第一篇：2014年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題(新課標(biāo)II卷,解析版)

英語(yǔ)

本試卷分第I卷（選擇題）和第II卷（非選擇題）兩部分?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答案卡一并交回。注意事項(xiàng)：

1．答第I卷前考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)填寫(xiě)在答題卡上。

2．選出每小題答案前，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng),用橡皮擦干凈后,再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)框,不能答在本試卷上，否則無(wú)效。第一部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分40分）第一節(jié)(共15小題；每小題2分，滿(mǎn)分40分)

閱讀下列列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。并在答題卡上將該選項(xiàng)涂黑．

A

Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.1.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?

A.Go shopping B.Find a house C.Join his family D.Take his family

2.The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from_______.A.a friend of his family B.a Sydney policeman C.a letter in his papers

D.a stranger in Sydney

3.What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?

A.Showed B.Sent out C.Delivered D.Gave back

4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A.From India to Australia.B.Living in a New Country.C.Turning Trash to Treasure.D.In Search of New Friends.B

Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the

environment.“We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement.Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The understanding has increased many, many times,” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.According to US government reports, emissions(排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 tons.The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place.A kind of “Green thinking” has become part of practices.Great improvement has been achieved.In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs;today in 1995 there are about 6,600.Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.Twenty –five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment.Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program.” Until we do that, nothing else will change!” say Bruce Anderson.5.According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___ A.the social movementB.recycling techniques C.environmental problems

D.the importance of Earth Day

6.Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from? A.The grass –roots levelB.The business circleC.Government officials D.University professors

7.What have Americans achieved in environmental protection? A.They have cut car emissions to the lowest

B.They have settled their environmental problemsC.They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.D.They have reduced pollution through effective measures.8.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph? A.EducationB.PlanningC.Green livingD.CO reduction

C

One of the latest trend（趨勢(shì)）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford, for example, has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs from aero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that’s true all across the country.“I thought it would be useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age” Joseph Stock, the managing director of a company, says of his 2-year old son.“I would at least like togive him the chance to use the language in the future,” After only six months of being cared by 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China.She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots.” Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接觸)the language and culture.” she says.“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children.” But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders.Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”

The popularity of au pairs from china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.9.What does that term” au pair” in the text mean?A.A mother raising her children on her ownB.A child learning a foreign language at homeC.A professor in language education of children D.A young foreign woman taking care of children.10.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.A.to live in China some dayB.to speak the language at homeC.to catch up wit other children D.to learn about the Chinese culture

11.What can we infer from the text?

A.Learning Chinese is becoming popular In America,B.Educated woman do better in looking after childrenC.Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.D.Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.D

Metro Pocket Guide 地鐵)

Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out.Up to two children under age five may travel.Free with a paying customer.Farecard machines are in every station.Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 in change.Get one ticket of unlimited Metro rail rides with a One Day Pass.Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations.Use it after 9:30 a, m.until closing on weekdays, and all day on weekends and holidays.Open 5amMon-Fri7a.mSat-SunOpen midnight Sun-Thur.Last train times vary.Train times Posted in stationsWhen paying with exact charge, the fare is $1.35.When paying with a SmarTrip?card , the fare is 1.25.Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare.On Metrorail and Metrobus, use a senior/disabled farecard or Smar/Trip ? card.For more information about buying senior disabled farecard, SmarTrip?cards and passes, please visit MetroOpensDoors.com or call 202-637-7000and 202-637-8000.Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrorall services by calling 202-962-1100.Travel tips(提示)

.Avoid riding during weekday rush periods –before 9:30 a.m.and between 4and 6p.m..If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost &Found at 202-962-1195.12.What should you know about farecard machines?

A.They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.B.They are connected to change machines.C.They offer special service to the elderly.D.They make change for no more than $5.13.At what time does Metrorall stop service on Saturday?

A.At midnight.B.At 3 a.m.C.At 5 a.m.D.At 7a.m.14.What is good about a SmarTrip?card?

A.It is convenient for old people.B.It saves money for its users C It can be bought at any train D.It is sold on the Internet

15.Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?

A.202-962-1195 B.202-962-1100 C.202-637-7000 D.202-637-8000

第二節(jié)（共5小題：每小題2分，滿(mǎn)分10分）

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience, there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often: Money is a topic I’ll save for another day.So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spent in the kitchen.Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule:

Think ahead.The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I’m already hungry and there’s nothing ready to eat.So think ahead of the coming week.When will you have time to Make your time worth it.When you do find time to cook a meal, make the most of it and save yourself time later on.Are you making one loaf of bread?.It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something.So save yourself the effort for future meal.This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation.It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule.The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.Hopefully that gives you a good start.And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!

A.Try new things.B.Ability is easily improved.C.Make three or four instead.D.Understand your food better.E.Cooking is a burden for many people.F.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.G.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.第二部分英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分45分）

第一節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題；每題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分30分）

閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A, B, C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。

Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes Mountains.They reached the top 21______, but on their way back conditions were very 22_______.Joe fell and broke his leg.They both knew that if Simon 23_______ alone, he would probably get back 24_______.But Simon decided to risk his 25_______ and try to lower Joe down the mountain on a rope（繩.As they 26_______ down, the weather got worse.Then another 27_______ occurred.They couldn’t see or hear each other and,28_______, Simon lowered his friend over the edge of a precipice（峭壁.It was 29_______ for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.Joe’s 30_______ was pulling Simon slowly towards the precipice.31_______, after more than an hour in the dark and the icy cold, Simon had to 32_______.In tears, he cut the rope.Joe 33_______ into a large crevasse（裂縫）in the ice below.He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain.He couldn’t walk, but he 34_______ to get out of the crevasse and started to 35_______ towards their camp, nearly ten kilometers 36_______.Simon had 37_______ the camp at the foot of the mountain.He thought that Joe must be 38_______, but he didn’t want to leave39_______.Three days later, in the middle of the night, he heard Joe’s voice.He couldn’t 40_______ it.Joe was there, a few meters from their tent, still alive.21.A.hurriedlyB.carefullyC.successfullyD.early 22.A.difficultB.similarC.specialD.normal 23.A.climbedB.workedC.restedD.continued 24.A.unwillinglyB.safelyC.slowlyD.regretfully25.A.fortuneB.timeC.healthD.life26.A.layB.settledC.wentD.looked27.A.damageB.stormC.changeD.trouble28.A.by mistakeB.by chanceC.by choice D.by luck

29.A.unnecessaryB.practicalC.importantD.impossible30.A.heightB.weightC.strengthD.equipment31.A.FinallyB.PatientlyC SurelyD Quickly32.A.stand backB.take a restC.make a decisionD.hold on33.A.jumpedB.fellC escapedD backed34.A.managedB.plannedC.waitedD.hoped35.A.runB.skateC.moveD.march36.A.aroundB.awayC.aboveD.along

37.A.headed forB.traveled toC.left forD.returned to38.A.deadB.hurtC.weakD.late39.A.secretlyB.tiredlyC.immediatelyD.anxiously40.A.findB.believeC.makeD.accept

My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening

music.The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our第二卷 注意：將答案寫(xiě)在答題卡上。寫(xiě)在本試卷上無(wú)效。

friends.第三部分英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分45分）第二節(jié)（共10小題：每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分15分）第二節(jié)書(shū)面表達(dá)（滿(mǎn)分25分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（不多于3個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。【題文】 一家英語(yǔ)報(bào)社向中學(xué)生征文，主題是“十年后的我”，請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列要點(diǎn)和你的暢想 One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about 41 完成短文。some of them 1.家庭： looked very anxious and 43 2．工作： hurried on board.I got a place next 44the window, so I had a good view of 3.業(yè)余生活。the sidewalk.A boy on a bike 45(catch)my attention.he was riding beside 注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右： the bus and waving his arms.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused 2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫： 463.開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。(ride).He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.Finally, when we came to the I often imagine what my life will be like in the future.next stop, the boy ran up to the door of the bus.I heard an excited conversation.Then the driver

______________________________________________________________________________

stood up and asked, “ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted, “I）.She pushed her way to the driver and to

______________________________________________________________________________

the little boy.Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done.And the passengers 50（sudden）became friendly to one another.______________________________________________________________________________

第四部分寫(xiě)作（共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分35分）

______________________________________________________________________________

第一節(jié)：短文改錯(cuò)（共10小題；每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分10分）

【題文】假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。

______________________________________________________________________________

文中共有10處錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處，每處僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（^），并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。

______________________________________________________________________________

刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)（）劃掉。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

______________________________________________________________________________

2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。

My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m.and ends at 3:30 p.m.They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.We didn’t need to do so many homework.Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities.For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

第二篇：2014年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題(貴州卷)

2014年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試(貴州卷)

英語(yǔ)

第Ⅰ卷

第一部分 閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分40分)

第一節(jié)(共15小題，每小題2分，滿(mǎn)分30分)

閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

(A)

Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.Late in the evening, the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath.My husbnad rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly forengn addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not onlythe important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remenber their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.1.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?

