第一篇：2011高考二輪復習英語教案：名詞和冠詞

2011高考二輪復習英語教案：名詞和冠詞（2）

【專題考案】

1．The little boy often has____ big breakfast，so he looks really strong.A．the

B．／

C．a(chǎn)

D an 2．October l st is___ National Day of ____ People’s Republic of china.A．a(chǎn)；the

B．／；／

C．／；the

D the；／

3．Things of_____ kind come together；people of ____kind fall into __ same group A．the；the；the

B．a(chǎn)；a；the

C．the；the；a

D a；a；a 4．Mr.BIack went to ____cinema last Sunday，while his wife went to ______church． A．the；the

B．／；／

C．／；the

D the；／ 5．He is____ friend of____ writer’s.A．／：the

B．a(chǎn)；the

C．a(chǎn)；a

D a；／ 6．—What is the population of China?

—China has ____population of l．3 billion．

A．the；the

B．a(chǎn)；a

C．a(chǎn)；the

D the；a 7．一 What in ____ world do you like most in _____ world? 一 I hope _____ world is _____peaceful and fair world.A．the；the；the；the

B．／；the；the；／ C．／；the；the；a

D．the；the；the；a 8．As we all know．____life is hard for any of us.If we live___ happy life，we must all work harder.A．／：／

B．／；a

C．a(chǎn)；／

D．a(chǎn)；a 9.______recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U.S.would be higher than the number of English speaker by_____ year 2090.A, the

B.A, /

C.The ,/

D.The, a 10.If you go by ______train ,you can have quite a comfortable journey ,but make sure you get _____fast one.A./, /

B./, a

C.the, a

D./,/ 11.It is often said that ____teachers have _______very easy life.A /,/

B./,a

C.the,/

D.the, a 12.I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left _____city ,I only remember it was ______ Monday.。A.the , the

B.a ,the

C.a, a

D.the, a

第1頁（共9頁）

13.If you grow up in ______large family ,you are more likely to develop _____ability to get on well with ______others.A./,an the

B.a, the ,/

C.the ,an ,the

D.a, the ,the

14.Mrs ,Taylor has ___8-year-old daughter who has _____gift for painting –she has won two national prizes.A.a，a

B.an，the

C.an，a

D.the，a 15.After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson ________ride to ________Capital Airport.A.the, a

B.a.the

C./, a

D./, the

16.On May 5,2005,at ___World Table Tennis Championship ,Kong Ling hui and WangHao won the gold medal in men’s with ____score of 4:1.A.a ,a

B./ the

C.a ,/

D.the ,a 17.I knew ______John Lennon ,but not ____famous one.A./,a

B.a ,the

C./,the

D.the, a

18.The book tells ____life story of John Smith ,who left _______school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A.the, the

B.a , the

C.the./

D.a,/

19.When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____hotel;I can find you ______bed in my flat.the ,a

B.the,/

C.a ,the

D.a,/ 20.If you buy more than ten, they will knock 20 pence off________.A.a price

B.price

C.the price

D.prices

21.____on-going division between English –speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _______major concern of the country.A.The, /

B.The, a

C.An, the

D.An, / 22.When he left _____college ,he got a job as ______reporter in a newspaper office.A./, a

B /, the

C.a, the

D.the， the 23.The most important thing about cotton in history is ___part that it played in ____Industrial Revolution.A./,/

B.the,/

C.the , the

D.a ,the 24.While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope Newton made _______discovery which completely changed ____ man’s understanding of color.A.a ,/

B.a ,the

C./, the

D.the ,a 25.It is ___world of wonders, _____world where anything can happen.第2頁（共9頁）

A.a.the

B.a, a

C.the, a

D./,/ 26.The Wilsons live in ______A-shaped house near the coast.It is _______17th century cottage.A.the, /

B.an, the

C./, the

D.an ,a 27.Tom owns ______larger collection of ______books than any other student in our class.A.the ,/

B.a,/

C.a ,the

D./, the 28.For a long time they walked without saying ___word.Jim was the first t break _____silence.A.the, a

B.a ,the

C.a ,/

D.the,/ 29.There was ____time _____I hated t go to school.A.a ,that

B.a ,when

C.the ,that

D.the ,when

30.When you finish reading the book ,you will have ______better understanding of ______life., A.a, the

B.the.a

C./,the

D.a,/ 31.I earn 10dollars ____hours as ____supermarket cashier on Saturday.A.a, an

B.the ,a

C.an ,a

D.an ,the 32The sign reads ―in ease of___ fire ,break the glass and push _____red button‖ A./,a

B./,the

C.the ,the

D.a ,a 33.I don’t like talking on ______telephone;I prefer writing ____letter.A.a, the

