once you realize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understanding of other people’s cultural background and your own lack of the means of communication rather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that you yourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication.And the sooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disappear.你一旦意識(shí)到面臨的問(wèn)題并非因?yàn)楫愑虻臄骋舛且驗(yàn)樽约簩?duì)其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏與對(duì)方溝通的方式，你同時(shí)就會(huì)意識(shí)到你本身能夠了解他人的文化，并能夠掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到這一點(diǎn)，文化沖擊就消失得越快。close7RT The question now arises, what can you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer is getting to know the people of the host country.But this you cannot do with any success without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbol system of communication.Now we all know that learning a new language is difficult, particularly to adults.This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you.But once you begin to be able to carry on a friendly conversation with your maid, your neighbour, or to go on shopping trips alone, you not only gain confidence and a feeling of power but a whole new world of cultural meanings opens up for you.接下來(lái)的問(wèn)題是，你怎樣做才能盡快克服文化沖擊？答案是：了解所到之國(guó)的國(guó)民。但是，倘若不懂語(yǔ)言，你是無(wú)法成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言是用于交流的主要的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。我們現(xiàn)在都知道，學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)新的語(yǔ)言不容易，對(duì)成年人來(lái)說(shuō)，尤為如此。無(wú)論教語(yǔ)言的老師多么擅長(zhǎng)于減輕你學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的難度，單單學(xué)語(yǔ)言這項(xiàng)任務(wù)都足以讓你焦慮不安、飽受挫折。不過(guò)，你一旦能夠和女傭、鄰居進(jìn)行友好的交談，能夠單獨(dú)出門(mén)購(gòu)物，你就會(huì)重獲信心，充滿力量，一個(gè)蘊(yùn)含各種文化意義的新世界就向你敞開(kāi)了大門(mén)。close8RT You begin to find out what people do, how they do it, and what their interests are.People usually express these interests by what they habitually talk about and how they allocate their time and money.Once you know this value or interest pattern it will be quite easy to get people to talk to and be interested in you.你開(kāi)始發(fā)現(xiàn)人們做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他們感興趣的事情。人們往往通過(guò)日常的談話內(nèi)容和時(shí)間、金錢(qián)的分配方式來(lái)表達(dá)自己的興趣愛(ài)好。你一旦了解了他們的興趣和價(jià)值模式，就很容易和他們交談，也容易讓他們對(duì)你產(chǎn)生興趣。close9RT At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.Yet the visitor should never forget that he or she is an outsider and will be treated as such.He or she should view this participation as a role playing.Understanding the ways of a people is essential but this does not mean that you have to give up your own.What happens is that you have developed two patterns of behavior.有時(shí)候，參加人們舉辦的各種活動(dòng)，不管是嘉年華會(huì)、宗教儀式還是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，在活動(dòng)中仔細(xì)觀察，和人們一起喜怒哀樂(lè)，這都有好處。不過(guò)，你永遠(yuǎn)都不要忘記，你是一個(gè)外人，人們也會(huì)把你當(dāng)成一個(gè)外人對(duì)待。你應(yīng)當(dāng)把參與活動(dòng)看成角色扮演。了解一個(gè)民族的生活方式很重要，但這并非意味著你要放棄自己的文化。實(shí)際上，你已經(jīng)具備兩種行為方式。

T Rich Met My Mother

Amy Tan This text is adapted from ”Four Directions“ by Amy Tan in Frame Work edited by Gary Colombo, Bonnie Lisle & Sandra Mano.Boston: Bedford Books.1997.close1RT After much thought, I came up with a brilliant plan.I worked out a way for Rich to meet my mother and win her over.In fact, I arranged it so my mother would want to cook a meal especially for him.I had some help from Auntie Suyuan.Auntie Su was my mother's friend from way back.里奇拜見(jiàn)我媽譚恩美

一番深思熟慮之后，我想出了一個(gè)妙計(jì)，設(shè)法讓里奇與我母親見(jiàn)面，贏得她的好感。實(shí)際上，我巧加安排，讓我媽特意為里奇做一餐飯。這回我得到了素云阿姨的一臂之力，她是我母親的老朋友了。close2RT So one day, my mother called me, to invite me to a delayed birthday dinner for my father.My brother Vincent was bringing his girlfriend, Lisa Lum.I could bring a friend, too.終于，一天母親打來(lái)電話，邀請(qǐng)我參加為父親推遲舉行的生日晚宴。我的弟弟文森特要帶上女朋友林莉薩，那么我也可以帶一個(gè)朋友。close3RT I knew she would do this, because cooking was how my mother expressed her love, her pride, her power, her proof that she knew more than Auntie Su.”Just be sure to tell her later that her cooking was the best you ever tasted, that it was far better than Auntie Su's,“ I told Rich.”Believe me.“

母親這樣做，不出我的意料。因?yàn)榕腼兪悄赣H表達(dá)她的愛(ài)、她的驕傲、她的權(quán)威和證明她的學(xué)識(shí)勝過(guò)素云阿姨的一種方式?！帮埡笠欢ㄒ嬖V媽?zhuān)龅牟耸悄愠赃^(guò)的最好的，比素云阿姨做的好吃多了?！蔽腋锲嬲f(shuō)，“聽(tīng)我的沒(méi)錯(cuò)兒。”close4RT The night of the dinner, I sat in the kitchen watching her cook, waiting for the right moment to tell her about our marriage plans, that we had decided to get married next July, about seven months away.She was chopping eggplant into small pieces, chattering(喋喋不休)at the same time about Auntie Suyuan: ”She can only cook looking at a recipe.My instructions are in my fingers.I know what secret ingredients to put in just by using my nose!“ And she was slicing so fast that I was afraid her fingertips would become one of the ingredients of the red-cooked(紅燒的)eggplant and shredded pork dish.生日宴會(huì)的那天晚上，我坐在廚房里看媽媽做菜，等著找機(jī)會(huì)告訴她我們的結(jié)婚計(jì)劃，告訴她我們決定明年7月份（也就是7個(gè)月后）結(jié)婚。她一邊把茄子切成小塊，一邊叨叨著素云阿姨：“她看著食譜才會(huì)做菜，而我對(duì)做菜的竅門(mén)可是了如指掌。聞聞就知道該用什么獨(dú)家配料！”她飛快地切著薄片，我生怕她的指尖也成了紅燒肉末茄子的配料。close5RT I was hoping she would say something first about Rich.I had seen her expression when she opened the door, her forced smile as she studied him from head to toe, checking her appraisal(評(píng)價(jià))of him against that already given to her by Auntie Suyuan.I tried to anticipate what criticisms she would have.我希望她能主動(dòng)提到里奇。我注意到了她開(kāi)門(mén)時(shí)的表情。她擠出一絲笑容，把里奇從頭到腳打量了個(gè)遍，心里一邊在作比照，看從素云阿姨那聽(tīng)來(lái)的看法是否與自己所見(jiàn)相符。我努力設(shè)想她會(huì)做出什么樣的批評(píng)。close6RT Rich was not only not Chinese, he was a few years younger than I was.And unfortunately, he looked much younger with his curly red hair, smooth pale skin, and the splash of orange freckles(雀斑)across his nose.He was a bit on the short side, compactly built.In his dark business suits, he looked nice but easily forgettable, like somebody's nephew at a funeral, which was why I didn't notice him the first year we worked together at the firm.But my mother noticed everything.里奇不僅不是華人，還比我小幾歲。而且不幸的是，他一頭紅色的卷發(fā)，光滑蒼白的皮膚，鼻子上布滿了橙色的雀斑，讓他比實(shí)際年紀(jì)更顯年輕。他個(gè)頭不高，長(zhǎng)得結(jié)結(jié)實(shí)實(shí)。身著深色西裝，他看起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，但是不會(huì)令人難忘，就像是誰(shuí)家葬禮上某人的侄子那么不起眼。所以頭一年在公司里與他共事時(shí)我就沒(méi)注意到他?？赡赣H卻把什么都看在了眼里。close7RT ”So what do you think of Rich?“ I finally asked, holding my breath.“那么你覺(jué)得里奇怎樣？”我終于問(wèn)道，屏息而待。close8RT She tossed the eggplant in the hot oil and it made a loud, angry hissing(發(fā)出嘶嘶聲的)sound.”So many spots on his face,“ she said.她把茄子倒進(jìn)熱油里翻炒，鍋里傳出一陣憤怒的嘶嘶作響的聲音?！澳樕夏敲炊喟唿c(diǎn)，”她說(shuō)道。close9RT ”They're freckles.Freckles are good luck, you know,“ I said a bit too heatedly in trying to raise my voice above the noise of the kitchen.“是雀斑，要知道，有雀斑命好?！蔽艺f(shuō)得有些過(guò)于激動(dòng)，試圖把聲音提高，蓋過(guò)廚房里的噪音。close10RT ”O(jiān)h?“ She said innocently.“哦？”她好像真的不知情似說(shuō)道。close11RT ”Yes, the more spots the better.Everybody knows that.“

“真的，斑點(diǎn)越多越好，誰(shuí)都知道這回事兒?！眂lose12RT She considered this a moment and then smiled and spoke in Chinese: ”Maybe this is true.When you were young, you got the chicken pox(水痘).So many spots, you had to stay home for ten days.So lucky, you thought.“

