第一篇：學(xué)習(xí)《中華人民共和國刑法》心得體會

學(xué)習(xí)《中華人民共和國刑法》心得體會

9月份，在河南省醫(yī)學(xué)會增強(qiáng)法制建設(shè)讀書學(xué)習(xí)活動中，我積極、主動的對《中華人民共和國刑法》進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)，通過學(xué)習(xí)，是我對刑法的內(nèi)容有了一定的認(rèn)識，同時也是我覺得要不斷加強(qiáng)對法律知識的學(xué)習(xí)，提高法律意識，提升法律修養(yǎng)，不僅要做一名懂法的公民，而且要做一名知法、懂法、遵法的員工，作為醫(yī)療事故鑒定及法醫(yī)臨床司法鑒定工作中的一員，更應(yīng)該學(xué)法、用法。通過學(xué)習(xí)使我產(chǎn)生了很多想法，下面我將小談一下對本次學(xué)習(xí)的一些心得體會。

一、關(guān)于《中華人民共和國刑法》的一些基本內(nèi)容。中華人民共和國刑法是規(guī)定犯罪和刑罰及其罪刑關(guān)系的法律。刑法作為一個獨立的部門法律，具有以下特征：公法、刑事法、強(qiáng)行法的特征。除此之外，刑罰還是同一切犯罪行為作斗爭，以保衛(wèi)國家安全，保衛(wèi)人民民主專政的政權(quán)和社會主義制度，保護(hù)國有財產(chǎn)和勞動群眾集體所有的財產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民私人所有的財產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民的人生權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，維護(hù)社會秩序、經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，保障社會主義建設(shè)事業(yè)的順利進(jìn)行法。具體說，有四個方面，即：保衛(wèi)國家安全，保衛(wèi)人民民主專政的政權(quán)和社會主義制度法；保衛(wèi)社會主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)法；保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利法；維護(hù)社會秩序法。

所以，我們對刑法要有一定的認(rèn)識，只有這樣，才能在這個法制的社會中立于不敗之地，維護(hù)自身權(quán)利，同時也保護(hù)他人權(quán)利。

二、我應(yīng)該如何

1.學(xué)會自律、自護(hù)。學(xué)法律，就要首先做到知其文、曉其意。依照《中華人民共和國刑法》的規(guī)定構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責(zé)任；尚不構(gòu)成刑事處罰的，由公安機(jī)關(guān)依據(jù)治安管理處罰條例給予處罰。學(xué)習(xí)法律還要懂得知其不能而約己，換句話說就是要知法守法。

學(xué)了法，還要學(xué)會用法，學(xué)會用法律條文的規(guī)定來保護(hù)自己，當(dāng)自己的合法權(quán)益遭受侵害時，應(yīng)當(dāng)拿起法律這把武器，來維護(hù)自身的合法權(quán)益免遭侵害，給予相應(yīng)的懲罰。

2.做好法律的宣傳者。作為一名跟法律密切相關(guān)的醫(yī)療工作者，在做好自己本職工作的同時，更應(yīng)該學(xué)好法律知識。不單單如此，還要做一個宣傳法律普法的一分子，在工作的同時，帶動身邊更多的人去學(xué)習(xí)國家法律，讓身邊更多的人知法懂法，做有法律素養(yǎng)的良好公民，增強(qiáng)法制觀念，提高明辨是非的能力，依法自我保護(hù)的能力和抵御社會不良影響、預(yù)防違法犯罪的能力。那我們將生活在一個安全、和諧的環(huán)境中，使我們的身心更加健康。

第二篇：中華人民共和國刑法

中華人民共和國刑法 挪用公款公犯罪量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

《中華人民共和國刑法》第三百八十四條規(guī)定：國家工作人員利用職務(wù)上的便利，挪用公款歸個人使用，進(jìn)行非法活動的，或者挪用公款數(shù)額較大、進(jìn)行營利活動的，或者挪用公款數(shù)額較大、超過三個月未還的，是挪用公款罪，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上有期徒刑。挪用公款數(shù)額巨大不退還的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑。

另外根據(jù)《最高人民法院關(guān)于審理挪用公款案件具體應(yīng)用法律若干問題的解釋》的具體規(guī)定，第一條

刑法第三百八十四條規(guī)定的“挪用公款歸個人使用”，包括挪用者本人使用或者給他人使用。

挪用公款給私有公司、私有企業(yè)使用的，屬于挪用公款歸個人使用。

第二條

對挪用公款罪，應(yīng)區(qū)分三種不同情況予以認(rèn)定：

(一)挪用公款歸個人使用，數(shù)額較大、超過三個月未還的，構(gòu)成挪用公款罪。

挪用正在生息或者需要支付利息的公款歸個人使用，數(shù)額較大，超過三個月但在案發(fā)前全部歸還本金的，可以從輕處罰或者免除處罰。給國家、集體造成的利息損失應(yīng)予追繳。挪用公款數(shù)額巨大，超過三個月，案發(fā)前全部歸還的，可以酌情從輕處罰。

(二)挪用公款數(shù)額較大，歸個人進(jìn)行營利活動的，構(gòu)成挪用公款罪，不受挪用時間和是否歸還的限制。在案發(fā)前部分或者全部歸還本息的，可以從輕處罰；情節(jié)輕微的，可以免除處罰。

挪用公款存入銀行、用于集資、購買股票、國債等，屬于挪用公款進(jìn)行營利活動。所獲取的利息、收益等違法所得，應(yīng)當(dāng)追繳，但不計入挪用公款的數(shù)額。

另外根據(jù)該司法解釋第三條之規(guī)定：挪用公款歸個人使用，“數(shù)額較大、進(jìn)行營利活動的”，或者“數(shù)額較大、超過三個月未還的”，以挪用公款一萬元至三萬元為“數(shù)額較大”的起點，以挪用公款十五萬元至二十萬元為“數(shù)額巨大”的起點。挪用公款“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重”，是指挪用公款數(shù)額巨大，或者數(shù)額雖未達(dá)到巨大，但挪用公款手段惡劣；多次挪用公款；因挪用公款嚴(yán)重影響生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營，造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失等情形。

“挪用公款歸個人使用，進(jìn)行非法活動的”，以挪用公款五千元至一萬元為追究刑事責(zé)任的數(shù)額起點。挪用公款五萬元至十萬元以上的，屬于挪用公款歸個人使用，進(jìn)行非法活動“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重”的情形之一。挪用公款歸個人使用，進(jìn)行非法活動，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的其他情形，按照本條第一款的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。

各高級人民法院可以根據(jù)本地實際情況，按照本解釋規(guī)定的數(shù)額幅度，確定本地區(qū)執(zhí)行的具體數(shù)額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并報最高人民法院備案。

參考資料：《中華人民共和國刑法》，《最高人民法院關(guān)于審理挪用公款案件具體應(yīng)用法律若干問題的解釋》

中華人民共和國刑法 貪污罪量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

（1979年7月1日通過 1997年3月14日修訂 自1997年10月1日起施行）

第三百八十二條 國家工作人員利用職務(wù)上的便利，侵吞、竊取、騙取或者以其他手段非法占有公共財物的，是貪污罪。受國家機(jī)關(guān)、國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體委托管理、經(jīng)營國有財產(chǎn)的人員，利用職務(wù)上的便利，侵吞、竊取、騙取或者以其他手段非法占有國有財物的，以貪污論。所列人員勾結(jié)，伙同貪污的，以共犯論處。

第三百八十三條 對犯貪污罪的，根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重，分別依照下列規(guī)定處罰：(一)個人貪污數(shù)額在十萬元以上的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，可以并處沒收財產(chǎn)；情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的，處死刑，并處沒收財產(chǎn)。

(二)個人貪污數(shù)額在五萬元以上不滿十萬元的，處五年以上有期徒刑，可以并處沒收財產(chǎn)；情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的，處無期徒刑，并處沒收 財產(chǎn)。

(三)個人貪污數(shù)額在五千元以上不滿五萬元的，處一年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處七年以上十年以下有期徒刑。個人貪污數(shù)額在五千元以上不滿一萬元，犯罪后有悔改表現(xiàn)、積極退贓的，可以減輕處罰或者免予刑事處罰，由其所在單位或者上級主管機(jī)關(guān)給予行政處分。

(四)個人貪污數(shù)額不滿五千元，情節(jié)較重的，處二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情節(jié)較輕的，由其所在單位或者上級主管機(jī)關(guān)酌情給予行政處分。

對多次貪污未經(jīng)處理的，按照累計貪污數(shù)額處罰。

第三百八十二條第一款是關(guān)于貪污罪概念的規(guī)定。根據(jù)這一規(guī)定，構(gòu)成貪污罪，必須具備以下條件：

1、貪污罪的主體是國家工作人員，即本法第九十三條規(guī)定的“國家機(jī)關(guān)中從事公務(wù)的人員”，“國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體中從事公務(wù)的人員和國家機(jī)關(guān)、國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位委派到非國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、社會團(tuán)體從事公務(wù)的人員，以及其他依照法律從事公務(wù)的人員，以國家工作人員論?！?000年4月29日第九屆全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會第十五次會議通過的《全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會關(guān)于〈中華人民共和國刑法〉第九十三條第二款的解釋》中，規(guī)定了村民委員會等村基層組織人員協(xié)助人民政府從事下列行政管理工作，屬于刑法第九十三條第二款規(guī)定的“其他依照法律從事公務(wù)的人員”：(一)救災(zāi)、搶救、防汛、優(yōu)撫、扶貧、移民、救濟(jì)款物的管理；(二)社會捐助公益事業(yè)款物的管理；(三)國有土地的經(jīng)營和管理；(四)土 地征用補(bǔ)償費用的管理；(五)代征、代繳稅款；(六)有關(guān)計劃生育、戶籍、征兵工作；(七)協(xié)助人民政府從事的其他行政管理工作。并同時規(guī)定：“村民委員會等村基層組織人員從事前款規(guī)定的公務(wù)，利用職務(wù)上的便利，非法占有公共財物、挪用公款、索取他人財物或者非法收受他人財物，構(gòu)成犯罪的，適用刑法第三百八十二條和第三百八十三條貪污罪、第三百八十四條挪用公款罪、第三百八十五條和第三百八十六條受賄罪的規(guī)定?！奔创逦瘯却寤鶎咏M織人員從事協(xié)助人民政府進(jìn)行有關(guān)管理工作，屬于刑法第九十三條第二款規(guī)定的“其他依照法律從事公務(wù)的人員，可以成為貪污罪和受賄罪的犯罪主體。

2、貪污罪侵犯的對象是公共財物。刑法第九十一條對公共財產(chǎn)的范圍作了規(guī)定。主要包括：“(一)國有財產(chǎn)；(二)勞動群眾集體所有的財產(chǎn)；(三)用于扶貧和其他公益事業(yè)的社會捐助或者專項基金的財產(chǎn)?！薄霸趪覚C(jī)關(guān)、國有公司、企業(yè)集體企業(yè)和人民團(tuán)體管理、使用或者運輸中的私人財產(chǎn)，以公共財產(chǎn)論?！?/p>

3、貪污罪在行為上主要表現(xiàn)為利用職務(wù)上的便利，侵吞、竊取、騙取或者以其他手段非法占有公共財物的行為。這里所說的“利用職務(wù)上的便利”，是指利用自己職務(wù)范圍內(nèi)的權(quán)力和地位所形成的主管、管理、經(jīng)手公共財物的便利條件。“侵吞”，是指利用職務(wù)上的便利，將自己主管、管理、經(jīng)手的公共財物非法占為己有的行為?！案`取”，是指利用職務(wù)上的便利，用秘密獲取的方法，將自己主管、管理、經(jīng)手的公共財物占為己有的行為，即通常所說的“監(jiān)守自盜”?！膀_取”，是指行為人利用職務(wù)上的便利，使用欺騙的方法，非法占有公共財物的行為，如會計、出納員偽造、涂改單據(jù)，虛報冒領(lǐng)等等。所謂“其他手段”是指侵吞、竊取、騙取以外的利用職務(wù)上的便利非法占有公共財物的手段。

無故拖欠工資

無故拖欠工資，是指用人單位在沒有任何合法甚至合理的原因下的拖欠員工的工資的行為，超過《**省工資支付規(guī)定》的期限，延期支付或者未足額支付勞動者工資的行為。

無故拖欠工資，是無故拖欠工指用人單位在沒有任何合法甚至合理的原因下的拖欠員工的工資的行為，超過《**省工資支付規(guī)定》的期限，延期支付或者未足額支付勞動者工資的行為。拖欠工資是不合法的，被拖欠方可以把另一方告上法庭，但需要注意的是，一定要采取合法的方法保護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)益。不能采取綁架或者威脅之類的手段。

勞動部《對〈工資支付暫行規(guī)定〉有關(guān)問題的補(bǔ)充規(guī)定》中對于“無故”作了排除性規(guī)定：“‘無故拖欠’勞動者工資指用人單位無正當(dāng)理由超過規(guī)定付薪時間未支付勞動者工資。不包括：用人單位遇到非人力所能抗拒的自然災(zāi)害、戰(zhàn)爭等原因，無法按時支付工資；用人單位確因生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營困難、資金周轉(zhuǎn)受到影響，在征得本單位工會同意后，可暫時過期支付勞動者工資，延期時間的最長限制可由各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市勞動保障行政部門根據(jù)各地情況確定。其他情況下拖欠工資均為無故拖欠。”

《勞動法》第九十一條：“用人單位有下列侵害勞動者合法權(quán)益情形之一的，由勞動行政部門責(zé)令其支付勞動者的工資報酬、經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償，并可以責(zé)令其支付賠償金：（1）克扣或者無故拖欠勞動者工資的；（2）拒不支付勞動者延長工作時間工資報酬的；（3）低于當(dāng)?shù)刈畹凸べY標(biāo)準(zhǔn)支付勞動者工資的；（4）解除勞動合同后，未依照本法規(guī)定給予勞動者經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償?shù)??！?可以看出，無故拖欠職工工資，資方要支付拖欠工資、補(bǔ)償金（25%拖欠工資額），必要時還要支付賠償金。

