第一篇：英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯必備知識(shí)語(yǔ)序

英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯必備知識(shí)語(yǔ)序

1)定語(yǔ)位置的調(diào)整

漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，無(wú)論是單用還是幾個(gè)連用，通常都放在所修飾的名詞之前。而在英語(yǔ)里，單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在所修飾的中心詞之前，詞組，短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，則放在所修飾的名詞之后。漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)，有的可能是單詞，有的可能是短語(yǔ)，有的可能是從句。對(duì)這些成分的安排，要依據(jù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣來(lái)處理。反之亦然。

例1 實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化是一項(xiàng)我們必須努力完成的任務(wù)。

譯文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.漢語(yǔ)中作“現(xiàn)代化”定語(yǔ)的“社會(huì)主義”在英語(yǔ)中只需要一個(gè)單詞 socialist 就可以表明，按照英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，放在所修飾的中心modernization 之前。但是原文中“我國(guó)”翻成英語(yǔ)就不是簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單的一個(gè)詞了，而是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)of our country，置于中心詞“現(xiàn)代化”之后，成為后置定語(yǔ)。英譯時(shí)，“任務(wù)”的定語(yǔ)“努力完成的”是一個(gè)從句that we must do our utmost to fulfil，按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，應(yīng)放在所修飾的中心詞task之后。

例2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.譯文: 她很高興能夠遇到那幅畫的藝術(shù)家。

全句的賓語(yǔ)是“藝術(shù)家”，英語(yǔ)里修飾the artist 的成分在the artist之后，這是英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣所規(guī)定的。但是轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，就必須把定語(yǔ)修飾成分提前到中心詞“藝術(shù)家”之前。

2)狀語(yǔ)位置的調(diào)整

漢語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于放在主語(yǔ)之后，謂語(yǔ)之前。但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)也可以放在主語(yǔ)之前。英語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)的位置要靈活得多。就單詞狀語(yǔ)而言，它可以位于句首，句中，句末。較長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)常被置于句首或句末，句中的情況極少。因此，在漢英，英漢互譯時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)位置的變換調(diào)整極為復(fù)雜。

例3 上星期五我們?cè)谀羌倚虏宛^盡情地吃了一頓。

譯文：We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.原文中，“上星期五”放在句首，并且在“那家新餐館”之前，而譯文中卻將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的位置顛倒了過(guò)來(lái)。這樣一來(lái)，既準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了原文意思，又符合了英文語(yǔ)序習(xí)慣。所以我們可以得出結(jié)論：英語(yǔ)里如果句子既有地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)又有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，一般地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)在前，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在后。漢語(yǔ)里則往往把它們置于句首或謂語(yǔ)前，而且通常時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)之前。

第二篇：英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯

2012年6月

《孫子兵法》（The Art of War）是中國(guó)古代最重要的一部軍事著作之一，是我國(guó)優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分。孫子（Sun Tzu），即該書的作者，在書中揭示的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規(guī)律，不僅受到軍事家門的推崇，還在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)、人生追求甚至家庭關(guān)系等諸多方面，具有廣泛的指導(dǎo)作用?！秾O子兵法》中的許多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意義深遠(yuǎn)，在國(guó)內(nèi)外廣為流傳。如今，《孫子兵法》已被翻譯成多種語(yǔ)言，在世界軍事史上也具有重要的地位。

The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world.2012年12月

京劇

京劇（Peking Opera）已有200多年的歷史，是中國(guó)的國(guó)劇。與其他地方戲相比，京劇享有更高的榮譽(yù)，但其實(shí)京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜（facial make-up）和戲服都很精美，相比之下舞臺(tái)布景則十分簡(jiǎn)單。表演者主要應(yīng)用四種技能：唱、念、做、打。京劇較擅長(zhǎng)于表現(xiàn)歷史題材的政治、軍事斗爭(zhēng)，故事大多取自于歷史演義和小說(shuō)話本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京劇大多是在戶外演出的，因此演員們形成了一種有穿透力的唱腔，以便每個(gè)人都能聽到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas.The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain.During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat.Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories.In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.2013年6月

中國(guó)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督部門決定在未來(lái)三到五年之內(nèi)建立一個(gè)全國(guó)性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，用以監(jiān)測(cè)空氣污染對(duì)人類健康的影響。這一目標(biāo)于國(guó)家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)(National Health and Family Planning Commission)針對(duì)空氣污染的一份工作文件中披露，根據(jù)這份文件，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將搜集不同地區(qū)空氣中的PM2.5數(shù)據(jù)和主要空氣污染物濃度變化的數(shù)據(jù)。這將為分析和評(píng)估空氣污染對(duì)健康的影響提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。這一文件提到，缺乏長(zhǎng)期而系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測(cè)使國(guó)家無(wú)法揭示空氣污染和人類健康之間的聯(lián)系。

China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years.The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission.According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants.That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health.The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health.2013年12月第一套

中國(guó)人自古以來(lái)就在中秋時(shí)節(jié)慶祝豐收。這與北美地區(qū)慶祝感恩節(jié)的習(xí)俗十分相似。過(guò)中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗于唐代早期在中國(guó)各地開始流行。中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷八月十五，是人門拜月的節(jié)日。這天夜晚皓月當(dāng)空，人們合家團(tuán)聚，共賞明月。2006年，中秋節(jié)貝類為中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn)，2008年又被定位公共假日。月餅被視為中秋節(jié)不可或缺的美食。人們將月餅作為禮物饋贈(zèng)親友或在家庭聚會(huì)上享用。傳統(tǒng)的月餅上帶有“壽（longevity）”、“?！被颉昂汀钡茸謽印?/p>

Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America.The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China.The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon.During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together.In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday.The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival.People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings.Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “l(fā)ongevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”.2013年12月第三套

聞名于世界的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中國(guó)古代的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國(guó)、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。正式通過(guò)絲綢之路，中國(guó)的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)這四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國(guó)的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器(porcelain)也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過(guò)絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的需求。

The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West.The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade.The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word.Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.2013年12月第二套

中國(guó)園林（the Chinese garden）是經(jīng)過(guò)三千多年演變而成的獨(dú)具一格的園林景觀（landscape）。它既包括為皇室成員享樂(lè)而建造的大型花園，也包括學(xué)者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構(gòu)成了一種意在表達(dá)人與自然之間應(yīng)有的和諧關(guān)系的微縮景觀。典型的中國(guó)園林四周有圍墻，園內(nèi)有池塘、假山（rock-work）、樹木、花草以及各種各樣由蜿蜒的小路和走廊連接的建筑。漫步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設(shè)計(jì)的景觀猶如山水畫卷（scroll）一般展現(xiàn)在面前。

