第一篇：段延寧200948290210專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

三號(hào)教學(xué)樓中庭設(shè)計(jì)

學(xué)院：設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)學(xué)院

專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)：景觀F0902 學(xué)號(hào)：200948290210

姓名：段延寧

該庭院位于河南工業(yè)大學(xué)3號(hào)教學(xué)樓西出口，屬于住宅的后庭，整個(gè)庭院呈長(zhǎng)方形，較為規(guī)則，總面積約2400平方米。好庭院都是于周?chē)h(huán)境以及人們的興趣需求極度和諧的，這樣的庭院絕非華而不實(shí)，而總是給人以實(shí)用舒適的感覺(jué)。

此區(qū)四季分明，屬季風(fēng)氣候。冬季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向?yàn)槲鞅憋L(fēng)，夏季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向?yàn)闁|南風(fēng)，年均氣溫，最低氣溫，月均最高氣溫，日均最高氣溫，年降雨量，降雨期一般集中于5-7月。場(chǎng)地大部分為平地，地勢(shì)平坦，地貌類(lèi)型單一，河南工業(yè)大學(xué)是一所蘊(yùn)含百年歷史文化的傳統(tǒng)名校，自1956年鄭州糧食學(xué)院發(fā)展至今，已形成自身殷實(shí)的校園文化底蘊(yùn)，求實(shí)創(chuàng)新的校風(fēng)，開(kāi)放能動(dòng)的開(kāi)拓精神，科學(xué)理性于人文浪漫的情懷等校園品質(zhì)，給校園注入豐富的人脈精神。

以綠化為主，適當(dāng)點(diǎn)綴小品，做到三季有花，四季有景。體現(xiàn)環(huán)境特色，形成整體風(fēng)格。打造人性空間，滿(mǎn)足功能需求。庭院式一個(gè)非正式交流場(chǎng)所，具有良好的可進(jìn)入性賄和有足夠的活動(dòng)面，是一個(gè)讓人駐足，又可以隨時(shí)借景而轉(zhuǎn)移話(huà)題的自由、輕松的交流空間。

適地適樹(shù)，在形成了良好的庭院景觀的同時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮方便今后是我養(yǎng)護(hù)管理，盡量和節(jié)約庭院的投入和今后的養(yǎng)護(hù)管理費(fèi)用。

盡管規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的原則，是在滿(mǎn)足現(xiàn)代嗎、生態(tài)學(xué)、美學(xué)和場(chǎng)所的精神特征的理想生活園區(qū)外，探索住宅空間環(huán)境與景觀文化意境結(jié)合的表達(dá)方式，使之不僅滿(mǎn)足師生對(duì)高品質(zhì)生活的向往，更為業(yè)主提供方廣闊的溝通平臺(tái)和人性化的情感空間。

各功能分區(qū)即可以成為一個(gè)個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的景觀，同時(shí)形成景觀軸而成為一個(gè)有機(jī)整體。集休閑、學(xué)習(xí)、趣味于一體，為在校師生帶來(lái)無(wú)窮樂(lè)趣。

Teaching building in the atrium design This garden is located in the Henan University of Technology, building 3 west exports, belong to the residentail and sex.The whole garden is rectangle ,relatively rules,with a total area of 2400 square meters.Good courtyard is and the surrounding environment and people's interest in extreme harmonious demand, this is the Gordon of false ,and always give a person with practical intimacy.This area ,the four seasons is a monsoon climate.Motivation for leading the wind mistral, leading to the southeast summer wind, the annual temperature, the average daily maximum temperature ,rainfall ,Jiangsu general concentration in 5--7months.Most of the field to the ground is flat a single type of landscape.Henan university of technology is a contains one hundred years history and culture of the traditional school in 1956,the institute of Zhengzhou food now has been formed their own of substantial campus culture ,realistic and innovative style of study ,open move developing spirit scientific rationality and humanism romantic feeling campus quality ,to the campus into rich context spirit.Give priority to afforest ,ought to a dorm sketch ,achieve three season there are flowers ,the four seasons have sconce.Reflect environment characteristics ,forming integral style.Make human space ,mother lord functional requirements.Boast an informal meeting place ,has the good accessibility and have enough Hour Dong Main ,so one can make people stop ,and thirsty and transfer of the topic at any time around free ,easy hair of communication space.Optimal selection in the three ,in the form of landscape and garden good ,should consider convenient maintenance and management in the future ,as far as possible to save courtyard of input and future maintenance management frees.Landscape planning and design principles is in modern ecology meet for aesthetics and want to say the spiritual features an ideal life outside the park explore the residential space environment and landscape culture with artistic conception of expression way make not only meet the teachers and students to high quality life yearning, provide more wide communication platform and human emotions space.Each function can be thought a relatively independent landscape and landscape axis and form at the same time as a organic whole.collection of leisure learning, interest in a body bring infinite pleasure for teachers and students.