A.Go shopping.B.Find a house.C.Join his family.D.Take a vacation.2.The girl’s parents got Rashid’s phone number from ___.A.a friend of his family B.a Sydney policemanC.a letter in his papers D.a sranger in Sydney

3.What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?A.Showed.B.Sent out.C.Delivered.D.Gave back.4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.From India to Australia.B.Living in a New Country.C.Turning Trash to Treasure.D.In Search of New Friends.(B)

Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment.“We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.But what began as nothing important in public affair has grown into a social movement.Business people, political leaders, university professors, and sepecially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The undersatnding has increased many, many times,” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.According to US government reports, emissions(排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons.The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place.A kind of “green thinking” has become part of practices.Great improvement has been achieved.In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs, today in 1995 there are about 6,600.Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment.Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program.“Until we do that, nothing else will change!” says Bruce Anderson.5.According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___.A.the social movement B.recycling techniquesC.environmental problems D.the importance of Earth Day

6.Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?A.The grass-roots level.B.The business circle.C.Government officials.D.University professors.7.What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?A.They have cut car emissions to the lowest.B.They have settled their environmental problems.C.They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.D.They have reduced pollution through effective measures.8.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?

A.Education.B.Planning.C.Green living.D.CO reduction.(C)

One of the latest trends(趨勢(shì))in American childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford, Conn., for example, has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that’s true all across the country.“I thought it wouls be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age,” Joseph Stocke, the managing director of a company, says of his 2-year-old son.“I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the futurre.” After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China, the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions, his dad says.Li Drake, a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband, had another reason for looking for an au pair from China: She didn’t want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to(接觸)the language and culture,” she says.“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn, a professor in language education of Children.“But parents must understand that just one year with au pair is unlikely to produce wonders.Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”

The popularity of au pairs from china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.9.What does that term “au pair” in the text mean?A.A mother raising her children on her own.B.A child learning a foreign language at home.C.A professor in language education of children.D.A young foreign woman taking care of children.10.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ___.A.to live in China some day B.to speak the language at homeC.to catch up with other children D.to learn about the Chinese culture 11.What can we infer from the text?

A.Learning Chinese is becoming popular In America.B.Educated woman do better in looking after children.C.Chinese au pairs need to improve their English Skills.D.Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.(D)

Metro Pocket Guide

地鐵)

Earth passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out.Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer.Farecard machines are in every station.Bring small bills because there are no change machines in the stations and farecard machines only provide up to $5 in change.Get one day of unlimited Metrorail rides with a One Day Pass.Buy it from a farecard machine in Metro stations.Use it after 9:30 a.m.until closing on weekdays, and all day on weekends and holidays.Open: 5 a.m.Mon.—Fri.7 a.m.Sat.—Sun.Close: midnight Sun.—Thurs.3 a.m.Fri.—Sat.Nights

Last train times vary.To avoid missing the last train, please check the last train times posted stations.When paying with exact change, the fare is $1.35.When paying with a SmarTrip? card, the fare is $1.25.Senior citizens 65 and older and disabled customers may ride for half the regular fare.On Metrorail and Metrobus, sue a senior/disabled farecard or SmarTrip? card.For more information about buying senior/disabled farecards, SmarTrip? cards and passes, please visit MetroOPensDoors.com or call 202-637-7000 and 202-637-8000.Senior citizens and disabled customers can get free guide on how to use proper Metrobus and Metrirail service by calling 202-962-1100.(提示)

? Avoid riding during weekday rush periods — before 9:30 a.m.and between 4

and 6 p.m.? If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.12.What should you know about farecard machines?A.They start selling tickets at 9:30 a.m.B.They are connected to change nachines.C.They offer special service to the elderly.D.They make change for no more than $5.13.At what time does Metrolrail stop service on Saturday?A.At midnight.B.At 3 a.m.C.At 5 a.m.D.At 7 p.m.14.What is good about a SmarTrip? card?

A.It is convenient for old people.B.It saves money for its usersC.It can be bought at ant time.D.It is sold on the Internet.15.Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?A.202-962-1195.B.202-962-1100.C.202-637-7000.D.202-637-8000.第二節(jié)(共5小題，每小題2分，滿(mǎn)分10分)

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience, there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often: ability, money, and time.16.___ Money is a topic I’ll save for another day.So today i want to gove you some wisedom about how to make the most of time you spend in the kitchen.Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule:

⒈ Think ahead.The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I’m already hungry and there’s nothing ready to eat.So think ahead of the coming week.When will you have time to cook? Do you have the right materials already? 17.___

⒉ Make your time worth it.When you do find time to cook a meal, make the most of it and save yourself time later on.Are you making one loaf of bread? 18.___ It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something.So save yourself the effort for a future meal.⒊ 19.___ This may surise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation.It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule.The more you learn and the more you try the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.Hopefully that gives you a good start.20.___ And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!

A.Try new things.B.Ability is easily improved.C.Make three or four instead.D.Understand your food better.E.Cooking is a burden for many people.F.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.G.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.第三部分 英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分45分)

第一節(jié) 完形填空(共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分30分)

閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of back conditions were very fell and broke his leg.They both knew that if and try to lower Joe down the mountain on a rope(繩).As they down, the weather got worse.Then another occurred.They couldn’t see or hear each other and, precipice(峭壁for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up.Joe’s large crevasse(裂縫)in the ice below.He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain.He couldn’t walk, but he , but he didn’t want to leave heard Joe’s voice.He couldn’t alive.21.A.hurriedly B.carefully C.successfully D.early 22.A.difficult B.similar C.special D.normal 23.A.climbed B.worked C.rested D.continued 24.A.unwillingly B.safely C.slowly D.regretfully 25.A.fortune B.time C.health D.life 26.A.lay B.settled C.went D.looked 27.A.damage B.storm C.change D.trouble 28.A.by mistake B.by chance C.by choice D.by luck 29.A.unnecessary B.practical C.important D.impossible 30.A.height B.weight C.strength D.equipment 31.A.Finally B.Patiently C.Surely D.Quickly 32.A.stand back B.take a rest C.make a decision D.hold on 33.A.jumped B.fell C.escaped D.backed 34.A.managed B.planed C.waited D.hoped 35.A.run B.skate C.move D.march 36.A.around B.away C.above D.along 37.A.headed for B.traveled to C.left for D.returned to 38.A.dead B.hurt C.weak D.late 39.A.secretly B.tiredly C.immediately D.anxiously 40.A.Find B.Believe C.make D.accept

第II卷

第二節(jié) 語(yǔ)法填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿(mǎn)分15分）

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(不多于3個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about 41.________(be)late for school.There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 42.________ some of them looked very anxious and 43.________(disappoint).When the bus finally

came, we all hurried on board.I got a place next 44.________ the window, so I had

a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike 45.________(catch)my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused 46.________(stop)until we reached the next stop.Still, the boy kept 47.________(ride).He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up to the door of the bus.I heard an excited conversation.Then the driver stood up and asked, “48.________ anyone lode a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear!It’s 49.________(I).” She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully.Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers 50.________(sudden)became friendly to one another.第四部分 寫(xiě)作(共兩節(jié)，滿(mǎn)分35分)

第一節(jié) 短文改錯(cuò)(共10小題；每小題1分，滿(mǎn)分10分)

假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)(∧)，并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)〔〕劃掉。

修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線(xiàn)，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：⒈ 每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；

⒉ 只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。

My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m.and ends at 3:30 p.m.They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.We didn’t need to do so many homework.Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities.For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music.The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.第二節(jié) 書(shū)面表達(dá)(滿(mǎn)分25分)

一家英語(yǔ)報(bào)社向中學(xué)生征文，主題是“十年后的我”。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列要點(diǎn)和你的暢想完成短文。

⒈ 家庭；⒉ 工作；⒊ 業(yè)余生活。

注意：① 詞數(shù)100左右：② 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；③ 開(kāi)頭已為你寫(xiě)好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

第三篇：精品解析：2018年全國(guó)普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試?yán)砜茢?shù)學(xué)(新課標(biāo)II卷)(原卷版)

絕密★啟用前

2018年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試

理科數(shù)學(xué)

注意事項(xiàng)：

1．答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)填寫(xiě)在答題卡上。2．作答時(shí)，將答案寫(xiě)在答題卡上。寫(xiě)在本試卷及草稿紙上無(wú)效。3．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