B.the./

C.the ,the

D.A ,/ 34.Jumping out of ____airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _____exciting experience.A./, the

B./, an

C.an.an

D.the, the

35.One way to understand thousands of new words in gain _____good knowledge of basic word formation.A./

B.the

C.a

D.one 36.The cakes are delicious.He’d like have ______third one because _____second one is rather too small.A.a, a

B.the.the

C.a ,the

D.the ,a 37.A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in ____leg.A.a

B.one

C.the

D.his 38.The warmth of _____sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ___wool used.A.the, the

B.the ,/

C./, the

D./,/ 39.The financial crisis has put the world economy in a difficult _________.A.occasion

B.condition

C.evaluation

D.situation 40.—Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.—In my _______, his decision is not wise.第3頁（共9頁）

A.word

B.view

C.sight

D.way 41.—Jack Brown is very clever and he studies hard as well.—No ________ he comes out first in the exams.A.answer

B.question

C.wonder

D.problem 42.As is well known, the brain performs a very important _______, which controls the nerve system of the body.A.motion

B.action

C.function

D.fact 43.He managed to reach the summit of his career, but it was at the _________ of his health.A.consumption

B.credit

C.exhaustion D.expense 44.—She got her first science fiction published．It turned out to be _________.—when was that?

—It Was in 2008__________ she was still in college．

A.success;that

B.a success；when

C.success;when D.a success;that 45.US President Barack Obama is expecting the economy to show some _________ of recovery． A.attempts

B.signs

C.contents

D.waves 46.The_______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.A.shoe’s shop

B.shoe shop

C.shoes shop

D.shoes’ shop 47.What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department managers.A.value

B.benefit

C.of valuable

D.of benefit

48.Giving small children some money as a gift during the Spring Festival is a common ______ in China, which may seem strange to foreigners? A.sense

B.practice

C.ground

D.habit 49.__ recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the US would be higher than the number of English speakers by __ year 2090.A.A, the

B.A, /

C.The , /

D.The, a

50.If you go by __ train, you can have a comfortable journey, but make sure you get __ fast one.A.the , the

B./, a

C.the , a

D./, / 51.It is often said that __ teachers have __ very easy life.A./, /

B./, a

C.the, /

D.the, a 52.I can’t remember when exactly the Robinson left __ city.I only remember it was __ Monday.A.the, the

B.a, the

C.a, a

D.the, a 53.If you grow up in __ large family, you are more likely to develop __ ability to get on well with __ others.第4頁（共9頁）

A./, an, the

B.a, the, /

C.the, an, the

D.a, the, the 54.Mrs.Taylor has __ 8 – year – old daughter who has __ gift for painting---she has won two national prizes.A.a, a

B.an, the

C, an, a

D.the, a 55.After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson __ ride to __ Capital Airport.A.the, a

B.a, the

C./, a

D./, the 56.On May 5, 2005, at __ World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won the gold medal in men’s doubles with __ score of 4:1.A.a, a

B./, the

C.a, /

D.the, a 57.I knew __ John Lennon, but not __ famous one.A./, a

B.a, the

C./, the

D.the, a

58.This book tells __ life story of John Smith, who left __ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.A.the, the

B.a, the

C.the, /

D.a, / 59.When you finish reading the book, you will have __ better understanding of __ life.A.a, the

B.the, a

C./, the

D.a, / 60.There was __ time __ I hated to go to school.A.a, that

B.a, when

C.the, that

D.the, when 61.For a long time they walked without saying __ word.Jim was the first to break __ silence.A.the, a

B, a, the

C.a, /

D.the, / 62.Tom owns __ larger collection of __ books than any other student in our class.A.the, /

B.a, /

C.a, the

D./, the 63.The Wilsons live in __ A – shaped house near the coast.It is __ 17th century cottage.A.the, /

B.an, the

C./, the

D.an, a 64.It is __ world of wonders, __ world where anything can happen.A.a, the

B.a, a

C.the, a

D./, / 65.While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made __ discovery which completely changed __ man’s understanding of color.A.a, /

B.a, the

C./, the

D.the, a 66.The most important thing about cotton in history is __ part that it played in __ Industrial Revolution.A./, /

B.the, /

C.the, the

D.a, the 67.When he left __ college, he got a job as __ reporter in a newspaper office.A./, a

B./, the

C.a, the

D.the, the

第5頁（共9頁）

68.__ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is __ major concern of the country.A.The, /

B.The, a

C.An, the

D.An, / 69.If you buy more than ten, they will knock 20 pence off __.A.a price

B.price

C.the price

D.prices 70.When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to __ hotel;I can find you __ bed in my flat.A.the, a