第三篇：中華人民共和國刑法

《中華人民共和國刑法》第二百三十四條規(guī)定了故意傷害罪，其中第一款相對于第二款被稱作“輕傷害”。審判實踐中，對輕傷害案件有公訴與自訴之爭，各基層法院在具體操作上也不統(tǒng)一。筆者認(rèn)為，不能簡單地、籠統(tǒng)地討論輕傷害案件應(yīng)適用公訴程序還是自訴程序，關(guān)鍵在于把握有關(guān)立法和司法解釋的精神。

一、關(guān)于輕傷害案件適用程序的前提條件

《中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法》第十八條第三款規(guī)定：自訴案件，由人民法院直接受理。所謂自訴案件，是指被害人或其法定代理人、近親屬為追究被告人的刑事責(zé)任，直接向人民法院提起訴訟，由人民法院受理的刑事案件。那么法律具體規(guī)定哪些案件屬于自訴案件呢？《刑事訴訟法》第一百七十條規(guī)定了三類自訴案件?！蹲罡呷嗣穹ㄔ宏P(guān)于執(zhí)行<中華人民共和國刑事訴訟法>若干問題的解釋》第一條進(jìn)而對這三類案件的范圍進(jìn)行了明確的界定。應(yīng)該說，有關(guān)法律規(guī)定是詳盡而明確的，操作性也是非常強(qiáng)的。

那么為什么還會出現(xiàn)輕傷害案件公訴與自訴之爭呢？其根本原因在于對有關(guān)立法和司法解釋的理解不同。的確，《解釋》第一條第二項第一目規(guī)定了刑法第二百三十四條第一款規(guī)定的故意傷害案。但須注意的是，此處的規(guī)定是有前提的，即本項中規(guī)定的自訴案件應(yīng)當(dāng)是“人民檢察院沒有提起公訴，被害人有證據(jù)證明的輕微刑事案件”。對這個前提必須要把握住，這是區(qū)分輕傷害案件適用公訴程序還是自訴程序的分水嶺。本文開頭提到的爭點，就是忽視了這個重要的前提，對輕傷害案件不加區(qū)分地籠統(tǒng)地討論公訴還是自訴的問題，自然得不出正確的結(jié)論。

二、公訴案件與自訴案件可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化

之所以有輕傷害案件公訴與自訴之爭，很大程度上在于沒有弄清公訴案件與自訴案件可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化的道理。二者可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化已并非單純是學(xué)術(shù)上的觀點，《刑事訴訟法》及其最高法院對此作出的司法解釋對此都有明確規(guī)定?！督忉尅返谝粭l第二項第二段規(guī)定“對于其中證據(jù)不足、可由公安機(jī)關(guān)受理的，或者認(rèn)為對被告人可能判處三年有期徒刑以上刑罰的，應(yīng)當(dāng)移送公安機(jī)關(guān)立案偵查。”“公安機(jī)關(guān)立案偵查”，說明追訴權(quán)此時已由被害人轉(zhuǎn)移給了國家司法機(jī)關(guān)—公安機(jī)關(guān)。根據(jù)《刑事訴訟法》第一百二十九條和第一百三十條的規(guī)定，公安機(jī)關(guān)對立案偵查的案件有兩種處理結(jié)果：一是“寫出起訴意見書，連同案卷材料、證據(jù)一并移送同級人民檢察院審查決定?！倍恰鞍l(fā)現(xiàn)不應(yīng)對犯罪嫌疑人追究刑事責(zé)任的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷案件；”這樣就很明確了，即經(jīng)公安機(jī)關(guān)立案偵查的案件或是“移送同級人民檢察院審查決定”是否提起公訴，或是“撤銷案件”，這里的“案件”自然包括人民法院移送的案件。此時原來的自訴案件就轉(zhuǎn)化為公訴案件了。而對經(jīng)人民法院移送的案件在公安機(jī)關(guān)偵查終結(jié)再“由法院繼續(xù)審理”或“自訴人可再行起訴”的觀點則與法無據(jù)。

關(guān)于公訴案件轉(zhuǎn)化為自訴案件，《解釋》第一條規(guī)定，人民法院直接受理的自訴案件包括被害人有證據(jù)證明對被告人侵犯自己人身、財產(chǎn)權(quán)利的行為應(yīng)當(dāng)依法追究刑事責(zé)任，而公安機(jī)關(guān)或者人民檢察院已經(jīng)作出不予追究的書面決定的案件。這說明，原本應(yīng)按公訴程序辦理的案件，在特定條件下，可以轉(zhuǎn)化為自訴案件。

實踐中有一種偏激的觀點認(rèn)為，輕傷害案件發(fā)生后，凡是經(jīng)過向當(dāng)?shù)毓才沙鏊鶊蟀覆⒔?jīng)調(diào)查、調(diào)解的，一律適用公訴程序辦理，理由是公安機(jī)關(guān)已經(jīng)立案，法院再接受被害人的自訴，豈不是兩家機(jī)關(guān)對同一事實重復(fù)立案嗎？這是一個需要澄清的問題。公訴與自訴的劃分不是以公安機(jī)關(guān)是否介入作為分水嶺。公安派出所只對治安案件有管轄權(quán)，對治安案件查處之前在程序上分為受理與立案兩個階段，也就是說，受理并不等于立案。公安派出所受理治安案件后，并不妨礙被害人向法院提起自訴；而一旦立治安案件，則要求必須結(jié)案。至于公安機(jī)關(guān)依據(jù)《刑事訴訟法》所立的刑事案件，則根本不存在被害人另行向法院自訴的問題。因此，不存在什么重復(fù)立案的問題。

第四篇：學(xué)習(xí)刑法心得體會

篇一：學(xué)習(xí)刑法心得體會

通過讀書活動的學(xué)習(xí)，讓我懂得了一些法律的基本知識，為以后的工作打下了基礎(chǔ)。我們可以利用我們所學(xué)的法律知識來維護(hù)我們自己和他人的權(quán)利。

我們國家很早就開始了關(guān)于法律的宣傳，比如中央電視臺的“法治在線”、“今日說法”等欄目，讓我們更能接近并且了解怎樣運用法律武器保護(hù)自己?？墒莾H僅這樣是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。我們的法制觀念和法律素質(zhì)的程度，將直接關(guān)系到在新的歷史時期，我們中華民族依法治國、建設(shè)社會主義法治國家的進(jìn)程。因此，學(xué)習(xí)法律，提高法律素質(zhì)，是社會主義法治國家的必然要求，也是社會發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物。

同時，因為社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)本事就是法制經(jīng)濟(jì)。使自己充分運用法律這一武器來規(guī)范、引導(dǎo)、制約和保障市場主體的活動、市場秩序的維系、國家對市場的宏觀調(diào)控、市場對資源配置基礎(chǔ)性作用的發(fā)揮等。

在學(xué)習(xí)中，我感覺到自己有了很大的變化。開始比以前更自覺地貫徹黨的基本路線、方針、政策，也更堅定的確立了正確的政治方向。這對我自己以后的發(fā)展是有很大幫助的。也讓我更加明白了入黨的積極意義。由于法律是社會主義法治國家保障這些得以正常運行的基本準(zhǔn)則。讀完這本書，我更加了解了自己的合法權(quán)益，和維護(hù)這些權(quán)益的程序和方式。也具備了依法自我保護(hù)的意識，并有了一定的尋求法律救濟(jì)的能力。爭取在一定程度上提高思想道德修養(yǎng)水平。

近年來，由于我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制、社會結(jié)構(gòu)、價值觀念都發(fā)現(xiàn)了重大變化，我們的思想觀念也隨之發(fā)生了巨大變化。我們更應(yīng)該掌握法學(xué)的基本理論，了解并明確各主要法律部門的基本精神和規(guī)定，并在一定法律知識的基礎(chǔ)上形成有關(guān)法與法律現(xiàn)象的知識、思想、心理、觀點和評價。并學(xué)會運用法律知識和法律規(guī)范分析問題、解決問題。了解馬克思主義法學(xué)的基本觀點，掌握我國憲法和有關(guān)法律的基本精神和內(nèi)容，增強(qiáng)法律意識，提高了法律素質(zhì)。并堅持做到遵紀(jì)守法，維護(hù)社會穩(wěn)定與和諧，正確理解和堅持實行依法治國方略，決心為建設(shè)社會主義法治國家奮斗。

篇二：學(xué)習(xí)刑法心得體會

通過法律課程的學(xué)習(xí)，讓我懂得了一些法律的基本知識，為以后的生活和工作打下了基礎(chǔ)。我們可以利用我們所學(xué)的法律知識來維護(hù)我們自己和他人的權(quán)利。

法學(xué)是一門科學(xué)學(xué)科，所謂科學(xué)是關(guān)于客觀世界的知識，這些知識是系統(tǒng)的知識，研究人類生活中的規(guī)律及現(xiàn)象的科學(xué)，如政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、法學(xué)等。法律具有社會性、規(guī)范性、概念性、目的性、正義性、實用性：

一、社會性

法律首先是一種社會規(guī)則，如刑法學(xué)是研究犯罪學(xué)等，民法學(xué)是研究人與人之間、財產(chǎn)與人之間的關(guān)系。法學(xué)作為社會科學(xué)，具有社會性，它與自然科學(xué)是不同的，表現(xiàn)在：

1、不可計量、不可檢驗、不可實驗，而自然科學(xué)則是可以計量、可以檢驗、可以實驗的。雖然我們說實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但實踐不等于實驗，實踐是整個人類社會的實踐而不是做實驗，如馬寅初的新人口論，到現(xiàn)在我們才認(rèn)識到新人口論是一種真理，又如單一公有制計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)，經(jīng)過一百多年時間最后證明了單一公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)行不通。

2、研究者與研究對象不可分，研究者的教育水平、生活背景等與研究對象密不可分。而自然科學(xué)，如化學(xué)、物理、生物等，其研究對象較少受到研究者的主觀影響，而法律的研究結(jié)果則較多的受到研究者的主觀因素的影響。如許多的觀點，不同的學(xué)科認(rèn)識都有道理，不同的學(xué)者對同一問題有不同的觀點。

我認(rèn)為應(yīng)獨立思考，獨立判斷。即不受他人影響，要自己思考，自己作出自己的判斷。在講到獨立判斷時有一個很重要的一點，就是關(guān)于判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如公平、誠信等皆為生活經(jīng)驗，就是說當(dāng)法學(xué)上的不同意見都有道理時該怎么辦呢？除用基本原理外，更重要是要用社會生活經(jīng)驗作為判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所以對于法律理論現(xiàn)象中的是與非、對與錯，可以用社會生活經(jīng)驗來作為判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。只有符合社會生活經(jīng)驗的理論才可能是正確的。

二、規(guī)范性

既然法律是社會生活中的行為規(guī)范，因此法學(xué)也就有了規(guī)范性，它是法學(xué)區(qū)分于其他學(xué)科的特征。如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)講的是效率問題，是效益最大化，而法學(xué)家講的是合法不合法，規(guī)范不規(guī)范的問題。因為法律的規(guī)范性，每一法律條文都可以分解為構(gòu)成要件、適用范圍、法律效力。只要我們掌握了它的構(gòu)成要件、適用范圍、法律效果，那么我們對這個法律條文也就掌握了。

法學(xué)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是規(guī)范性、邏輯性、體系性。規(guī)范性也就是我們說的可操作性。如我們將要制定民法典，是要制定一種松散性的呢？還是制成規(guī)范性、邏輯性的呢？江平教授說要制定一種開放性的民法典體系。民法典如何開放呢？我認(rèn)為一定要有邏輯性和規(guī)范性。

三、概念性

法學(xué)之概念性來源于法律規(guī)則。如欺詐行為，欺詐、行為分別為兩個概念，欺詐行為又是一個新的概念；再如損害賠償，直接損害賠償，人身損害賠償為三個不同概念，只有掌握了概念才能很好地理解法律規(guī)則。

法學(xué)說開了就是一套概念體系。掌握了概念體系我們就可以建立起一套法律思維，就具備了法律人的資格。因此我們的學(xué)習(xí)方法就是從概念入手，一定要掌握概念，要理解概念，切記不可死記硬背，先記憶，然后要理解。如欺詐行為，我們先要弄清什么叫欺詐，才能進(jìn)一步理解欺詐行為。這種方法在法律解釋上叫文義解釋。文義解釋就是指每一個法律條文都是由語言文字組成的，所以要先把語言文字弄清楚了才能把握概念之含義。同時語言文字又有多義性和模糊性。如法律上所說“產(chǎn)品”與社會生活中所說“產(chǎn)品”就不一致。所以我們就不能僅*字面意思來理解，應(yīng)該有多種其他的理解方法。一個法條就可能有多種理解，因此法律人在現(xiàn)實生活中就大有用武之地。