一、選擇題：本題共12小題，每小題5分，共60分，在每小題給出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有一項(xiàng)是符合題目要求的。1.A.B.C.D.，則中元素的個(gè)數(shù)為 2.已知集合A.9

B.8

C.5

D.4 3.函數(shù)的圖象大致為

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D 4.已知向量，滿(mǎn)足，則

A.4

B.3

C.2

D.0 5.雙曲線(xiàn)的離心率為，則其漸近線(xiàn)方程為 A.6.在A(yíng).B.中，B.7.為計(jì)算

C.C.，D.D.，則，設(shè)計(jì)了下面的程序框圖，則在空白框中應(yīng)填入

A.B.C.D.8.我國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家陳景潤(rùn)在哥德巴赫猜想的研究中取得了世界領(lǐng)先的成果．哥德巴赫猜想是“每個(gè)大于2的偶數(shù)可以表示為兩個(gè)素?cái)?shù)的和”，如等于30的概率是

．在不超過(guò)30的素?cái)?shù)中，隨機(jī)選取兩個(gè)不同的數(shù)，其和A.B.C.D.中，，則異面直線(xiàn)

與

所成角的余弦值為 9.在長(zhǎng)方體A.B.10.若A.B.C.11.已知A.是定義域?yàn)?/p>

C.在D.是減函數(shù)，則的最大值是

D.的奇函數(shù)，滿(mǎn)足

．若，則

B.0

C.2

D.50 12.已知，是橢圓為等腰三角形，A.B.C.D.的左，右焦點(diǎn)，是的左頂點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)在過(guò)且斜率為的直線(xiàn)上，則的離心率為

二、填空題：本題共4小題，每小題5分，共20分。13.曲線(xiàn)14.若15.已知在點(diǎn)滿(mǎn)足約束條件，處的切線(xiàn)方程為_(kāi)_________．

則，則，的最大值為_(kāi)_________． __________．

所成角的余弦值為，與圓錐底面所成角為45°，若的16.已知圓錐的頂點(diǎn)為，母線(xiàn)面積為，則該圓錐的側(cè)面積為_(kāi)_________．

三、解答題：共70分。解答應(yīng)寫(xiě)出文字說(shuō)明、證明過(guò)程或演算步驟。第17～21題為必考題，每個(gè)試題考生都必須作答。第22、23為選考題，考生根據(jù)要求作答。學(xué)科&網(wǎng)

（一）必考題：共60分。17.記為等差數(shù)列

（1）求的前項(xiàng)和，已知，． 的通項(xiàng)公式；

（2）求，并求的最小值．18.下圖是某地區(qū)2000年至2016年環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額（單位：億元）的折線(xiàn)圖．

為了預(yù)測(cè)該地區(qū)2018年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額，建立了與時(shí)間變量的兩個(gè)線(xiàn)性回歸模型．根據(jù)2000年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)（時(shí)間變量的值依次為年的數(shù)據(jù)（時(shí)間變量的值依次為）建立模型①：

．

；根據(jù)2010年至2016）建立模型②：

（1）分別利用這兩個(gè)模型，求該地區(qū)2018年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的預(yù)測(cè)值；

（2）你認(rèn)為用哪個(gè)模型得到的預(yù)測(cè)值更可靠？并說(shuō)明理由． 19.設(shè)拋物線(xiàn)的焦點(diǎn)為，過(guò)且斜率為的直線(xiàn)與交于，兩點(diǎn)，．

（1）求的方程；

（2）求過(guò)點(diǎn)，且與的準(zhǔn)線(xiàn)相切的圓的方程． 20.如圖，在三棱錐（1）證明：（2）若點(diǎn)在棱中，平面；

為，求

與平面

所成角的正弦值．，為的中點(diǎn)．

上，且二面角

21.已知函數(shù)（1）若．，證明：當(dāng)

時(shí)，；（2）若在只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)，求．

（二）選考題：共10分。請(qǐng)考生在第22、23題中任選一題作答。如果多做，則按所做的第一題計(jì)分。22.[選修4－4：坐標(biāo)系與參數(shù)方程] 在直角坐標(biāo)系中，曲線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程為

（為參數(shù)），直線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程為

（為參數(shù)）.（1）求和的直角坐標(biāo)方程；

（2）若曲線(xiàn)截直線(xiàn)所得線(xiàn)段的中點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為，求的斜率．

23.[選修4－5：不等式選講]

設(shè)函數(shù)．

（1）當(dāng)時(shí)，求不等式的解集；

（2）若，求的取值范圍．

第四篇：2018年全國(guó)普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試文科數(shù)學(xué)(新課標(biāo)II卷)

………線(xiàn)…………○………… ………線(xiàn)…………○…………

絕密★啟用前

2018年全國(guó)普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試文科數(shù)學(xué)（新課標(biāo)II

卷）

第I卷（選擇題）

1．A.B.C.D.……○ __○…___…_…___……__…：…號(hào)…訂考_訂_…___……___……___……：級(jí)…○班_○…___…_…__…_…___……：名…裝姓裝_…__…_…___……___……_:?！饘W(xué)○……………………外內(nèi)……………………○○……………………2．已知集合，則

A.B.C.D.3．函數(shù)的圖像大致為

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D 4．已知向量，滿(mǎn)足，則

A.4B.3C.2D.0

5．從2名男同學(xué)和3名女同學(xué)中任選2人參加社區(qū)服務(wù)，則選中的2人都是女同學(xué)的概率為 A.B.C.D.6．雙曲線(xiàn)的離心率為，則其漸近線(xiàn)方程為

A.B.C.D.7．在中，，則

A.B.C.D.8．為計(jì)算，設(shè)計(jì)了下面的程序框圖，則在空白框中應(yīng)填入

試卷第1頁(yè)，總4頁(yè)

………線(xiàn)…………○…………

………線(xiàn)…………○…………

A.B.C.D.9．在正方體中，為棱的中點(diǎn)，則異面直線(xiàn)

與

所成角的正切值為

A.B.C.D.10．若在是減函數(shù)，則的最大值是

A.B.C.D.11．已知，是橢圓的兩個(gè)焦點(diǎn)，是上的一點(diǎn)，若，且，則的離心率為

A.B.C.D.12．已知是定義域?yàn)榈钠婧瘮?shù)，滿(mǎn)足

．若，則

A.B.0

C.2

D.50

試卷第2頁(yè)，總4頁(yè)

……○ …※○※……題※……※…答…※…訂※內(nèi)訂…※……※線(xiàn)……※…※…訂…○※※○…裝…※…※……在※……※裝要…※裝…※不……※……※請(qǐng)……※※…○○……………………內(nèi)外……………………○○……………………………線(xiàn)…………○………… ………線(xiàn)…………○…………

第II卷（非選擇題）

13．曲線(xiàn)在點(diǎn)

處的切線(xiàn)方程為_(kāi)_________．

14．若滿(mǎn)足約束條件 則的最大值為_(kāi)_________．

15．已知，則__________．，互相垂直，與圓錐底面所成角為，若的16．已知圓錐的頂點(diǎn)為，母線(xiàn)……○ __○…___…_…___……__…：…號(hào)…訂考_訂_…___……___……___……：級(jí)…○班_○…___…_…__…_…___……：名…裝姓裝_…__…_…___……___……_:?！饘W(xué)○……………………外內(nèi)……………………○○……………………面積為，則該圓錐的體積為_(kāi)_________．

17．記為等差數(shù)列的前項(xiàng)和，已知，．

（1）求的通項(xiàng)公式；

（2）求，并求的最小值．

18．下圖是某地區(qū)2000年至2016年環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額（單位：億元）的折線(xiàn)圖．

為了預(yù)測(cè)該地區(qū)2018年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額，建立了與時(shí)間變量的兩個(gè)線(xiàn)性回歸模型．根據(jù)2000年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)（時(shí)間變量的值依次為）建立模型①：；根據(jù)2010年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)（時(shí)間變量的值依次為）建立模型②：

．

（1）分別利用這兩個(gè)模型，求該地區(qū)2018年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的預(yù)測(cè)值；

（2）你認(rèn)為用哪個(gè)模型得到的預(yù)測(cè)值更可靠？并說(shuō)明理由． 19．如圖，在三棱錐

中，，為的中點(diǎn)．

試卷第3頁(yè)，總4頁(yè)

………線(xiàn)…………○…………

（1）證明：

（2）若點(diǎn)在棱

平面上，且

；，求點(diǎn)到平面的距離．

………線(xiàn)…………○…………

20．設(shè)拋物線(xiàn)的焦點(diǎn)為，過(guò)且斜率為的直線(xiàn)與交于，兩點(diǎn)，．

（1）求的方程；

（2）求過(guò)點(diǎn)，且與的準(zhǔn)線(xiàn)相切的圓的方程．

21．已知函數(shù)．

（1）若，求的單調(diào)區(qū)間；

（2）證明：只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)．

22．[選修4－4：坐標(biāo)系與參數(shù)方程] 在直角坐標(biāo)系中，曲線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程為