她思忖了一會(huì)兒，笑了。用中文說(shuō)道：“好像是這么回事兒。你小時(shí)候長(zhǎng)水痘，長(zhǎng)了好多的痘痘，在家呆了10天，你當(dāng)時(shí)那個(gè)慶幸！”close13RT I couldn't save Rich in the kitchen.And I couldn't save him later at the dinner table.在廚房里我拯救不了里奇，在飯桌上我也救不了他。close14RT He had brought a bottle of French wine, something he did not know my parents could not appreciate.My parents did not even own wineglasses.And then he also made the mistake of drinking not one but two glasses full, while everybody else had a half-inch ”just for taste“.他帶了瓶法國(guó)葡萄酒，他不知道我父母不會(huì)欣賞那玩意兒，我父母連酒杯都沒(méi)有。后來(lái)他還犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)，大家都“只是為了嘗嘗”喝下半英寸酒杯高的酒量，可他不止喝一杯，而是喝了滿滿兩杯。close15RT When I offered Rich a fork, he insisted on using the slippery ivory(象牙)chopsticks.He held them spread out clumsily while picking up a large chunk(厚塊)of red-cooked eggplant.Halfway between his plate and his open mouth, the chunk fell on his crisp(嶄新的)white shirt.當(dāng)我給里奇叉子時(shí)，他堅(jiān)持使用滑不唧溜的象牙筷。夾起一大塊紅燒茄子時(shí)，筷子在他笨拙的手上并不攏。當(dāng)把茄子夾到他的碟子和大張著的嘴之間時(shí)，茄子竟然掉落在他嶄新的白色襯衣上。close16RT And then he had helped himself to big portions of the shrimp and snow peas(糖莢豌豆炒河蝦), not realizing he should have taken only a polite spoonful, until everybody had had a morsel(一小份).后來(lái)，他又自顧自地大吃糖莢豌豆炒河蝦，殊不知他得等大家吃過(guò)一點(diǎn)才能夠禮貌地吃上一小勺。close17RT He had declined the new greens, the tender and expensive leaves of bean plants plucked(采摘)before the sprouts(新芽)turn into beans.他謝絕吃新鮮青菜，那豆苗葉又嫩又昂貴，還沒(méi)結(jié)豆子那葉子就給摘了下來(lái)。close18RT He thought he was being polite by refusing seconds, when he should have followed my father's example, who made a big show of taking small portions of seconds, thirds, and even fourths, always saying he could not resist another bite of something or other, and then groaning that he was so full he thought he would burst.他以為拒絕吃第二口就算是有禮貌了，實(shí)際上，他應(yīng)該跟我爸爸學(xué)：架勢(shì)大，但吃量少，就這樣吃第二口、第三口、甚至第四口，邊吃邊要一個(gè)勁兒地說(shuō)還是忍不住再吃上一口之類(lèi)的話，然后就哼哼著說(shuō)自己肚子飽得要撐破了。close19RT But the worst was when Rich criticized my mother's cooking, and he didn't even know what he had done.As is the Chinese cook's custom, my mother always made disparaging(貶低的)remarks about her own cooking.That night she chose to direct it toward her famous steamed pork and preserved vegetable dish, which she always served with special pride.可最為糟糕的是里奇數(shù)落了我母親的做菜手藝，自己卻渾然不覺(jué)。按照中國(guó)做菜人的習(xí)慣，我母親老是說(shuō)自己做的菜不好吃。那天晚上，她將矛頭直指她那道著名的“梅菜扣肉”，她總是特別驕傲地端上這道菜。close20RT ”Ai!This dish not salty enough, no flavor,“ she complained, after tasting a small bite.”It is too bad to eat.“

“哎！不夠咸，沒(méi)味道。”嘗了一小口后，她抱怨道?！疤y吃了?！眂lose21RT This was our family's cue to eat some and proclaim it the best she had ever made.But before we could do so, Rich said, ”You know, all it needs is a little soy sauce(醬油).“ And he proceeded to pour a riverful of the salty black stuff on the big plate, right before my mother's horrified(震驚的)eyes.在我們家，這是暗示我們大家先吃一點(diǎn)，然后就宣稱(chēng)這是她燒的最美味的一道菜?？墒俏覀冞€沒(méi)來(lái)得及這樣做，里奇就開(kāi)腔了：“沒(méi)錯(cuò)，就差點(diǎn)醬油?！倍螅桶涯呛诤鹾醯南?hào)|西在母親震驚的目光注視下往那大盤(pán)子菜上澆。close22RT And even though I was hoping throughout the dinner that my mother would somehow see Rich's kindness, his sense of humor and boyish charm, I knew he had failed miserably in her eyes.即使我一直希望在吃飯的整個(gè)過(guò)程中，母親會(huì)設(shè)法看出里奇的善良、幽默和青年男子特有的魅力，但此刻我知道在母親眼中他已一敗涂地。close23RT Rich obviously had had a different opinion on how the evening had gone.When we got home that night, I was still shuddering(戰(zhàn)栗), remembering how Rich had firmly shaken both my parents' hands with that same easy(不拘束的)familiarity he used with nervous new clients.”Linda, Tim,“ he said, ”we'll see you again soon, I'm sure.“ My parents' names are Lindo and Tin Jong, and nobody, except a few older family friends, ever calls them by their first names.里奇對(duì)晚上發(fā)生的事情明顯有不同的看法。當(dāng)晚我們回家時(shí)，想起他用力握我父母的手，就像他和緊張的新客戶(hù)握手時(shí)表現(xiàn)出的瀟灑隨意，我渾身還在發(fā)抖?！傲者_(dá)，蒂姆，”他當(dāng)時(shí)說(shuō)道，“我們不久會(huì)再來(lái)看望你們的，我保證?！蔽腋改傅拿址謩e叫琳朵（音譯）和鐘田（仿粵語(yǔ)音譯）。除了家里來(lái)往的幾個(gè)年長(zhǎng)的朋友外，誰(shuí)也不會(huì)直呼他們的名字。close24RT ”So what did she say when you told her?“ And I knew he was referring to our getting married.“你告訴她了，她怎么說(shuō)？”我知道他指的是我們結(jié)婚的事兒。close25RT ”I never had a chance,“ I said, which was true.How could I have told my mother I was getting married, when at every possible moment we were alone, she seemed to remark on how much expensive wine Rich liked to drink, or how pale and ill he looked.“沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)，”我說(shuō)的是實(shí)話。在和母親獨(dú)處的所有時(shí)間里，她好像都在議論里奇喜歡喝的葡萄酒是多么的昂貴，他的面色多么地蒼白、氣色多么地差，我哪里可以跟她說(shuō)我要結(jié)婚。close26RT Rich was smiling.”How long does it take to say, Mom, Dad, I'm getting married?“

里奇嬉皮笑臉?！熬驼f(shuō)聲 ‘爸、媽?zhuān)乙Y(jié)婚了’ 能花上多長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間？”close27RT ”You don't understand.You don't understand my mother.“

“你不明白，你不了解我母親?！?/p>

Unit 7

T What Makes Olympic Champions?

John E.Anderson This article is adapted from Reader's Digest, Feb.1994.close1RT When Kristi Yamaguchi fell to the ice in the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville, France, spectators groaned.Surely the 20-year-old's chances for a gold medal in figure skating had evaporated with that tumble.But Kristi rose to her feet, flashed a dazzling smile and spun back into her program.When the judges' scores were announced, she had received near-perfect marks despite the fall.Her spirited recovery gave her the gold medal — a tribute to her

determination and courage.是什么造就了奧運(yùn)冠軍? 約翰· E· 安德森

1992年，在法國(guó)阿爾貝維爾冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，當(dāng)克里斯蒂· 山口在冰場(chǎng)上跌倒時(shí)，觀眾席上一片遺憾的聲音。這位20歲的運(yùn)動(dòng)員獲得花樣滑冰金牌的希望肯定會(huì)因這一失足而化為泡影。但是克里斯蒂站了起來(lái)，她燦然一笑，旋轉(zhuǎn)身體，繼續(xù)表演。她雖然不幸跌倒，但裁判卻給她打了近乎完美的分?jǐn)?shù)。她能鼓起勇氣，重振旗鼓，獲得了金牌，這足以證明她的決心和勇氣。close2RT As a consultant to U.S.Olympic teams and many individual athletes, I've seen dozens of young men and women like Kristi who reached deep into themselves at a critical moment and found something that brought out their best.They mounted the winners' stand not simply because of athletic talent but because of firm inner fiber.作為美國(guó)奧運(yùn)隊(duì)及許多運(yùn)動(dòng)員的顧問(wèn)，我目睹了許多像克里斯蒂這樣年輕的男女運(yùn)動(dòng)員：他們?cè)陉P(guān)鍵時(shí)刻能夠挖掘自身，找到發(fā)揮潛能的一種力量。他們登上領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)，不單純是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)才能，還因?yàn)樗麄儍?nèi)在的不屈不撓的意志。close3RT They had a dream.Kristi Yamaguchi visualized herself as an Olympic champion the first time she put on skates, at age six.Bonny Warner, who represented the United States in three Olympic luge competitions, didn't have her dream until she was a college student.Before that, she had never heard of the racing sled called a luge.But once the dream took shape, both young women clung to it courageously and worked to make it come true.他們擁有夢(mèng)想。