B.the, /

C.a, the

D.a, / 71.I earn 10 dollars __ hour as __ supermarket cashier on Saturday.A.a, an

B.the, a

C.an, a

D.an, the 72.The sign reads ―In case of __ fire, break the glass and push __ red button.‖

A./, a

B./, the

C.the, the

D.an, the 73.---Where is my blue shirt?---It’s in the washing machine.You have to wear __ different one.A.any

B.the

C.a

D.other 74.There’s __ dictionary on __ desk by your side.A.a, the

B.a, a

C.the, a

D.the, the

75.The cakes are delicious.He’d like to have __ third one because __ second one is rather too small.A.a, a

B.the, the

C.a, the

D.the, a 76.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __ good knowledge of basic word of formation.A./

B.the

C.a

D.one 77.Jumping out of __ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite __ exciting experience.A./, the

B./, an

C.an, an

D.the, the 78.I don’t like talking on __ telephone;I prefer writing __ letter.A.a, the

B.the, /

C.the, the

D.a, / 79.A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in __ leg.A.a

B.one

C.the

D.his 80.The warmth of __ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of __ wool used.A.the, the

B.the,/

C./, the

D./, / 81.Mr.Smith, there’s a man at __ front door who says he has __ news for you of great importance.A.the, /

B.the, the

C./, /

D./, the 82.There are only twelve _____in the hospital.第6頁（共9頁）

A．woman doctors

B．women doctors C．women doctor

D．woman doctor 83.Mr Smith has two______ , both of whom are teachers in a school.A．brothers-in-law

B．brother-in-laws C．brothers-in-laws

D．brothers-in law 84.——How many ______does a cow have? ——Four.A．stomaches

B．stomach C．stomachs

D．stomachies 85.Some visited our school last Wednesday.A．German B．Germen

C．Germans

D．Germens 86.The______of the building are covered with lots of

.A．roofs;leaves B．rooves;leafs C．roof;leaf

D．roofs;leafs 87.When the farmer returned home he found three _______ missing.A．sheeps B．sheepes

C．sheep

D．sheepies 88.That was a fifty _____engine.A．horse power

B．horses power C．horse powers

D．horses powers 89.My father often gives me

.A．many advice B．much advice C．a(chǎn) lot of advices

D．a(chǎn) few advice 90.Mary broke a ______while she was washing up.A．tea cup B．a(chǎn) cup of tea

C．tea’s cup

D．cup tea 91.Can you give us some _______about the writer? A．informations

B．information C．piece of informations

D．pieces information 92.I had a cup of ______and two pieces of ______this morning.A．teas;bread

B．teas;breads C．tea;breads

D．tea;bread 93.As is known to us all, _______travels much faster than

.A．lights;sounds

B．light;sound C．sound;light

D．sounds;lights 94.She told him of all her _____and _____

.第7頁（共9頁）

A．hope;fear

B．hopes;fear C．hopes;fears

D．hope;fears 95.The rising ______did a lot of ______to the crops.A．water;harm

B．water;harms C．waters;harm

D．waters;harms 96.——How far away is it from here to your school? ——It’s about ________..A．half an hour’s drive

B．half hours drives C．half an hour drives

D．half an hour drive 97.The shirt isn’t mine.It’s______.A．Mrs Smith

B．Mrs’ Smith C．Mrs Smiths’

D．Mrs Smith’s

98.Miss Johnson is a friend of_______..A．Mary’s mother

B．Mary’s mothers’ C．Mary mother’s

D．Mary’s mother’s

99.Last week I called at my_________..A．a(chǎn)unt B．a(chǎn)unts

C．a(chǎn)unt’s

D．a(chǎn)untes’

100.The beach is a ______throw.A．stone

B．stones

C．stones’

D．stone’s

101.I can hardly imagine ______sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A．Peter’

B．Peter

C．Peters D．Peters’

第8頁（共9頁）

參考答案

1-5 CCBDB

6-10 DDBAB 11-15 BDBCB

16-20 DBCAC

21-25 BACAB 26-30 DBBBD 31-35 DBBCC 36-40 CCBDB 41-45 CCDDB 46-50 BDBAB 51-55BDBCB

56-60 DBCDB 61-65 BBDBA 66-70 CABCA 71-75 CBCAC 76-80 CCBCB 81-85 A BACC.86-90 ACABA 91-95BDBCC 96-100 ADDCD 101 B

第9頁（共9頁）

第二篇：2010高考二輪復習英語教案

2010高考二輪復習英語教案

專題八 非謂語動詞和獨立主格結構

【專題要點】非謂語動詞和獨立主格結構主要用法如下：1.動名詞和動詞不定式作主語、賓語；2.只跟動名詞作賓語的動詞或動詞短語；3.只跟動詞不定式作賓語的常見動詞； 4.既可以跟動名詞又可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，且意義不同的動詞或短語；5.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補足語的區(qū)別；6.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作定語時的區(qū)別； 7.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語時的區(qū)別；8.動名詞的復合結構在句中作狀語； 9.there be 結構的兩種非謂語形式；10.獨立主格結構在句中作狀語； 11.with復合結構在句中作狀語或定語。