（為參數(shù)），直線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程為（為參數(shù)）.（1）求和的直角坐標(biāo)方程；

（2）若曲線(xiàn)截直線(xiàn)所得線(xiàn)段的中點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為，求的斜率．

23．[選修4－5：不等式選講]

設(shè)函數(shù)．

（1）當(dāng)時(shí)，求不等式的解集；

（2）若，求的取值范圍．

試卷第4頁(yè)，總4頁(yè)

……○ …※○※……題※……※…答…※…訂※內(nèi)訂…※……※線(xiàn)……※…※…訂…○※※○…裝……※※……在※……※…裝要※裝…※不……※……※請(qǐng)……※…○※○……………………內(nèi)外……………………○○……………………本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

參考答案

1．D 【解析】分析：根據(jù)公式詳解：，可直接計(jì)算得，故選D.點(diǎn)睛：復(fù)數(shù)題是每年高考的必考內(nèi)容，一般以選擇或填空形式出現(xiàn)，屬簡(jiǎn)單得分題，高考中復(fù)數(shù)主要考查的內(nèi)容有：復(fù)數(shù)的分類(lèi)、復(fù)數(shù)的幾何意義、共軛復(fù)數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)的模及復(fù)數(shù)的乘除運(yùn)算，在解決此類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，注意避免忽略2．C 【解析】分析：根據(jù)集合詳解：，故選C

點(diǎn)睛：集合題也是每年高考的必考內(nèi)容，一般以客觀(guān)題形式出現(xiàn)，一般解決此類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)要先將參與運(yùn)算的集合化為最簡(jiǎn)形式，如果是“離散型”集合可采用Venn圖法解決，若是“連續(xù)型”集合則可借助不等式進(jìn)行運(yùn)算.3．B 【解析】分析：通過(guò)研究函數(shù)奇偶性以及單調(diào)性，確定函數(shù)圖像.，可直接求解

.中的負(fù)號(hào)導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò).詳解：舍去D;

為奇函數(shù)，舍去A,，所以舍去C；因此選B.點(diǎn)睛：有關(guān)函數(shù)圖象識(shí)別問(wèn)題的常見(jiàn)題型及解題思路（1）由函數(shù)的定義域，判斷圖象左右的位置，由函數(shù)的值域，判斷圖象的上下位置；②由函數(shù)的單調(diào)性，判斷圖象的變化趨勢(shì)；③由函數(shù)的奇偶性，判斷圖象的對(duì)稱(chēng)性；④由函數(shù)的周期性，判斷圖象的循環(huán)往復(fù)．

4．B 【解析】分析：根據(jù)向量模的性質(zhì)以及向量乘法得結(jié)果.詳解：因?yàn)樗赃xB.點(diǎn)睛：向量加減乘：

答案第1頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

5．D 【解析】分析：分別求出事件“2名男同學(xué)和3名女同學(xué)中任選2人參加社區(qū)服務(wù)”的總可能及事件“選中的2人都是女同學(xué)”的總可能，代入概率公式可求得概率.詳解：設(shè)2名男同學(xué)為，3名女同學(xué)為，共10種從以上5名同學(xué)中任選2人總共有可能，選中的2人都是女同學(xué)的情況共有

共三種可能

則選中的2人都是女同學(xué)的概率為故選D.，點(diǎn)睛：應(yīng)用古典概型求某事件的步驟：第一步，判斷本試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果是否為等可能事件，設(shè)出事件；第二步，分別求出基本事件的總數(shù)與所求事件中所包含的基本事件個(gè)數(shù)；第三步，利用公式求出事件的概率.6．A 【解析】分析：根據(jù)離心率得a,c關(guān)系，進(jìn)而得a,b關(guān)系，再根據(jù)雙曲線(xiàn)方程求漸近線(xiàn)方程，得結(jié)果.詳解：

因?yàn)闈u近線(xiàn)方程為，所以漸近線(xiàn)方程為，選A.點(diǎn)睛：已知雙曲線(xiàn)方程求漸近線(xiàn)方程：.7．A 【解析】分析：先根據(jù)二倍角余弦公式求cosC,再根據(jù)余弦定理求AB.詳解：因?yàn)?/p>

所以，選A.點(diǎn)睛：解三角形問(wèn)題，多為邊和角的求值問(wèn)題，這就需要根據(jù)正、余弦定理結(jié)合已知條件靈活轉(zhuǎn)化邊和角之間的關(guān)系，從而達(dá)到解決問(wèn)題的目的.8．B

答案第2頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

【解析】分析：根據(jù)程序框圖可知先對(duì)奇數(shù)項(xiàng)累加，偶數(shù)項(xiàng)累加，最后再相減.因此累加量為隔項(xiàng).詳解：由因此在空白框中應(yīng)填入

得程序框圖先對(duì)奇數(shù)項(xiàng)累加，偶數(shù)項(xiàng)累加，最后再相減.，選B.點(diǎn)睛：算法與流程圖的考查，側(cè)重于對(duì)流程圖循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的考查.先明晰算法及流程圖的相關(guān)概念，包括選擇結(jié)構(gòu)、循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)、偽代碼，其次要重視循環(huán)起點(diǎn)條件、循環(huán)次數(shù)、循環(huán)終止條件，更要通過(guò)循環(huán)規(guī)律，明確流程圖研究的數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題，是求和還是求項(xiàng).9．C 【解析】分析：利用正方體成角的正切值，在詳解：在正方體所以異面直線(xiàn)與所成角為中進(jìn)行計(jì)算即可.中，，中，將問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為求共面直線(xiàn)

與

所設(shè)正方體邊長(zhǎng)為，則由為棱所以 的中點(diǎn)，可得，則故選C..點(diǎn)睛：求異面直線(xiàn)所成角主要有以下兩種方法：

（1）幾何法：①平移兩直線(xiàn)中的一條或兩條，到一個(gè)平面中；②利用邊角關(guān)系，找到（或構(gòu)造）所求角所在的三角形；③求出三邊或三邊比例關(guān)系，用余弦定理求角.（2）向量法：①求兩直線(xiàn)的方向向量；②求兩向量夾角的余弦；③因?yàn)橹本€(xiàn)夾角為銳角，所以②對(duì)應(yīng)的余弦取絕對(duì)值即為直線(xiàn)所成角的余弦值.10．A

答案第3頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

【解析】分析：先確定三角函數(shù)單調(diào)減區(qū)間，再根據(jù)集合包含關(guān)系確定的最大值

詳解：因?yàn)?，所以由?/p>

因此點(diǎn)睛：函數(shù)，從而的最大值為，選A.的性質(zhì)：

(1).(2)周期(3)由 求對(duì)稱(chēng)軸，(4)由

求增區(qū)間;

由11．D 【解析】分析：設(shè)離心率.詳解：在設(shè)中，則

求減區(qū)間.，則根據(jù)平面幾何知識(shí)可求，再結(jié)合橢圓定義可求

，又由橢圓定義可知?jiǎng)t離心率故選D.，點(diǎn)睛：橢圓定義的應(yīng)用主要有兩個(gè)方面：一是判斷平面內(nèi)動(dòng)點(diǎn)與兩定點(diǎn)的軌跡是否為橢圓，二是利用定義求焦點(diǎn)三角形的周長(zhǎng)、面積、橢圓的弦長(zhǎng)及最值和離心率問(wèn)題等；“焦點(diǎn)三角形”是橢圓問(wèn)題中的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)，在解決這類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)用到正弦定理，余弦定理以及橢圓的定義.12．C

答案第4頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

【解析】分析：先根據(jù)奇函數(shù)性質(zhì)以及對(duì)稱(chēng)性確定函數(shù)周期，再根據(jù)周期以及對(duì)應(yīng)函數(shù)值求結(jié)果.詳解：因?yàn)樗砸虼艘驗(yàn)?，所以，從而，選C.是定義域?yàn)榈钠婧瘮?shù)，且,，點(diǎn)睛：函數(shù)的奇偶性與周期性相結(jié)合的問(wèn)題多考查求值問(wèn)題，常利用奇偶性及周期性進(jìn)行變換，將所求函數(shù)值的自變量轉(zhuǎn)化到已知解析式的函數(shù)定義域內(nèi)求解． 13．y=2x–2