克里斯蒂·山口6歲時(shí)首次穿上溜冰鞋，那時(shí)她就想象自己是一名奧運(yùn)冠軍。邦妮·華納三度代表美國(guó)參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)的仰臥滑行小雪橇比賽。她直到上了大學(xué)才有自己的夢(mèng)想。之前，她從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)有“仰臥滑行的小雪橇”這種比賽用的雪橇。這兩個(gè)年輕女子，一旦擁有夢(mèng)想，就鍥而不舍地、勇敢地追求，為了夢(mèng)想的實(shí)現(xiàn)不遺余力。close4RT Most important, their parents and those around them supported the dream.Loretta Dawes, whose 16-year-old daughter, Dominique, was one of the first female black gymnasts to represent the United States in the Olympics, recently told the press that bringing up a world-class athlete isn't easy.For an entire year before the 1992 Olympics, she rarely saw her daughter, who lived with her coach to be closer to the gym, a 45-minute drive from home.Dawes was asked what advice she would give other parents of athletes.She answered simply and eloquently.”Believe in your child,“ she said.最重要的是，這些運(yùn)動(dòng)員的父母以及周?chē)娜硕贾С炙麄兊膲?mèng)想。洛雷塔·道斯16歲的女兒多米尼克是代表美國(guó)參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)的第一批黑人女性體操運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一。洛雷塔最近告訴記者說(shuō)，培養(yǎng)一個(gè)世界一流的運(yùn)動(dòng)員著實(shí)不易。在1992年奧運(yùn)會(huì)之前整整一年中，她很少看見(jiàn)自己的女兒。為了離體育館近一點(diǎn)，女兒和教練住在一塊，那兒離家有45分鐘的車(chē)程。當(dāng)有人請(qǐng)她給其他運(yùn)動(dòng)員的父母提一些建議的時(shí)候，她的回答簡(jiǎn)單卻極具說(shuō)服力?！跋嘈拍愕暮⒆影桑?她這樣說(shuō)。close5RT That doesn't mean every child who dreams of Olympic fame will one day climb onto the winners' stand.But being able to dream is the first step on every road to success — even if the initial dream eventually leads to a different road.這并非意味著每個(gè)擁有奧運(yùn)夢(mèng)想的孩子都能有朝一日登上領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)。但是，夢(mèng)想是通向成功的第一步 —— 哪怕當(dāng)初的夢(mèng)想最終讓孩子走向另一條不同的道路。close6RT They're fired up.The Olympic Flame that top performers pursue burns inside them.They're driven not only to be the best but to do their best —

always.他們滿懷激情。

優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員們夢(mèng)寐以求的奧運(yùn)圣火在他們的內(nèi)心深處燃燒。他們有強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力，不僅要成為最優(yōu)秀的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，還要竭盡全力去實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo) —— 始終不渝。close7RT That's why Carl Lewis, who already holds eight Olympic gold medals, plans to compete again at 36 in the 1996 Games, against youngsters half his age;and why discus thrower Al Oerter, after winning gold medals in four consecutive Olympics, tried again for the Olympic team at age 47.正因?yàn)槿绱?，已?jīng)獲得八枚奧運(yùn)金牌的卡爾· 劉易斯依然籌劃在36歲時(shí)再度參加1996年的奧運(yùn)會(huì)，同那些年齡只有他一半的年輕人決一雌雄；鐵餅運(yùn)動(dòng)員艾爾· 奧特，在連續(xù)獲得四屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)的金牌之后，47歲時(shí)依然為進(jìn)入奧運(yùn)隊(duì)伍而努力。close8RT Swimmer Janet Evans, who won three gold medals in Seoul in 1988, embodied that same desire to win four years later.After she narrowly missed a gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle, she swam one of the most psychologically challenging races of her life in the 800-meter freestyle to win the gold.”I just wanted to be up there on that winners' stand one more time,“

she confessed.游泳健將珍尼特·埃文斯在1988年的漢城奧運(yùn)會(huì)上雖獲得三枚金牌，但她表達(dá)了同樣的心愿：四年后再次奪冠。在400米自由泳項(xiàng)目中，她因毫厘之差與金牌擦肩而過(guò)。隨后，她完成了800米自由泳項(xiàng)目，這是她一生中最具有心理挑戰(zhàn)的一次比賽，結(jié)果她奪冠勝出。“我只是想再一次登上冠軍的領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)，”她坦白地說(shuō)。close9RT They aim high.I once asked a world-class athlete to guess at the outcome of a major competition.”I'll come in fifth,“ he said.And that's exactly where he finished, even though he could easily have placed third, or even second, since two other major contenders performed poorly.他們胸懷大志。

我曾經(jīng)讓一個(gè)世界級(jí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員猜測(cè)一次重大比賽的結(jié)果。“我會(huì)得第五名，”他說(shuō)。他果真得了第五名。他本來(lái)可以輕而易舉地名列第三，甚至是第二，因?yàn)榱硗鈨擅饕獙?duì)手發(fā)揮得不好。close10RT Contrast him with ”Flo Jo“ — Florence Griffith Joyner.Training a week before the 1988 Games, she wrote in her diary the time she expected to run and win the 100-meter dash: 10.54 seconds.When Flo Jo crossed the finish line, the clock showed 10.54.She had not only seen herself winning, but called her winning time to the split second.拿他和“弗洛·喬” —— 弗洛倫斯·格里菲斯·喬伊納比比吧。在1998年奧運(yùn)會(huì)前一周的訓(xùn)練中，喬伊納在日記中寫(xiě)下預(yù)計(jì)自己百米短跑奪冠的成績(jī)：10.54秒。當(dāng)弗洛·喬跨過(guò)終點(diǎn)線時(shí)，剛好是10.54秒。她不僅能夠在賽前看到自己奪冠，而且對(duì)奪冠的成績(jī)也能作出毫秒不差的預(yù)測(cè)。close11RT They never quit.The 1992 Summer Olympics featured two tremendously poignant moments.American sprinter Gail Devers, the clear leader in the 100-meter hurdles, tripped over the last barrier.She agonizingly pulled herself to her knees and crawled the last five meters, finishing the fifth — but finishing.他們從不放棄。

1992年夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)有兩個(gè)讓人極度惋惜的特寫(xiě)鏡頭。在百米跨欄比賽中，本來(lái)絕對(duì)領(lǐng)先他人的美國(guó)短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員蓋爾· 德弗斯在跨越最后一道障礙時(shí)絆倒在地。但她雙膝跪地，極其痛苦地爬完了最后五米，雖然僅獲得第五名，但是完成了比賽。close12RT Even more heart-breaking was the 400-meter semifinal in which British runner Derek Redmond had one leg injured and fell to the track.He struggled to his feet and began to hobble, determined to complete the race.His father ran from the stands to help him off the track, but the athlete refused to quit.He leaned on his father, and the two limped to the finish line together, to

deafening applause.更加令人心碎的是400米半決賽。英國(guó)選手德里克· 雷德蒙的一條腿受了傷，跌倒在跑道上。他掙扎著站起來(lái)，只見(jiàn)他一瘸一拐地跑起來(lái)，顯然是決心完成比賽。他的父親從看臺(tái)上跑下來(lái)，想攙扶他離開(kāi)跑道，但是這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員拒絕放棄比賽。他倚靠著自己的父親，父子倆蹣跚而行，直到終點(diǎn)，觀眾的掌聲震耳欲聾。close13RT They make their own luck.When Paul Wylie won a silver medal in men's figure skating at Albertville, he surprised everyone but himself.Several skaters who had been expected to win medals had been injured or had performed poorly.”I was the last person expected to make the winners' podium, “ Wylie said.”But I had trained like crazy, and when the favorites faltered, I was

ready.“

他們創(chuàng)造運(yùn)氣。

當(dāng)保羅·懷利在阿爾貝維爾贏得男子花樣溜冰比賽的銀牌時(shí)，除他以外，所有的人都很驚訝。本來(lái)有望得獎(jiǎng)的幾位選手有的受傷了，有的發(fā)揮不好。“沒(méi)有人會(huì)想到我能登上領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)，”懷利說(shuō)，“但是，之前我拼了命地訓(xùn)練，當(dāng)最有希望獲勝的運(yùn)動(dòng)員比賽失利時(shí)，我已作好了奪冠的準(zhǔn)備。”close14RT Month after month, year after year, Olympians I know go through a grind of pointing toward their big moment.Skaters arise at 4 a.m.to squeeze in a few hours of practice before a rink is open to the public.Cyclists put in hours of running exercises before reporting to their daily jobs.Boxers head for the gym and work out relentlessly

every day.我所了解的這些奧運(yùn)選手，為了那個(gè)輝煌的時(shí)刻，日復(fù)一日、年復(fù)一年地埋頭苦干。溜冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員凌晨四時(shí)起身，為的是在溜冰場(chǎng)向公眾開(kāi)放之前擠出幾個(gè)小時(shí)的訓(xùn)練時(shí)間。自行車(chē)競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)員在每天上班前，進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾小時(shí)的長(zhǎng)跑訓(xùn)練。拳擊運(yùn)動(dòng)員每天都前往體育館進(jìn)行不懈的訓(xùn)練。close15RT In the Olympics, as in other aspects of life, luck certainly counts.The second clarinetist who has practiced diligently is lucky to get a chance to solo when the first clarinetist becomes ill.So is the assistant sales manager who fills in for the boss in an emergency.But both must be well prepared for their big break.In the Olympics — in everything — luck strikes those prepared to capitalize on it.奧運(yùn)會(huì)上運(yùn)氣當(dāng)然重要，這和生活的其他領(lǐng)域一樣。當(dāng)最優(yōu)秀的單簧管手生病時(shí)，屈居第二但是勤奮練習(xí)的樂(lè)手就有幸獲得獨(dú)奏的機(jī)會(huì)。這就像在緊急情況下助理銷(xiāo)售經(jīng)理填補(bǔ)老板的位置一樣。當(dāng)然，在這兩種情況下，要填補(bǔ)上來(lái)的人必須為自己的巨大轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)作好準(zhǔn)備。在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上 —— 在任何情況下 —— 好運(yùn)只光顧那

些做好準(zhǔn)備迎接好運(yùn)的人。

T Tokens of the Olympic Ideal This text is taken and adapted from the following http://004km.cn/olympic/trivia/index.php

website: close1RT The Olympic motto, creed(信條), oath(誓言), flame, flag, and anthem(頌歌)— these are all tokens pointing to the Olympic ideal.Collectively, they represent the essence of the Olympic Movement;individually, they contribute to the legacy of the Olympic Games.奧林匹克理想的象征

奧林匹克的格言、信條、誓言、圣火、會(huì)旗及其會(huì)歌 —— 這些都是奧林匹克理想的象征。它們共同體現(xiàn)著奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)的精髓，各自都為奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的精神財(cái)富作出了貢獻(xiàn)。close2RT The Olympic motto: The well-known motto of the Olympic Games, ”Citius, Altius, Fortius,“ is Latin for ”Faster, Higher, Braver“.However, this phrase is most universally recognized in English as ”Swifter, Higher, Stronger.“ Michel Breal, a French educator, introduced the phrase at the closing dinner of the congress for the reestablishment of the modern Olympic Games on June 23, 1894, where it was adopted as the official motto of the International Olympic Committee.奧林匹克格言：