第二篇：水利水電工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)段翻譯

Owing to the fact that electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by means of power lines and transformers, large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large cities, as is cited the case with hydroelectric power stations that are inseparable from water sources.? 由于電力可以從發(fā)電的地方通過(guò)電線(xiàn)和變壓器輸送到需要用電的地方，因此大型電站可以建在遠(yuǎn)離工業(yè)中心或大城市的地方，離不開(kāi)水源的水力發(fā)電站就常常是這樣建立的。

Ideally suited to narrow canyon s composed of rock, the arch dam provides an economical and efficient structure to control the stream flow.The load-carrying capacity of an arch dam enables the designer to conserve material and still maintain an extremely safe structure.? 拱壩最適合于修建在巖石峽谷中，它是一種控制河道中水流經(jīng)濟(jì)而有效的建筑物。一座拱壩的承載能力足以使設(shè)計(jì)人員用較少的材料而仍能建成極為安全的結(jié)構(gòu)。

The general theory of arch dam design is comparatively new and changing rapidly as more information is obtained.Engineers have cautiously applied mathematical theory, the law of mechanics, and theories of elasticity to reduce the thickness of arch dams and gain substantial economies.? 拱壩的一般設(shè)計(jì)理論比較新穎，同時(shí)在獲得更多的資料之后，理論的變化也很迅速。工程師們?cè)髦氐膽?yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)理論、力學(xué)定律和彈性理論，以減小拱壩的厚度，并取得了很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。

? Historically, the method of analysis of arch dams grew from the cylinder theory to independent arches, crown cantilever analysis, and then multiple cantilever analysis.The crown cantilever and arch action theory has prove d satisfactory for arch dam analysis.? 從歷史發(fā)展來(lái)看，拱壩分析方法從圓筒理論開(kāi)始，發(fā)展到多個(gè)獨(dú)立拱圈分析、拱冠懸臂梁分析，以及多懸臂梁分析。拱冠懸臂梁和拱作用的理論已被證明能滿(mǎn)足拱壩分析用。

? All earth dams must have sufficient extra height known as freeboard to prevent overtopping by the pool.The freeboard must be of such height that wave action, wind setup, and earthquake effects will not result in overtopping of the dam.In addition to freeboard, an allowance must be made for settlement of the embankment and the foundation which will occur upon completion of the embankment.? 所有的土壩都必須有一個(gè)足夠的額外高度，稱(chēng)為超高，以防止水庫(kù)漫頂。超高的高度必須足以在波浪作用、風(fēng)浪壅高和地震影響下，不會(huì)導(dǎo)致壩的漫頂。除了超高外，對(duì)于壩建成時(shí)發(fā)生的壩體和地基沉陷，還必須在高度上留有余地。

? The width of the earth dam top is generally controlled by the required width of fill for ease of construction using conventional equipment.In general, the top width should not be less than 30 ft.if a danger exists of an overtopping wave caused either by massive landslides in the pool or by seismic block tipping, then extra top width of erosion resistive fill will be required.? 土壩的壩頂寬度一般用常規(guī)設(shè)備便于施工的填筑寬度來(lái)控制。通常，壩頂寬度應(yīng)不小于30英尺。如果存在著大規(guī)模塌方進(jìn)入水庫(kù)，或者有因地震使巖塊倒落而引起波浪漫頂?shù)奈ｋU(xiǎn)，則需要采用抗沖刷的材料填筑更寬的壩頂高度。