四、目的性

法律是行為規(guī)則，是人制定的。在我國是由人民代表代表人民來制定各項法律的。既然是人制定的，就一定有目的。法學(xué)當(dāng)然也有目的性，在歷史上曾不被人注意，特別是德國的概念法學(xué)，它們過分注意概念問題，而忽略了目的性。直到德國著名學(xué)者耶林，他本是個概念法學(xué)派的學(xué)者，到中年時逐漸意識到概念法學(xué)派有僵化的缺點，于是寫了一本書。在這本書中，他指出每部法律都是有特定目的的，我們要了解、掌握、運用一門法律，必須先搞清楚它的目的性，我們學(xué)習(xí)任何一部法律，不能只是搞清它的構(gòu)成要件、適用范圍、法律后果，還要思考這個法律制度、法律規(guī)則的目的，這樣才能真正掌握它，如果只講概念，就會成為“概念”法學(xué)。耶林說，光講“概念”的法學(xué)，會成為概念游戲，他說，法律的目的就好像天上的北極星一樣。而法律的目的正像天上的北極星一樣，引導(dǎo)我們學(xué)習(xí)、掌握、運用法律。對每一個法律制度、規(guī)則，我們都從目的入手，這就構(gòu)成了現(xiàn)在法學(xué)上的一種新的法學(xué)研究方法——目的解釋方法，即解釋、運用每一個制度、規(guī)則，一定要緊緊扣住立法目的，如果有兩種解釋，則只有緊扣立法目的的那個解釋才正確。

五、正義性

法學(xué)正義性源于法律正義性，法律規(guī)則因為有正義性才能區(qū)分于技術(shù)規(guī)則，同時法律也就有了良法、惡法之分。我們評價法律的好、壞、先進(jìn)與落后就是依據(jù)法律的正義性。

同時，現(xiàn)在還存在形式正義與實質(zhì)正義的問題?，F(xiàn)在很多人過分關(guān)注形式正義而忽略了實質(zhì)正義，但是形式正義只是獲取實質(zhì)正義的手段，只有在無法獲得實質(zhì)正義時退而求其次滿足于程序正義。實質(zhì)正義是目的，程序正義是手段。一旦我們將形式正義強(qiáng)調(diào)過分，我們就悖離了法律的正義性。

法官、律師這些法律人不同于社會上其他的人，他們是為了維護(hù)社會的正義之道，是社會正義的維護(hù)者。所以，不能把法律混淆于其他職業(yè)。我們不能用金錢來衡量它，因為我們選擇了法律，我們就選擇了正義！

六、實用性

我們學(xué)習(xí)法學(xué)是為了用法律來解決問題，所以我們就不能只知道閉門讀書，我們還要關(guān)注社會生活中的案件，討論實際發(fā)生的和假設(shè)的案件，討論它應(yīng)怎樣判決。像我們在家的時候，可能會有左鄰右舍拿一些案件來請教我們拿什么回答他們呢，所以在我們平常學(xué)習(xí)中就要注重法學(xué)的實用性，不斷鍛煉自己的實際能力，有人向我咨詢什么是投案自首？如何才能從輕處理？通過對刑法知識的學(xué)習(xí)我了解到：

根據(jù)刑法第一款的規(guī)定，犯罪以后自動投案，如實供述自己的罪行的，是自首。

自動投案，是指犯罪事實或者犯罪嫌疑人未被司法機(jī)關(guān)發(fā)覺，或者雖被發(fā)覺，但犯罪嫌疑人尚未受到審問，未被采取強(qiáng)制措施時，主動、直接向公安機(jī)關(guān)、人民檢察院或者人民法院投案。

犯罪嫌疑人向其所在單位、城鄉(xiāng)基層組織或者其他有關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人員投案的；犯罪嫌疑人因病、傷或者為了減輕犯罪后果，委托他人先代為投案，或者先以信電投案的；罪行尚未被司法機(jī)關(guān)發(fā)覺，僅因形跡可疑，被有關(guān)組織或者司法機(jī)關(guān)盤問、教育后，主動交代自己罪行的；犯罪后逃跑，在被通緝、追捕過程中，主動投案的；經(jīng)查實確已準(zhǔn)備投案的，或者正在投案途中，被公安機(jī)關(guān)捕獲的，應(yīng)當(dāng)視為自動投案。

并非出于犯罪嫌疑人主動，而是經(jīng)親友規(guī)勸、陪同投案的；公安機(jī)關(guān)通知犯罪嫌疑人的親友，或者親友主動報案后，將犯罪嫌疑人送去投案的，也應(yīng)當(dāng)視為自動投案。

犯罪嫌疑人自動投案后又逃跑的，不能認(rèn)定為自首。

如實供述自己的罪行，是指犯罪嫌疑人自動投案后，如實交代自己的主要犯罪事實。

犯有數(shù)罪的犯罪嫌疑人僅如實供述所犯罪部分犯罪的，只對如實供述部分犯罪行為，認(rèn)定為自首。

共同犯罪案件中的犯罪嫌疑人，除如實供述犯罪行為，還應(yīng)該供述所知的同案犯，主犯則應(yīng)當(dāng)供述所知其他同案犯的共同犯罪事實，才能認(rèn)定為自首。

犯罪嫌疑人自動投案并如實供述自己的罪行后又翻供的，不能認(rèn)定為自首，但在一審判決前又能如實供述的，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定為自首。

根據(jù)刑法第六十七條規(guī)定，被采取強(qiáng)制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和已宣判的罪犯，如實供述司法機(jī)關(guān)尚未掌握的罪行，與司法機(jī)關(guān)已掌握的或者判決不同的罪行的，以自首論。對于自首的犯罪分子，可以從輕或減輕處罰；對于犯罪較輕的，可以免除處罰。具體確定從輕、減輕還是免除處罰，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)犯罪輕重，并考慮自首的具體情節(jié)。

被采取強(qiáng)制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和已宣判的罪犯，如實供述司法機(jī)關(guān)尚未掌握的罪行，與司法機(jī)關(guān)已掌握或者判決確定罪行屬同種罪行的，可以酌情從輕處罰；如實供述的同種罪行較輕的，一般應(yīng)當(dāng)從輕處罰。

根據(jù)刑法第六十八條第一款的規(guī)定，犯罪分子到案后有檢舉、揭發(fā)他人犯罪的，()包括共同犯罪案件中的犯罪分子揭發(fā)同案犯共同犯罪以外的其他罪行的，經(jīng)查證屬實；提供偵破其他案件的重要線索，經(jīng)查證屬實；阻止他人犯罪活動；協(xié)助司法機(jī)關(guān)抓捕其他犯罪嫌疑人，具有其他有利于國家和社會的突出表現(xiàn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定為有立功表現(xiàn)。

共同犯罪案件的犯罪分子到案后，揭發(fā)同案犯共同犯罪事實的，可以酌情予以從輕處罰。

根據(jù)刑法第六十八條第一款規(guī)定，犯罪分子有檢舉、揭發(fā)他人重大犯罪行為的，經(jīng)查證屬實；提供偵破重大案件的線索，經(jīng)查證屬實，阻止他人重大犯罪活動；協(xié)助司法機(jī)關(guān)抓捕其他重大嫌疑人，對國家和社會有其他重大貢獻(xiàn)等表現(xiàn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定為有重大立功表現(xiàn)。

通過對法律的認(rèn)識和平時的學(xué)習(xí)，我更加了解到了法律的重要性，無論走到哪，都離不開法律。法律對人人都是平等的，無處不在，無時不有，我們每個人都要知法、懂法、用法。

篇三：學(xué)習(xí)刑法心得體會

刑法分則具體條文一般由罪狀和法定刑兩部分組成，由于罪狀與罪名密切相關(guān)，因此對罪狀，罪名及法定刑的研究，是刑法各論的重要內(nèi)容。而對刑法具體條文的學(xué)習(xí)理解自認(rèn)為不是一件簡單的事，更不是一朝一夕就能學(xué)到家的，例如刑法第20條第3款規(guī)定，對正在行兇、殺人、搶劫、xx、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為，造成不法侵害人傷亡的，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。其中的“行兇”的概念是比較模糊的，其含義十分寬泛而難以確定。一般而言，打架斗毆是行兇，傷害他人是行兇，殺人行為也是行兇；赤手空拳毆打他人是行兇，使用器械、槍支傷害他人也是行兇。在這種情況下就有必要對“行兇”的概念進(jìn)行分析，闡明其真實的含義。理解法律條文的規(guī)定，行兇是和殺人、搶劫、xx、綁架等嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪并列規(guī)定的，因此，它們之間應(yīng)當(dāng)具有性質(zhì)和程度的考量。而殺人、搶劫、xx、綁架等犯罪行為是可能導(dǎo)致被害人重傷、死亡的。所以，只有犯罪人實施的行為可能造成防衛(wèi)人重傷、死亡的時候，才可以認(rèn)定為“行兇”；而打一巴掌、煽一耳光等輕微的暴力行為則應(yīng)當(dāng)被排除在“行兇”的范疇之外。

因此，刑法分則是關(guān)于具體犯罪和具體法定刑的規(guī)范體系，這些規(guī)范明確了對各類、各種具體犯罪定罪量刑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。刑法總則是關(guān)于犯罪、刑事責(zé)任和刑罰的一般原理原則的規(guī)范體系，這些規(guī)范是認(rèn)定犯罪，規(guī)定刑事責(zé)任和適用刑罰所必須遵守的共同規(guī)則?？倓t指導(dǎo)分則，分則是總則所確定的原理原則的具體體現(xiàn)，二者相輔相成。只有把總則和分則緊密地結(jié)合起來才能正確地認(rèn)定犯罪，確定刑事責(zé)任和適用刑罰。簡而言之，總則給予分則精神上的指導(dǎo)，分則在定罪量刑的時候遇到困難時則回歸總則的原則性規(guī)定上進(jìn)行自由心證。

在上學(xué)期學(xué)習(xí)刑法總論時，曾老師講授了很多刑法基本概念、基本原則以及各方面理論上的指導(dǎo)，為分則學(xué)習(xí)作出一個先行的鋪墊。然而到了這學(xué)期上陳老師的課，我方才發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己總則上的內(nèi)容把握得不夠準(zhǔn)確，知識缺陷很大，此罪與彼罪的界限、犯罪形態(tài)、罪刑法定等往往陷入一個混亂的怪圈。例如故意殺人罪，這是我首次有勇氣上臺“講課”的一個罪名內(nèi)容，當(dāng)我自以為預(yù)習(xí)分析得很透徹的時候，最終的案例分析時，我還是卡在一個犯罪形態(tài)上，究竟是犯罪預(yù)備、犯罪中止、犯罪未遂還是犯罪既遂。這暴露的是學(xué)習(xí)總論時缺乏對具體問題具體分析，以及司法實踐當(dāng)中具體個案的判決分析，更重要的是，刑法總論知識體系的極度不完善，需要在學(xué)習(xí)刑法分則的過程中加以彌補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在時過半學(xué)期，我自認(rèn)為比較理解何以判斷犯罪形態(tài)：犯罪預(yù)備，是指做實施犯罪前的準(zhǔn)備工作。如預(yù)備犯罪工具、創(chuàng)造犯罪條件等。犯罪預(yù)備相對于其他犯罪形態(tài)較容易判斷，問題不大。犯罪中止是指犯罪分子在實施犯罪過程中，自動放棄犯罪或者自動有效地防止犯罪結(jié)果的發(fā)生的行為。犯罪未遂，已經(jīng)著手實行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的行為。犯罪既遂，是指行為人所實施的行為已經(jīng)齊備了刑法分則對某一具體犯罪所規(guī)定的全部構(gòu)成要件。犯罪未遂與犯罪既遂的實質(zhì)區(qū)別：犯罪有沒有得逞犯罪未遂與犯罪中止的實質(zhì)區(qū)別：犯罪未得逞是不是由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因，如果是以外的原因就是未遂，是自動放棄的話就是中止。后三者比較容易混淆，鑒于各種犯罪行為的行為方式各異，當(dāng)司法實踐出現(xiàn)一些特殊情況是，犯罪形態(tài)的不同對罪刑法定起到一個關(guān)鍵性的作用。

第五篇：中華人民共和國刑法(中英對照)學(xué)習(xí)法律英語

中華人民共和國刑法-英漢對照法律英語

中華人民共和國刑法

CRIMINAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

第一編 總則

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 刑法的任務(wù)、基本原則和適用范圍

CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW

第二章 犯罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES

第一節(jié) 犯罪和刑事責(zé)任

SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

第二節(jié) 犯罪的預(yù)備、未遂和中止

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION OF A CRIME

第三節(jié) 共同犯罪

SECTION 3 JOINT CRIMES

第四節(jié) 單位犯罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT

第三章 刑罰

CHAPTER III PUNISHMENTS

第一節(jié) 刑罰的種類

SECTION 1 TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS

第二節(jié) 管制

SECTION 2 PUBLIC SURVEILLANCE 第三節(jié) 拘役

SECTION 3 CRIMINAL DETENTION 第四節(jié) 有期徒刑、無期徒刑

SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT 第五節(jié) 死刑

SECTION 5 THE DEATH PENALTY 第六節(jié) 罰金

SECTION 6 FINES 第七節(jié) 剝奪政治權(quán)利

SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS 第八節(jié) 沒收財產(chǎn)

SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY 第四章 刑罰的具體運用

CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS 第一節(jié) 量刑

SECTION 1 SENTENCING 第二節(jié) 累犯

SECTION 2 RECIDIVISTS 第三節(jié) 自首和立功

SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE 第四節(jié) 數(shù)罪并罰

SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES

第五節(jié) 緩刑

SECTION 5 SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE

第六節(jié) 減刑

SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT

第七節(jié) 假釋

SECTION 7 PAROLE

第八節(jié) 時效

SECTION 8 LIMITATION

第五章 其他規(guī)定

CHAPTER V OTHER PROVISIONS

第二編 分則

PART TWO SPECIFIC PROVISIONS

第一章 危害國家安全罪

CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY

第二章 危害公共安全罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY

第三章 破壞社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序罪

CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY

第一節(jié) 生產(chǎn)、銷售偽劣商品罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD COMMODITIES

第二節(jié) 走私罪

SECTION 2 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING

第三節(jié) 妨害對公司、企業(yè)的管理秩序罪

SECTION 3 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES

第四節(jié) 破壞金融管理秩序罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION

第五節(jié) 金融詐騙罪

SECTION 5 CRIMES OF FINANCIAL FRAUD

第六節(jié) 危害稅收征管罪

SECTION 6 CRIMES OF JEOPARDIZING ADMINISTRATION OF TAX COLLECTION

第七節(jié) 侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)罪

SECTION 7 CRIMES OF INFRINGING ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