【考綱要求】非謂語動詞包括不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞三種形式。動詞的非謂語形式是中學英語語法的重點和難點,也是每年高考熱點中的熱點, 考綱要求掌握：非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)；他們在英語句子中的作用；非謂語動詞的基本用法和含義，非謂語動詞在句子中可以充當多種句子成分，比如主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語等；掌握非謂語動詞充當相同句子成分時的辨析；掌握非謂語動詞在不同的語境、語義下的運用。對于獨立主格結構考綱要求掌握獨立主格結構的構成方式；在句子中的作用以及with復合結構。

【教法指引】非謂語動詞包括不定式、v-ing形式和過去分詞，是高中英語學習的難點，也是高考考查的重點。高中英語非謂語動詞是一個重要考點，教師在引導學生復習備考中要注意重點突出、訓練得當，尤其是對以下要點的復習： 1.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法區(qū)別；2.非謂語動詞的主動式與被動式；3.非謂語動詞完成式的用法；4.非謂語動詞用作伴隨狀語；5.非謂語動詞用作目的狀語；6.非謂語動詞用作結果狀語；7.非謂語動詞用作賓語補足語；8.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語問題；9.非謂語動詞用作主語的問題；10.“(be+)過去分詞+介詞”結構；11.動名詞的復合結構和there be結構的非謂語動詞形式。

對于獨立主格結構的復習，教師必須要講清它的構成方式和在句子中的作用以及與with復合結構和分詞之間的辨析的關系?！局R網(wǎng)絡】 非謂語動詞用法

非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別

(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)(3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語

1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結果）。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。

3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明 作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結構迥異，進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)常考到的地方。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人??的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到??”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對??感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth.is interesting.這類詞常見的有： interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的 satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別

英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 【口訣記憶】

決心學會想希望，拒絕設法愿假裝，主動答應選計劃 同意請求幫一幫，愿望似乎就沒有，碰巧承擔常努力。attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃

bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿 care關心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備 decide決定 learn學習regret抱歉，遺憾 choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許 start開始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕 decide決定 learn學習vow起

contrive設法，圖謀 incline有?傾向 propose提議 seek找，尋覓 try試圖

2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式 ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使 allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿 announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使 bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求 assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示 advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求

authorize授權，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦 bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒 beg請求 induce引誘 report報告

compel強迫 invite吸引，邀請，summon傳喚 command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示 drive驅趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓練 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve應受 leave使，讓 tell告訴 direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘 entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡 enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說 encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指責，譴責 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 【口訣記憶】

考慮建議盼原諒，避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞 禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準逃亡

acknowledge承認，自認 cease 停止 mention說到，講到 admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有，喜愛 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口 consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好 favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨

finish完成，結束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復 imagine設想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險

involve卷入，包含 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議 hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄 keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。

(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別 【口訣記憶】 想起忘記常后悔

1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算，有意要? mean doing意味著

7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進醫(yī)院。4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語

1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系 Get him something to eat．給他拿點兒東西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系，這里的介詞不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。

4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如： ability能力，本領 drive趕，駕駛 movement運動，活動 ambition抱負，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機會 chance機會 force力，壓力，要點 promise許諾，希望 courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因 decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光

determination決心，決定 motive動機，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要求不定式做補語，則相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他總是第一個到來，最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語

分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：

1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher．他是個先進教師。

3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系 一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？ 5．不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區(qū)別。

1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關系是主動關系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。

2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關系是被動關系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果對這些樹多關心一些，它們本來會長得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔細閱讀，你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結果)We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的：

a：not/never too?to, too?not to , but/only too? to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義

b：做結果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導主語。6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y構（1)疑問詞+不定式結構

疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：

When to start has not been decided．何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?，只能?”講時跟不定式結構（but與不帶to的不定式 連用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式

1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.讓他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：

①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結構中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。

（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構

1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。

2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞's+動名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。

間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。

7．非謂語動詞中的有關句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型

1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．設法解釋是浪費時間。

3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光說沒用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。8.非謂語動詞的特殊結構

有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立結構

judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨立結構

to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering（考慮到，就?而言），providing / provided ?假如，supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。