The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years.It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world.These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature.Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls.In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors.When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll.2014年6月

北京計(jì)劃未來(lái)三年投資7,600億元治理污染，從減少PM2.5排放入手。這一新公布的計(jì)劃旨在減少四種主要污染源，包括500多萬(wàn)輛機(jī)動(dòng)車的尾氣（exhaust）排放、周邊地區(qū)燃煤、來(lái)自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。另有850億元用于新建或升級(jí)城市垃圾處理和污水（sewage）處理設(shè)施，加上300醫(yī)院投資未來(lái)三年的植樹造林（forestation）。

市政府還計(jì)劃建造一批水循環(huán)利用工廠，并制止違章建筑，以改善環(huán)境。另外，北京還將更嚴(yán)厲地處罰違反限排規(guī)定的行為。

Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions.The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts.Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years.The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment.In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation.4

第三篇：英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯

From Nov.3 to 12, Beijing will restrict the use of private vehicles based on even-and odd-numbered license plates, and 70 percent of cars belonging to local governments, public institutions, social groups and state-owned enterprises will not be allowed to be used during the period.11月3日至11月12日，北京市將按照機(jī)動(dòng)車車牌單雙號(hào)對(duì)私家車實(shí)行限制措施，同時(shí)，政府機(jī)構(gòu)、事業(yè)單位、社會(huì)組織以及國(guó)有企業(yè)70%的車輛都不允許在此期間上路行駛。

”拼車“ 用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)

Carpooling has become a popular choice for Beijing's white-collar workers as the limit on the number of cars on roads during the APEC meeting took effect on Monday.北京在APEC期間的車輛限行措施周一開始實(shí)施，拼車成為北京白領(lǐng)們的熱門選擇?！?/p>

取消死刑“和”刑法“用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is considering reducing by nine the number of crimes subject to the death penalty through revising the Criminal Law.全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)擬通過(guò)《刑法》修正案減少九個(gè)適用死刑的罪名?！毙敖獭坝糜⒄Z(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)

Liu Jinguo, vice-minister of public security, has been appointed deputy head of the 610 Office, the central government agency responsible for combating cults and handling cult-related issues.公安部副部長(zhǎng)劉金國(guó)被任命為中央防范和處理邪教問(wèn)題領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組610辦副組長(zhǎng)。

“出柜”用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

蘋果CEO提姆·庫(kù)克周四宣布出柜，并表示他在用自己小心守護(hù)的隱私換取民權(quán)進(jìn)步的機(jī)會(huì)，他也由此成為出柜的美國(guó)公司首腦中最有影響力的一位

Apple Inc CEO Tim Cook on Thursday became the most prominent American corporate leader to come out as gay, saying he was trading his closely guarded privacy for the chance to help move civil rights forward.“低碳出行”英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

Shanghai marked World Car-Free Day on September 22nd with a series of publicity campaigns to promote low-carbon transportation, but didn't prevent cars from entering certain downtown areas as it had in the past.It was the seventh year Shanghai participated in World Car-Free Day along with 150 other cities around the country.Officials used the theme “Greener Traffic, Cleaner Air” to encourage car owners to take public transportation more often and help ease road congestion and contribute to better air quality.9月22日是“世界無(wú)車日”，滬上并未像過(guò)去一樣在市區(qū)某些區(qū)域設(shè)置“車輛禁行區(qū)”，而是通過(guò)一系列豐富多彩的宣傳活動(dòng)，倡導(dǎo)市民低碳出行。

這是上海第七年參與“世界無(wú)車日”的活動(dòng)，一同參與的還有全國(guó)其他150個(gè)城市。此次活動(dòng)的官方主題為“綠色交通?清新空氣”，旨在鼓勵(lì)有車一族多乘坐公共交通出行，從而緩解交通擁堵，提升空氣質(zhì)量。

“廣場(chǎng)舞”用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

A recent survey found that Shanghai residents have more tolerance for public square dancing, or guangchangwu, which has become a national controversy in recent years.最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，上海居民對(duì)廣場(chǎng)舞的容忍度有所提高。近年來(lái)廣場(chǎng)舞一直是飽受民眾爭(zhēng)議的一個(gè)話題。

“窮游”英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

Traveling is a priority for many people during the National Day holiday, and college students are no exception.But with landmarks swamped with tourists, and transportation and accommodation costs even higher during Golden Week, how to travel on a budget is a tricky question.對(duì)于許多人而言，在過(guò)去的國(guó)慶假期里，旅行可是頭等大事。大學(xué)生們自然也不例外，但是，鑒于黃金周各大景點(diǎn)人山人海，交通、住宿費(fèi)用水漲船高，如何“窮游”成為了一個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題。

”依法治國(guó)“英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十八屆中央委員會(huì)第四次全體會(huì)議10月20日起至23日在北京召開，將首次以全會(huì)的形式專題研究部署全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)。以往的四中全會(huì)多聚焦于黨風(fēng)建設(shè)，本次會(huì)議以依法治國(guó)為主題，反映出中國(guó)改革已進(jìn)入攻堅(jiān)期，將通過(guò)完善法治實(shí)現(xiàn)改革目標(biāo)。

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committeewill deliberate on a draft decision of the CPC Central Committee on “major issues concerning comprehensively advancing rule of law”.”封殺劣跡藝人“用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)？

Watchdog bans broadcasts of works by tainted stars 廣電總局下令封殺“劣跡藝人”

The country's top press and media watchdog has ordered TV stations and other outlets to stop broadcasting material featuring stars who use drugs or visit prostitutes.廣電總局日前下令，各大衛(wèi)視和其他媒體機(jī)構(gòu)停止播出“有吸毒、嫖娼等違法犯罪行為者”參與制作的節(jié)目。

全面禁煙（可能性大）China is mulling

a

ban

on

all

forms

of

tobacco advertising,sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, according to adraft regulation on Monday.據(jù)周一發(fā)布的一份條例草案規(guī)定，中國(guó)擬全面禁止任何形式的煙草廣告、贊助活動(dòng)以及煙草產(chǎn)品促銷。

此次公開征求意見(jiàn)的控?zé)煑l例明確，所有室內(nèi)公共場(chǎng)所一律禁止吸煙（smokingis banned in all kinds of indoor public places）；體育、健身場(chǎng)館的室外觀眾座席、賽場(chǎng)區(qū)域（outdoor seating areas and venues of stadiums and fitness centers）、公共交通工具的室外等候區(qū)域（outdoor waiting areas of public transportation）等也全面禁止吸煙。

送審稿還規(guī)定，新聞出版廣電總局負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)電影、電視劇及其他節(jié)目中的吸煙鏡頭（smokingscenes in films and TV shows）進(jìn)行監(jiān)督管理，違者最高罰款3萬(wàn)元。