【解析】分析：求導(dǎo)，可得斜率，進(jìn)而得出切線(xiàn)的點(diǎn)斜式方程.詳解：由則曲線(xiàn)在點(diǎn)，得，.處的切線(xiàn)的斜率為，即則所求切線(xiàn)方程為點(diǎn)睛：求曲線(xiàn)在某點(diǎn)處的切線(xiàn)方程的步驟：①求出函數(shù)在該點(diǎn)處的導(dǎo)數(shù)值即為切線(xiàn)斜率；②寫(xiě)出切線(xiàn)的點(diǎn)斜式方程；③化簡(jiǎn)整理.14．9

【解析】分析：作出可行域，根據(jù)目標(biāo)函數(shù)的幾何意義可知當(dāng)詳解：不等式組表示的可行域是以標(biāo)函數(shù)的最大值必在頂點(diǎn)處取得，易知當(dāng)

時(shí)，.為頂點(diǎn)的三角形區(qū)域，如下圖所示，目

時(shí)，.點(diǎn)睛：線(xiàn)性規(guī)劃問(wèn)題是高考中?？伎键c(diǎn)，主要以選擇及填空的形式出現(xiàn)，基本題型為給出約

答案第5頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

束條件求目標(biāo)函數(shù)的最值，主要結(jié)合方式有：截距型、斜率型、距離型等.15．

【解析】分析：利用兩角差的正切公式展開(kāi)，解方程可得.詳解：，解方程得.點(diǎn)睛：本題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)于兩角和差公式的掌握情況，屬于簡(jiǎn)單題型，解決此類(lèi)問(wèn)題的核心是要公式記憶準(zhǔn)確，特殊角的三角函數(shù)值運(yùn)算準(zhǔn)確.16．8π

【解析】分析：作出示意圖，根據(jù)條件分別求出圓錐的母線(xiàn)代入公式計(jì)算即可.詳解：如下圖所示，高，底面圓半徑的長(zhǎng)，又，解得，所以，所以該圓錐的體積為.點(diǎn)睛：此題為填空題的壓軸題，實(shí)際上并不難，關(guān)鍵在于根據(jù)題意作出相應(yīng)圖形，利用平面

答案第6頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

幾何知識(shí)求解相應(yīng)線(xiàn)段長(zhǎng)，代入圓錐體積公式即可.17．（1）an=2n–9，（2）Sn=n2–8n，最小值為–16．

【解析】分析：（1）根據(jù)等差數(shù)列前n項(xiàng)和公式，求出公差，再代入等差數(shù)列通項(xiàng)公式得結(jié)果，（2）根據(jù)等差數(shù)列前n項(xiàng)和公式得的二次函數(shù)關(guān)系式，根據(jù)二次函數(shù)對(duì)稱(chēng)軸以及自變量為正整數(shù)求函數(shù)最值.詳解：（1）設(shè){an}的公差為d，由題意得3a1+3d=–15． 由a1=–7得d=2．

所以{an}的通項(xiàng)公式為an=2n–9．

（2）由（1）得Sn=n2–8n=（n–4）2–16．

所以當(dāng)n=4時(shí)，Sn取得最小值，最小值為–16．

點(diǎn)睛：數(shù)列是特殊的函數(shù)，研究數(shù)列最值問(wèn)題，可利用函數(shù)性質(zhì)，但要注意其定義域?yàn)檎麛?shù)集這一限制條件.18．（1）利用模型①預(yù)測(cè)值為226.1，利用模型②預(yù)測(cè)值為256.5，（2）利用模型②得到的預(yù)測(cè)值更可靠． 【解析】分析：（1）兩個(gè)回歸直線(xiàn)方程中無(wú)參數(shù)，所以分別求自變量為2018時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的函數(shù)值，就得結(jié)果，（2）根據(jù)折線(xiàn)圖知2000到2009，與2010到2016是兩個(gè)有明顯區(qū)別的直線(xiàn)，且2010到2016的增幅明顯高于2000到2009，也高于模型1的增幅，因此所以用模型2更能較好得到2018的預(yù)測(cè).詳解：（1）利用模型①，該地區(qū)2018年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的預(yù)測(cè)值為 =–30.4+13.5×19=226.1（億元）．

利用模型②，該地區(qū)2018年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的預(yù)測(cè)值為 =99+17.5×9=256.5（億元）．

（2）利用模型②得到的預(yù)測(cè)值更可靠． 理由如下：（i）從折線(xiàn)圖可以看出，2000年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)的點(diǎn)沒(méi)有隨機(jī)散布在直線(xiàn)y=–30.4+13.5t上下，這說(shuō)明利用2000年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)建立的線(xiàn)性模型①不能很好地描述環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的變化趨勢(shì)．2010年相對(duì)2009年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額有明顯增加，2010年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)的點(diǎn)位于一條直線(xiàn)的附近，這說(shuō)明從2010年開(kāi)始環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的變化規(guī)律呈線(xiàn)性增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)，利用2010年至2016年的數(shù)據(jù)建立的線(xiàn)性模型=99+17.5t可以較好地描述2010年以后的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額的變化趨勢(shì)，因此利用模型②得到的預(yù)測(cè)值更可靠．（ii）從計(jì)算結(jié)果看，相對(duì)于2016年的環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資額220億元，由模型①得到的預(yù)測(cè)值226.1億元的增幅明顯偏低，而利用模型②得到的預(yù)測(cè)值的增幅比較合理，說(shuō)明利用模型②得到的預(yù)測(cè)值更可靠．

以上給出了2種理由，考生答出其中任意一種或其他合理理由均可得分．

點(diǎn)睛：若已知回歸直線(xiàn)方程，則可以直接將數(shù)值代入求得特定要求下的預(yù)測(cè)值；若回歸直線(xiàn)方程有待定參數(shù)，則根據(jù)回歸直線(xiàn)方程恒過(guò)點(diǎn)

求參數(shù).答案第7頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

19．解：

（1）因?yàn)锳P=CP=AC=4，O為AC的中點(diǎn)，所以O(shè)P⊥AC，且OP=

．

連結(jié)OB．因?yàn)锳B=BC=由，所以△ABC為等腰直角三角形，且OB⊥AC，OB==2．

知，OP⊥OB．

由OP⊥OB，OP⊥AC知PO⊥平面ABC．

（2）作CH⊥OM，垂足為H．又由（1）可得OP⊥CH，所以CH⊥平面POM． 故CH的長(zhǎng)為點(diǎn)C到平面POM的距離．

由題設(shè)可知OC==2，CM==，∠ACB=45°．

所以O(shè)M=，CH==．

所以點(diǎn)C到平面POM的距離為【解析】分析：（1）連接點(diǎn)作

．

平面，只需證明

即可；（2）過(guò)，欲證，垂足為，只需論證的長(zhǎng)即為所求，再利用平面幾何知識(shí)求解即可.． 詳解：（1）因?yàn)锳P=CP=AC=4，O為AC的中點(diǎn)，所以O(shè)P⊥AC，且OP=連結(jié)OB．因?yàn)锳B=BC=由，所以△ABC為等腰直角三角形，且OB⊥AC，OB==2．

知，OP⊥OB．

由OP⊥OB，OP⊥AC知PO⊥平面ABC．

答案第8頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

（2）作CH⊥OM，垂足為H．又由（1）可得OP⊥CH，所以CH⊥平面POM． 故CH的長(zhǎng)為點(diǎn)C到平面POM的距離．

由題設(shè)可知OC==2，CM==，∠ACB=45°．

所以O(shè)M=，CH==．

所以點(diǎn)C到平面POM的距離為．

點(diǎn)睛：立體幾何解答題在高考中難度低于解析幾何，屬于易得分題，第一問(wèn)多以線(xiàn)面的證明為主，解題的核心是能將問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為線(xiàn)線(xiàn)關(guān)系的證明；本題第二問(wèn)可以通過(guò)作出點(diǎn)到平面的距離線(xiàn)段求解，也可利用等體積法解決.20．(1)y=x–1,(2)

或

．，再聯(lián)立直線(xiàn)方程與拋物線(xiàn)方程，利【解析】分析：(1)根據(jù)拋物線(xiàn)定義得用韋達(dá)定理代入求出斜率，即得直線(xiàn)的方程；（2）先求AB中垂線(xiàn)方程，即得圓心坐標(biāo)關(guān)系，再根據(jù)圓心到準(zhǔn)線(xiàn)距離等于半徑得等量關(guān)系，解方程組可得圓心坐標(biāo)以及半徑，最后寫(xiě)出圓的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程.詳解：（1）由題意得F（1，0），l的方程為y=k（x–1）（k>0）． 設(shè)A（x1，y1），B（x2，y2）．

由得．

，故．

答案第9頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

所以．

由題設(shè)知，解得k=–1（舍去），k=1．

因此l的方程為y=x–1．

（2）由（1）得AB的中點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為（3，2），所以AB的垂直平分線(xiàn)方程為，即