獨立主格結構

一、概念：

“獨立主格結構”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關系，通常稱為“獨立主格結構”。

二、功能：

“獨立主格結構”實質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結構上與主句不發(fā)生關系，因此成為獨立主格結構。其實，雖然叫做獨立主格結構，并不是真正的獨立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。

三、形式：

獨立主格結構在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔任。按其結構形式分為：—ing 分詞獨立主格結構；—ed分詞獨立主格結構；無動詞獨立主格結構等。

四、舉例：

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無事可做，他們離開了。（代詞＋－ing;表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進教室，手里拿著書。（無動詞結構；表伴隨）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。（名詞＋－ed;表狀態(tài)）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放學了，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞＋副詞；表時間）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個字，他拾起那張紙。（借此結構；表伴隨）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我們的晚會開始了。（名詞＋不定式；表時間）

五、獨立主格結構與分詞短語作狀語的異同：

1、獨立主格結構與分詞短語都可以轉化成狀語從句。但是，獨立主格結構轉換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例：

⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果時間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。

⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。

2、還應該注意，分詞結構的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結構在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例：

⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很長時間。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）

六、獨立主格結構與獨立成分的異同：

1、有的分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實際上已經(jīng)成了習慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：

⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。

⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根據(jù)他所說的，她一定很誠實。

2、有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨立成分。這些短語有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：

⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.說實話，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。

⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把鑰匙鎖在車里了

七、非謂語動詞獨立主格結構

在獨立主格結構中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關系）

= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“獨立主格結構”

在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構也可用一個從句或并列分句來表達。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式

在獨立主格結構中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時間。

（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。

（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學校將看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“獨立主格結構”

動詞的-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應與句子的主語保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后，他開始看雜志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

1． 表示時間的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每個人都準備好后，老師開始上課。（相當于一個時間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每個人坐好后，主席開始開會。（相當于一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那個男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當于一個原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點兒緊張。（相當于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：

含有being的獨立主格結構。

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。

= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.時間允許的話，我們下星期將進行一次野炊。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當于一個條件狀語從句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨立主格結構”

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學生們快樂地在學校里走著，每個人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當于一個并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

C．-ed形式“獨立主格結構”

與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨立主格結構。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學者也能看懂。

= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。

= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。

= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任務完成以后，他休了兩個月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比較：

動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個動作同時進行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的

八、with、without 引導的獨立主格結構

介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補足語可以構成獨立主格結構，上面討論過的獨立主格結構的幾種情況在此結構中都能體現(xiàn)。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：

在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構成的獨立主格結構中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。B． with+名詞代詞+副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時，我們的學校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。

= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號發(fā)出了，火車開始起動了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁沒人注意的時候，從窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：

在with/without 的復合結構中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without不能省略）

九、獨立主格結構的句法功能

獨立主格結構在句中除了能充當原因狀語、時間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨立主格結構”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。A．作狀語

獨立主格結構作狀語，其功能相當于一個狀語從句或并列分句。1．表示時間 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決，新當選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。

（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜沒有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示條件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運動會。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果從各方面考慮，你的計劃似乎更實際些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：

表示時間、原因、條件的獨立主格結構一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞。【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下課了，學生都離開了教室。

【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4．表示伴隨情況或補充說明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那個奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進來，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定語

獨立主格結構作定語，其功能相當于一個定語從句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的復合結構作定語,修飾the student)他就是有許多問題要解決的那個人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的復合結構作定語,修飾bottle)你可以使用一個頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。(without的復合結構作定語,修飾the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：

在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個句子改為獨立主格結構的情況。需要提示的是，不 是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨立主格結構。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨立主格結構）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細檢查試卷的話，有些錯誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨立主格結構）

第三篇：XX高考二輪復習英語教案- 形容詞和副詞

XX高考二輪復習英語教案: 形容詞和副

詞

004km.cnetoolate.whathaveyoubeendoinglately?

3.deep與deeply

deep意思是“深”，表示空間深度；deeply時常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”

Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.4.high與highly

high表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當于much

Theplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.5.wide與widely

wide表示空間寬度；widely意思是“廣泛地”，“在許多地方”

Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.6.free與freely

free的意思是“免費”；freely的意思是“無限制地”

youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.三形容詞與副詞的比較級

基本構成

大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。

.規(guī)則變化

單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來構成比較級和最高級

構成法

原級

比較級

最高級

一般單音節(jié)詞

tall taller allest

未尾加-er,-est great greater

greatest

以不發(fā)音的e結尾 nice nicer

nicest 的單音詞和少數(shù) large larger

largest

以-le結尾的雙

able（有能力的)abler ablest

音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st

以一個輔音字母 big

bigger biggest

結尾的閉音節(jié)單 hot熱的)

hotter

hottest

音節(jié)詞，雙寫結尾的輔音字母，再加-er，-est

“以輔音字母+y” easy easier

easiest

結尾的雙音節(jié)詞，busy busier busiest

改y為i，再加-er，-est

少數(shù)以-er，-ow clever cleverer

cleverest

結尾的雙音節(jié)詞 narrow narrower

narrowest

未尾加-er，-est

其他雙音節(jié)詞和 important

多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，mostmoreimportant

mostimportant

來構成比較級和最高級 easily

moreeasily mosteasily

2.不規(guī)則變化

原級

比較級

最高級

good/

better best

well

bad/ worse worst

ill

old

older/elder oldest/eldest

much/many more

most

little

less

least

far farther/further farthest/furthest

（二）幾組常用比較等級句型

.as+形容詞或副詞原級+as）在否定句或疑問句中可用so…as。

Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.2）當as…as中間有名詞時采用以下格式。

as+形容詞+a+單數(shù)名詞

as+many/much+名詞

Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面

Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.4)倍數(shù)+as+adj.+as <=>倍數(shù)+then+of

Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.2.比較級形容詞或副詞+than

youaretallerthanI.Theylightsinyourroomareasbrightasthoseinmine.【點撥】1）要避免重復使用比較級

Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.2）要避免將主語含在比較對象中

chinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.chinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3）要注意對應句型，遵循前后一致的原則。

ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）要注意冠詞的使用，后有名詞的時候，前面才有可能有名詞

比較：whichislarge,canadaorAustralia?

whichisthelargercountry,canadaorAustralia?

Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.（三）可修飾比較級的詞）abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等

2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。

3）以上詞外，必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面

【典型例題】:

----Areyoufeeling____?

----yes，I'mfinenow.A.anywell

B.anybetter

c.quitegood

D.quitebetter

【答案】B.any可修飾比較級，quite修飾原級，well的比較級為better.（四）幾種比較等級的特殊用法

.下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.Theirwatchis_____toalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.A.superior

B.advantageous

c.super

D.beneficial

【答案】A “ 2.“比較級＋and+比較級”或

原

級

”

以

及moreandmore/lessandless+“ever,steadily,daily等副詞＋比較級”結構表示“越來越……”的意思，與這類結構搭配的常用動詞有grow,get,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導的比較級后面都不需要用than

Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.3.有關比較級的特殊句型

notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……

【典型例題】 Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn

’tsomuchariseinbirthrates_____afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.A.and

B.as

c.but

D.or

【答案】B句意：人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫(yī)療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結果

no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不……

【典型例題】

Theheartis______intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notso

B.notmuch

c.muchmore

D.nomore

【答案】D句意：心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制

no/notanyless…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/notanymore…than意思相反

Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮

justas…so…

正如……，……也……（用倒裝結構）

【典型例題】

justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,______theatmosphere.A.asitis

B.thesameis

c.sois

D.andsois

【答案】c

（五）最高級形式應注意的問題：

.最高級比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among

in,over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inchina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意：among…相當于oneof…,不說amongall…。這一點考生應與漢語表達區(qū)別開來

【典型例題】

______allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.A.Among

B

of

c.For

D.To

【答案】B

2.比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應用：

anyother+單數(shù)名詞

theother+復數(shù)名詞

theothers

anyone/anythingelse

上述詞是用來將比較級結構轉變成最高級意義的關鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達的不同

3.most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當于very，用法區(qū)分單復數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，如：amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants，要注意與“the+形容詞最高級＋of+名詞”的結構表示的最高級的區(qū)別，如：

Hespokeinthewarmestofvoices

Theyhavebeenmostkindtome

Basketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.chineseisthemostdifficultoflanguage

chineseisamostdifficultlanguage

（六）不用比較級和最高級的形容詞

.表示顏色的有：white,black 2.表示形態(tài)的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular，level 3.表

示

性

質(zhì)

和

特

征的有

：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4.表

示

狀

態(tài)

作

表

語的有

：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 5.表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final 6.表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite 7.含

有

絕

對

概

念的有

：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.（七）平行結構與比較級

平行結構很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導的Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結構都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比notonly…but;prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同類對比：and;but；or；both…and…；either…or…;neither…nor…..平行結構復習時要注意以下幾點：

．注意比較結構中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。

Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.【典型例題】

Itisbettertodieone’sfeetthan______.A.livingonone’sknees

B.liveonone’sknees

c.onone’sknees

D.toliveonone’sknees

【答案】D

2．其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導平行結構。）ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。

【典型例題】

wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle____inapersonalstyle.A.ratherthan