這樣的禁煙令堪稱carpet（地毯式，全面）smoking ban。駕照自學(xué)自考

Under the reform, if someone wants toobtain a driver's license, they can learn the necessary skills on their own andregister online for an examination, said Huang Ming, vice-minister of publicsecurity.公安部副部長(zhǎng)黃明表示，按照改革，人們可以自行學(xué)習(xí)駕車技能然后上網(wǎng)登記報(bào)考駕照。

此次reform on the issuing of driver's licenses（駕照改革）的目的是curb corruption in vehicle management departments（杜絕車管部門的腐?。８母镉型麑?shí)現(xiàn)眾人期盼已久的“駕照自學(xué)自考”。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行規(guī)定，想考取駕照的人必須上至少64小時(shí)的driving classes held by training schools（駕校課程），包括兩門driving theory（駕照理論）課和兩門driving practice（駕照實(shí)踐）課。駕校學(xué)費(fèi)從5000元到1萬(wàn)元不等，而且逐年上升?？忌荒躵egister for tests themselves（自行報(bào)考），而是由trainingagency registers on behalf of applicants（培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)代為報(bào)考）。

APEC的亞太一體化

“The development prospect of ourregion hinges on the decisions and actions we take today,” he said.“We are duty-bound to create and fulfill an Asia-Pacific dream for ourpeople.”習(xí)近平指出，亞太發(fā)展前景取決于今天的決斷和行動(dòng)。我們有責(zé)任為本地區(qū)人民創(chuàng)造和實(shí)現(xiàn)亞太夢(mèng)想。文中的Asia-Pacific dream就是指“亞太夢(mèng)”。習(xí)近平指出，今天的亞太，在世界格局中的地位不斷上升。也面臨方方面面的挑戰(zhàn)。亞太的未來(lái)，正處在關(guān)鍵的路口。

習(xí)近平在演講中還指出，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)呈現(xiàn)出“new normal”（新常態(tài)）。我們正在推行的comprehensivelydeepening reform（全面深化改革），既是liberate theproductive force（對(duì)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的解放），也是對(duì)unleash the vitality ofthe society（社會(huì)活力的解放），必將成為推動(dòng)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力。

政府用房標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

The National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly released the 32-pageset of guidelines outlining the construction standards for Party and governmentbuildings and offices on Monday.國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委、住房建設(shè)部周一發(fā)布了長(zhǎng)達(dá)32頁(yè)的黨政機(jī)關(guān)辦公用房建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

“黨政機(jī)關(guān)辦公用房建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”即guidelines outlining the constructionstandards for Party and government buildings and offices，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定minister's office（部級(jí)正職的辦公室）不超過(guò)54平方米。外面不搞luxurious decorations（豪華裝修），不定位為landmarkbuilding（城市標(biāo)志性建筑）。

自2012年12月4日中國(guó)中央政治局通過(guò)的eight-point code to cutbureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people（關(guān)于改進(jìn)工作作風(fēng)、密切聯(lián)系群眾的八項(xiàng)規(guī)定），就要求官員消除hedonism（享樂(lè)主義）。

藥價(jià)改革

Prices of more than 2,700 drugs willsoon be determined by the market, rather than the government, as China getsready to roll out its ambitious drug pricing reform plan, industry sources said on Thursday.據(jù)業(yè)界消息周四透露，中國(guó)已準(zhǔn)備好施行大規(guī)模的藥價(jià)改革計(jì)劃，今后超過(guò)2700種藥品價(jià)格將由市場(chǎng)而不是政府來(lái)決定。“藥價(jià)改革”英文就是drugpricing reform，根據(jù)改革方案，國(guó)家擬取消藥品最高零售限價(jià)或出廠價(jià)格，從完善藥品采購(gòu)機(jī)制、強(qiáng)化醫(yī)?？刭M(fèi)作用、強(qiáng)化醫(yī)療行為監(jiān)管、強(qiáng)化價(jià)格行為監(jiān)管等四方面加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管，發(fā)揮醫(yī)保支付基準(zhǔn)價(jià)的引導(dǎo)作用，使藥品市場(chǎng)價(jià)格保持在合理的水平。

現(xiàn)階段government-priced drugs（由政府定價(jià)的藥品）占據(jù)了整個(gè)藥品市場(chǎng)的23%。從明年一月份開始，政府不再設(shè)定藥品的maximumretail price（最高零售限價(jià)）或factory price（出廠價(jià)）。

第四篇：英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯

一隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和國(guó)際地位的提升，中國(guó)逐漸成為各國(guó)留學(xué)生的熱門留學(xué)目的地。到2020年，中國(guó)將力○爭(zhēng)成為亞洲最大的留學(xué)目的國(guó)。除了漢語(yǔ)之外，中國(guó)藝術(shù)、飲食、民俗、中醫(yī)(Traditional Chinese Medicine)等頗具中國(guó)特色的專業(yè)也深受金發(fā)碧眼的洋學(xué)生們熱捧。同時(shí)，中國(guó)為進(jìn)一歩擴(kuò)大外國(guó)留學(xué)生規(guī)模，不斷增加政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的投入；另一方面，為吸引更多優(yōu)秀的國(guó)際生源，各院校也增設(shè)了不少獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目。參考翻譯: With the rapid economic development and thepromotion of international status, China hasgradually become a popular destination country foroverseas students.China strives to be the hottestdestination country for overseas study in Asia bythe year 2020.Besides the Chinese language, the overseas students with blond hair and blueeyes are also interested in the majors with Chinese characteristics like Chinese art, food,folklore, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.Meanwhile, to expand the scale of overseasstudents, Chinese government constantly invests more to offer scholarships on the otherhand, to attract more excellent overseas students, universities also add many scholarshipprograms.1.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和國(guó)際地位的提升:表達(dá)“隨著”的含義，可采用with加分詞短語(yǔ)的形式。

2.力爭(zhēng)成為亞洲最大的留學(xué)目的國(guó):其中“力爭(zhēng)”可用striveto表達(dá)；“最大的”即 “最熱門的”，可譯為 hottest。3.金發(fā)碧眼的洋學(xué)生們:其中“金發(fā)碧眼”可譯為blond hairand blue eyes;“洋學(xué)生”可譯為overseas students,文中“外國(guó)留學(xué)生”、“國(guó)際生源”均可用該詞組表達(dá)。

4.擴(kuò)大規(guī)模:可譯為expand the scale of或increase the number of。

5.不斷增加政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的投入:可譯為Chinese government invests more to offer scholarships。6.增設(shè)了不少獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目:可譯為add many scholarship programs。