第八節(jié) 擾亂市場秩序罪

SECTION 8 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING MARKET ORDER

第四章 侵犯公民人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利罪

CHAPTER IV CRIMES OF INFRINGING UPON CITIZENS' RIGHT OF THE PERSON AND DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

第五章 侵犯財產(chǎn)罪

CHAPTER V CRIMES OF PROPERTY VIOLATION

第六章 妨害社會管理秩序罪

CHAPTER VI CRIMES OF OBSTRUCTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC ORDER

第一節(jié) 擾亂公共秩序罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF DISTURBING PUBLIC ORDER

第二節(jié) 妨害司法罪

SECTION 2 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION

第三節(jié) 妨害國（邊）境管理罪

SECTION 3 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF NATIONAL BORDER(FRONTIER)

第四節(jié) 妨害文物管理罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF CULTURAL RELICS

第五節(jié) 危害公共衛(wèi)生罪

SECTION 5 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING PUBLIC HEALTH

第六節(jié) 破壞環(huán)境資源保護(hù)罪

SECTION 6 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES

第七節(jié) 走私、販賣、運輸、制造毒品罪

SECTION 7 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING, TRAFFICKING IN, TRANSPORTING AND MANUFACTURING NARCOTIC DRUGS

第八節(jié) 組織、強(qiáng)迫、引誘、容留、介紹賣淫罪

SECTION 8 CRIMES OF ORGANIZING, FORCING, LURING, SHELTERING OR PROCURING OTHER PERSONS TO ENGAGE IN PROSTITUTION

第九節(jié) 制作、販賣、傳播淫穢物品罪

SECTION 9 CRIMES OF PRODUCING, SELLING, DISSEMINATING PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

第七章 危害國防利益罪

CHAPTER VII CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE INTERESTS OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

第八章 貪污賄賂罪

CHAPTER VIII CRIMES OF EMBEZZLEMENT AND BRIBERY

第九章 瀆職罪

CHAPTER IX CRIMES OF DERELICTION OF DUTY

第十章 軍人違反職責(zé)罪

CHAPTER X CRIMES OF SERVICEMEN'S TRANSGRESSION OF DUTIES

第一編 總則

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 刑法的任務(wù)、基本原則和適用范圍

CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE

第一條 為了懲罰犯罪，保護(hù)人民，根據(jù)憲法，結(jié)合我國同犯罪作斗爭的具體經(jīng)驗及實際情況，制定本法。

Article 1 In order to punish crimes and protect the people, this Law is enacted on the basis of the Constitution and in the light of the concrete experiences and actual circumstances in China's fight against crimes.第二條 中華人民共和國刑法的任務(wù)，是用刑罰同一切犯罪行為作斗爭，以保衛(wèi)國家安全，保衛(wèi)人民民主專政的政權(quán)和社會主義制度，保護(hù)國有財產(chǎn)和勞動群眾集體所有的財產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民私人所有的財產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，維護(hù)社會秩序、經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，保障社會主義建設(shè)事業(yè)的順利進(jìn)行。

Article 2 The aim of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China is to use criminal punishments to fight against all criminal acts in order to safeguard security of the State, to defend the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, to protect property owned by the State, and property collectively owned by the working people and property privately owned by citizens, to protect citizens' rights of the person and their democratic and other rights, to maintain public and economic order, and to ensure the smooth progress of socialist construction.第三條 法律明文規(guī)定為犯罪行為的，依照法律定罪處刑；法律沒有明文規(guī)定為犯罪行為的，不得定罪處刑。

Article 3 For acts that are explicitly defined as criminal acts in law, the offenders shall be convicted and punished in accordance with law;otherwise, they shall not be convicted or punished.第四條 對任何人犯罪，在適用法律上一律平等。不允許任何人有超越法律的特權(quán)。

Article 4 The law shall be equally applied to anyone who commits a crime.No one shall have the privilege of transcending the law.第五條 刑罰的輕重，應(yīng)當(dāng)與犯罪分子所犯罪行和承擔(dān)的刑事責(zé)任相適應(yīng)。

Article 5 The degree of punishment shall be commensurate with the crime committed and the criminal responsibility to be borne by the offender.第六條 凡在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)犯罪的，除法律有特別規(guī)定的以外，都適用本法。

Article 6 This Law shall be applicable to anyone who commits a crime within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's republic of China, except as otherwise specifically provided by law.凡在中華人民共和國船舶或者航空器內(nèi)犯罪的，也適用本法。

This Law shall also be applicable to anyone who commits a crime on board a ship or aircraft of the People's Republic of China.犯罪的行為或者結(jié)果有一項發(fā)生在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的，就認(rèn)為是在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)犯罪。

If a criminal act or its consequence takes place within the territory or territorial waters or space of the People's Republic of China, the crime shall be deemed to have been committed within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第七條 中華人民共和國公民在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域外犯本法規(guī)定之罪的，適用本法，但是按本法規(guī)定的最高刑為三年以下有期徒刑的，可以不予追究。

Article 7 This Law shall be applicable to any citizen of the People's Republic of China who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China;however, if the maximum punishment to be imposed is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years as stipulated in this Law, he may be exempted from the investigation for his criminal responsibility.中華人民共和國國家工作人員和軍人在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域外犯本法規(guī)定之罪的，適用本法。

This Law shall be applicable to any State functionary or serviceman who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第八條 外國人在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域外對中華人民共和國國家或者公民犯罪，而按本法規(guī)定的最低刑為三年以上有期徒刑的，可以適用本法，但是按照犯罪地的法律不受處罰的除外。

Article 8 This Law may be applicable to any foreigner who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China against the State of the People's Republic of China or against any of its citizens, if for that crime this Law prescribes a minimum punishment of fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years;however, this does not apply to a crime that is not punishable according to the laws of the place where it is committed.第九條 對于中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約所規(guī)定的罪行，中華人民共和國在所承擔(dān)條約義務(wù)的范圍內(nèi)行使刑事管轄權(quán)的，適用本法。

Article 9 This Law shall be applicable to crimes which are stipulated in international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China and over which the People's Republic of China exercises criminal jurisdiction within the scope of obligations, prescribed in these treaties, it agrees to perform.第十條 凡在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域外犯罪，依照本法應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的，雖然經(jīng)過外國審判，仍然可以依照本法追究，但是在外國已經(jīng)受過刑罰處罰的，可以免除或者減輕處罰。

Article 10 Any person who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China, for which according to this Law he should bear criminal responsibility, may still be investigated for his criminal responsibility according to this Law, even if he has already been tried in a foreign country.However, if he has already received criminal punishment in the foreign country, he may be exempted from punishment or given a mitigated punishment.第十一條 享有外交特權(quán)和豁免權(quán)的外國人的刑事責(zé)任，通過外交途徑解決。

Article 11 The criminal responsibility of foreigners who enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities shall be solved through diplomatic channels.第十二條 中華人民共和國成立以后本法施行以前的行為，如果當(dāng)時的法律不認(rèn)為是犯罪的，適用當(dāng)時的法律；如果當(dāng)時的法律認(rèn)為是犯罪的，依照本法總則第四章第八節(jié)的規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)追訴的，按照當(dāng)時的法律追究刑事責(zé)任，但是如果本法不認(rèn)為是犯罪或者處刑較輕的，適用本法。

Article 12 If an act committed after the founding of the People's Republic of China and before the entry into force of this Law was not deemed a crime under the laws at the time, those laws shall apply.If the act was deemed a crime under the laws in force at the time and is subject to prosecution under the provisions of Section 8, Chapter IV of the General Provisions of this Law, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with those laws.However, if according to this Law the act is not deemed a crime or is subject to a lighter punishment, this Law shall apply.本法施行以前，依照當(dāng)時的法律已經(jīng)作出的生效判決，繼續(xù)有效。

Before the entry into force of this Law, any judgment that has been made and has become effective according to the laws at the time shall remain valid.第一節(jié) 犯罪和刑事責(zé)任

SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

第十三條 一切危害國家主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整和安全，分裂國家、顛覆人民民主專政的政權(quán)和推翻社會主義制度，破壞社會秩序和經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，侵犯國有財產(chǎn)或者勞動群眾集體所有的財產(chǎn)，侵犯公民私人所有的財產(chǎn)，侵犯公民的人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，以及其他危害社會的行為，依照法律應(yīng)當(dāng)受刑罰處罰的，都是犯罪，但是情節(jié)顯著輕微危害不大的，不認(rèn)為是犯罪。

Article 13 A crime refers to an act that endangers the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the State, splits the State, subverts the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and overthrows the socialist system, undermines public and economic order, violates State-owned property, property collectively owned by the working people, or property privately owned by citizens, infringes on the citizens' rights of the person, their democratic or other rights, and any other act that endangers society and is subject to punishment according to law.However, if the circumstances are obviously minor and the harm done is not serious, the act shall not be considered a crime.第十四條 明知自己的行為會發(fā)生危害社會的結(jié)果，并且希望或者放任這種結(jié)果發(fā)生，因而構(gòu)成犯罪的，是故意犯罪。

Article 14 An intentional crime refers to an act committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will entail harmful consequences to society but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur, thus constituting a crime.故意犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes.第十五條 應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見自己的行為可能發(fā)生危害社會的結(jié)果，因為疏忽大意而沒有預(yù)見，或者已經(jīng)預(yù)見而輕信能夠避免，以致發(fā)生這種結(jié)果的，是過失犯罪。

Article 15 A negligent crime refers to an act committed by a person who should have foreseen that his act would possibly entail harmful consequences to society but who fails to do so through his negligence or, having foreseen the consequences, readily believes that they can be avoided, so that the consequences do occur.過失犯罪，法律有規(guī)定的才負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for negligent crimes only when the law so provides.第十六條 行為在客觀上雖然造成了損害結(jié)果，但是不是出于故意或者過失，而是由于不能抗拒或者不能預(yù)見的原因所引起的，不是犯罪。

Article 16 An act is not a crime if it objectively results in harmful consequences due to irresistible or unforeseeable causes rather than intent or negligence.第十七條 已滿十六周歲的人犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 17 If a person who has reached the age of 16 commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的人，犯故意殺人、故意傷害致人重傷或者死亡、強(qiáng)奸、搶劫、販賣毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 16 commits intentional homicide, intentionally hurts another person so as to cause serious injury or death of the person, or commits rape, robbery, drug-trafficking, arson, explosion or poisoning, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已滿十四周歲不滿十八周歲的人犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)從輕或者減輕處罰。

If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 18 commits a crime, he shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.因不滿十六周歲不予刑事處罰的，責(zé)令他的家長或者監(jiān)護(hù)人加以管教；在必要的時候，也可以由政府收容教養(yǎng)。

If a person is not given criminal punishment because he has not reached the age of 16, the head of his family or his guardian shall be ordered to discipline him.When necessary, he may be taken in by the government for rehabilitation.第十八條 精神病人在不能辨認(rèn)或者不能控制自己行為的時候造成危害結(jié)果，經(jīng)法定程序鑒定確認(rèn)的，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)責(zé)令他的家屬或者監(jiān)護(hù)人嚴(yán)加看管和醫(yī)療；在必要的時候，由政府強(qiáng)制醫(yī)療。

Article 18 If a mental patient causes harmful consequences at a time when he is unable to recognize or control his own conduct, upon verification and confirmation through legal procedure, he shall not bear criminal responsibility, but his family members or guardian shall be ordered to keep him under strict watch and control and arrange for his medical treatment.When necessary, the government may compel him to receive medical treatment.間歇性的精神病人在精神正常的時候犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Any person whose mental illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime when he is in a normal mental state.尚未完全喪失辨認(rèn)或者控制自己行為能力的精神病人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是可以從輕或者減輕處罰。

If a mental patient who has not completely lost the ability of recognizing or controlling his own conduct commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.醉酒的人犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Any intoxicated person who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.第十九條 又聾又啞的人或者盲人犯罪，可以從輕、減輕或者免除處罰。

Article 19 Any deaf-mute or blind person who commits a crime may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十條 為了使國家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對不法侵害人造成損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 20 An act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the State and the public, or his own or other person's rights of the person, property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement, thus harming the perpetrator, is justifiable defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

If a person's act of justifiable defence obviously exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.對正在進(jìn)行行兇、殺人、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為，造成不法侵害人傷亡的，不屬于防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

If a person acts in defence against an on-going assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnap or any other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety, thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator of the unlawful act, it is not undue defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.第二十一條 為了使國家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在發(fā)生的危險，不得已采取的緊急避險行為，造成損害的，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 21 If a person is compelled to commit an act in an emergency to avert an immediate danger to the interests of the State or the public, or his own or another person's rights of the person, property or other rights, thus causing damage, he shall not bear criminal responsibility.緊急避險超過必要限度造成不應(yīng)有的損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

If the act committed by a person in an emergency to avert danger exceeds the limits of necessity and causes undue damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第一款中關(guān)于避免本人危險的規(guī)定，不適用于職務(wù)上、業(yè)務(wù)上負(fù)有特定責(zé)任的人。

The provisions of the first paragraph of this Article with respect to averting danger to oneself shall not apply to a person who is charged with special responsibility in his post or profession.第二節(jié) 犯罪的預(yù)備、未遂和中止

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION

第二十二條 為了犯罪，準(zhǔn)備工具、制造條件的，是犯罪預(yù)備。

Article 22 Preparation for a crime refers to the preparation of the instruments or the creation of the conditions for a crime.對于預(yù)備犯，可以比照既遂犯從輕、減輕處罰或者免除處罰。