B.otherthan

c.betterthan

D.lessthan

【答案】A

2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。

Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.www.5y

kj.co

m

第四篇：XX高考二輪復習英語教案閱讀理解

XX高考二輪復習英語教案閱讀理解

XX高考二輪復習英語教案專題十九閱讀理解【專題要點】閱讀理解題考查的不僅是考生對整篇的把握能力，還考查了他們快速撲捉信息、準確理解特定細節(jié)以及復雜句子的能力；考生不僅要理解表層意義，更重要的是要通過的表層去合理判斷、挖掘的隱含意義、延伸意義。這是對考生能力、智力、心理的一個綜合檢驗。具體要點如下：1主旨大意類；2細節(jié)理解類；3推理判斷類；4詞義猜測類；觀點態(tài)度類等五大要點?！究季V要求】考綱對考生閱讀能力的要求：1．要求考生能讀懂一般性話題，且生詞率不超過2％的簡短文字材料，如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報、雜志中的簡短。2．要求考生能夠做到以下幾點：理解主旨大意；尋讀具體信息；識別不同文體特征；根據(jù)上下文提供的語境推測生詞詞義；作出簡單的判斷和推理；理解文段的基本邏輯結構；理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度；理解文段的文化信息。新標對對高中英語閱讀技能的要求：1能識別不同文體特征；2能通過分析句子結構理解難句和長句；3能理解閱讀材料中不同的觀點和態(tài)度；4能根據(jù)學習任務的需要從多種媒體中獲取信息并進行加工處理；除教材外，外閱讀量累計達到30萬詞以上。【教法指引】教師在引導學生突破閱讀理解題時可以從高考命題方向和該題選材特點對學生進行訓練，在訓練中點撥技巧，在訓練中提高考生的綜合運用能力。具體說：1閱讀理解作為高考英語中最重要的一種題型，題量最大，所占分值也最多。此類題型是全面檢測考生接受書面信息和反饋能力的重要標尺。高考閱讀理解要求考生在3分鐘左右的時間內(nèi)，完成對4～篇短文的閱讀理解并作出解答。用來考查考生的以下幾種能力：1）考查考生綜合運用語言的能力；2）考查考生的英語思維能力和社會文化意識；3）考查考生辨認、捕捉和歸納細節(jié)信息，并通過字面意思對中心思想、作者的寫作目的、意圖、態(tài)度以及的行文特點進行合理推斷的能力；4）考查考生的閱讀速度與詞匯量。近些年來，高考英語閱讀理解著重檢測考生對語篇的整體把握能力、根據(jù)所提供的語境進行語篇分析的能力以及綜合利用有效信息解決實際問題的能力。在近幾年的高考中，涉及較低能力要求的事實性和細節(jié)性的考題雖仍是考查重點，但詞義猜測、推理判斷和主旨概括等深層次試題也占很大比重。2．高考閱讀理解中的選材特點：1)所選材料均于實際生活，其內(nèi)容與社會現(xiàn)實保持較高的一致性，強調(diào)了語篇選材的真實性，具有鮮明的時代感。行文表達常使用比較正式的書面語言；2）語篇題材分布比較均勻，題材豐富多樣。閱讀語篇包括記敘文、說明文、議論文和應用文等文體。內(nèi)容涵蓋日常生活、人物、社會、文化、史地、科技、政治、環(huán)保、經(jīng)濟等諸多領域的熱點、焦點問題。3）高考閱讀理解持續(xù)保持較大的閱讀量，要求考生在特定語篇中有目的地獲取信息。另外試題材料含有較高的詞匯量，增加了試題的信息含量，體現(xiàn)了新標的理念。一般4-篇閱讀題閱讀詞匯量控制在1000詞左右；4）閱讀材料的原汁原味越來越濃厚，體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代英語的特點，閱讀材料的文化含量加大，的行文風格更具英語語言的特點，的遣詞造句也更加地道，許多考生通常要反復閱讀才能讀懂。3點撥閱讀技巧，在練中領悟，領悟中訓練，技巧能力并進。

第五篇：英語語法---名詞、代詞和冠詞

英語語法---冠詞 冠詞基本用法 【速記口訣】

名詞是禿子，常要戴帽子，可數(shù)名詞單，須用a或an，輔音前用a，an在元音前，若為特指時，則須用定冠，復數(shù)不可數(shù)，泛指the不見，碰到代詞時，冠詞均不現(xiàn)?！久钫Z詮釋】

冠詞是中考必考的語法知識之一，也是中考考查的主要對象。以上口訣包括的意思有：①名詞在一般情況下不單用，常常要和冠詞連用;②表示不確指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前要用不定冠詞a或an，確指時要用定冠詞the;③如復數(shù)名詞表示泛指，名詞前有this，these，my，some等時就不用冠詞。英語語法---名詞