醫(yī)生該如何學(xué)習(xí)誠(chéng)實(shí)對(duì)待他們的病人呢？進(jìn)行更多關(guān)于如何與病人溝通其健康狀況的培訓(xùn)是極其重要的——尤其是在告知（deliver）壞消息時(shí)。如果檢查結(jié)果對(duì)病人的健康沒(méi)有影響的話，醫(yī)生們可能不會(huì)把略有異常的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果告訴給焦慮的病人。相反地，醫(yī)生也許會(huì)夸大（exaggerate）正常的結(jié)果，希望能刺激病人更好地照顧自己。而病人們也需要清楚并確定他們所期望的醫(yī)生的誠(chéng)實(shí)度。畢竟，即便在醫(yī)生的辦公室里，交流也是雙向的。參考譯文：

How can doctors learn to be honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with patients about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news.Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.Conversely, they might exaggerate a normal result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.Patients also need to be clear and certain about how honest they want their doctors to be.Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor’s office.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1、極其重要的 critical

2、尤其是在告知（deliver）壞消息時(shí) when it comes to delivering bad news.（注：注意come to的用法。come to sth.其中的一個(gè)意思就是“當(dāng)達(dá)到某種狀況（尤指不好的狀況）時(shí)”。）

3、如果檢查結(jié)果對(duì)病人的健康沒(méi)有影響的話，醫(yī)生們可能不會(huì)把略有異常的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果告訴給焦慮的病人。Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.（注：注意這句話的翻譯順序，及檢查結(jié)果重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，翻譯時(shí)可譯為it。）

4、希望能刺激病人更好地照顧自己 in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself

5、清楚并確定 be clear and certain

6、雙向的 a two-way street

信用卡(credit card)是由銀行發(fā)行的卡，持卡人可以憑卡賒購(gòu)(buy on credit)商品和服務(wù)。使用信用卡最大的好處就是能給持卡人帶來(lái)極大的方便。人們可以 使用信用卡賒購(gòu)他們需要的東西，并在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)付淸欠款,而不必隨身攜帶大量的現(xiàn)金。但如此的便利也帶來(lái)了一些問(wèn)題，如惡意透支(malicious overdraft)。還會(huì)剌激使用者超前消費(fèi)，容易產(chǎn)生月光族。在消費(fèi)的時(shí)候，使用信用卡會(huì)促使消費(fèi)者更加沖動(dòng)地購(gòu)物，甚至購(gòu)買一些平時(shí)不怎么用的商品。參考譯文：

A credit card is a card issued by a bank,allowing its holder to buy goods and services on credit.The most obvious advantage of credit card is the huge convenience it brings to card holders.People can use the cards to buy what they want on credit and pay off the debt over a period of time instead of carrying a large sum of cash with them.But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft and overconsumption which will easily reduce the card users to“moonlight group”.When shopping,consumers with credit cards will buy goods more impetuously.They will even buy something that is not often used in daily life.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.賒購(gòu)商品和服務(wù):賒購(gòu)可用短語(yǔ)buy...on credit來(lái)表達(dá)。故此處可譯為buy goods and services on credit。2.最大的好處:“大的好處”即“明顯的好處”，故此處可譯為the most obvious advantage。其中obvious意為“顯著的”。3.但如此的便利也帶來(lái)了一些問(wèn)題，如惡意透支…:可譯為But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft"其中，使用“such+n.+as...”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可以達(dá)到清晰列舉事例的效果。例如，我們買了蘋果、香蕉、葡萄等水果，即We bought such fruits as apples,bananas,grapes,etc.4.惡意透支和超前消費(fèi):分別可譯為名詞短語(yǔ)malicious overdraft和over-consumption。

傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)婚俗被視為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化禮儀的基礎(chǔ)。通常，婚禮是隆重場(chǎng)合，有很多的禮節(jié)?；槎Y有八大程序，包括求婚、生辰匹配、合婚（marriage divination),下聘禮（betrothal gifts presenting)、確定婚期、置辦嫁妝（dowry urging)、迎娶新娘、舉行正式的結(jié)婚儀式。在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的婚禮中，新娘由新郎牽著。她頭頂紅蓋頭，全程都垂在肩上。傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)婚俗已經(jīng)實(shí)行了幾千年。它們可能會(huì)因時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)而異，但在中國(guó)人的生活中一直占據(jù)著重要地位，對(duì)中國(guó)人的生活方式產(chǎn)生著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。參考譯文：

Traditional Chinese wedding customs are considered as the foundation of rites in traditional Chinese culture.A wedding is usually a grand occasion with so many formalities.There are eight major procedures of a wedding,including proposal making,birthday matching,marriage divination,betrothal gifts presenting,wedding date fixing,dowry urging,welcoming the bride to the wedding and performing the formal wedding ceremony.During the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony,the bride is led by her groom.Her head is covered by a red veil which is Ming down to her shoulder during the whole period.Traditional Chinese wedding customs have been running for thousands of years.They may vary from place to place and from time to time,but they have been holding an important position in the life of Chinese people,having a far-reaching impact on Chinese people's lifestyle.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.隆重場(chǎng)合:可譯為a grand occasion。grand意為“重大的，盛大的 2.求婚:可譯為名詞結(jié)構(gòu)proposal making。3.生辰匹配:可譯為birthday matching。

4.合婚:八字合婚是中國(guó)民間的一種舊俗，即婚前男女雙方交換庚帖，以卜八字是否相配來(lái)確定婚姻是否幸福美滿。故此處譯為marriage divination,divination意為“預(yù)測(cè)，占卜”。

5.下聘禮:可譯為betrothal gifts presenting。betrothal是名詞，意為“訂婚”，betrothal gifts意為“聘禮”。6.置辦嫁妝:可譯為dowry urging。

7.紅蓋頭:可譯為red veil。veil意為“頭巾；面紗”。

8.因...而異:可譯為vary。vary是常見(jiàn)詞，常用詞組有vary from(與...不同),vary with(隨...而不同)，vary in(在...方面有差異)。

地球表面超過(guò)70%是水，水無(wú)疑是地球上最寶貴的自然資源。若非這些看似毫無(wú)價(jià)值的氫氧化合物(compound of oxygen and hydrogen)，地球上的生命將不復(fù)存在，因?yàn)槿f(wàn)物的生長(zhǎng)繁榮都依存于此。盡管人類承認(rèn)這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，但是我們對(duì)此漠視，依然在污染我們的江河湖海。久而久之，地球確實(shí)深受其害，生物正以驚人的速度死亡。除了無(wú)辜生命的死亡外，我們的飲用水和水上娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)也收到了極大的影響。為了應(yīng)對(duì)水污染，我們必須理解癥結(jié)所在，并參與解決。