．

設(shè)所求圓的圓心坐標(biāo)為（x0，y0），則

解得因此所求圓的方程為

或

或

．

點(diǎn)睛：確定圓的方程方法

(1)直接法：根據(jù)圓的幾何性質(zhì)，直接求出圓心坐標(biāo)和半徑，進(jìn)而寫(xiě)出方程．(2)待定系數(shù)法 ①若已知條件與圓心組，從而求出

和半徑有關(guān)，則設(shè)圓的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程依據(jù)已知條件列出關(guān)于的方程的值；

②若已知條件沒(méi)有明確給出圓心或半徑，則選擇圓的一般方程，依據(jù)已知條件列出關(guān)于D、E、F的方程組，進(jìn)而求出D、E、F的值． 21．解：

（1）當(dāng)a=3時(shí)，f（x）=令f ′（x）=0解得x=當(dāng)x∈（–∞，當(dāng)x∈（，）∪（或x=，f ′（x）=．

．，+∞）時(shí)，f ′（x）>0；）時(shí)，f ′（x）<0．），（，+∞）單調(diào)遞增，在（，）單調(diào)遞減． 故f（x）在（–∞，（2）由于，所以等價(jià)于．

答案第10頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

設(shè)=，則g ′（x）=≥0，僅當(dāng)x=0時(shí)g ′（x）=0，所以g（x）在（–∞，+∞）單調(diào)遞增．故g（x）至多有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)，從而f（x）至多有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)．

又f（3a–1）=綜上，f（x）只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)． 【解析】分析：（1）將，f（3a+1）=，故f（x）有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)．

代入，求導(dǎo)得，令求得增區(qū)間，令求得減區(qū)間；（2）令，即，則將問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為函數(shù)只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，研究函數(shù)單調(diào)性可得.詳解：（1）當(dāng)a=3時(shí)，f（x）=令f ′（x）=0解得x=當(dāng)x∈（–∞，當(dāng)x∈（，）∪（或x=

．，f ′（x）=．，+∞）時(shí)，f ′（x）>0；）時(shí)，f ′（x）<0．），（，+∞）單調(diào)遞增，在（，）單調(diào)遞減． 故f（x）在（–∞，（2）由于，所以等價(jià)于．

設(shè)=，則g ′（x）=≥0，僅當(dāng)x=0時(shí)g ′（x）=0，所以g（x）在（–∞，+∞）單調(diào)遞增．故g（x）至多有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)，從而f（x）至多有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)．

又f（3a–1）=綜上，f（x）只有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)．，f（3a+1）=，故f（x）有一個(gè)零點(diǎn)．

點(diǎn)睛：（1）用導(dǎo)數(shù)求函數(shù)單調(diào)區(qū)間的步驟如下：①確定函數(shù)由當(dāng)（或時(shí)，）解出相應(yīng)的的取值范圍，當(dāng)在相應(yīng)區(qū)間上是減增函數(shù).的定義域；②求導(dǎo)數(shù)；③

時(shí)，在相應(yīng)區(qū)間上是增函數(shù)；

答案第11頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

（2）本題第二問(wèn)重在考查零點(diǎn)存在性問(wèn)題，解題的關(guān)鍵在于將問(wèn)題轉(zhuǎn)化為求證函數(shù)一零點(diǎn)，可先證明其單調(diào)，再結(jié)合零點(diǎn)存在性定理進(jìn)行論證.22．（1）當(dāng)方程為時(shí)，的直角坐標(biāo)方程為，當(dāng)

有唯

時(shí)，的直角坐標(biāo)．（2）【解析】分析：(1)根據(jù)同角三角函數(shù)關(guān)系將曲線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程化為直角坐標(biāo)方程，根據(jù)代入消元法將直線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程化為直角坐標(biāo)方程，此時(shí)要注意分將直線(xiàn)參數(shù)方程代入曲線(xiàn)的直角坐標(biāo)方程，根據(jù)參數(shù)幾何意義得，即得的斜率．

與

兩種情況.(2)之間關(guān)系，求得詳解：（1）曲線(xiàn)的直角坐標(biāo)方程為當(dāng)當(dāng)時(shí)，的直角坐標(biāo)方程為時(shí)，的直角坐標(biāo)方程為

．

．，（2）將的參數(shù)方程代入的直角坐標(biāo)方程，整理得關(guān)于的方程

．①

因?yàn)榍€(xiàn)截直線(xiàn)所得線(xiàn)段的中點(diǎn)

在內(nèi)，所以①有兩個(gè)解，設(shè)為，則

．

又由①得，故，于是直線(xiàn)的斜率．

點(diǎn)睛：直線(xiàn)的參數(shù)方程的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式的應(yīng)用

過(guò)點(diǎn)M0(x0，y0)，傾斜角為α的直線(xiàn)l的參數(shù)方程是.(t是參數(shù)，t可正、可負(fù)、可為0)

若M1，M2是l上的兩點(diǎn)，其對(duì)應(yīng)參數(shù)分別為t1，t2，則

(1)M1，M2兩點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)分別是(x0＋t1cos α，y0＋t1sin α)，(x0＋t2cos α，y0＋t2sin α).(2)|M1M2|＝|t1－t2|.(3)若線(xiàn)段M1M2的中點(diǎn)M所對(duì)應(yīng)的參數(shù)為t，則t＝，中點(diǎn)M到定點(diǎn)M0的距離|MM0|＝|t|＝.答案第12頁(yè)，總13頁(yè) 本卷由系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)生成，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)校對(duì)后使用，答案僅供參考。

(4)若M0為線(xiàn)段M1M2的中點(diǎn)，則t1＋t2＝0.23．（1）,(2)

【解析】分析：（1）先根據(jù)絕對(duì)值幾何意義將不等式化為三個(gè)不等式組，分別求解，最后求并集，（2）先化簡(jiǎn)不等式為小值，最后解不等式詳解：（1）當(dāng)時(shí)，再根據(jù)絕對(duì)值三角不等式得

得的取值范圍．

最

可得（2）而由可得或的解集為等價(jià)于，且當(dāng)

．

．

時(shí)等號(hào)成立．故

等價(jià)于

．

．，所以的取值范圍是點(diǎn)睛：含絕對(duì)值不等式的解法有兩個(gè)基本方法，一是運(yùn)用零點(diǎn)分區(qū)間討論，二是利用絕對(duì)值的幾何意義求解．法一是運(yùn)用分類(lèi)討論思想，法二是運(yùn)用數(shù)形結(jié)合思想，將絕對(duì)值不等式與函數(shù)以及不等式恒成立交匯、滲透，解題時(shí)強(qiáng)化函數(shù)、數(shù)形結(jié)合與轉(zhuǎn)化化歸思想方法的靈活應(yīng)用，這是命題的新動(dòng)向．

答案第13頁(yè)，總13頁(yè)

第五篇：2013年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試(新課標(biāo)II)歷史部分

2013年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試(新課標(biāo)II卷)文科綜合能力測(cè)試（歷史試題）

24.司馬遷著《史記》時(shí)，文獻(xiàn)關(guān)于黃帝的記述內(nèi)容不一甚至荒誕，有人據(jù)以否寧黃帝的真實(shí)性。司馬遷游歷各地，常常遇到人們傳頌黃帝的事跡。有鑒于此，他從文獻(xiàn)中“擇其言尤雅者”編成黃帝的事跡列于本紀(jì)之首。這一撰述過(guò)程表明 A.《史記》關(guān)于黃帝的記錄準(zhǔn)確可信 B.傳說(shuō)一定程度上可以反映歷史真實(shí) C.歷史文獻(xiàn)記錄應(yīng)當(dāng)與口頭傳說(shuō)相印證 D.最完整的歷史文本記錄的歷史最真實(shí)

25.漢唐制定土地法規(guī).限制私有大土地的發(fā)展，宋代一改此法，“不抑兼并”。據(jù)此可知宋代 A.中央集權(quán)弱化 B.流民問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重 C.土地兼并緩和 D.自耕小農(nóng)衰退

26.明朝有人描述在廣東大灰?guī)X所見(jiàn):“蓋北貨過(guò)南者，悉皆金小輕細(xì)之物：南貨過(guò)北者，悉皆鹽鐵粗重之類(lèi)。過(guò)南者月無(wú)百馱，過(guò)北者日有數(shù)千。.這表明當(dāng)時(shí) A.嶺南經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展程度高于北方 B.嶺南是商人活動(dòng)的主要地區(qū) C.以物易物是商貿(mào)的主要方式 D.區(qū)域差異造成長(zhǎng)途貿(mào)易興盛