(一）可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)構成 A.規(guī)則變化 1.單詞后加S 2.單詞后加ES(以CH等結尾的單詞)3.以F或FE結尾，變?yōu)閂E加S B.不規(guī)則變化

1.單復同形

deer sheep

fish

Chinese

Japanese

means 2.只有復數(shù)形式

people

police

cattl

clothes

trousers，glasses 3.不規(guī)則變化

man----men

woman----women

foot-----feet

tooth-----teeth mouse------mice

child-----children

German------Germans 4.復合名詞的復數(shù) 1)將后一部分變成復數(shù)

Englishman---Englishmen gentleman---gentlemen policewoman----policewomen 2)將主要成分變成復數(shù)

looker-on----lookers-on

son-in-law----sons-in-law

3)如果前一詞是man, woman，將兩部分都變成復數(shù) men doctors

women 小結

grown-up----grown-ups

名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)規(guī)則 【速記口訣】

單數(shù)變復數(shù)，規(guī)則要記住，一般加s，特殊有幾處： 【妙語詮釋】

①大部分單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)要加s，也就是單詞如果以ch，sh，s，x等結尾)，則一般加es;②以o結尾的單詞除了兩人(negro，hero)兩菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s;③以f或fe結尾的單詞一般是把f，fe變?yōu)関e再加s;④英語中還有些單詞沒有規(guī)則，需要特殊記憶，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox— oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。

（二）名詞所有格

1.表示有生命的東西的名詞，所有格在名詞后加’s Mr Li’s house

The cat’s food

James’ dog

The dogs’ food 2.表示無生命的東西的名詞，用of+名詞的結構來表示 The leg of the desk

the cover of the magazine 3.在時間，距離，度量，價值等名詞后，可用名詞所有格。Two months’ time

Today’s newspaper

fifty pounds’ weight 4.表示店鋪或某人的家時，常在所有格后省去shop, home.The doctor’s

the tailor’s

my uncle’s

the barber’s 5.名詞前有冠詞，數(shù)詞，不定代詞或指示代詞時，用of詞組+所有格表示 a friend of John’s

that bike of Tom’s 6.某樣東西為兩人或多人共有，在后一個名詞尾+’s.Jane and Fred’s mother

Jane’s and Fred’s mother Tom and Tim’s car

Tom’s and Tim’s car 小結

名詞所有格用法 【速記口訣】

名詞所有格，表物是“誰的”，若為生命詞，加“’s”即可行，詞尾有s，僅把逗號擇;并列名詞后，各自和共有，前者分別加，后者最后加;若為無生命詞，of所有格，前后須倒置，此是硬規(guī)則?！久钫Z詮釋】

①有生命的名詞所有格一般加s，但如果名詞以s結尾，則只加“’”;②并列名詞所有格表示各自所有時，分別加“’s”，如果是共有，則只在最后名詞加 “’s”;③如果是無生命的名詞則用of表示所有格，這里需要注意它們的順序與漢語不同，A of B要翻譯為B的A(三)主謂一致

主語是復數(shù)，謂語用復數(shù)，主語是單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。He is a student.We are students.1

and 連接兩個名詞，看有無the.The professor and writer is going to give us a lecture of writing.The professor and the writer are going to our school.2

主語單數(shù)+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語單數(shù)

主語復數(shù)+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語復數(shù) A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.3.有些名詞復數(shù)形式作為一個整體，(如度量，距離，金額，時間，書名等）其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Two weeks ___(be)not enough to finish the work.1000 dollars ___(be)a large amount of money.4.There be 句型就近原則。

There ____ a pair of glasses on the desk.There ____ two patients and a nurse in the hospital.5.某些集體名詞，如family ,team 等做主語時，若當一個整體看，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)，若就其中一個一個成員來看，謂語動詞就用復數(shù)，class , club, audience ,committee , crowd , government , party, public , team 等。其中population 的用法也類似

His family _____(be)a happy family.All the world ________(be)waiting for the good news.6.成雙成對構成的東西，如glasses, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，但與a pair一起構成作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

7．each , every+名詞，謂語用單數(shù)。

Each boy and girl ________(want)to serve the people in the future.8．以 either …or , neither …nor , not only … but also，not…but…等連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)應按照就近原則。

Either you or he ______(be)to go.Not only he but also I ______(be)wrong.9.…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞單數(shù) + 謂語單數(shù)

…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞復數(shù) + 謂語復數(shù) Three-fifths of money _____(have)been used up.10.…one of +復數(shù)名詞 +謂語復數(shù)

…the only/the very one of + 復數(shù)名詞 +謂語單數(shù) He is one of the boys that have passed the maths test.