請(qǐng)看下面的漢譯英段落翻譯：

【參考譯文】：

Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.Without the seemingly invaluable compound of oxygen and hydrogen, life on Earth would be non-exist: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans.Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our abilities to use water for recreational purposes.In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，相差三歲，就會(huì)有“溝”，即所謂的:“三歲一代溝”。以前，在人們的思維里，代溝(generation gap)所表示的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度是10到20年。而到了21世紀(jì)，隨著全國(guó)各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，人們文化知識(shí)的增長(zhǎng)，思想意識(shí)的提髙，每個(gè)人的個(gè)性化和自我意識(shí)逐漸增強(qiáng)，人與人之間的交流出現(xiàn)了障礙，人與人之間的想法、觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)了分歧，很難找到共鳴(resonance)。這種現(xiàn)象與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)程度有關(guān)，經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)達(dá)的地方，代溝的時(shí)間差距越小。參考譯文：

In modern society,there will be a generation gap if the gap of ages reaches 3 years.This is the so-called“Each three-year age gap,one generation gap”.In the past,people thought that generation gap appeared when the age gap reached 10 to 20 years.But in the 21st century,with the national economic development,the growth of people's cultural knowledge and the improvement of their thought and consciousness,people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened.Communication barriers among people appear;ideas and viewpoints begin to differ from person to person,making it hard for one to find resonance with other people.This phenomenon is related to the level of economic development-the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.相差三歲，就會(huì)有“溝”:這里的“溝”指代溝。

2.三歲一代溝:可譯Each three-year age gap,one generation gap,意為“每差三歲，就有代溝”。英文譯成對(duì)仗的形式顯得較為工整。

3.思想意識(shí)的提高:可譯為the improvement of thoughts and consciousness。

4.每個(gè)人的個(gè)性化和自我意識(shí)逐漸增強(qiáng):可譯為people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened。

5.很難找到共鳴:該句其實(shí)是“交流出現(xiàn)了障礙”、“想法、觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)了分歧”的結(jié)果，故譯為非謂語(yǔ)形式making it hard for one to find resonance with other people作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。6.經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)達(dá)的地方，代溝的時(shí)間差距越小:翻譯時(shí)可使the more…the more…句式，即the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be。

打車難已經(jīng)成為大城市人們生活中較為普遍的問(wèn)題。城市人口規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，人類社會(huì)活動(dòng)的不斷多元(diversification)化都增加了對(duì)出租車的需求。隨著城市交通擁堵狀況不斷加劇，為避免堵車影響收人，上下班高峰時(shí)段很多司機(jī)不愿意跑擁堵路段和主城區(qū)，導(dǎo)致市民在一些交通樞紐、商業(yè)中心、醫(yī)院附近很難打到出租車。城市建設(shè)影響了出租車的使用效率。出租車行業(yè)不規(guī)范，拒載行為屢屢發(fā)生，這也是導(dǎo)致打車難的人為因素 參考譯文：

It has been a common problem in large city residents' life that it's hard to take a taxi.The increase of urban population and diversification of social activities make the demand for taxi rise.As the traffic jam becomes worse in cities，to guarantee personal income, many taxi drivers refuse to drive on busy roads and main urban areas, which makes it difficult for many citizens to take a taxi near some transportation junctions, commercial centers and hospitals.City construction affects the efficiency of taxi.Being not standard in the taxi industry and taxi drivers' often refusing to take passengers are the human factors that make it difficult to take a taxi.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.打車難:可譯為it's hard to take a taxi,作為problem的同位語(yǔ)，意義表達(dá)清楚自然。

2.增加了對(duì)出租車的需求:可譯為make the demand for taxi rise。

3.為避免堵車影響收入:可靈活地譯為to guarantee personal income。采用逆向譯法，上下文反復(fù)出現(xiàn)“堵車”這個(gè)詞，所以可以省略。

4.出租車行業(yè)不規(guī)范，拒載行為屢屢發(fā)生:這里是說(shuō)明原因，為了句式簡(jiǎn)明，可以處理為動(dòng)名詞和獨(dú)立主格的形式，直接充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)。

5.人為因素:可譯為human factor。

聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6，000多公里，得名于古代中國(guó)的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國(guó)、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要作用。正是通過(guò)絲綢之路，中國(guó)的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)等四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國(guó)的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器（porcelain）也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過(guò)絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的需求。

【翻譯】

The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China‘s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.中國(guó)將加速節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，使其到2015年成為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。國(guó)務(wù)院(the State Council)曾在一份聲明中承諾要推進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,擴(kuò)大人們對(duì)節(jié)能產(chǎn)品的需求，推動(dòng)壞保服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。國(guó)務(wù)院表示,節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)出價(jià)值到2015年將達(dá)到4.5萬(wàn)億元,平均年增長(zhǎng)15%。政府將起主導(dǎo)作用，并允許非國(guó)有資本投資節(jié)能項(xiàng)目。中國(guó)已承諾到2020年，將每單位GDP的碳排放量在2005年的基礎(chǔ)上減少40%—45%。【解析】

1.加速節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展:“節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)”可譯為energy saving industry。2.國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè):可譯為a pillar of the national economy。

3.承諾要推進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，擴(kuò)大人們對(duì)節(jié)能產(chǎn)品的需求，推動(dòng)環(huán)保服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展:此處“承諾”可譯為vow;“推進(jìn)”可翻譯為spur;“妒大”可翻譯為 expand;“推動(dòng)”可翻譯為boost。

【參考答案】

China will speed up development of the energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015.The State Council vowed in a statement to spur technological innovation，expand demand for energy-saving products and boost the environmental-protection service industry.According to the State Council, the value of the energy-saving industry’s output will reach 4.5 trillion yuan by 2015,with an average annual growth rate of 15 percent.The govemment will play a leading role and allow the non-state capital to invest in energy-saving projects.China has committed to reducing its carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared with the number in 2005.有些國(guó)家為了處理他們與中國(guó)的貿(mào)易，建立了專門的機(jī)構(gòu)。CCBC是加中貿(mào)易理事會(huì)，該機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)助處理兩國(guó)間的貿(mào)易項(xiàng)目。另外一個(gè)有此功能的機(jī)構(gòu)是英中貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)(the China-BritainBusiness Council)。該機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)立的目的是協(xié)助中英兩國(guó)間的貿(mào)易。同時(shí)，中國(guó)也幫助國(guó)內(nèi)的年輕人在商業(yè)上搶占先機(jī)。中國(guó)青年創(chuàng)業(yè)國(guó)際計(jì)劃旨在幫助年輕人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)業(yè)。另外，中國(guó)還發(fā)行了一些商業(yè)雜志，來(lái)幫助中國(guó)人跟進(jìn)國(guó)際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展。