27.清代有學(xué)者說(shuō)：“古有儒、釋、道三教，自明以來(lái)，又多一教，曰小說(shuō)??士大夫農(nóng)、工、商賈，無(wú)不習(xí)聞之，以至兒童、婦女不識(shí)字者，亦皆聞而如見(jiàn)之，是其教較之儒、釋、道而更廣也?！边@表明

A.小說(shuō)成為一種新的宗教傳播載體

B.小說(shuō)的興起沖擊了封建等級(jí)觀(guān)念 C.市民階層擴(kuò)大推動(dòng)世俗文化發(fā)展

D.世俗文化整合了社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀(guān)念 28.“藍(lán)臉的竇爾敦盜御馬，紅臉的關(guān)公戰(zhàn)長(zhǎng)沙，黃臉的典韋白臉的曹操，黑臉的張飛叫喳喳。”京劇藝術(shù)中人物的臉譜

A.真實(shí)再現(xiàn)了客觀(guān)歷史

B.固化了大眾的歷史認(rèn)知 C.正確評(píng)斷了歷史人物。

D.提升了歷史人物的價(jià)值

29.1877年，清政府采納駐英公使郭嵩燾的建議，在新加坡設(shè)立領(lǐng)事館。此后，又在美國(guó)舊金山、日本橫濱、神戶(hù)、大阪及南洋華僑聚居的商埠設(shè)立了領(lǐng)事館，這反映了清政府 A.力圖擺脫不平等條約的約束

B.外交上開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)制度性變化 C.逐步向近代外交轉(zhuǎn)變

D.國(guó)際地位得到提高 30.抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，湖北省政府曾發(fā)布《湖北省減租實(shí)施辦法》，在農(nóng)村推行“減租”為內(nèi)容的土地改革并取得一定成效，但未得到國(guó)民黨中央的肯定。這表明當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)民黨中央 A.放棄了對(duì)農(nóng)村原有土地制度的保護(hù)

B.阻止地方政府進(jìn)行土地政策的調(diào)整 C.無(wú)力趁制地方政府的行為

D.無(wú)意改變農(nóng)村的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系

31.新中國(guó)成立之初，全國(guó)各高校遵照中央政府要求開(kāi)設(shè)公共必修課，思格斯所著《勞動(dòng)在從猿到人轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程中的作用》成為指定教科書(shū)，文化部還舉辦了以“從猿到人”等為宣傳主題的大型科學(xué)知識(shí)展覽會(huì)。其主要目的是 A.構(gòu)建與國(guó)家政權(quán)相話(huà)應(yīng)的意識(shí)形態(tài) B.確定馬克思主義在全黨的指導(dǎo)地位 C.用科學(xué)文化知識(shí)破除封建迷信思想 D.探索引導(dǎo)宣傳輿論工作的全新形式

32.公元前340年，雅典一下層女子因褻瀆神靈被控犯罪，按法律當(dāng)處死。辯護(hù)人用動(dòng)情的言辭質(zhì)問(wèn)：“難道你們?nèi)绦淖屵@位阿芙羅狄特（古希臘美麗女神）的弟子香消玉殞嗎？”浙大定了陪審團(tuán)，經(jīng)投票，陪審法庭判其無(wú)罪，這反映出在古代雅典

A.民主原則貫穿司法過(guò)程

B.婦女享有廣泛政治權(quán)利 C.法律注重保護(hù)平民權(quán)益

D.司法審判缺乏嚴(yán)格程序

33.華盛頓在1787年3月至麥迪遜的信中說(shuō)：“凡是有判斷能力的人，都不會(huì)否認(rèn)對(duì)現(xiàn)行制 度進(jìn)行徹底變革是必需的。我迫切希望這一問(wèn)題能在全體會(huì)議上加以討論。”這里所說(shuō)的“徹 底變革”是指 A.革除聯(lián)邦體制的弊端 C.廢除君主立憲制

B.建立三權(quán)分立的共和體制 D.改變松散的邦聯(lián)體制

34.19世界晚期德國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中，經(jīng)濟(jì)突飛猛進(jìn)與政治民主發(fā)展滯后形成巨大反差。出 現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因在于 A.皇權(quán)與貴州結(jié)盟掌握政權(quán)

B.國(guó)家分裂阻礙政治民主化 D.對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)影響國(guó)內(nèi)民主進(jìn)程 C.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展消解政治改革訴求

35.1931年，斯大林說(shuō)：“我們比先進(jìn)國(guó)家落后了50—100年。我們應(yīng)當(dāng)在10年內(nèi)跑完這段 距離?！边@一思想

A.完全符合當(dāng)時(shí)的蘇聯(lián)國(guó)情 C.與戰(zhàn)時(shí)共產(chǎn)主義政策一致

B.推動(dòng)了蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的形成 D.延續(xù)了新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的精神 40.（25分）閱讀材料，完成下列要求。材料一

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前，有不少學(xué)者對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的學(xué)說(shuō)持懷找態(tài)度.1919年，英國(guó)科學(xué)家愛(ài)丁傾時(shí)日全食的觀(guān)側(cè)結(jié)果證實(shí)了愛(ài)因斯坦的理論，引起巨大震動(dòng).世界各國(guó)的愛(ài)因斯坦熱接踵而至。荷蘭、捷克斯洛伐克、奧地利。美國(guó)、英國(guó)、法國(guó)、日本等國(guó)先后邀請(qǐng)他前往講學(xué)。在中國(guó)，梁?jiǎn)⒊l(fā)起成立的講學(xué)社甘擬遨請(qǐng)愛(ài)因斯坦來(lái)華講學(xué).北京大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)蔡元培亦發(fā)出遨請(qǐng).并得到其本人應(yīng)允.雖然愛(ài)因斯坦因故未能成行，但相對(duì)論卻在中國(guó)廣泛傳播，從1917年到1923年，各種報(bào)刊登載相對(duì)論的論著、譯文、通訊、報(bào)告和文獻(xiàn)不下百篇，出版譯著15種左右。

——摘編自阿爾布雷希特·福爾辛《愛(ài)因斯坦傳》等

材料二 愛(ài)因斯坦熱在中囚方興未艾之際，正是國(guó)內(nèi)東方丈化與西方丈化問(wèn)越論戰(zhàn)正酣之時(shí)。以梁?jiǎn)⒊瑸榇淼牟糠种R(shí)分子認(rèn)為，東方文明與西方文明史兩種不同類(lèi)型的文明，前者以道德丈明為核心.后者以科學(xué)精神為核心，梁?jiǎn)⒊巴鶜W洲考察一年多，1920年田國(guó)后寫(xiě)道:“一百年物質(zhì)的進(jìn)步.比從前三千年所得還加幾倍.我們?nèi)祟?lèi)不推沒(méi)有得著幸福，倒反帶來(lái)許多災(zāi)難，好像沙漠中失路的旅人，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)望見(jiàn)個(gè)大黑影，拼命往前趕，以為可以靠他向?qū)?，那知趕上幾程，影子卻不見(jiàn)了，因此無(wú)線(xiàn)凄惶失望，影子是誰(shuí)？就是這位‘科學(xué)先生’。歐洲人做了一場(chǎng)科學(xué)萬(wàn)能的大夢(mèng)，到如今卻叫起科學(xué)破產(chǎn)來(lái)……

我們可愛(ài)的青年啊，立正！開(kāi)步走！~大海對(duì)岸那邊有好幾萬(wàn)萬(wàn)人，愁著物質(zhì)文明破產(chǎn)，哀哀欲絕的喊救命，等著你來(lái)超拔他哩！我們自天的祖宗、三大圣（孔子、老子、墨子）和愈多前輩，眼巴巴盼望你完成他的事業(yè)，正在他的精神來(lái)加保佑你哩?！?/p>

——摘編自李喜所。元青《梁?jiǎn)⒊瑐鳌返?/p>

（1）根據(jù)材料一并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，說(shuō)明愛(ài)因斯坦熱興起的原因。（8分）

第二次工業(yè)革命中科學(xué)帶動(dòng)技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，引起人們對(duì)科學(xué)的重視；相對(duì)論的提出時(shí)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的重大革命；觀(guān)測(cè)結(jié)果論證了愛(ài)因斯坦理論的正確性；大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束有利于理論的傳播（2）根據(jù)材料一、二并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，指出當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)知識(shí)界對(duì)西方科學(xué)的態(tài)度，并予以評(píng)析。（17分）

態(tài)度：普遍歡迎，引進(jìn)宣傳

評(píng)價(jià)：西學(xué)東漸和新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)果；提升中國(guó)的科學(xué)水平以及民眾的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)；有助于弘揚(yáng)科學(xué)精神 態(tài)度：質(zhì)疑“以科學(xué)為中心的西方文明”