An offender who prepares for a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十三條 已經(jīng)著手實行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的，是犯罪未遂。

Article 23 A criminal attempt refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.對于未遂犯，可以比照既遂犯從輕或者減輕處罰。

An offender who attempts to commit a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第二十四條 在犯罪過程中，自動放棄犯罪或者自動有效地防止犯罪結(jié)果發(fā)生的，是犯罪中止。

Article 24 Discontinuation of a crime refers to a case where, in the course of committing a crime, the offender voluntarily discontinues the crime or voluntarily and effectively prevents the consequences of the crime from occurring.對于中止犯，沒有造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)免除處罰；造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕處罰。

An offender who discontinues a crime shall, if no damage is caused, be exempted from punishment or, if any damage is caused, be given a mitigated punishment.第二十五條 共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。

Article 25 A joint crime refers to an intentional crime committed by two or more persons jointly.二人以上共同過失犯罪，不以共同犯罪論處；應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的，按照他們所犯的罪分別處罰。

A negligent crime committed by two or more persons jointly shall not be punished as a joint crime;however, those who should bear criminal responsibility shall be individually punished according to the crimes they have committed.第二十六條 組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)犯罪集團(tuán)進(jìn)行犯罪活動的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的，是主犯。

Article 26 A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime.三人以上為共同實施犯罪而組成的較為固定的犯罪組織，是犯罪集團(tuán)。

A criminal group refers to a relatively stable criminal organization formed by three or more persons for the purpose of committing crimes jointly.對組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)犯罪集團(tuán)的首要分子，按照集團(tuán)所犯的全部罪行處罰。

Any ringleader who organizes or leads a criminal group shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that the criminal group has committed.對于第三款規(guī)定以外的主犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照其所參與的或者組織、指揮的全部犯罪處罰。

Any principal criminal not included in Paragraph 3 shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that he participates in or that he organizes or directs.第二十七條 在共同犯罪中起次要或者輔助作用的，是從犯。

Article 27 An accomplice refers to any person who plays a secondary or auxiliary role in a joint crime.對于從犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)從輕、減輕處罰或者免除處罰。

An accomplice shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十八條 對于被脅迫參加犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他的犯罪情節(jié)減輕處罰或者免除處罰。

Article 28 Anyone who is coerced to participate in a crime shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment in the light of the circumstances of the crime he commits.第二十九條 教唆他人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他在共同犯罪中所起的作用處罰。教唆不滿十八周歲的人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰。

Article 29 Anyone who instigates another to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in a joint crime.Anyone who instigates a person under the age of 18 to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.如果被教唆的人沒有犯被教唆的罪，對于教唆犯，可以從輕或者減輕處罰。

If the instigated person has not committed the instigated crime, the instigator may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第四節(jié) 單位犯罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT

第三十條 公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體實施的危害社會的行為，法律規(guī)定為單位犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 30 Any company, enterprise, institution, State organ, or organization that commits an act that endangers society, which is prescribed by law as a crime committed by a unit, shall bear criminal responsibility.第三十一條 單位犯罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員判處刑罰。本法分則和其他法律另有規(guī)定的，依照規(guī)定。

Article 31 Where a unit commits a crime, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be given criminal punishment.Where it is otherwise provided for in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in other laws, those provisions shall prevail.第三十二條 刑罰分為主刑和附加刑。

Article 32 Punishments are divided into principal punishments and supplementary punishments.第三十三條 主刑的種類如下：

Article 33 The principal punishments are as follows:

（一）管制；

(1)public surveillance;

（二）拘役；

(2)criminal detention;

（三）有期徒刑；

(3)fixed-term imprisonment;

（四）無期徒刑；

(4)life imprisonment;and

（五）死刑。

(5)the death penalty.第三十四條 附加刑的種類如下：

Article 34 The supplementary punishments are as follows:

（一）罰金；

(1)fine;

（二）剝奪政治權(quán)利；

(2)deprivation of political rights;and

（三）沒收財產(chǎn)。

(3)confiscation of property.附加刑也可以獨立適用。

Supplementary punishments may be imposed independently.第三十五條 對于犯罪的外國人，可以獨立適用或者附加適用驅(qū)逐出境。

Article 35 Deportation may be imposed independently or supplementarily to a foreigner who commits a crime.第三十六條 由于犯罪行為而使被害人遭受經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的，對犯罪分子除依法給予刑事處罰外，并應(yīng)根據(jù)情況判處賠償經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

Article 36 If a victim has suffered economic losses as a result of a crime, the criminal shall, in addition to receiving a criminal punishment according to law, be sentenced to making compensation for the economic losses in the light of the circumstances.承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任的犯罪分子，同時被判處罰金，其財產(chǎn)不足以全部支付的，或者被判處沒收財產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)先承擔(dān)對被害人的民事賠償責(zé)任。

If criminal who is liable for civil compensation is sentenced to a fine at the same time but his property is not sufficient to pay both the compensation and the fine, or if he is sentenced to confiscation of property at the same time, he shall, first of all, bear his liability for civil compensation to the victim.第三十七條 對于犯罪情節(jié)輕微不需要判處刑罰的，可以免予刑事處罰，但是可以根據(jù)案件的不同情況，予以訓(xùn)誡或者責(zé)令具結(jié)悔過、賠禮道歉、賠償損失，或者由主管部門予以行政處罰或者行政處分。

Article 37 If the circumstances of a person's crime are minor and do not require criminal punishment, he may be exempted from it;however, he may, depending on the different circumstances of the case, be reprimanded or ordered to make a statement of repentance, offer an apology or pay compensation for the losses, or be subjected to administrative penalty or administrative sanctions by the competent department.第三十八條 管制的期限，為三個月以上二年以下。

Article 38 The term of public surveillance shall be not less than three months but not more than two years.被判處管制的犯罪分子，由公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行。

Where a criminal is sentenced to public surveillance, the sentence shall be executed by a public security organ.第三十九條 被判處管制的犯罪分子，在執(zhí)行期間，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守下列規(guī)定：

Article 39 Any criminal who is sentenced to public surveillance shall observe the following during the term in which his sentence is being executed:

（一）遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，服從監(jiān)督；

(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）未經(jīng)執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，不得行使言論、出版、集會、結(jié)社、游行、示威自由的權(quán)利；

(2)exercise no right of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession or of demonstration without the approval of the organ executing the public surveillance;

（三）按照執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)規(guī)定報告自己的活動情況；

(3)report on his own activities as required by the organ executing the public surveillance;

（四）遵守執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于會客的規(guī)定；

(4)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the organ executing the public surveillance;and

（五）離開所居住的市、縣或者遷居，應(yīng)當(dāng)報經(jīng)執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。

(5)report to obtain approval from the organ executing the public surveillance for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.對于被判處管制的犯罪分子，在勞動中應(yīng)當(dāng)同工同酬。

Criminals sentenced to public surveillance shall, while engaged in labour, receive equal pay for equal work.第四十條 被判處管制的犯罪分子，管制期滿，執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)即向本人和其所在單位或者居住地的群眾宣布解除管制。

Article 40 Upon the expiration of a term of public surveillance, the executing organ shall immediately announce the termination of public surveillance to the criminal sentenced to public surveillance and to his work unit or the people of the place where he resides.第四十一條 管制的刑期，從判決執(zhí)行之日起計算；判決執(zhí)行以前先行羈押的，羈押一日折抵刑期二日。

Article 41 A term of public surveillance shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered two days of the term sentenced.第四十二條 拘役的期限，為一個月以上六個月以下。

Article 42 A term of criminal detention shall be not less than one month but not more than 6 months.第四十三條 被判處拘役的犯罪分子，由公安機(jī)關(guān)就近執(zhí)行。

Article 43 Where a criminal is sentenced to criminal detention, the sentence shall be executed by the public security organ in the vicinity.在執(zhí)行期間，被判處拘役的犯罪分子每月可以回家一天至兩天；參加勞動的，可以酌量發(fā)給報酬。

During the period of execution, a criminal sentenced to criminal detention may go home for one to two days each month;an appropriate remuneration may be given to those who participate in labor.第四十四條 拘役的刑期，從判決執(zhí)行之日起計算；判決執(zhí)行以前先行羈押的，羈押一日折抵刑期一日。

Article 44 A term of criminal detention shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四節(jié) 有期徒刑、無期徒刑

SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT

第四十五條 有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十條、第六十九條規(guī)定外，為六個月以上十五年以下。

Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years, except as stipulated in Articles 50 and 69 of this Law.第四十六條 被判處有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，在監(jiān)獄或者其他執(zhí)行場所執(zhí)行；凡有勞動能力的，都應(yīng)當(dāng)參加勞動，接受教育和改造。

Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall do so to accept education and reform through labor.第四十七條 有期徒刑的刑期，從判決執(zhí)行之日起計算；判決執(zhí)行以前先行羈押的，羈押一日折抵刑期一日。

Article 47 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四十八條 死刑只適用于罪行極其嚴(yán)重的犯罪分子。對于應(yīng)當(dāng)判處死刑的犯罪分子，如果不是必須立即執(zhí)行的，可以判處死刑同時宣告緩期二年執(zhí)行。

Article 48 The death penalty shall only be applied to criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes.If the immediate execution of a criminal punishable by death is not deemed necessary, a two-year suspension of execution may be pronounced simultaneously with the imposition of the death sentence.死刑除依法由最高人民法院判決的以外，都應(yīng)當(dāng)報請最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)。死刑緩期執(zhí)行的，可以由高級人民法院判決或者核準(zhǔn)。

All death sentences, except for those that according to law should be decided by the Supreme People's Court, shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Court for verification and approval.Death sentences with a suspension of execution may be decided or verified and approved by a Higher People's Court.第四十九條 犯罪的時候不滿十八周歲的人和審判的時候懷孕的婦女，不適用死刑。

Article 49 The death penalty shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time the crime is committed or on women who are pregnant at the time of trial.第五十條 判處死刑緩期執(zhí)行的，在死刑緩期執(zhí)行期間，如果沒有故意犯罪，二年期滿以后，減為無期徒刑；如果確有重大立功表現(xiàn)，二年期滿以后，減為十五年以上二十年以下有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查證屬實的，由最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，執(zhí)行死刑。

Article 50 Anyone who is sentenced to death with a suspension of execution commits no intentional crime during the period of suspension, his punishment shall be commuted to life imprisonment upon the expiration of the two-year period;if he has truly performed major meritorious service, his punishment shall be commuted to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 15 years but not more than 20 years upon the expiration of the two-year period;if it is verified that he has committed an intentional crime, the death penalty shall be executed upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court.第五十一條 死刑緩期執(zhí)行的期間，從判決確定之日起計算。死刑緩期執(zhí)行減為有期徒刑的刑期，從死刑緩期執(zhí)行期滿之日起計算。

Article 51 The term of suspension of execution of a death penalty shall be counted from the date the judgment becomes final.The term of a fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from a death penalty with suspension of execution shall be counted from the date the suspension of execution expires.第五十二條 判處罰金，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)犯罪情節(jié)決定罰金數(shù)額。

Article 52 The amount of any fine imposed shall be determined according to the circumstances of the crime.第五十三條 罰金在判決指定的期限內(nèi)一次或者分期繳納。期滿不繳納的，強(qiáng)制繳納。對于不能全部繳納罰金的，人民法院在任何時候發(fā)現(xiàn)被執(zhí)行人有可以執(zhí)行的財產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)隨時追繳。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的災(zāi)禍繳納確實有困難的，可以酌情減少或者免除。

Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the judgment.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit, the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full, the People's Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster, the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.第七節(jié) 剝奪政治權(quán)利

SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS

第五十四條 剝奪政治權(quán)利是剝奪下列權(quán)利：

Article 54 Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:

（一）選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)；

(1)the right to vote and to stand for election;

（二）言論、出版、集會、結(jié)社、游行、示威自由的權(quán)利；

(2)the rights of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration;

（三）擔(dān)任國家機(jī)關(guān)職務(wù)的權(quán)利；

(3)the right to hold a position in a State organ;and

（四）擔(dān)任國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位和人民團(tuán)體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)的權(quán)利。

(4)the right to hold a leading position in any State-owned company, enterprise, institution or people's organization.第五十五條 剝奪政治權(quán)利的期限，除本法第五十七條規(guī)定外，為一年以上五年以下。

Article 55 A term of deprivation of political rights shall be not less than one year but not more than five years, except as stipulated in Article 57 of this Law.判處管制附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的，剝奪政治權(quán)利的期限與管制的期限相等，同時執(zhí)行。

Anyone who is sentenced to public surveillance is deprived of political rights as a supplementary punishment, the term of deprivation of political rights shall be the same as the term of public surveillance, and the punishments shall be executed simultaneously.第五十六條 對于危害國家安全的犯罪分子應(yīng)當(dāng)附加剝奪政治權(quán)利；對于故意殺人、強(qiáng)奸、放火、爆炸、投毒、搶劫等嚴(yán)重破壞社會秩序的犯罪分子，可以附加剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 56 Anyone who commits the crime of endangering national security shall be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment;anyone who commits the crime of seriously undermining public order by intentional homicide, rape, arson, explosion, poisoning or robbery may be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment.獨立適用剝奪政治權(quán)利的，依照本法分則的規(guī)定。

Where deprivation of political rights is imposed exclusively, the Specific Provisions of this Law shall apply.第五十七條 對于被判處死刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，應(yīng)當(dāng)剝奪政治權(quán)利終身。

Article 57 Any criminal who is sentenced to death or to life imprisonment shall be deprived of his political rights for life.在死刑緩期執(zhí)行減為有期徒刑或者無期徒刑減為有期徒刑的時候，應(yīng)當(dāng)把附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的期限改為三年以上十年以下。