【解析】

1.專門的機(jī)構(gòu):可譯為special organization。

2.中國(guó)青年創(chuàng)業(yè)國(guó)際計(jì)劃旨在幫助年輕人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)業(yè):“中國(guó)青年創(chuàng)業(yè)國(guó)際計(jì)劃”是專有名詞，譯為Youth Business China;“創(chuàng)業(yè)”就是“開創(chuàng)一番事業(yè)”，因此可譯為start a business。

3.跟進(jìn)國(guó)際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展:“跟進(jìn)”可用keep track of表達(dá)，“國(guó)際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域”可翻譯為internationalcommercial areas。【參考答案】

Some countries have special organizations set up for dealing with their business with China.CCBC isthe Canada China Business Council which helps with the trade between the two countries.Anotherorganization of the same function is the China-Britain Business Council.This organization has beenestablished to facilitate the trade between the UK and China.At the same time, China serves for theyoung people to grab the favorable business opportunities.Youth Business China aims at helpingyoung people to start a business.China also publishes several business magazines to help theChinese people to keep track of the development in the international commercial areas.make a living 謀生

make it 成功

make the best / most of 充分利用 many a 許多

mark the papers 批改考卷

mayor / minor in

meet one's needs 滿足要求

might as well 不妨

mistake a for b 認(rèn)錯(cuò)

more or less 或多或少，有點(diǎn)

my treat 我請(qǐng)客

narrow escape 九死一生

necessary to /for 必要的 next door 隔壁的，在隔壁

next to 下一個(gè)，其次

no doubt 無(wú)疑地

no less than 不少于……;不亞于

no longer 不再

no more than 至多，同……一樣不

no more 不再

none other than 不是別的，正是

nothing but 只有，只不過(guò)

now and then 時(shí)而，偶爾

off and on 斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，間歇地 hand 一方面

on a large/small scale 大/小規(guī)模地 on account of 由于

on behalf of 代表

on board 在船(車/飛機(jī))上

in turn 依次,輪流;轉(zhuǎn)而

in vain 徒勞,白費(fèi)力

indifferent to無(wú)興趣,不關(guān)心

indignant with sb.憤慨

inferior to級(jí)別低于,不如

innocent of無(wú)...罪,無(wú)辜

instead of 代替,而不是

intent on專心于

invisible to不可見(jiàn)的 jealous of嫉妒

just now 眼下;剛才

keep one's eyes on關(guān)注

keep on愛(ài)好,很喜歡

keep track of 留心

kind of / sort of有點(diǎn)somewhat

lay off 下崗

off duty 下班

on(the)one

in touch 聯(lián)系,接觸

leave alone別說(shuō)

let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密 liable for對(duì)...有責(zé)任 liable to易于

little by little 逐漸地

look for / hunt for 找工作 lost the point弄錯(cuò) lots of 許多 loyal to忠于

mad about/on狂熱迷戀 mad at/with sb.生氣,憤怒 mad with因...發(fā)狂

make(both)ends meet收支平衡

第五篇：重要翻譯語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題

漢譯英時(shí)，對(duì)原文的句子成分和詞語(yǔ)的先后順序，必須按照 英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序習(xí)慣重新安排，而不可照搬。原文中的某一語(yǔ)序在譯 文中變換成另一種語(yǔ)序，這就叫做語(yǔ)序的變換。

漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序有時(shí)也有相同之處。遇到這種情況，翻譯 時(shí)可按原文語(yǔ)序排列句子成分，這里無(wú)需贅述。下面舉例說(shuō)明語(yǔ) 序相異時(shí)如何進(jìn)行語(yǔ)序變換的幾種情況。

一、定語(yǔ)位置的變換

在漢譯英時(shí)，定語(yǔ)位置的變換是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。要不 要變換，如何變換，應(yīng)根據(jù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序習(xí)慣來(lái)決定?，F(xiàn)分以下四個(gè)部分來(lái)介紹：

(一〉漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，無(wú)論是單用或是幾個(gè)連用，通常都放在所修 飾的名詞前面。英語(yǔ)則不然，單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在所修飾的 名詞之前，短語(yǔ)和從句做定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的名詞之后。漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)，有的可能是單詞，有的可能是短語(yǔ)，有的可 能是從句。怎樣安排？前置還是后置？這就要依照英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣來(lái)處理。

?英國(guó)是第一個(gè)承認(rèn)人民中國(guó)的西方大國(guó)。

Britain was the first Western power to recognize People’s China.?農(nóng)林牧副漁布局合理、全面發(fā)展、能夠滿足人民生活和 工業(yè)發(fā)展需要的發(fā)達(dá)的農(nóng)業(yè)（葉劍英《慶祝中華人民共和 國(guó)成立三十周年大會(huì)上的講話》）a developed agricultural system with a rational distribution and all-round development of farming，forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations and fisheries meeting the needs of the people and of an expanding industry ?去年皖北小麥的平均產(chǎn)量超過(guò)了歷史上最高水平。

The average yield of wheat last year in northern Anhui topped the highest level in history.④門類齊全、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、能夠滿足社會(huì)消費(fèi)和整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng) 濟(jì)發(fā)展需要的先進(jìn)工業(yè)

an advanced industrial system which is complete in range and rational in structure and which meets the needs of consumers and the expansion of the whole economy 以上四例，都有兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)，但譯文中都將由單詞構(gòu)成 的定語(yǔ)放在所修飾的名詞之前，其余的不論是短語(yǔ)或是從句，均 放在名詞之后。

(二）漢譯英時(shí)，英語(yǔ)的單詞定語(yǔ)并不是無(wú)例外地全部放在所修 飾的名詞之前。在下面一些特殊情況下，單詞作定語(yǔ)可以甚至必須放在所修飾的名詞之后： 1.單詞定語(yǔ)所修飾的名詞是由some，any，every，no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)可后置。例如: ?他想找一個(gè)可靠的人幫助工作。

He wanted to get someone reliable to help in the work.?今天報(bào)上有什么重要消息嗎？

Is there anything important in today’s paper? ?咱們到一個(gè)安靜的地方去。Let’s go somewhere quie ④醫(yī)生為救病人盡到了一切必要的努力

The doctor did everything necessary to save the patient.⑤這個(gè)句子沒(méi)有什么不對(duì)的地方。

There is nothing wrong with this sentence.⑥這是稀世珍品。

It is something rare in the world.2.通常作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞，用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)必須后置。例如，?他是當(dāng)今最偉大的詩(shī)人。He is the greatest poet alive.?到場(chǎng)的來(lái)賓中有一些外國(guó)記者。