著名的奧林匹克格言“Citius, Altius, Fortius”是拉丁語(yǔ)，意思是“更快、更高、更勇”。但在英語(yǔ)中，這一格言廣為認(rèn)同的說(shuō)法是“更快、更高、更強(qiáng)”。1894年6月23日，法國(guó)教育家米歇爾·布里厄在現(xiàn)代奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)復(fù)興大會(huì)的閉幕宴會(huì)上首度使用該用語(yǔ)。就在那次大會(huì)上，它被認(rèn)可為國(guó)際奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)委員會(huì)的正式格言。close3RT The Olympic oath: At the start of each Olympics, every athlete promises to play fairly and obey all of the Olympic rules.One athlete from the host country takes this oath at the opening ceremony on behalf of all athletes.Holding a corner of the Olympic flag, the chosen athlete repeats the oath: ”In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams.“ 奧林匹克誓言：

每一屆奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)開(kāi)幕時(shí)，所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)員都要承諾將公平比賽，遵守各項(xiàng)奧運(yùn)規(guī)則。在開(kāi)幕式上一名來(lái)自主辦國(guó)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員代表全體運(yùn)動(dòng)員宣誓。他手執(zhí)奧運(yùn)旗幟的一角，背誦如下的誓言： “我代表全體參賽運(yùn)動(dòng)員宣誓，在本次奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上，我們將尊重并遵守大會(huì)各項(xiàng)規(guī)則，恪守體育道德，為體育爭(zhēng)光，為團(tuán)體爭(zhēng)光。”

close4RT Written by Baron de Coubertin, the athletes' oath was first taken at the 1920 Antwerp Games in Belgium.該運(yùn)動(dòng)員誓言的作者是德·顧拜旦男爵，1920年在比利時(shí)安特衛(wèi)普奧運(yùn)會(huì)上首次被宣讀。close5RT The Olympic creed: A judge from the host country recites(背誦)the Olympic creed, which appears on the scoreboard during the Opening Ceremony: ”The most important thing in the Olympic games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle.The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well."

奧林匹克信條：

開(kāi)幕式上，主辦國(guó)的一個(gè)裁判誦讀出現(xiàn)在記分牌上的奧運(yùn)信條： “奧運(yùn)重在參與，不在于奪冠，就像生活重在奮斗，而不在于成功；奧運(yùn)的要旨不是已經(jīng)征服，而是曾經(jīng)奮斗拼搏。”

close6RT Although there have been many variations in the wording of this basic message throughout the history of the Games, the creed above, which was introduced at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, is still used today.盡管奧運(yùn)歷史上表達(dá)這一基本精神的措辭屢經(jīng)變換，上述信條自1972年在慕尼黑奧運(yùn)會(huì)上采用后就一直沿用到今。close7RT The Olympic Flame: Fire was sacred in Greek mythology(神話).The tradition of lighting an Olympic Flame comes from the ancient Greeks.During the ancient Olympic Games, a sacred flame was lit from the sun's rays at Olympia(奧林匹亞), and stayed lit until the Games were completed.奧林匹克圣火：在希臘神話里，火是神圣的。點(diǎn)燃奧林匹克圣火的傳統(tǒng)來(lái)自古希臘。古代奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上，圣火采自?shī)W林匹亞山上的陽(yáng)光，它一直燃燒到運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)結(jié)束。close8RT In modern times, the Olympic Flame was first lit during the opening ceremony of the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.This legacy comes alive every four years when the ancient flame is lit again for a new Olympiad(奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)).現(xiàn)代奧林匹克之火是在1928年阿姆斯特丹奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的開(kāi)幕式上首次點(diǎn)燃。每隔四年當(dāng)古老的火焰為新一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)再次點(diǎn)燃時(shí)，這個(gè)古希臘的遺風(fēng)得以復(fù)活。close9RT The Olympic anthem: The Olympic anthem began as a poem written in 1893 by one of the best known and loved Greek poets of the 20th century, Costas Palamas.Palamas's poem was set to music in 1896 by the Greek composer Spiros Samaras and introduced at the first revived(復(fù)興的)Olympics in Athens that same year.奧林匹克會(huì)歌：

奧林匹克會(huì)歌原本是首詩(shī)，由20世紀(jì)最著名和最受人喜愛(ài)的一位希臘詩(shī)人科斯塔·帕拉馬斯1893年所作。1896年希臘作曲家斯皮羅斯·薩馬拉斯為帕拉馬斯的這首詩(shī)歌譜曲，同年，這首歌曲首度唱響在雅典舉行的第一個(gè)復(fù)興后的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上。close10RT Throughout the years, many different versions were played and sung at the Olympics.Finally, in 1958, the International Olympic Committee adopted one version as the official anthem of the Olympic Games.The loose(不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?translation of Palamas's poem that appears below is the English version that has been sung at every Olympic games since 1958: Immortal(不朽的)Spirit of antiquity(古老), Father of the true, beautiful, and good, Descend, appear, shed over us Thy(你的)light Upon this ground and under this sky.Which has first witnessed Thy imperishable(永存的)fame.Give life and animation(生氣)to those noble games!

Throw wreaths(花環(huán))of fadeless flowers to the victors(勝利者).In the race and in strife(爭(zhēng)斗)!Create in our breasts, hearts of steel!Shine in a roseate(粉紅的)hue(顏色)and form a vast temple To which all nations throng(蜂擁)to adore(崇拜)Thee(汝), O immortal Spirit of antiquity.多年來(lái)，許多不同版本的會(huì)歌在奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上演奏和歌唱。1958年國(guó)際奧委會(huì)最終確定其中的一個(gè)版本作為奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的正式會(huì)歌。下面引用的帕拉馬斯詩(shī)歌不太確切的英文版譯文便是自1958年起在每次的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上吟唱的英文版會(huì)歌。古代不朽之神真善美之父

祈求你降臨塵世彰顯你的光輝在這大地上蒼穹間

它第一個(gè)見(jiàn)證你流芳百世的榮耀請(qǐng)把活力與生氣賜予這些崇高的競(jìng)技！把永不凋謝的花環(huán)頒贈(zèng)給優(yōu)勝者！塑造出鋼鐵般的意志！放射出玫瑰般的艷麗霞光筑起一座巨大的神殿世界各地的人們都來(lái)膜拜你，??！永遠(yuǎn)不朽的古代之神。close11RT The Olympic Flag: The Olympic anthem is played as the Olympic flag is raised during the opening ceremony.Pierre de Coubertin is said to have found the original five-ring symbol engraved(雕刻)on an altar-stone unearthed(挖掘)at Delphi.The colorful Olympic rings are one of the most widely recognized symbols in the world today.奧林匹克會(huì)旗：

開(kāi)幕式演奏奧林匹克會(huì)歌時(shí)，會(huì)旗冉冉升起。據(jù)說(shuō)皮埃爾·德·顧拜旦在特爾斐掘出的一個(gè)祭壇石頭上發(fā)現(xiàn)了雕刻其上的五環(huán)標(biāo)志的真跡。如今，彩色奧運(yùn)環(huán)是世界上最廣泛認(rèn)可的標(biāo)志。close12RT The Olympic flag measures 2.06 m long, 60 cm high and is completely white with five circles in the center.The white background symbolizes peace and truth.The five rings represent the five continents of the world: ·Blue representing Europe ·Black representing Africa ·Red representing America ·Yellow representing Asia ·Green representing Oceania

奧運(yùn)會(huì)會(huì)旗長(zhǎng)2.06米，高60厘米，白底無(wú)邊，中央有五個(gè)圓環(huán)。白色的背景象征和平和真理。五個(gè)環(huán)代表世界的五大洲： ●藍(lán)色代表歐洲 ●黑色代表非洲 ●紅色代表美洲 ●黃色代表亞洲

●綠色代表大洋洲close13RT The Olympic flag is a symbol of peace, goodwill, and global solidarity and tolerance.True to this meaning, she has lent her colors to many athletes who were unable to compete under their own flag.奧運(yùn)會(huì)會(huì)旗象征和平、友好、全球團(tuán)結(jié)和寬容。真正意義在于，它使那些無(wú)法在自己國(guó)度的旗幟下參賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員有機(jī)會(huì)一展風(fēng)采。close14RT The Olympic ideal is a living, dynamic institution(慣例)in our daily lives, not simply a homage(致敬)to the past.奧林匹克的理想使我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畛錆M生氣和活力，而不只是對(duì)過(guò)去的頂禮膜拜。

Unit 8 Competition and Cooperation

Donald J.Boudreaux and Hugh Macaulay This text is taken and adapted from The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty, Vol.46, No.3, 1996.