When a death penalty with a suspension of execution is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, or a life imprisonment is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, the term of the supplementary punishment of deprivation of political rights shall be changed to not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第五十八條 附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的刑期，從徒刑、拘役執(zhí)行完畢之日或者從假釋之日起計算；剝奪政治權(quán)利的效力當(dāng)然施用于主刑執(zhí)行期間。

Article 58 A term of deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment shall be counted from the date on which imprisonment or criminal detention ends or from the date on which parole begins.Deprivation of political rights shall, as a matter of course, be in effect during the period in which the principal punishment is being executed.被剝奪政治權(quán)利的犯罪分子，在執(zhí)行期間，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律、行政法規(guī)和國務(wù)院公安部門有關(guān)監(jiān)督管理的規(guī)定，服從監(jiān)督；不得行使本法第五十四條規(guī)定的各項權(quán)利。

Any criminal who is deprived of his political rights shall, during the period of execution, observe laws, administrative rules and regulations and other regulations governing supervision and control stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and submit to supervision;he shall not exercise any of the rights listed in Article 54 of this Law.第八節(jié) 沒收財產(chǎn)

SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY

第五十九條 沒收財產(chǎn)是沒收犯罪分子個人所有財產(chǎn)的一部或者全部。沒收全部財產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對犯罪分子個人及其扶養(yǎng)的家屬保留必需的生活費用。

Article 59 Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part or all of the property personally owned by a criminal.Where confiscation of all the property of a criminal is imposed, the amount necessary for the daily expenses of the criminal himself and the family members supported by him shall be taken out.在判處沒收財產(chǎn)的時候，不得沒收屬于犯罪分子家屬所有或者應(yīng)有的財產(chǎn)。

When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal's family members own or should own shall not be subject to confiscation.第六十條 沒收財產(chǎn)以前犯罪分子所負(fù)的正當(dāng)債務(wù)，需要以沒收的財產(chǎn)償還的，經(jīng)債權(quán)人請求，應(yīng)當(dāng)償還。

Article 60 Where it is necessary to use part of the confiscated property to repay the legitimate debts that the criminal incurred before his property is confiscated, the debts shall be repaid at the request of the creditors.第四章 刑罰的具體運用

CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS

第六十一條 對于犯罪分子決定刑罰的時候，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)犯罪的事實、犯罪的性質(zhì)、情節(jié)和對于社會的危害程度，依照本法的有關(guān)規(guī)定判處。

Article 61 When sentencing a criminal, a punishment shall be meted out on the basis of the facts, nature and circumstances of the crime, the degree of harm done to society and the relevant provisions of this Law.第六十二條 犯罪分子具有本法規(guī)定的從重處罰、從輕處罰情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在法定刑的限度以內(nèi)判處刑罰。

Article 62 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a heavier or lighter punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment within the limits of the prescribed punishment.第六十三條 犯罪分子具有本法規(guī)定的減輕處罰情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在法定刑以下判處刑罰。

Article 63 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.犯罪分子雖然不具有本法規(guī)定的減輕處罰情節(jié)，但是根據(jù)案件的特殊情況，經(jīng)最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，也可以在法定刑以下判處刑罰。

In cases where the circumstances of a crime do not warrant a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, however, in the light of the special circumstances of the case, and upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the criminal may still be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.第六十四條 犯罪分子違法所得的一切財物，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以追繳或者責(zé)令退賠；對被害人的合法財產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時返還；違禁品和供犯罪所用的本人財物，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收。沒收的財物和罰金，一律上繳國庫，不得挪用和自行處理。

Article 64 All money and property illegally obtained by a criminal shall be recovered, or compensation shall be or dered;the lawful property of the victim shall be returned without delay;and contrabands and possessions of the criminal that are used in the commission of the crime shall be confiscated.All the confiscated money and property and fines shall be turned over to the State treasury, and no one may misappropriate or privately dispose of them.第六十五條 被判處有期徒刑以上刑罰的犯罪分子，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢或者赦免以后，在五年以內(nèi)再犯應(yīng)當(dāng)判處有期徒刑以上刑罰之罪的，是累犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰，但是過失犯罪除外。

Article 65 If a criminal commits another crime punishable by fixed-term imprisonment or heavier penalty within five years after serving his sentence of not less than fixed-term imprisonment or receiving a pardon, he is a recidivist and shall be given a heavier punishment.However, this shall not apply to cases of negligent crime.前款規(guī)定的期限，對于被假釋的犯罪分子，從假釋期滿之日起計算。

For criminals who are paroled, the period stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the date the parole expires.第六十六條 危害國家安全的犯罪分子在刑罰執(zhí)行完畢或者赦免以后，在任何時候再犯危害國家安全罪的，都以累犯論處。

Article 66 If a criminal of endangering national security commits the same crime again at any time after serving his sentence or receiving a pardon shall be dealt with as a recidivist.第三節(jié) 自首和立功

SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE

第六十七條 犯罪以后自動投案，如實供述自己的罪行的，是自首。對于自首的犯罪分子，可以從輕或者減輕處罰。其中，犯罪較輕的，可以免除處罰。

Article 67 Voluntary surrender refers to the act of voluntarily delivering oneself up to justice and truthfully confessing one's crime after one has committed the crime.Any criminal who voluntarily surrenders may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.The ones whose crimes are relatively minor may be exempted from punishment.被采取強(qiáng)制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和正在服刑的罪犯，如實供述司法機(jī)關(guān)還未掌握的本人其他罪行的，以自首論。

If a criminal suspect or a defendent under compulsory measures or a criminal serving a sentence truthfully confesses his other crimes that the judicial organ does not know, his act shall be regarded as voluntary surrender.第六十八條 犯罪分子有揭發(fā)他人犯罪行為，查證屬實的，或者提供重要線索，從而得以偵破其他案件等立功表現(xiàn)的，可以從輕或者減輕處罰；有重大立功表現(xiàn)的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

Article 68 Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.犯罪后自首又有重大立功表現(xiàn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

Any criminal who not only voluntarily surrenders after committing the crime but also performs major meritorious services shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第四節(jié) 數(shù)罪并罰

SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES

第六十九條 判決宣告以前一人犯數(shù)罪的，除判處死刑和無期徒刑的以外，應(yīng)當(dāng)在總和刑期以下、數(shù)刑中最高刑期以上，酌情決定執(zhí)行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超過三年，拘役最高不能超過一年，有期徒刑最高不能超過二十年。

Article 69 For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be not more than the total of the terms for all the crimes but not less than the longest of the terms for the crimes, depending on the circumstances of the crimes.However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed the maximum of three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed the maximum of one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed the maximum of 20 years.如果數(shù)罪中有判處附加刑的，附加刑仍須執(zhí)行。

If among the crimes there is any for which a supplementary punishment is imposed, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十條 判決宣告以后，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢以前，發(fā)現(xiàn)被判刑的犯罪分子在判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對新發(fā)現(xiàn)的罪作出判決，把前后兩個判決所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。已經(jīng)執(zhí)行的刑期，應(yīng)當(dāng)計算在新判決決定的刑期以內(nèi)。

Article 70 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced the criminal committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, a judgment shall also be rendered for the newly discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishments imposed in the earlier and latest judgments and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.Any portion of the term that has already been served shall count towards fulfilment of the term imposed by the latest judgment.第七十一條 判決宣告以后，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢以前，被判刑的犯罪分子又犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對新犯的罪作出判決，把前罪沒有執(zhí)行的刑罰和后罪所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。

Article 71 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, the criminal again commits a crime, another judgment shall be rendered for the newly committed crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishment that remains to be executed for the earlier crime and the punishment imposed for the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.第七十二條 對于被判處拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子，根據(jù)犯罪分子的犯罪情節(jié)和悔罪表現(xiàn)，適用緩刑確實不致再危害社會的，可以宣告緩刑。

Article 72 A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society.被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，如果被判處附加刑，附加刑仍須執(zhí)行。

If a supplementary punishment is imposed on a criminal whose sentence is suspended, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十三條 拘役的緩刑考驗期限為原判刑期以上一年以下，但是不能少于二個月。

Article 73 The probation period for suspension of criminal detention shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than one year, however, it may not be less than two months.有期徒刑的緩刑考驗期限為原判刑期以上五年以下，但是不能少于一年。

The probation period for suspension of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than five years, however, it may not be less than one year.緩刑考驗期限，從判決確定之日起計算。

The probation period for suspension of sentence shall be counted from the date the judgment is made final.第七十四條 對于累犯，不適用緩刑。

Article 74 Suspension of sentence shall not be applied to recidivists.第七十五條 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守下列規(guī)定：

Article 75 A criminal whose sentence is suspended shall observe the followings:

（一）遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，服從監(jiān)督；

(1)to observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）按照考察機(jī)關(guān)的規(guī)定報告自己的活動情況；

(2)to report on his own activities as required by the observing organ;

（三）遵守考察機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于會客的規(guī)定；

(3)to observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the observing organ;and

（四）離開所居住的市、縣或者遷居，應(yīng)當(dāng)報經(jīng)考察機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。

(4)to report to obtain approval from the observing organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第七十六條 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗期限內(nèi)，由公安機(jī)關(guān)考察，所在單位或者基層組織予以配合，如果沒有本法第七十七條規(guī)定的情形，緩刑考驗期滿，原判的刑罰就不再執(zhí)行，并公開予以宣告。

Article 76 Any criminal whose sentence is suspended shall, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, be subjected to observation by a public security organ with the cooperation of the work unit to which he belongs or of a grass-roots organization, and in the absence of the circumstances prescribed in Article 77 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall cease to be executed upon the expiration of the probation period for suspension of sentence, which shall be made known publicly.第七十七條 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗期限內(nèi)犯新罪或者發(fā)現(xiàn)判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷緩刑，對新犯的罪或者新發(fā)現(xiàn)的罪作出判決，把前罪和后罪所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。

Article 77 If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended commits a crime again or it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced, he has committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, the suspension shall be revoked and another judgment rendered for the newly committed or discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be decided on the basis of the punishments for the old crime and the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗期限內(nèi)，違反法律、行政法規(guī)或者國務(wù)院公安部門有關(guān)緩刑的監(jiān)督管理規(guī)定，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷緩刑，執(zhí)行原判刑罰。

If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or regulations relating to supervision and control over suspension of sentence stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and if the circumstances are serious, the suspension shall be revoked and the original punishment shall be executed.第六節(jié) 減刑

SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT

第七十八條 被判處管制、拘役、有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，在執(zhí)行期間，如果認(rèn)真遵守監(jiān)規(guī)，接受教育改造，確有悔改表現(xiàn)的，或者有立功表現(xiàn)的，可以減刑；有下列重大立功表現(xiàn)之一的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減刑：

Article 78 The punishment of a criminal sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment may be commuted if, while serving his sentence, he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor and shows true repentance or performs meritorious services;the punishment shall be commuted if a criminal performs any of the following major meritorious services:

（一）阻止他人重大犯罪活動的；

(1)preventing another person from conducting major criminal activities;

（二）檢舉監(jiān)獄內(nèi)外重大犯罪活動，經(jīng)查證屬實的；

(2)informing against major criminal activities conducted inside or outside prison and verified through investigation;

（三）有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造或者重大技術(shù)革新的；

(3)having inventions or important technical innovations to his credit;

（四）在日常生產(chǎn)、生活中舍己救人的；

(4)coming to the rescue of another in everyday life and production at the risk of losing his own life;

（五）在抗御自然災(zāi)害或者排除重大事故中，有突出表現(xiàn)的；

(5)performing remarkable services in fighting against natural disasters or curbing major accidents;or

（六）對國家和社會有其他重大貢獻(xiàn)的。

(6)making other major contributions to the country and society.減刑以后實際執(zhí)行的刑期，判處管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；判處無期徒刑的，不能少于十年。

After commutation, the term of punishment actually to be served by those sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention or fixed-term imprisonment may not be less than half of the term originally decided;for those sentenced to life imprisonment, it may not be less than 10 years.第七十九條 對于犯罪分子的減刑，由執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)向中級以上人民法院提出減刑建議書。人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)組成合議庭進(jìn)行審理，對確有悔改或者立功事實的，裁定予以減刑。非經(jīng)法定程序不得減刑。

Article 79 If punishment to a criminal is to be commuted, the executing organ shall submit to a People's Court at or above the intermediate level a written proposal for commutation of punishment.The People's Court shall form a collegiate panel for examination and, if the criminal is found to have shown true repentance or performed meritorious services, issue an order of commutation.However, no punishment shall be commuted without going through legal procedure.第八十條 無期徒刑減為有期徒刑的刑期，從裁定減刑之日起計算。

Article 80 A term of fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from life imprisonment shall be counted from the date the order of commutation is issued.第八十一條 被判處有期徒刑的犯罪分子，執(zhí)行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判處無期徒刑的犯罪分子，實際執(zhí)行十年以上，如果認(rèn)真遵守監(jiān)規(guī)，接受教育改造，確有悔改表現(xiàn)，假釋后不致再危害社會的，可以假釋。如果有特殊情況，經(jīng)最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，可以不受上述執(zhí)行刑期的限制。

Article 81 A criminal sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment who has served more than half of the term of the original sentence or a criminal sentenced to life imprisonment who has served not less than 10 years of the term may be granted parole if he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor, shows true repentance and will no longer cause harm to society.If special circumstances exist, upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the above restrictions relating to the term served may be disregarded.對累犯以及因殺人、爆炸、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架等暴力性犯罪被判處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假釋。

No parole shall be granted to recidivists or criminals who are sentenced to more than 10 years of imprisonment or life imprisonment for crimes of violence such as homicide, explosion, robbery, rape and kidnap.第八十二條 對于犯罪分子的假釋，依照本法第七十九條規(guī)定的程序進(jìn)行。非經(jīng)法定程序不得假釋。