The guests present included a few foreign newsmen.?僅這個(gè)委員會(huì)就有三名女委員。

On this committee alone there are three wome 3.在某些固定詞組中，單個(gè)形容詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，習(xí)慣上放在所修飾的詞后面。例如： ?軍事法庭 Court Martial ?(聯(lián)合國(guó)）秘書長(zhǎng) Secretary General(of the U.N.)?(世界衛(wèi)生組織）總干事 Director-General(of the WHO)④當(dāng)選（而尚未就職的）總統(tǒng) The president elect ⑤ 本詞典正文 the Dictionary proper(proper可表示為“??的本身”，作后置定語(yǔ)，用于名詞后)4.某些以-ible或-able結(jié)尾的形容詞用作定語(yǔ)，與every，the only, 或形容詞最高級(jí)連用來(lái)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，也常放在所 修飾的名詞之后。例如： ?我們一定要用一切可能的辦法來(lái)幫助他們。

We must help them in every way possible,(or in every possible way)?這是這兒能找到的唯一參考書。

This is the only reference book available here.?工人們努力以盡可能快的速度提高產(chǎn)量。

The workers are working to increase production at the highest speed possible.④這是能想得出的最好解決辦法

This is the best solution imaginable.5.某些分詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也須后置。例如： ?他們收下了贈(zèng)送的禮物，十分髙興。

They were very glad to have accepted the presents offered.? 那些唱歌的人大部分是婦女。

Most of the people singing were women.? 他要求有關(guān)人員都積極參加這項(xiàng)工作。

He urged those concerned to take an active part in the work.④ 想去的人請(qǐng)站起來(lái)好嗎? Will those wishing to go stand up? 6.某些表示位置、方向的副詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往也放在所 修飾的名詞之后，例如：

①這兒的書很好看。The books here are very interesting.?那邊的那個(gè)工廠是我們學(xué)校辦的。The factory there is run by our school.?這是唯一的出路。This is the only way out.④他作了一次國(guó)外旅行，剛剛回來(lái)。

He has just returned from his trip abroad.(三）英語(yǔ)有時(shí)把一系列的單詞定語(yǔ)放在所修飾的名詞之前，但其順序與漢語(yǔ)不盡相同，往往需要作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。

在漢語(yǔ)中，幾 個(gè)定語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，習(xí)慣上是把最能表明事物本質(zhì)的放在最前面，而 把表示規(guī)模大小、力量強(qiáng)弱的放在后面。

英語(yǔ)則往往與此相反，越是能表示事物基本性質(zhì)的定語(yǔ)越要靠近它所修飾的名詞。再者，往往根據(jù)定語(yǔ)和它所修飾的名詞之間的關(guān)系來(lái)安排前后位置；定語(yǔ)和中心詞關(guān)系愈密切，位置愈接近。如果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)近難 分，則按詞的長(zhǎng)短排列，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后。

另外，在一連串 定語(yǔ)中，如有代詞，則總是放在最前面，而代詞中的all, both 又總是放在其它代詞之前。所以，漢譯英時(shí)，要按英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣順序仔細(xì)斟酌排列。?社會(huì)主義的現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)

a modern powerful socialist country ?極其光榮偉大的事業(yè)

a great and most glorious cause ?強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)主義工業(yè)國(guó)

a powerful industrial socialist country ④國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序

a new international economic order ⑤馬克思主義認(rèn)識(shí)論的不可動(dòng)搖的基本原則

the unshakable, fundamental Marxist epistemological principle ⑥ 一位朝鮮的青年舞蹈家 a young Korean dancer ⑦幾千朵美麗的紅玫瑰

thousands of red beautiful roses ⑧ 一張木制小圓桌

a small round wooden table ⑨黨的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

the strong Party leadership ⑩一位美國(guó)現(xiàn)代優(yōu)秀作家

an outstanding contemporary American writer(四）此外，同位語(yǔ)在翻譯中也可以當(dāng)作一種定語(yǔ)來(lái)處理，同位 語(yǔ)的位置在漢英兩種語(yǔ)言中有同有異。英語(yǔ)中的同位語(yǔ)一般都跟在中心名詞之后。漢語(yǔ)則比較復(fù)雜，有的加在中心名詞之前，有的加在中心名詞之后。加在以代詞為中心詞后面的，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)一般都保持原結(jié)構(gòu)、原語(yǔ)序。例如： 我們共產(chǎn)黨人 we Communists 他們?nèi)w they all 我們熱烈歡迎你們，各條戰(zhàn)線上的先進(jìn)工作者們，來(lái) 參加這次大會(huì)。

We warmly welcome you, advanced workers from various fronts, to the conference.而位于中心名詞之前的，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)，語(yǔ)序上大半都要發(fā)生 變化，即將同位語(yǔ)移在中心名詞之后。例如： ? 這是我們醫(yī)院的院長(zhǎng)周先生。

This is Mr.Zhou, director of our hospital.? 陪同貴賓的有國(guó)務(wù)院副總理某某某??

The distinguished guests were accompanied by so-and-so, Vice-premier of the State Council.?老民兵趙大叔走進(jìn)司令部說(shuō)：“我有情況來(lái)報(bào)告?！?/p>

“I have something to report, ” said Uncle Zhao, an old militiaman, as he walked into the headquarters.二、狀語(yǔ)位置的變換

漢譯英時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)位置的變換極為復(fù)雜。因?yàn)闈h英兩種語(yǔ)言的 狀語(yǔ)位置差別較大；而且漢英兩種語(yǔ)言中，狀語(yǔ)的位置都不那么固定，出于強(qiáng)調(diào)的程度、句子的平衡和上下文的關(guān)聯(lián)等方面的考 慮，狀語(yǔ)的位置會(huì)發(fā)生一些變化。因此，在翻譯時(shí)首先要熟悉漢 英兩種語(yǔ)言狀語(yǔ)位置的差異，然后按英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣來(lái)調(diào)整安排。這 里僅就以下四個(gè)方面加以介紹。

(一）漢語(yǔ)里，狀語(yǔ)通常放在主語(yǔ)之后、謂語(yǔ)之前，但有時(shí)為了 強(qiáng)調(diào)可放在主語(yǔ)之前。英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)位置則十分復(fù)雜，漢譯英時(shí)，譯文中的狀語(yǔ)須依照英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法和慣用法來(lái)安排。例如： ?他整天都工作。He works all day long。