第五篇：新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程1答案

Key to All Units(abridged)Unit One

Words in Action 1)1.They claim that they have discovered a cure for the disease, but this has not yet been proved.2.If Jane is not here in 10 minutes, we'll assume that she isn't coming and we won't wait for her any longer.3.After years of hard work, she became qualified as a doctor last year.4.They based their estimate on the figures for the last four years.5.Some Chinese words have no equivalents in English.6.The train leaves at about half past eight—8:32, to be precise.7.If you want my personal opinion, I don't think you should go there.8.The rights of the individual are perhaps the most important rights in society.9.She promised solemnly that she would not say a word about it to anyone.10.The house is too small for a family of five;furthermore, it is in a bad condition.11.Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.12.Her new novel is based on her adventures in Africa.2)1.obtain 2.confident 3.communicate 4.advantage 5.relevant 6.helpful 7.extreme 8.enjoyable 9.means 10.process 11.particularly 12.characters 13.astonished 14.apparently 3)1.fond of 2.is … related to 3.according to 4.To a certain extent 5.vice versa 6.no doubt 7.rid … of 8.cleared up 9.or else 10.at all costs 11.sure enough 12.let alone 13.based on 14.It's no use 15.in my view 16.was worth Increasing your word power 1)1.c

2.d

3.b

4.b

5.b

6.d 2)1.highly/very

2.quite/very

3.quite/very/increasingly

4.quite/simply/very 3)ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES efficiently efficient fluently

fluent quickly

quick cheaply

cheap continually continual probably

probable adventurously adventurous finally

final steadily

steady slowly

slow solemnly solemn really

real apparently apparent tentatively tentative exactly

exact 4)1.No mistake 2.especially 3.necessary

4.frequently

5.No mistake

6.easy

7.No mistake

8.individual

9.many 10.highly

11.apparent

12.remarkable 13.probably

14.No mistake Grammar Review Task 1: 1.would/should 2.should/would 3.might 4.would 5.must 6.can't 7.should, should 8.must Task 2: 1.We passed the afternoon very pleasantly, roller-skating in the sun and talking about our childhood under a tree./ The afternoon passed very pleasantly, while we roller-skated in the sun and talked about our childhood under a tree.2.On entering the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd./ When I entered the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd.3.When I was only a small boy, my father took me to Beijing and we had a lot of fun together.4.To write well, a person must read good books.Cloze(1)doubt

(2)efficient(3)where(4)advantage(5)afford(6)claim(7)fluently(8)qualified(9)extent(10)ridiculous(11)perfect(12)as(13)because(14)individual Translation 1)1.The baby can't even crawl yet, let alone walk!

2.Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie.3.To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills;and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better.4.According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game.5.Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word.6.We have passed all relevant information on to the police.7.There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer.8.It was a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract without reading it carefully.9.They refused to provide us with all the information we need.10.This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago.11.The film is based on a play by Shakespeare.12.If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.2)近年來(lái)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法有了很大改變，但是還是有大量的教學(xué)活動(dòng)建立在行為主義心理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)之上。那些信奉行為主義心理學(xué)理論的教師熱衷于讓學(xué)生復(fù)述短語(yǔ)，并迫使學(xué)生做一些只需不斷更換句中某個(gè)詞的練習(xí)。假如我們是鸚鵡或黑猩猩，那么這些方法或許能奏效。但是我們不是鸚鵡或黑猩猩，人類(lèi)的語(yǔ)言交際必須是真實(shí)、有意義的。

Theme related writing Write a passage in about 100-120 words, taking either of the following titles: Why I like to learn English I have learned English for about seven years.I should say that I am highly motivated to master English.First of all, learning English is useful, as it is becoming a world language and people from different countries often communicate with one another in English.If I am good at English, it will be much easier for me to communicate with them.Secondly, I like traveling a lot.A good mastery of English will make things much easier for me when traveling around the world.Finally, I like literature a lot.If I am very good at English, I can read great works by Shakespeare and Dickens and many other English writers instead of reading the translated versions.(118 words)Why I hate to learn English I have learned English for about seven years.I should say the more I learn English, the more I hate it.First of all, learning English is boring.I have to memorize many new words or rely on a dictionary to frequently check unknown words.Doing so wastes a lot of my precious time.Secondly, I don't understand why we have to learn a foreign language.I don't want to go abroad and I can always find a job that doesn't need English in China.Finally, I can always read translated versions of the books I want to read.So, if I don't have to learn English, I would rather use the time I spend on English to do things I like.(121 words)

Unit 2 Enhance your language awareness Words in Action Working with words and expressions 1)1.There were 24 people enrolled in the French class.2.It was so cold in the air-conditioned room that Jane had to wrap herself in a blanket.3.What are you complaining about? You have already got everything you want.4.When I turned off the TV, all my three kids protested.5.When the father learned about his son's school performance, he beamed with satisfaction.6.The children panicked when they saw the serious look on the teacher's face.7.How do people celebrate New Year's Day in your country? 8.He is too stubborn to admit that he was wrong.9.George is very ambitious about his future though he is just a teenager.10.My son is very good at figures , and he plans to take up Mathematics as his major.11.How can you keep your children at home for the whole week? Of course, they will get restless.12.He got very frustrated when he learned that he had failed the exam again.13.Being a very possessive father, he felt very unhappy when he learned his daughter was going to get married.2)1.create

2.conflict

3.involved

4.overcame

5.have survived

6.attend

7.frowned

8.wander

9.guilty 10.sustained

11.survey

12.awkward

13.recall

14.terrified

15.insurance

16.Adapting 3)1.was sick of

2.choking back

3.Compared with

4.settled into

5.would give anything

6.in the midst of

7.in his own right 8.on my own 9.fit in with

10.grew apart from

11.No wonder

12.staying up

13.was annoyed with

14.was scared of

15.in trouble

16.For instance Increasing your word power 1)1.possessive

2.overprotective

3.frustrated

4.possessive

5.lenient …strict 6.rebellious

7.frustrated

8.restless

9.stubborn 2)1.survey

2.sustain

3.attend

4.terrify

5.wrap

6.recall

1.After surveying the damage, we concluded that it was caused by animals.2.His car sustained dents when it hit the road block.3.The teachers will attend our meeting this afternoon.4.The stern expression on his face terrified me.5.Please wrap the presents carefully.6.When he recalled what happened ten years ago, he still couldn't help feeling sorry.3)Words Suffixes Adjectives

Chinese meaning(1)danger-ous dangerous 危險(xiǎn)的(2)irony-y →-ic ironic

具有諷刺意味的(3)fury-y →-ious furious

暴怒的(4)industry-y →-ious industrious 勤奮的(5)joy-ous joyous

（令人）高興的(6)ambition-ion →-ious ambitious

有抱負(fù)的；有野心的(7)fame-e → ous famous

著名的(8)hero-ic

heroic

英勇的(9)adventure-e →-ous adventurous 喜歡冒險(xiǎn)的；膽大的)1.dangerous

2.ironic

3.fury

4.heroic

5.adventure … fame Grammar Review Task 1 1.a.: vt.;b.: vi., with the same meaning: “not to die” 2.a.: vi.;b.: vt., with the same meaning: “to write back” 3.a.: vi., meaning “to succeed in dealing with sth.”

b.: vt.meaning “to be in control or in charge of” 4.a.: vi., meaning “to make a telephone call”

b.: vt., meaning “to say or consider that(sb.or sth.)is(sth.)” Task 2 1.F

argued with each other

2.F The accident happened…

3.F enjoyed it 4.T 5.T 6.F shouted at 7.T 8.T Task 3 Verbs Transitive Intransitive Sample Sentences settle yes

yes

1.He finally managed to settle the problem.2.He settled down in a small seaside village.change yes

yes

1.Thank you.You have changed my life.2.Do you think Jane has changed a lot? agree yes

yes

I agree with you.panic yes

1.He agreed that he had been thoughtless.2.I agree with you.pass yes

yes

1.The Congress passed the bill.2.He passed by without greeting me.explain yes

yes

1.Let me explain the problem to you.2.Don't get angry with me.I can explain.attend yes

yes

1.You can attend the meeting.2.Please attend to the details.follow yes

yes

1.Do not follow me.2.Whatever I do, he will just follow.Cloze(1)beamed(2)honorable

(3)awkward

(4)protested

(5)complaints

(6)compliments

(7)stubborn

(8)frowned

(9)recall

(10)panicked

(11)insurance

(12)surveyed(13)groaning(14)recognition Translation 1)1.Many teachers frowned on this practice.2.An old man glared at me when I was trying to cut across the lawn.3.When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face.4.My first born was quite obedient, whereas my younger child was very stubborn.I can still recall now how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after he finished his secondary school.5.Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when the tsunami struck the area.6.Every time the mother tries to compare the younger brother with his elder brother, the younger one will protest.7.He found himself unable to fit in with his classmates when he first came to this school.8.The fury on her face terrified me.I dared not say no to her again.9.No wonder you ended up in trouble.You never followed your parents' advice.10.It took him two years to adapt to the new environment.2)我還是個(gè)嬰兒的時(shí)候，我的父母親搬到了佛蒙特州。我那溫文爾雅的父親在那兒的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上毫不張揚(yáng)地開(kāi)業(yè)行醫(yī)了。很快，他就贏得了當(dāng)?shù)厝藢?duì)他的尊敬。我每到一處，也被人尊稱(chēng)為埃普利醫(yī)生的兒子。一開(kāi)始我很高興同學(xué)和老師們因?yàn)槲矣幸粋€(gè)受人尊敬的父親而善待我。但隨著我的長(zhǎng)大，事情起了變化。我開(kāi)始討厭父親的好名聲像影子一樣跟著我。我要獨(dú)立。我變得頑固倔強(qiáng)又反叛，還開(kāi)始對(duì)我父親直呼其名，令他傷透了心。但有一天，發(fā)生了一件事令我的態(tài)度徹底改變了。Theme-related Writing 1.In about 100-120 words, write about a conflict you once had with your parents.You can start with either of the following openings: 1)I was very unhappy with my father the other day.He must have called out to me for help with some housework, but I was so absorbed in reading that I didn't hear him.He stepped into my room, apparently in anger, grabbed my book and threw it on the floor.I got upset and insisted that he should pick it up and apologize to me.When he remained silent, I ran out and went off to play games with my friends in the neighbourhood.When it was turning dark, I saw my father looking around for me.He patted me on the head and walked back home with me, his arm wrapped around my shoulder.When I got home, I saw my book had “returned” to my reading table.(130 words)