評(píng)價(jià)：西方近代文明暴露出弊端，一戰(zhàn)教訓(xùn)；有一定合理性，有助于反思科學(xué)與人類(lèi)文明的關(guān)系；高估了傳統(tǒng)文化的價(jià)值，將西方文明、物質(zhì)文明與科學(xué)等同起來(lái)，不利于新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)，助長(zhǎng)保守思潮

41.（12分）閱讀材料，完成下列要求。材料

提取材料中的信息，結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，從建筑與政治關(guān)系的角度進(jìn)行中英比較。

太和殿，高大雄偉，象征皇權(quán)至上；白金漢宮，工整威嚴(yán)，顯示君主立憲制之下國(guó)王享有尊貴地位；唐寧街10號(hào)平實(shí)樸素，卻是英國(guó)行政中樞地區(qū)，體現(xiàn)民主政治風(fēng)格

歷史上的一些建筑可視為物化的政治制度、直觀(guān)的權(quán)利結(jié)構(gòu)和有形的政治文化

45.（15分）歷史上重大改革回眸 材料

唐前期，繼續(xù)推行北魏以來(lái)的“均田制”。在此基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行租庸調(diào)制，“有田則有租（田租），有家則有調(diào)（納絹布等），有身則有庸（每丁每年服力役二旬，若不服役則納布帛等代替）”。庸和調(diào)在整個(gè)國(guó)家財(cái)政中占據(jù)重要地位。唐中期以后，隨著人口增加，土地兼并加劇，均田 制急劇崩壞，租庸調(diào)制難以維持?！坝杏孜闯啥。幸u世資，家累千金者，乃薄賦之；又 有年齒已壯，而身居窮約，家無(wú)置錐者，乃厚賦之，豈不背謬！” 百姓舉家逃亡，規(guī)避賦稅，被稱(chēng)為“客戶(hù)”。

公元780年，唐期推行兩稅法:以國(guó)寒時(shí)政開(kāi)支所需為總額，所謂量出以制入”。所有民戶(hù)在 現(xiàn)居地登記，根據(jù)時(shí)產(chǎn)情況定戶(hù)等，按戶(hù)等高低交納賦稅 “戶(hù)無(wú)主客，以見(jiàn)居為薄；人無(wú) 丁中，以貧畜為差”。分夏秋兩季征收，“不居處而行商者，在所郡縣稅三十之一”結(jié)果“斌 不加欲而增入.版籍不造而得其虛實(shí)，貪吏不誠(chéng)而奸無(wú)所取。自是輕重之權(quán)，始?xì)w于朝廷。” 每戶(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)并未增加，對(duì)戶(hù)口的掌握也更為準(zhǔn)確，“天下便之”

一摘編自白壽棄總主編《中國(guó)通史》等(1)報(bào)據(jù)材料，概括指出兩稅法改革的背景。(6分)土地兼并嚴(yán)重；貧富差距過(guò)大；百姓生活困苦；國(guó)家財(cái)政困難；戶(hù)口不實(shí)

(2)材料并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，說(shuō)明兩稅法與唐前期的賦役制度相比有哪些積極作用。（9分）增加政府財(cái)政收入；促進(jìn)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展；簡(jiǎn)化稅制，擴(kuò)大納稅面；從以人丁為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)到以財(cái)產(chǎn)為主，賦稅負(fù)擔(dān)相對(duì)公平

46.(15分)近代杜會(huì)的民主思想與實(shí)踐

材料

縣設(shè)六十議靈，足謂縣議員;府設(shè)六十議員，是謂府議負(fù);省設(shè)六十議員，是謂省縣議員于秀 才中選擇其人，公舉者平民主之?~府議員于舉人中選擇其人，公舉者秀才主之......省議員于 進(jìn)士中選擇其人，公舉者舉人……公舉法：凡男子二十歲以上，除喑啞盲幸以及殘疾者外，其人能讀書(shū)明理者.則于以公舉之權(quán)??興革之事，官有所欲為，則謀之于議丈，議負(fù)有所 欲為，亦謀之于官，甘以敘議之法為之，官與議意合，則詳于君;君意合，則書(shū)名頒行；意 不合，則令其再議.若事有不能衷于一是者別視議員中可之者否之者之人數(shù)多寡，而以人多 者為是，所謂從眾也，推之，凡軍國(guó)大政，其權(quán)雖出于君上，而度支轉(zhuǎn)餉其議詢(xún)諸庶民，是 真為政者矣。

——何啟、胡禮垣：《新政論議》(1895年)(I)概括指出材料中民主設(shè)計(jì)方案的主要原則。(10分)議員選舉與科舉功名聯(lián)系；選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)都有相應(yīng)限制；軍國(guó)大權(quán)仍歸君主；仿效憲政，議事原則上有下至上，少數(shù)服從多數(shù)

(2)根據(jù)材料并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，簡(jiǎn)析該方案在中國(guó)近代民主進(jìn)段中的意義。(5分)對(duì)制度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)；為之后的政治改革提供思想理論基礎(chǔ)

47.（15分）20世紀(jì)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平

材料

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，反法西斯盟國(guó)組成軍事法庭，在德國(guó)紐倫堡和日本東京分別 對(duì)戰(zhàn)犯進(jìn)行了審批，該審批原則于1946年12月11日經(jīng)聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)通過(guò)，1950年，聯(lián)合國(guó) 國(guó)際法委員會(huì)據(jù)批制定《紐倫堡原則》，其內(nèi)容有：

從事構(gòu)成違反國(guó)際法的犯罪行為的人承擔(dān)個(gè)人責(zé)任，并因而應(yīng)受懲罰。

違反國(guó)際法應(yīng)受處罰的罪行是：

（一）反和平罪：計(jì)劃、準(zhǔn)備、發(fā)起或進(jìn)行侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)獲破壞 國(guó)際條約、協(xié)定或承諾的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)；

（二）戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)犯罪：違反戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)法規(guī)定或習(xí)慣，出于某種目的或 在占領(lǐng)區(qū)內(nèi)，實(shí)施包括但不限于謀殺、虐待或奴役平民居民，謀殺、虐待戰(zhàn)俘；

（三）反人 道罪：對(duì)任何平民居民進(jìn)行謀殺、生物實(shí)驗(yàn)、放逐和其他非法人道行為，或基于政治、種群、宗教背景的迫害，而此類(lèi)行為已實(shí)施或此類(lèi)迫害已執(zhí)行或此類(lèi)行為與任何反和平罪或任何戰(zhàn) 爭(zhēng)犯罪相關(guān)聯(lián)。

________摘編自何勤華《紐倫堡審批》（1）根據(jù)材料并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，指出第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后懲處的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)責(zé)任對(duì)象有何不同。（5分）

（2）根據(jù)材料并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，概括說(shuō)明《紐倫堡原則》的意義。（10分）

48.（15分）中外歷史人物評(píng)說(shuō)

材料一

中國(guó)古代有功臣配享制度，即一個(gè)皇帝逝去后，要在已故臣僚中選取功勛卓著的大臣陪 祀饗宴挺，功臣配享皇帝，是朝廷對(duì)該大臣的最高評(píng)價(jià)，北宋神宗時(shí)，王安石“變風(fēng)俗，立 法度”，主導(dǎo)了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等方面的改革。哲宗紹圣初年，詔“王安石配享神宗皇帝 挺”。南宋建炎處，有人提出“自紹圣以來(lái)，學(xué)術(shù)政事敗壞殘酷，致禍好社稷，起源實(shí)出安 石”。于是，“擺安石陪饗神宗廟挺”。

________摘編自白壽彝主編《中國(guó)通史》

材料二

《宋史》記熙豐(宋神宗年號(hào)熙寧、元豐)事實(shí)者，成于南渡以后史官之手，而元人因 而襲之，皆反對(duì)黨之言，不可征信.今于其污蔑荊公(王安石)處，皆意義詳辯之......荊公 不僅為中國(guó)大政治家，亦為中國(guó)大文學(xué)家。一摘自梁?jiǎn)⒊锻跚G公》(1908年)(1)根據(jù)材料一，分別指出兩宋對(duì)王安石的評(píng)價(jià)及其主要理由。(6分)北宋肯定王安石變法，對(duì)朝廷有功；南宋否定王安石，認(rèn)為王安石變法是北宋走向滅亡的原因所在

(2)根據(jù)材料二并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，指出梁?jiǎn)⒊匦略u(píng)價(jià)王安石的目的及采用的方法。(9分)目的：弘揚(yáng)歷史上的改革精神；為維新變法造勢(shì)

方法：重視歷史記錄著的態(tài)度；考證歷史材料的真?zhèn)?/p>