?過(guò)去我們五月份總是到海濱去休假。

We used to always go for a holiday to the seaside in May.We always used to go for a holiday to the seaside in May.?“你可不要信賴他們那號(hào)人?！薄拔覐膩?lái)不信賴他們，今后也決不會(huì)信賴他們 “Don’t trust people like them"，“I never have，and I never will.” ④他上班從來(lái)沒(méi)有遲到過(guò)。He was never late for work.⑤ 在張大嬸的細(xì)心照料下豬長(zhǎng)得很快。

The pigs are growing fast under Aunt Zhang’s care.⑥他從口袋里取出一條紅領(lǐng)巾，給了他的小女兒。

He took out a red scarf from his pocket and gave it to his little daughter.⑦我是在哈爾濱工作時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)她的。

I made her acquaintance when I was working in Harbin.⑧他們因?yàn)橄掠耆∠四谴谓加巍?/p>

They cancelled the outing because of the rain.(二）漢語(yǔ)句子里如有一系列狀語(yǔ).譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們的順序要 按照英語(yǔ)的排列習(xí)慣加以變動(dòng)。

1.漢語(yǔ)句子中同時(shí)含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 一般放在地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)之前。英語(yǔ)與此相反，通常把時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)放在地 點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)之后。例如： ①我們得早點(diǎn)到達(dá)那里。We have to be there early.?這部電影我是去年夏天在武漢看的。I saw the film in Wuhan last summer.?會(huì)議將于明天下午在教室舉行

The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow afternoon.2.除了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)外，如果還有方式狀語(yǔ)，在漢語(yǔ)里的順序通常是：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式。而英語(yǔ)則一般是：方式、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間。例如： ?她每天早晨在室外高聲朗讀。

She reads aloud in the open every morning, ?我們上星期在她家飽餐了一頓。

We ate to our hearts’ content at her home last Sunday.?王教授此刻正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室和他的兩個(gè)新助手一道工作。

Professor Wang is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.(三）漢譯英時(shí)，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，把譯文中的狀語(yǔ)移至主語(yǔ)之 前，即放在句首。例如: ? 青年團(tuán)在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，積極參加各方面的革命工作，作出了很大成績(jī) Under the Party’s leadership, the Youth League has been active in every field of revolutionary work and has a great deal to its credit.? 列寧在一九二O年在《共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)中的“左派”幼稚病》一書中，描寫過(guò)俄國(guó)人尋找革命理論的經(jīng)過(guò)。

In his book “Left-wing”Communism，an Infantile Disorder written in 1920, Lenin described the quest of the Russians for revolutionary theory.?延安和陜甘寧邊區(qū)，從一九三六年到一九四八年，曾經(jīng)是中共中央的所在地，曾經(jīng)是中國(guó)人民解放斗爭(zhēng)的總后方。

From 1936 to 1948 Yenan and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region were the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the general rear area of the Chinese People's struggle for liberation.三、其它句子成分和詞語(yǔ)位置的變換 漢譯英時(shí)，需要變換位置的決不限于定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，其它句子 成分和一些詞語(yǔ)的位置，也要按照譯文的習(xí)慣作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整和變換

(一）一個(gè)句子中，有幾個(gè)并列的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，其含義常有輕重、強(qiáng) 弱之分。漢語(yǔ)的位置排列，一般是把重的、強(qiáng)的詞語(yǔ)放在前面，把輕的弱的詞語(yǔ)放在后面。英語(yǔ)則恰巧相反，越是重的、強(qiáng)的，越要排在后面。翻譯時(shí)就得依照英語(yǔ)的排列法變換其位置。例如：

? 救死扶傷，實(shí)行革命的人道主義。

Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practise revolutionary humanitarianism.? 它有一部分領(lǐng)袖人物不屬于這個(gè)集團(tuán)，而且被這個(gè)集團(tuán)所打擊、排斥或輕視。Some Kuomintang leaders do not belong to this clique by which they are even slighted, pushed aside or attacked(四)在漢語(yǔ)里，一個(gè)句子如果有兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，通常連在一起放在句子之中。英語(yǔ)則不然，往往是把兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)分別放在句首和句末，或分別放在句首和主語(yǔ)后，以免句子出現(xiàn)頭重腳輕的不平衡 現(xiàn)象。例如：

?我們黨在毛澤東同志領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期革命實(shí)踐特別 是延安整風(fēng)，在全黨確立了一條辯證唯物主義的思想路線。

Under the leadership of Comrade Mao Zedong, our Party laid down a dialectical materialist ideological line in the course of long revolutionary practice and particularly through the Yenan Rectification Movement.?中國(guó)人民正在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,團(tuán)結(jié)一致地進(jìn)行 著偉大的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)。Led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people，united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.(二）英語(yǔ)表達(dá)比較注重邏輯關(guān)系。在漢譯英時(shí)，遇到原文中邏輯關(guān)系安排先后與英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同者，往往需要從所描述的事情 和行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間以及它們的因果關(guān)系來(lái)考慮，調(diào)整譯文中句子成分和某些詞語(yǔ)的次序。例如： ?手疾眼快

quick of eye and deft of hand 從邏輯上講，總是先看見(jiàn)后動(dòng)手，故在譯文中倒換了次序。

?我們共產(chǎn)黨員應(yīng)該經(jīng)風(fēng)雨，見(jiàn)世面;這個(gè)風(fēng)雨，就是群眾斗爭(zhēng)的大風(fēng)雨，這個(gè)世面就是群眾斗爭(zhēng)的大世面。(《毛澤東選集》三卷，887頁(yè)）

We Communists ought to face the world and brave the storm，the great world of masses struggle and the mighty storm of masses struggle.從邏輯上講，face the world 在前，brave the storm 在后。

(三）漢英兩種語(yǔ)言中，都有一些并列結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語(yǔ)，已經(jīng)形成各 自固定的語(yǔ)序，互不相同。在翻譯這些并列結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，須遵 從英文的慣例，進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)整，不可受原文的束縛?，F(xiàn)舉例說(shuō) 明如下：

1.漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣說(shuō)“鋼鐵”，而英語(yǔ)則常把iron放在前，把 steel放在后。例如： 鋼鐵工業(yè) the iron and steel industry 2.漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣說(shuō)“敵我”，而英語(yǔ)卻常把ourselves放在前，把the enemy放在后。例如 敵我矛盾

contradictions between ourselves and the enemy 漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣說(shuō)“衣食”，但英語(yǔ)則常把food放在clothing 之前。例如： 衣食住行 food, clothing, shelter and transportation 漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣說(shuō)“南北”、“西南”、“東北”，而英語(yǔ)則說(shuō) north and south，south-west，north-east。

漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣說(shuō)“新老”，而英語(yǔ)卻常把old放在前，把new 放在后。例如：新老干部應(yīng)彼此尊重。

Cadres, old and new, must respect each other。