2)I was grateful that my mother criticised me the other day.I had been asking her for money to buy all kinds of things that my friends have — a new pair of shoes or some new clothes.Every time I was refused, I played the same trick-threatening to pour the dish she cooked for the family into the river.My mother gave in each time I threatened to do that, but one day, she criticised me really hard.She scolded me for being selfish and inconsiderate and asked me to sit in a corner and reflect on my own behaviour.I couldn't believe my mother would be so angry with me and I grew afraid.I learned a good lesson and changed a lot afterwards.I was thankful that my mother made me realize my mistakes.(139 words)2.Describe your attitude towards your father or mother when you were a teenager.When you could not agree with each other, what did you do? Use an incident from daily life to support the description.My father is a well-known carpenter in my village.I still remember that when I was in my mid-teens, I used to adore him so much that I followed him and helped him make furniture for the other villagers.He not only had good skills, but he was also willing to help the villagers with minor repairs such as mending a broken window frame or fixing a door, without charge.All the villagers respected him.They also paid me compliments when they saw me helping him, saying that I would grow up to become honest and industrious just like my father.I was so proud that I had a father who was so well respected.(116 words)

Unit 3 Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action 1）1.reveals

2.behaving 3.handle 4.influenced 5.satisfied 6.entertain 7.inherit 8.affect 9.confronted 10.sought 11.isolated 12.restrict 13.optimistic 14.selfish 15.sensitive 2）1.summed up 2.have an impact on 3.respond to 4.In general 5.falls into 6.at work 7.shut myself off 8.in control of 9.free from 10.in good shape 3）(1)high-achiever(2)combination

(3)seek

(4)specific(5)restrict(6)vary(7)expand(8)growth(9)company(10)dominate(11)opportunity Increasing Your Word Power 1）1.aggressive, sarcastic, harsh, negative 2.magical, mystical 3.negative, critical 4.magical, outgoing, optimistic 5.intellectual 2）1.Evidently 2.individually 3.absolutely 4.consistently/evidently/absolutely 5.Consequently 6.mentally … physically 7.probably/absolutely 8.eagerly … enthusiastically 9.easily 10.Normally 3）

creative creation create negative negation negate defensive defense defend possessive possession possess submissive submission submit sensitive —

sensitize aggressive aggression creative creation create negative negation negate defensive defense defend possessive possession possess submissive submission submit sensitive

sensitize

Now fill in the blanks in the paragraph below by choosing the appropriate word given in the brackets.Change the form wherever necessary.(1)submissive

(2)aggressive(3)possession(4)created(5)negative(6)defense(7)sensitive Grammar Review Task 1:(1)all(2)many(3)a(4)much(5)some(6)every(7)an(8)any Task 2: Mistakes

Corrections(1)much(L.2)many(2)plenty(L.3)all, many(3)a(L.4)

an(4)any(L.4)

all(5)few(L.6)

little(6)every(L.6)/(7)a(L.8)

/(8)any(L.8)

/(9)little(L.10)few(10)some(L.11)any(11)a(L.12)

some Cloze

(1)indicate(2)responds(3)represent/reflect(4)absolutely(5)preference(6)harsh(7)specific(8)traits(9)individual(10)immature(11)effort(12)persistent(13)achieve(14)inherits Translation 1）1.William likes the girl a lot so he tries very hard to impress her and is optimistic that he will win her heart.2.He is very creative and has a good vision of the future, but he likes to keep things to himself.3.They came from a poor village where people were shut off from modern civilization.4.We must work hard and make an effort to achieve the goals that we have set.5.We should learn to be content with all that we have and should not be too critical about things around us.6.They often represent our school in debating competitions;tonight we will throw a party to celebrate their success.7.Through reading, not only has he expanded his horizon, he has also learned to keep improving his character.8.Two policemen sacrificed their lives in order to save that girl from the fire.9.A stable relationship without conflicts between husband and wife benefits the children in the family.2）雖然有許多關(guān)于性格的理論，但是任何一個(gè)都沒(méi)有絕對(duì)地對(duì)錯(cuò)之分，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)心理學(xué)家對(duì)性格的觀點(diǎn)都有所不同。所以，除非某個(gè)人已有明顯的癥狀，否則很難斷定這個(gè)人患有精神疾病。心理學(xué)家普遍認(rèn)可絕大多數(shù)人是因?yàn)檫^(guò)度的壓力才引起情感和精神上的疾病。所以重要的是人們要去尋找可以讓自己放松、開(kāi)心的方法。

Theme Related Writing Write a passage of about 100-120 words according to one of the instructions given below.a.I have been described by many friends as a warm, sociable, and outgoing extravert.I find it easy to make new friends and I enjoy the company of people who share similar characteristics as I.When I am at a party, many people including those I do not know, will talk to me.I am not a great beauty, neither am I rich and intelligent.In fact, I am just a very simple person who is happy and smiles a lot.Maybe being happy is the attraction.I like bright colours, especially red.It is said that people who like red are passionate and have a lot of energy.I agree that I am enthusiastic about many things and like doing many things at the same time.So it seems there is some truth after all in what colours say about a person’s personality.(141words)

b.The person I admire most is my father’s youngest brother.He is known to us as ba shu because he is the eighth son in a family of eleven.He is a high achiever.Since young, he has done well in his studies and work.For example, he received a prestigious scholarship to study at a well-known medical school in England.Today, at the age of 62, he is still as outstanding.He is a well-respected surgeon and has won many awards.What I like most about ba shu is his sensitive nature, especially toward children who are born unlucky.He has volunteered his time and made sacrifices to help those in poor and developing countries.His strong desire to bring happiness to these people has impressed me a lot.(131 words)c.If I were given a wish to have two personality traits, I would choose to be an optimistic and creative person.I would like to be an optimistic person because those who are optimistic are usually satisfied and contented with what they have.They seldom let sadness be a part of their life.I want to be happy and being optimistic is one way to remain happy.I also would like to be creative.I think that creativity is inherited.Some may disagree and say that we can learn to be creative.However, no matter how hard one learns, it is those born with the talent of creativity who will make a great name for themselves like the famous poet Li Bai and the richest man in the world, Bill Gates.(131 words)

d.Here is no one person I dislike most but there are a couple of personality traits that I cannot tolerate: aggressiveness and selfishness.Aggressive people do not consider others’ feelings and will not think twice about hurting even those closest to them.I once had a neighbour who would beat his wife one day and appear loving the next.His wife lived in fear constantly but could do nothing because he was in control of her.Another personality trait I dislike is selfishness.Like aggressive people, selfish people only think of themselves.There are many everyday examples of selfishness such as those not willing to lend things to others and those not wanting to share exam tips even with their best friends.If you know someone with a combination of aggressiveness and selfishness, you should consider whether to call him or her a friend.(143 words)Unit 4 Enhance Your Language Awareness Working With Words and Expressions 1）1.They were smashing windows when the police arrived.2.70,000 tons of oil spilled from the tanker(油輪)and the sea was polluted.3.She volunteered to write an explanation of how the new computer system works.4.The book was inspired by the good deeds(事跡)of a real person.5.It was blowing hard and very soon the tree in front of my house fell with a great crash.6.The police report stated that he was once arrested for theft.7.The Dean(系主任)is not available at the moment, but you may call back in an hour.8.Up to two million people there are dependent on food aid.9.It was most unfortunate that I missed the chance to be interviewed by the company director.10.Can we find a mutually convenient time for us to meet? 2）1.exclaimed 2.arrange 3.aroused 4.resembles 5.volunteered 6.appreciate 7.requires 8.cracked 9.miracle 10.victims11.precious12.delicate 13.expected 14.interviewed 3）1.take over2.get through 3.no way 4.Leave off 5.put it … together 6.in touch with7.No sooner … than 8.in advance 9.looking forward to 10.arrange for11.in contrast 12.took on 13.made sure 14.move in15.in the hands of 16.go with 17.in poverty Increasing your word power.1）1.commission 2.smashed3.smash 4.volunteered 5.spill6.crash 7.contrast 8.commission 9.spilt 10.volunteer 11.contrasts 12.crashed 2）1.e 2.e 3.a 4.a 5.c 6.d 3）1.happy 2.impulsive 3.carelessness4.calmness5.firm 6.illness7.awareness 8.weakness 9.submissive Grammar Review.Task One Task Two 1.No mistake 2.has been living 3.enjoys 4.No mistake 5.tried 6.No mistake 7.No mistake 8.No mistake 9.have been visiting 10.likes 11.had I got 12.had broken 13.No mistake 14.No mistake 15.was suffering 16.No mistake 17.have been receiving 18.No mistake 19.insisted 20.No mistake 21.No mistake Cloze(1)chilly(2)sooner(3)than(4)exclaimed(5)fabric(6)delicate(7)joints(8)that(9)miracle(10)sacrificed(11)precious(12)loving Translation 1）1.Let’s get in touch as soon as we know the results of the test/exam.2.The music aroused an intense feeling of homesickness in him.3.You’ve been working all morning — you deserve a rest now.4.I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rang.Or: No sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.5.My doctor says I’m too tired and has advised me not to take on any more work.6.Jenny volunteered to clear up after the gathering.7.The subject of the talk is announced a week in advance, but the name of the speaker is not.8.Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard — in other words, you failed.9.She was so ill that she had to leave off work..10.There is no way to tell what is going to happen.The case is in the hands of the judge, and all we could do is(to)wait.2)當(dāng)人們變得很老時(shí)，像祖父母或曾祖父母那樣，他們有時(shí)不再能夠照顧自己。他們會(huì)生病，或者摔倒而折斷股骨，或者他們根本都不記得該如何穿睡衣。有時(shí)候雖然有些老人看起來(lái)還健康，但是因?yàn)樗麄冏约邯?dú)居，所以覺(jué)得很孤單。這時(shí)候全家人要碰個(gè)頭，商討一下讓他們?nèi)諠u衰老的家人去養(yǎng)老院去居住是否是一個(gè)較好的辦法，因?yàn)樵谀抢锼麄兛梢缘玫礁玫恼疹?。Theme-related Writing 1.Imagine you were Meagan.Write a story about GG and her lost doll.Start the story with: “My GG — that's my great-grandma — lived in Maine many years ago.” My GG — that's my great-grandma — lived in Maine many years ago with her Mom, Dad and four sisters.Life was difficult then, but GG's parents tried their best to make their children happy.One Christmas they gave GG a beautiful doll with an exquisite porcelain face and long brown hair.The eyes of the doll opened and closed vividly.GG loved her doll so much that she played with her for a long time and didn't want to separate with her until it was time for Christmas dinner.GG laid the doll down gently on the hall table.But before long she heard a loud crash — GG's baby sister had pulled her doll off the table and it was smashed into pieces.Though GG's mother tried to put the doll together again, it couldn't be done.The doll was gone for ever.And so was GG's baby sister when she died of pneumonia a few years later.It was a deeply unhappy experience in GG's life.2.Write a short passage of about 100-120 words on the topic: “Living in a Nursing Home: A Plan for the Future?” Living in a Nursing Home: A Plan for the Future? Thanks to medical advances and better living conditions, most of us can live longer.The issue of where we will stay when we get old has become a concern for everyone.I did a survey last week on “Are you willing to go and live in a nursing home when you grow old?” Of the ten people surveyed, seven said “yes.” According to them, living in a nursing home would enable them to meet people of similar ages, get instant medical care, and have their meals and laundry taken care of.The three who don't want to stay in a nursing home think living in a nursing home would make them feel lonely and abandoned on the one hand and would have their privacy intruded upon on the other.Nonetheless, the survey does suggest that more people would be willing to live in a nursing home in the future.(147 words.)Unit 5 Enhance your language awareness Working With Words and Expressions 1)1.When we finally completed our courses, all my classmates gathered together to celebrate.2.I have always wanted to be a psychologist, but a recent incident changed my mind.3.It is not difficult at all.You can get it done with ease.4.To be a good research student, you must have a mind for inquiry.5.I could see her genuine concern for my health and I was deeply touched.6.The boss’s fear of change becomes an obstacle to the progress of the organization.7.Please keep stirring the oil to stop it from getting frozen.8.I am most grateful to you for all the help you have offered us.2)1.senior