Article 82 Parole shall be granted to a criminal through the procedure prescribed in Article 79 of this Law.No parole shall be granted without going through legal procedure.第八十三條 有期徒刑的假釋考驗期限，為沒有執(zhí)行完畢的刑期；無期徒刑的假釋考驗期限為十年。

Article 83 The probation period for parole in the case of fixed-term imprisonment shall be equal to the portion of the term that has not been completed;the probation period for parole in the case of life imprisonment shall be 10 years.假釋考驗期限，從假釋之日起計算。

The probation period for parole shall be counted from the date the criminal is released on parole.第八十四條 被宣告假釋的犯罪分子，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守下列規(guī)定：

Article 84 Any criminal who is granted parole shall observe the following:

（一）遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，服從監(jiān)督；

(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）按照監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)的規(guī)定報告自己的活動情況；

(2)report on his own activities as required by the supervising organ;

（三）遵守監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于會客的規(guī)定；

(3)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the supervising organ;and

（四）離開所居住的市、縣或者遷居，應(yīng)當(dāng)報經(jīng)監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。

(4)report to obtain approval from the supervising organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第八十五條 被假釋的犯罪分子，在假釋考驗期限內(nèi)，由公安機(jī)關(guān)予以監(jiān)督，如果沒有本法第八十六條規(guī)定的情形，假釋考驗期滿，就認(rèn)為原判刑罰已經(jīng)執(zhí)行完畢，并公開予以宣告。

Article 85 Any criminal who is granted parole shall be subject to supervision by a public security organ during the probation period for parole.If he is not found in any of the circumstances prescribed in Article 86 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall be considered executed upon the expiration of the probation period for parole, which shall be made known publicly.第八十六條 被假釋的犯罪分子，在假釋考驗期限內(nèi)犯新罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷假釋，依照本法第七十一條的規(guī)定實行數(shù)罪并罰。

Article 86 If a criminal who is granted parole commits another crime during the probation period for parole, the parole shall be revoked, and he shall be given a combined punishment for several crimes as provided in Article 71 of this Law.在假釋考驗期限內(nèi)，發(fā)現(xiàn)被假釋的犯罪分子在判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷假釋，依照本法第七十條的規(guī)定實行數(shù)罪并罰。

If a criminal who is granted parole is discovered to have committed, before the judgment is pronounced, other crimes for which no punishment is imposed, the parole shall be revoked and a combined punishment for several crimes shall be given according to the provisions of Article 70 of this Law.被假釋的犯罪分子，在假釋考驗期限內(nèi)，有違反法律、行政法規(guī)或者國務(wù)院公安部門有關(guān)假釋的監(jiān)督管理規(guī)定的行為，尚未構(gòu)成新的犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法定程序撤銷假釋，收監(jiān)執(zhí)行未執(zhí)行完畢的刑罰。

If a criminal who is granted parole, during the probation period for parole, violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or other regulations relating to supervision and control over parole stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council but the violation does not constitute a new crime, the parole shall be revoked in accordance with legal procedure and he shall be put back into prison to serve the remaining part of criminal punishment.第八十七條 犯罪經(jīng)過下列期限不再追訴：

Article 87 Crimes shall not be prosecuted if the following periods have elapsed:

（一）法定最高刑為不滿五年有期徒刑的，經(jīng)過五年；

(1)five years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of less than five years;

（二）法定最高刑為五年以上不滿十年有期徒刑的，經(jīng)過十年；

(2)10 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but less than 10 years;

（三）法定最高刑為十年以上有期徒刑的，經(jīng)過十五年；

(3)15 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;and

（四）法定最高刑為無期徒刑、死刑的，經(jīng)過二十年。如果二十年以后認(rèn)為必須追訴的，須報請最高人民檢察院核準(zhǔn)。

(4)20 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is life imprisonment or death penalty.If after 20 years it is considered necessary to prosecute a crime, the matter shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Procuratorate for examination and approval.第八十八條 在人民檢察院、公安機(jī)關(guān)、國家安全機(jī)關(guān)立案偵查或者在人民法院受理案件以后，逃避偵查或者審判的，不受追訴期限的限制。

Article 88 No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a criminal who escapes from investigation or trial after a People's Procuratorate, public security organ or national security organ files the case or a People's Court accepts the case.被害人在追訴期限內(nèi)提出控告，人民法院、人民檢察院、公安機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)立案而不予立案的，不受追訴期限的限制。

No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a case which should have been but is not filed by a People's Court, People's Procuratorate or public security organ after the victim brings a charge within the period for prosecution.第八十九條 追訴期限從犯罪之日起計算；犯罪行為有連續(xù)或者繼續(xù)狀態(tài)的，從犯罪行為終了之日起計算。

Article 89 The limitation period for prosecution shall be counted from the date the crime is committed;if the criminal act is of a continual or continuous nature, it shall be counted from the date the criminal act is terminated.在追訴期限以內(nèi)又犯罪的，前罪追訴的期限從犯后罪之日起計算。

If further crime is committed during a limitation period for prosecution, the limitation period for prosecution of the old crime shall be counted from the date the new crime is committed.第九十條 民族自治地方不能全部適用本法規(guī)定的，可以由自治區(qū)或者省的人民代表大會根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓恼?、?jīng)濟(jì)、文化的特點和本法規(guī)定的基本原則，制定變通或者補(bǔ)充的規(guī)定，報請全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會批準(zhǔn)施行。

Article 90 Where the provisions of this Law cannot be completely applied in national autonomous areas, the people's congresses of the autonomous regions or the provinces concerned may formulate adaptive or supplementary provisions on the basis of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles stipulated in this Law, and these provisions shall go into effect after they have been submitted to and approved by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.第九十一條 本法所稱公共財產(chǎn)，是指下列財產(chǎn)：

Article 91 “Public property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;

（一）國有財產(chǎn)；

(1)property owned by the State;

（二）勞動群眾集體所有的財產(chǎn)；

(2)property owned collectively by working people;and

（三）用于扶貧和其他公益事業(yè)的社會捐助或者專項基金的財產(chǎn)。

(3)public donations or special funds used for elimination of poverty or for other public welfare undertakings.在國家機(jī)關(guān)、國有公司、企業(yè)、集體企業(yè)和人民團(tuán)體管理、使用或者運輸中的私人財產(chǎn)，以公共財產(chǎn)論。

Private property that is being managed, used or transported by State organs, State-owned companies and enterprises, or enterprises owned by collectives, or people's organizations shall be treated as public property.第九十二條 本法所稱公民私人所有的財產(chǎn)，是指下列財產(chǎn)：

Article 92 “Citizens' privately owned property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;

（一）公民的合法收入、儲蓄、房屋和其他生活資料；

(1)citizens' lawful earnings, savings, houses and other means of subsistence;

（二）依法歸個人、家庭所有的生產(chǎn)資料；

(2)any means of production that is under private or family ownership according to law;

（三）個體戶和私營企業(yè)的合法財產(chǎn)；

(3)property lawfully owned by self-employed workers or private enterprises;and

（四）依法歸個人所有的股份、股票、債券和其他財產(chǎn)。

(4)shares, stocks, bonds and other property that are under private ownership according to law.第九十三條 本法所稱國家工作人員，是指國家機(jī)關(guān)中從事公務(wù)的人員。

Article 93 “State functionaries” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who perform public service in State organs.國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體中從事公務(wù)的人員和國家機(jī)關(guān)、國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位委派到非國有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、社會團(tuán)體從事公務(wù)的人員，以及其他依照法律從事公務(wù)的人員，以國家工作人員論。

Persons who perform public service in State-owned companies or, enterprises, institutions or people's organizations, persons who are assigned by State organs, State-owned companies, enterprises or institutions to companies, enterprises or institutions that are not owned by the State or people's organizations to perform public service and the other persons who perform public service according to law shall all be regarded as State functionaries.第九十四條 本法所稱司法工作人員，是指有偵查、檢察、審判、監(jiān)管職責(zé)的工作人員。

Article 94 “Judicial officers” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who exercise the functions of investigation, prosecution, adjudication and supervision and control.第九十五條 本法所稱重傷，是指有下列情形之一的傷害：

Article 95 “Serious injuries” as mentioned in this Law refers to any of the following:

（一）使人肢體殘廢或者毀人容貌的；

(1)injuries resulting in a person's disability or disfigurement;

（二）使人喪失聽覺、視覺或者其他器官機(jī)能的；

(2)injuries resulting in a person's loss of his hearing, sight or the function of any other organ;or

（三）其他對于人身健康有重大傷害的。

(3)other injuries that cause grave harm to a person's physical health.第九十六條 本法所稱違反國家規(guī)定，是指違反全國人民代表大會及其常務(wù)委員會制定的法律和決定，國務(wù)院制定的行政法規(guī)、規(guī)定的行政措施、發(fā)布的決定和命令。

Article 96 “Violation of State regulations” as mentioned in this Law refers to violation of the laws enacted or decisions made by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee and the administrative rules and regulations formulated, the administrative measures adopted and the decisions or orders promulgated by the State Council.第九十七條 本法所稱首要分子，是指在犯罪集團(tuán)或者聚眾犯罪中起組織、策劃、指揮作用的犯罪分子。

Article 97 “Ringleader” as mentioned in this Law refers to any criminal who plays the role of organizing, plotting or directing in a crime committed by a criminal group or a crowd.第九十八條 本法所稱告訴才處理，是指被害人告訴才處理。如果被害人因受強(qiáng)制、威嚇無法告訴的，人民檢察院和被害人的近親屬也可以告訴。

Article 98 “To be handled only upon complaint” as mentioned in this Law means that a case shall only be handled if the victim brings a complaint.However, if the victim is unable to bring a complaint because of coercion or intimidation, a People's Procuratorate or a close relative of the victim may bring a complaint.第九十九條 本法所稱以上、以下、以內(nèi)，包括本數(shù)。

Article 99 “Not less than”, “not more than” and “within” as used in this Law all include the given figure.第一百條 依法受過刑事處罰的人，在入伍、就業(yè)的時候，應(yīng)當(dāng)如實向有關(guān)單位報告自己曾受過刑事處罰，不得隱瞞。

Article 100 Anyone who has been subjected to criminal punishment shall, before being recruited in the army or employed, report to the unit concerned about the fact;he may not conceal it.第一百零一條 本法總則適用于其他有刑罰規(guī)定的法律，但是其他法律有特別規(guī)定的除外。

Article 101 The General Provisions of this Law shall be applicable to other laws with provisions for criminal punishments, unless otherwise specifically provided for in those laws.第一章 危害國家安全罪

CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY

第一百零二條 勾結(jié)外國，危害中華人民共和國的主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整和安全的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。

Article 102 Whoever colludes with a foreign State to endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the People's Republic of China shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years.與境外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、個人相勾結(jié)，犯前款罪的，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever commits the crime prescribed in the preceding paragraph in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be punished according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零三條 組織、策劃、實施分裂國家、破壞國家統(tǒng)一的，對首要分子或者罪行重大的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；對積極參加的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；對其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 103 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of splitting the State or undermining unity of the country, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.煽動分裂國家、破壞國家統(tǒng)一的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever incites others to split the State or undermine unity of the country shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;the ringleaders and the ones who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零四條 組織、策劃、實施武裝叛亂或者武裝**的，對首要分子或者罪行重大的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；對積極參加的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；對其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 104 Among those who organize, plot or carry out armed rebellion or armed riot, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.策動、脅迫、勾引、收買國家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員、武裝部隊人員、人民警察、民兵進(jìn)行武裝叛亂或者武裝**的，依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。

Whoever instigates, coerces, lures or bribes State functionaries or members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to commit armed rebellion or armed riot shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零五條 組織、策劃、實施顛覆國家政權(quán)、推翻社會主義制度的，對首要分子或者罪行重大的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；對積極參加的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；對其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 105 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of subverting the State power or overthrowing the socialist system, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.以造謠、誹謗或者其他方式煽動顛覆國家政權(quán)、推翻社會主義制度的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever incites others by spreading rumors or slanders or any other means to subvert the State power or overthrow the socialist system shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;and the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零六條 與境外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、個人相勾結(jié)，實施本章第一百零三條、第一百零四條、第一百零五條規(guī)定之罪的，依照各該條的規(guī)定從重處罰。

Article 106 Whoever commits the crime as prescribed in Article 103, 104 or 105 of this Chapter in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions stipulated in these Articles respectively.第一百零七條 境內(nèi)外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織或者個人資助境內(nèi)組織或者個人實施本章第一百零二條、第一百零三條、第一百零四條、第一百零五條規(guī)定之罪的，對直接責(zé)任人員，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Article 107 Where an organ, organization or individual inside or outside of the territory of China provides funds to any organization or individual within the territory of China to commit the crime as prescribed in Article 102, 103, 104 or 105, the person who is directly responsible for the crime shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零八條 投敵叛變的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重或者帶領(lǐng)武裝部隊人員、人民警察、民兵投敵叛變的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑。

Article 108 Whoever defects to the enemy and turns traitor shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious or if he leads members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百零九條 國家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員在履行公務(wù)期間，擅離崗位，叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃，危害中華人民共和國國家安全的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 109 Any State functionary who, while discharging his official duties at home or abroad, leaves his post without permission and defects to another country, which endangers the security of the People's Republic of China, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years.掌握國家秘密的國家工作人員犯前款罪的，依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。

Any State functionary who has State secrets commits the crime as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百一十條 有下列間諜行為之一，危害國家安全的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑：

Article 110 Whoever endangers national security by committing any of the following acts of espionage shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years:

（一）參加間諜組織或者接受間諜組織及其代理人的任務(wù)的；

(1)joining an espionage organization or accepting a mission assigned by the organization or its agent;or