2.defined

3.occur

4.options 5.disturbed

6.soak

7.tossed

8.navigate 9.matters

10.depressed 3)1.became well acquainted with

2.took us by surprise

3.gather our thoughts

4.turned out

5.hang up

6.in reality 7.In spite of 8.lit up

9.hemmed and hewed

10.turned into Increasing your word power Increasing your word power.1)1.a 2.e 3.c 4.e

5.b 6.d 7.d 8.b 2)1.covered

2.fears 3.covers 4.attack 5.fears 6.attacks 7.visits, visited 8.touched 9.chat 10.touch 11.match 12.chats 13.match 3)1.astonishment

2.accomplishments

3.have improved

4.appointment

5.excitement

6.advertisements

7.developments

8.argue

9.enjoyed

10.encouragement Grammar Review Task 1 1.The action of “studying English” occurred before “I went to the US”.2.“They never met an American” —this was a fact that remained till they met John.3.“We had the car for ten years” —this happened earlier before the car broke down.4.The action “Kathy’s picking up the tickets” occurred before “I arrived at the theatre”.5.Your promise was made before Jane got unhappy with you.Task 2(1)I saw the door open(2)the office had been broken into

(3)quite a few things had been stolen(4)had already come back to the office(5)the 200 dollars he had locked in his drawer was gone(6)had just bought

(7)A few computers in the office had been stolen Cloze

(1)recent

(2)surprise(3)sad

(4)keeping(5)disturbing

(6)inquiries

(7)admitted

(8)occurred

(9)surgery

(10)options(11)tightly

(12)soaking

(13)scent

(14)gatherings Translation 1)1.We are good friends;however, he kept such an important matter from me, which took me by surprise.2.It doesn’t matter if you can not get full marks for the exam;what matters is not to lose confidence in yourself.3.He chatted with me last night and reassured me that the disease was not hard to cure and that nobody had ever died of it.4.She was determined to overcome all the obstacles in her life with a will of iron.5.It turned out that he had already received my money, but did not acknowledge the receipt of it on purpose.This really drove me crazy.6.He is a shy and silent boy.Before he went onto the stage to share his experiences, he sat quietly in a corner of the auditorium, gathering his thoughts.7.He admitted on the spot that he would go overseas for further study as he believed overseas education would open the door to his future research.8.Mary’s uncle’s face lit up when he saw his niece had turned into a pretty young lady in just a few years.2)我回去看我外婆的時(shí)候,她非常高興地看到我已長(zhǎng)成一個(gè)健壯的小伙子。我們一起聊天，回憶我小時(shí)候的一些事情。談到一半的時(shí)候，外婆突然嘆了一口氣說(shuō)，“大概以后再也見(jiàn)不到你了?！彼脑捠刮艺痼@得拱起了眉頭，不明白她為什么說(shuō)出這么令人不安的話來(lái)。我們靜靜地坐了一會(huì)兒，外婆的眼里噙滿淚水。她終于告訴我說(shuō)，醫(yī)生診斷出她得了嚴(yán)重的心臟病，已經(jīng)發(fā)作了好幾次，也一直在治療，但情況一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有進(jìn)展。我怪外婆一直把這壞消息瞞著我，并告訴她一定會(huì)有辦法醫(yī)治的，她卻搖頭否認(rèn)。我伸出雙臂抱著外婆，多么希望我們能在一起度過(guò)更多的時(shí)間。Theme-related Writing ?Task One: One afternoon, I was wandering along the main street of our small town with a friend.Suddenly I saw my mother.She was behaving very strangely.She looked around her before going quickly into a shop.When she came out, she had a box in her hand.I was terrified.I knew some of my villagers resorted to theft because they were poor.The thought that my mother could be one of them drove me crazy.I was determined to find out the truth from her.When I questioned her, tears filled her eyes.She told me she was collecting beer cans from some kind shop owners who offered them to her, but would feel embarrassed if she was seen by others.I cried and hugged her and felt sorry that I had misunderstood my own mother.(136 words)Task Two: My parents differ greatly in showing their love for me.While my mother appears more anxious and depressed if anything goes wrong with me, my father tends to be silent and expresses his concern for me mainly through actions rather than words.I still remember the day when I left home for university.When my mother was in tears and kept giving me endless advice, my father remained silent.But when he saw an ice-cream man on the platform, he rushed towards him and got me an ice-cream just before the train started to move.I learned from my mother later that father locked himself up in his room after returning home and cried for the first time in his life.I never expected that my departure would trigger such an emotional response from my father.(134 words)Unit 6 Enhance your language Awareness Words in Action Working with words and expressions 1)1.Every year before Christmas, we decorate our house with colourful lights.2.Mother scolded John for not taking good care of his younger brother when she went out.3.When I was attacked, I quickly picked up a stick to defend myself.4.Please don't interrupt — wait until I have finished what I have to say.5.The mother embraced her son warmly as soon as he came in.6.Paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the Four Great Inventions of ancient China.7.I don't understand why a young and pretty girl like her is always wearing dresses of such a dull colour.8.You have written a very good paper.I only made a few minor changes.9.We supply free textbooks for school children in the countryside.10.They were discussing all the options, but found none of them was entirely satisfactory.11.The mere presence of a policeman made the thief nervous and he turned to run away.12.Richards was obviously disappointed at being left out of the team.2)1.delivered

2.released

3.permission

4.rented

5.miserable 6.exploded

7.pressed 8.motion

9.barely

10.enthusiasm 11.knelt 12.request

13.policy

14.necessities 3)1.go wrong

2.broke down 3.on my way to

4.by himself

5.in time

6.set the stage for

7.set out for

8.make fun of

9.pleaded for

10.in disbelief Increasing your word power 1)1.specialized 2.large 3.eat 4.go 5.sociable 6.wide 2)1.sternly 2.miserably 3.cheerfully

4.carelessly 5.tiny

6.irregular

7.unsatisfactory

8.occupied

9.boring / dull

10.traditional 3)1.slapped

2.present

3.lit

4.whispered

5.slap

6.presented

7.ordered

8.light

9.listed

10.motioned

11.supply 12.order

13.list 14.supply 15.motion 16.wonder 17.whispers 18.wondering 4)1.personality … sensitivity … loyalty

2.frailty

3.complexity

4.Mutuality

5.stupidity

6.regularity

7.reality

8.specialty / speciality Grammar Review Task one Task two 1.It is much colder in winter in Beijing than in Shanghai.It is colder in winter in Shanghai than in Guangzhou.Of all the three cities, Shanghai has the largest population, etc.2.Among the three sports, I like football the best.Surfing also sounds interesting, but it takes a lot more training to be able to do it than the other two sports.3.I know Lu Xun better than the other writers.Lu Xun is one of the most famous writers in China and he is a modern writer.Shakespeare is famous, but I think his plays are the most difficult to read.4.I think Gone with the Wind is very interesting, but it is the longest movie among the three.The Sound of Music is the lightest among the three and I like it much more than I do The Pianist.5.Peking University and Tsinghua University are the two most famous universities in China.They are also among the best universities in the world.As far as I know, Peking University is better known for its arts courses and Tsinghua is better known for its science courses.Cloze(1)supplies

(2)fun

(3)permission

(4)necessities

(5)rundown

(6)decorated

(7)straight

(8)item

(9)overwhelmed

(10)embraced Translation 1)1.Straighten up!Your feet should keep time to the rhythm of the music.2.She slipped a note into his hand.He was very unhappy after reading it, as he thought that she was making fun of him.3.The thief pleaded for our mercy when he was caught.He said he had stolen the food because his mother was starving to death and there was barely any food left in the house.4.They have made a request for more electricity supplies, which we should satisfy in order to release them from the pressure they are under.5.They made the rounds with the wine bottle;each took a gulp and then they set out for the forest.6.My TV set broke down;I have ordered a new one online and the shop is going to have it delivered to the door.7.His words made everyone unhappy and stop eating.After a while, they resumed eating, but they all looked as if something was weighing on their minds.8.We stared at him in disbelief, astonished that someone as gentle as he is could interrupt us so rudely.2)去年圣誕節(jié)除夕，我們的旅途諸多不順。當(dāng)我們住進(jìn)尼斯一家骯臟而昏暗的旅館時(shí)，我們的心中已無(wú)任何圣誕節(jié)的感覺(jué)可言。我們進(jìn)入一家看上去很乏味的飯館吃飯?時(shí)，情況一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有好轉(zhuǎn)。但是,在這沉悶飯館中度過(guò)的不愉快的夜晚最后卻變成我們所度過(guò)的最好的圣誕前夜，這一切都是因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)充滿了圣誕精神的美國(guó)水手。他將我們心中被憤怒和失望壓抑的愛(ài)和歡樂(lè)釋放出來(lái)。他帶給了我們圣誕節(jié)。Theme-related Writing a.I like Christmas because the festive atmosphere created by the occasion is so overwhelming.You can see pretty seasonal decorations everywhere, Christmas lights, flowers, and pictures of Father Christmas with a smiling face.You may even meet a “real” Father Christmas on the street busy handing out candies to kids.The atmosphere does lift everybody's spirits, since joy and excitement seem to be contagious.Everyone around us looks happier and is more patient with each other during the festive season.We send each other Christmas greetings and give Christmas gifts to our friends and relatives.Even friends who have not been in constant touch also “appear” again at this time to send their regards.(113words)b.I do not like Christmas because today's Christmas has been entirely commercialized.Shops try all sorts of tricks to attract customers, by putting up fanciful Christmas decorations, by offering seasonal discounts and even by asking somebody to play Father Christmas to give out gifts.Behind all the smiles and the beautiful decorations, I do not see genuine care or a spirit of giving;I only see one word, which is “profit”.Everybody does Christmas shopping at this time to get Christmas gifts for their family members or friends.As for me, I believe it is more important to show care and concern for my family members and friends all year round than just give them a “once a year” Christmas gift.(121 words)Unit 7 Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action Working with Words and Expressions 1)1.The more complaints a person makes, the less happy he or she is.2.Good health is vital for getting the best out of life and achieving your full potential.3.He deserted his wife and children and went abroad.4.He likes taking time off from his busy life and coming into contact with nature.5.The doctor says that she is not mentally sound.6.In many parts of the world it is not acceptable and even illegal for people under 18 to smoke.7.His speech made a deep impression on all of us.8.In different stages of our life, we encounter different kinds of problems.9.If you need any assistance , please let me know and I’ll be more than happy to help.10.Some people tend to blame others for what they themselves have done wrong.11.Children’s education is becoming too heavy a burden for many families to bear these days.12.I can’t endure to see/ endure seeing animals suffer like that.13.Davis was one of the most significant musicians of the last century.2)1.facilitate 2.tends 3.hurt

4.ensure 5.blessed

6.trembled

7.curiously 8.failure 9.invention 3)1.by no means

2.take it for granted

3.contribute to

4.at his disposal

5.resort to

6.take into account

7.arise from

8.has given rise to

9.switched off

10.deal with

11.breezed through

12.had gone by 13.To my surprise 14.carried away 15.come into play

16.In my view Increasing Your Word Power 1)1.jumps / jumped 2.respond 3.career 4.required 5.arise 6.assisted 7.affected 8.deserted 9.serious 10.rare 11.scolded 12.significant 13.physiological 2)get back(something lost)

尋回、取回、恢復(fù) become well;regain a former position 康復(fù)；復(fù)元；恢復(fù) 3)ADJECTIVES NOUNS personal

personality technological technology natural

nature national

nation medical

medicine emotional emotion social

society intellectual intellect critical

critic magical

magic occasional occasion hysterical

hysteria/hysteric essential

essence trivial

trivia traditional tradition psychological psychology Now fill in the blanks with an appropriate word chosen from the words given in the brackets.1.technological … technology 2.essence … essential

3.personal … person 4.hysterical … hysteria traditional … tradition Grammar Review Task 1 1.[The main reason — 8.;to the lecture — 9.;the most famous living poet — 6.]

2.[the class — 11.]

3.[a wonderful story — 1.or 3.;The beginning — 8.;the turn — 8.;the century — 9.]

4.[The moon — 5.;the trail — 9.]

5.[the talk — 8.;the situation — 8.]

6.[the table/a table — 8.1.;the hall — 9.]

7.[an English-Chinese dictionary — 3.]

8.[the first book — 7.]

9.[a house — 3.;The house — 4.]

10.[the rich — 10.;the plane — 12.;the poor — 10.;the train — 12.] Task 2

5.1.a.There are many music schools in Beijing and Xiao Ming is studying at one of them.b.There is only one music school in my hometown and Xiao Ming is studying at that school.2.a.Bill met a French student(unknown to the listener)on the train(known to both the listener and the speaker).b.Bill met the French student(known to both the listener and the speaker)on a train(unknown to the listener).3.a.Dogs are in general a better companion than cats.b.This dog(known to both the listener and the speaker)is a better companion than this cat(known to both the listener and the speaker).Alternatively, and rather formally, this may refer to dogs and cats in general, as with 3a above.4.a.John wrote a very interesting composition.b.John wrote the most interesting composition(probably in his class).5.a.The police stopped one car(unknown to the listener)at the corner.b.The police stopped the car(known to both the listener and the speaker)at the corner.6.a.Has he ever been hospitalised? b.Has he ever been in this hospital for treatment or, more generally, been on its premises(建筑物)?

7.a.Zhang Dawei, the contemporary Chinese novelist(known to the listener and well-known), has also written a number of popular songs.b.Zhang Dawei, a contemporary Chinese novelist(unknown to the audience), has also written a number of popular songs.8.a.Wang Kewei became a college student with the highest total score in her province.b.Wang Kewei entered the college premises(建筑物)to ask about courses.Task 3 1.the d 2.a f 3.the e 4.the b 5.the c 6.a a 7.a j 8.the g 9.the h 10.an i Cloze(1)

vital(2)

blessed(3)

technological(4)

facilitate(5)

factors(6)

tend(7)

rate(8)

uncommon(9)

unconsciously(10)ensure(11)burden(12)Concentration(13)range(14)switch Translation 1)1.Whenever we start a new job, there are bound to be a lot of things we may not be familiar with.2.This new medicine/drug has successfully been used on animals, but this doesn’t mean that it can be applied to humans.3.His failure to win the first prize in the speech competition is largely due to his lack of confidence.4.To the general public, depression can be easily confused with stress, as it may be a response to some types of stress.5.It is becoming increasingly difficult for world food production to keep pace with the continuing growth of the world’s population.6.To successfully get a job, a lot of factors need to come into play, including your skills, diploma and work experience.2)回應(yīng)式聆聽(tīng)的關(guān)鍵是要能夠不加論斷地聆聽(tīng)，即為理解而聽(tīng)，而不是為達(dá)成一致而聽(tīng)。我們?nèi)绾慰梢猿蔀楦鼘?zhuān)心及回應(yīng)式的聽(tīng)眾呢？過(guò)程是這樣的。坐在說(shuō)話人的對(duì)?面，身體放松，注意力集中。讓說(shuō)話人開(kāi)始講述他正經(jīng)歷或想要分享的情感或具體的想法。對(duì)言語(yǔ)或非言語(yǔ)的信息都要注意。當(dāng)說(shuō)話人說(shuō)完四、五句話的時(shí)候，打斷說(shuō)話?人，說(shuō)，“讓我看看我有沒(méi)有聽(tīng)明白你的話?！比缓螅媚阕约旱脑捴貜?fù)你剛才所聽(tīng)到的信息或感受的情感：“你剛才說(shuō)??”，“你的感覺(jué)是??”，“我說(shuō)得對(duì)嗎？”如果說(shuō)話人說(shuō)不對(duì)，則要求說(shuō)話人澄清一下他沒(méi)聽(tīng)明白或聽(tīng)錯(cuò)的部分。當(dāng)你們兩個(gè)都明白后，說(shuō)話人就可以繼續(xù)說(shuō)下面幾句話，回應(yīng)的過(guò)程又重新開(kāi)始。記住：說(shuō)話人和聽(tīng)話人的目的都是為了理解，而不是達(dá)成一致。Theme-related Writing a.One of my teachers in my high school was an Australian teacher.Always smartly dressed with a shirt and tie, he was a very kind person and would go all the way to help others.Once I needed a book to study which was not available in China, so I asked him for help.He bought it in Australia and sent it to me immediately.I also learned another incident which I can never forget.One year, he came back to China on a business trip and was asked by many Chinese parents to take some luggage to their children studying in Australia.The luggage he was asked to take was so heavy that he got fined 20,000 Hong Kong dollars at the airport.From this Australian teacher, I have come to realize what selfless love is all about.(141words)b.I think I am an easy-going person and get along with my fellow students really well.I get along particularly well with my roommates, who share the same dormitory with me.We often play poker together and laugh and joke together.Once in a while we need to clean up our dormitory in order to win the award for the cleanest dormitory in the whole grade.Whenever we need to do that, we really work as a team and help one another in doing the best job we can.Though we still haven’t won such an award yet, the kind of collaboration between us during the big cleaning activity really helps to strengthen our existing strong friendship.I am sure I will cherish my relationship with my fellow students and especially with my roommates in the years to come.(139 words)c.I live in a big family of three children, with one elder brother and one younger sister.I get along well with them all and in particular with my elder brother.During our childhood years, my brother and I needed to do a lot of household chores together, looking after the cattle on the hill and collecting firewood in bushy mountains far away from home.Though only four years older than me, he would always try to protect me and help me when I was unable to cope with my part of the work.Sometimes we also fought with each other.But every time I cried after the fighting, my parents would scold him or even give him a good beating, for which I would laugh silently and secretly.Of course, we never fight with each other any more.(139 words)

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新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程3第八單元作者介紹

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