（二）為敵人指示轟擊目標(biāo)的。

(2)directing the enemy to any bombing or shelling target.第一百一十一條 為境外的機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 111 Whoever steals, spies into, buys or unlaw-fully supplies State secrets or intelligence for an organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.第一百一十二條 戰(zhàn)時供給敵人武器裝備、軍用物資資敵的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 112 Whoever aids the enemy during wartime by providing him with weapons and equipment or military materials shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十三條 本章上述危害國家安全罪行中，除第一百零三條第二款、第一百零五條、第一百零七條、第一百零九條外，對國家和人民危害特別嚴(yán)重、情節(jié)特別惡劣的，可以判處死刑。

Article 113 Whoever commits any of the crimes of endangering national security as mentioned above in this Chapter, with the exception of those provided for in Paragraph 2 of Article 103 and in Articles 105, 107 and 109, if the crime causes particularly grave harm to the State and the people or if the circumstances are especially serious, may be sentenced to death.犯本章之罪的，可以并處沒收財產(chǎn)。

Whoever commits any of the crimes mentioned in this Chapter may concurrently be sentenced to confiscation of property.第二章 危害公共安全罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY

第一百一十四條 放火、決水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危險方法破壞工廠、礦場、油田、港口、河流、水源、倉庫、住宅、森林、農(nóng)場、谷場、牧場、重要管道、公共建筑物或者其他公私財產(chǎn)，危害公共安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 114 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or uses other dangerous means to sabotage any factory, mine, oilfield, harbour, river, water source, warehouse, house, forest, farm, threshing ground, pasture, key pipeline, public building or any other public or private property, thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十五條 放火、決水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危險方法致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 115 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or inflicts serious injury or death on people or causes heavy losses of public or private property by other dangerous means, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.過失犯前款罪的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百一十六條 破壞火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器，足以使火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 116 Whoever sabotages a train, motor vehicle, tram, ship or aircraft to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十七條 破壞軌道、橋梁、隧道、公路、機(jī)場、航道、燈塔、標(biāo)志或者進(jìn)行其他破壞活動，足以使火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 117 Whoever sabotages a railroad, bridge, tunnel, highway, airport, waterway, lighthouse or sign or conducts any other sabotaging activities to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十八條 破壞電力、燃?xì)饣蛘咂渌兹家妆O(shè)備，危害公共安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 118 Whoever sabotages any electric power or gas facility or any other inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby endangering public security, but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十九條 破壞交通工具、交通設(shè)施、電力設(shè)備、燃?xì)庠O(shè)備、易燃易爆設(shè)備，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 119 Whoever sabotages any means of transport, transportation facility, electric power facility, gas facility, or inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.過失犯前款罪的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十條 組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和積極參加恐怖活動組織的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。

Article 120 Whoever forms, leads or actively participates in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.犯前款罪并實施殺人、爆炸、綁架等犯罪的，依照數(shù)罪并罰的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever, in addition to the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, commits other crimes of homicide, explosion or kidnap shall be punished in accordance with the provisions on combined punishment for several crimes.第一百二十一條 以暴力、脅迫或者其他方法劫持航空器的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；致人重傷、死亡或者使航空器遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的，處死刑。

Article 121 Whoever hijacks any aircraft by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;any hijacker who causes serious injury to or death of any other person or serious damage to the aircraft shall be sentenced to death.第一百二十二條 以暴力、脅迫或者其他方法劫持船只、汽車的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑。

Article 122 Whoever hijacks a ship or motor vehicle by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百二十三條 對飛行中的航空器上的人員使用暴力，危及飛行安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Article 123 Whoever uses violence against any person on board an aircraft and thereby endangers air safety, if there are no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百二十四條 破壞廣播電視設(shè)施、公用電信設(shè)施，危害公共安全的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處七年以上有期徒刑。

Article 124 Whoever sabotages any broadcasting, television or public telecommunications facility, thereby endangering public security, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.過失犯前款罪的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十五條 非法制造、買賣、運輸、郵寄、儲存槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 125 Whoever illegally manufactures, trades in, transports, mails or stores any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.非法買賣、運輸核材料的，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever illegally trades in or transports nuclear materials shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.單位犯前兩款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照第一款的規(guī)定處罰。

Where a unit commits any of the crimes mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十六條 依法被指定、確定的槍支制造企業(yè)、銷售企業(yè)，違反槍支管理規(guī)定，有下列行為之一的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，處五年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑：

Article 126 If, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, any enterprise that is designated or determined pursuant to law for manufacturing or selling guns commits any of the following acts, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the act shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years;if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment:

（一）以非法銷售為目的，超過限額或者不按照規(guī)定的品種制造、配售槍支的；

(1)to manufacture or sell guns in excess of the quotas or at variance with the variety prescribed, for purposes of illegal sale;

（二）以非法銷售為目的，制造無號、重號、假號的槍支的；

(2)to manufacture guns without numbers or with duplicate or false numbers, for purposes of illegal sale;or

（三）非法銷售槍支或者在境內(nèi)銷售為出口制造的槍支的。

(3)to sell guns illegally, or sell guns in China that are manufactured for export.第一百二十七條 盜竊、搶奪槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 127 Whoever steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物或者盜竊、搶奪國家機(jī)關(guān)、軍警人員、民兵的槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Whoever robs any guns, ammunition or explosives or steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives from State organs, members of the armed forces, the police or the people's militia shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.第一百二十八條 違反槍支管理規(guī)定，非法持有、私藏槍支、彈藥的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 128 Whoever, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, illegally possesses or conceals any guns or ammunition shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.依法配備公務(wù)用槍的人員，非法出租、出借槍支的，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever is lawfully equipped with a gun for the discharge of official duties illegally leases or loans his gun shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.依法配置槍支的人員，非法出租、出借槍支，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，依照第一款的規(guī)定處罰。

If persons who are lawfully provided with guns illegally lease or loan such guns, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.單位犯第二款、第三款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照第一款的規(guī)定處罰。

Where a unit commits the crime mentioned in the second or third paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十九條 依法配備公務(wù)用槍的人員，丟失槍支不及時報告，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Article 129 If persons who are lawfully equipped with guns for the discharge of official duties lose their guns and fail to report about the matter immediately, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百三十條 非法攜帶槍支、彈藥、管制刀具或者爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蝕性物品，進(jìn)入公共場所或者公共交通工具，危及公共安全，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。

Article 130 Whoever illegally enters a public place or gets on a public transportation vehicle with any gun, ammunition, controlled cutting tool or explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby endangers public security, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.第一百三十一條 航空人員違反規(guī)章制度，致使發(fā)生重大飛行事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成飛機(jī)墜毀或者人員死亡的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 131 Any member of the crew on board an air craft who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a grave air accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if an air crash or death of another is caused, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十二條 鐵路職工違反規(guī)章制度，致使發(fā)生鐵路運營安全事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成特別嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 132 Any railway worker who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a railway operational accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if there are especially serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十三條 違反交通運輸管理法規(guī)，因而發(fā)生重大事故，致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；交通運輸肇事后逃逸或者有其他特別惡劣情節(jié)的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；因逃逸致人死亡的，處七年以上有期徒刑。

Article 133 Whoever violates regulations governing traffic and transportation and thereby causes a serious accident, resulting in serious injuries or deaths or heavy losses of public or private property, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.Whoever runs away from the spot after he has caused a traffic accident or is involved in other especially flagrant circumstances shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if his escape results in the death of another person, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.第一百三十四條 工廠、礦山、林場、建筑企業(yè)或者其他企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位的職工，由于不服管理、違反規(guī)章制度，或者強(qiáng)令工人違章冒險作業(yè)，因而發(fā)生重大傷亡事故或者造成其他嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情節(jié)特別惡劣的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 134 If any employee of a factory, mine, tree farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution disobeys management or violates rules and regulations or, if anyone forces employees to work under hazardous conditions in violation of rules, thereby causing an accident involving heavy casualties or causing other serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十五條 工廠、礦山、林場、建筑企業(yè)或者其他企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位的勞動安全設(shè)施不符合國家規(guī)定，經(jīng)有關(guān)部門或者單位職工提出后，對事故隱患仍不采取措施，因而發(fā)生重大傷亡事故或者造成其他嚴(yán)重后果的，對直接責(zé)任人員，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情節(jié)特別惡劣的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 135 Where the facilities for operational safety of a factory, mine, three farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution do not meet State requirements and no measures are taken to remove the hidden danger of accident after the warning given by the departments concerned or employees of the unit, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs or other serious consequences ensue, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十六條 違反爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蝕性物品的管理規(guī)定，在生產(chǎn)、儲存、運輸、使用中發(fā)生重大事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 136 Whoever violates the regulations on the control of explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby causes a serious accident during the production, storage, transportation or use of those materials, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十七條 建設(shè)單位、設(shè)計單位、施工單位、工程監(jiān)理單位違反國家規(guī)定，降低工程質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，造成重大安全事故的，對直接責(zé)任人員，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

Article 137 Where any building, designing, construction or engineering supervision unit, in violation of State regulations, lowers the quality standard of a project and thereby causes a serious accident, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.第一百三十八條 明知校舍或者教育教學(xué)設(shè)施有危險，而不采取措施或者不及時報告，致使發(fā)生重大傷亡事故的，對直接責(zé)任人員，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 138 If a person who is directly responsible knowingly fails to adopt measures against dangers in school buildings or in educational or teaching facilities or to make a timely report about the matter, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十九條 違反消防管理法規(guī)，經(jīng)消防監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)通知采取改正措施而拒絕執(zhí)行，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，對直接責(zé)任人員，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 139 If a person who is directly responsible violates the regulations on fire prevention and control and refuses to take measures to set it right after being told by the organ for supervision over fire prevention and control to do so, if serious consequences ensue, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第三章 破壞社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序罪

CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET

第一節(jié) 生產(chǎn)、銷售偽劣商品罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD

第一百四十條 生產(chǎn)者、銷售者在產(chǎn)品中摻雜、摻假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格產(chǎn)品冒充合格產(chǎn)品，銷售金額五萬元以上不滿二十萬元的，處二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；銷售金額二十萬元以上不滿五十萬元的，處二年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；銷售金額五十萬元以上不滿二百萬元的，處七年以上有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；銷售金額二百萬元以上的，處十五年有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

Article 140 Any producer or seller who mixes impurities into or adulterates the products, or passes a fake product off as a genuine one, a defective product as a high-quality one, or a substandard product as a standard one, if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 50,000 yuan but less than 200,000 yuan, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 200,000 yuan but less than 500,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 500,000 yuan but less than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of 15 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十一條 生產(chǎn)、銷售假藥，足以嚴(yán)重危害人體健康的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；對人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；致人死亡或者對人體健康造成特別嚴(yán)重危害的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

Article 141 Whoever produces or sells fake medicines that are harmful enough to seriously endanger human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if human health is seriously harmed, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本條所稱假藥，是指依照《中華人民共和國藥品管理法》的規(guī)定屬于假藥和按假藥處理的藥品、非藥品。

Fake medicines as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines or any non-medical substances that fall under the category of or are regarded as fake medicines under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十二條 生產(chǎn)、銷售劣藥，對人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

Article 142 Whoever produces or sells medicines of inferior quality and thereby causes serious harm to human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本條所稱劣藥，是指依照《中華人民共和國藥品管理法》的規(guī)定屬于劣藥的藥品。

Medicines of inferior quality as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines that fall under the category of medicines of inferior quality under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十三條 生產(chǎn)、銷售不符合衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的食品，足以造成嚴(yán)重食物中毒事故或者其他嚴(yán)重食源性疾患的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；對人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處七年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

Article 143 Whoever produces or sells food that is not up to hygiene standards, thus causing an accident of serious food poisoning or resulting in any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十四條 在生產(chǎn)、銷售的食品中摻入有毒、有害的非食品原料的，或者銷售明知摻有有毒、有害的非食品原料的食品的，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；造成嚴(yán)重食物中毒事故或者其他嚴(yán)重食源性疾患，對人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；致人死亡或者對人體健康造成特別嚴(yán)重危害的，依照本法第一百四十一條的規(guī)定處罰。

Article 144 Whoever mixes the foods that he produces or sells with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials or knowingly sells such foods shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if an accident of serious food poisoning or any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria has resulted, thus seriously harming human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be punished according to the provisions in Article 141 of this Law.第一百四十五條 生產(chǎn)不符合保障人體健康的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的醫(yī)療器械、醫(yī)用衛(wèi)生材料，或者銷售明知是不符合保障人體健康的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的醫(yī)療器械、醫(yī)用衛(wèi)生材料，對人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處五年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金，其中情節(jié)特別惡劣的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

Article 145 Whoever produces medical apparatus and instruments or medical hygiene materials that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding human health or sells such things while clearly knowing the fact, thereby causing serious harm to human health, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十六條 生產(chǎn)不符合保障人身、財產(chǎn)安全的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電器、壓力容器、易燃易爆產(chǎn)品或者其他不符合保障人身、財產(chǎn)安全的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品，或者銷售明知是以上不符合保障人身、財產(chǎn)安全的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處五年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金。

Article 146 Whoever produces electrical appliances, pressure containers, inflammable or explosive products or any other products that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding personal or property safety or knowingly sells such products, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales.第一百四十七條 生產(chǎn)假農(nóng)藥、假獸藥、假化肥，銷售明知是假的或者失去使用效能的農(nóng)藥、獸藥、化肥、種子，或者生產(chǎn)者、銷售者以不合格的農(nóng)藥、獸藥、化肥、種子冒充合格的農(nóng)藥、獸藥、化肥、種子，使生產(chǎn)遭受較大損失的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；使生產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；使生產(chǎn)遭受特別重大損失的，處七年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

Article 147 Whoever produces fake pesticides, fake animal pharmaceuticals or fake chemical