? The alignment of an earthfill dam should be such as to minimize construction costs but such alignment should not be such as to encourage sliding or cracking of the embankment.Normally the shortest straight line across the valley will be satisfactory, but local topographic and foundation conditions may dictate otherwise.Dams located in narrow valleys often are given an alignment which is arched upstream so that deflections of the embankment under pool load will put the embankment in compression thus minimizing transverse cracking.土壩的壩軸線(xiàn)選定應(yīng)盡量使建設(shè)費(fèi)用降到最少，但是也不能因此引起壩體發(fā)生滑動(dòng)或開(kāi)裂。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一條橫跨河谷的最短的直線(xiàn)，可能滿(mǎn)足要求。但是，當(dāng)?shù)氐牡匦魏偷鼗鶙l件可能要求采用另外的方案。對(duì)于峽谷的壩，常采用向上游拱出的壩軸線(xiàn)，以便在壩體受庫(kù)水壓力作用而發(fā)生變形時(shí)，能使壩體壓緊，從而盡量減少其橫向開(kāi)裂。

? Three problems are generally associated with the abutments of earth dams: ① seepage, ②instability, and ③transverse cracking of the embankment.If the abutment consists of deposits of pervious soils it may be necessary to construct an upstream impervious blanket and downstream drainage measures to minimize and control abutment seepage.? 一般有三個(gè)問(wèn)題與土壩壩座有關(guān)：①滲透；②不穩(wěn)定；③ 壩體的橫向開(kāi)裂。如果壩座是由透水的沉積土構(gòu)成，就可能需要建造一道上游不透水的鋪蓋和下游排水設(shè)施，可盡量減少和控制壩座內(nèi)的滲透。

? Where steep abutments exist, especially with sudden changes of slopes or with steep bluff, there exists a danger of transverse cracking of the embankment fills.This can be treated by excavation of the abutment to reduce the slope, especially in the impervious and transition zones.The transition zones, especially the upstream, should be constructed of fills which have little or no cohesion and a well-distributed gradation of soils which will promote self-healing should transverse cracking occur.? 在壩座岸坡很陡的地方，特別在邊坡突變或有陡壁處，那里的壩體填土?xí)a(chǎn)生橫向裂縫的危險(xiǎn)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以用開(kāi)挖壩座放緩邊坡來(lái)處理，這樣的處理在不透水區(qū)和過(guò)渡區(qū)特別需要。過(guò)渡區(qū)，尤其是在上游側(cè)的過(guò)渡區(qū)，必須用粘著力很小或無(wú)粘著力且顆粒級(jí)配良好的土料來(lái)填筑，這種土料如發(fā)生橫向裂縫時(shí)能自行愈合。

? It is often possible, and in some cases necessary, to construct the dam embankment in stages.Factors dictating such a procedure are: ①a wide valley permitting the construction of the diversion or outlet works and part of the embankment at the same time;②a weak foundation requiring that the embankment not be built too rapidly to prevent overstressing the foundation soils;③a wet borrow area which requires a slow construction to permit an increase in shear strength through consolidation of the fill.In some cases it may be necessary to provide additional drainage of the foundation or fill by means of sand drain wells or by means of horizontal pervious drainage blanket.? 土壩的分期施工往往是可能的，而且在一些情況下是必須的。要求這樣施工程序的因素是：①河谷寬闊，可以允許導(dǎo)流或泄水工程與一部分壩體同時(shí)施工；②地基軟弱，要求壩體不要過(guò)快填筑，以防止地基中產(chǎn)生過(guò)大的應(yīng)力；③料場(chǎng)潮濕，要求放慢施工，以使土料能通過(guò)固結(jié)作用來(lái)增加抗剪強(qiáng)度。在某些情況下，可以需要增設(shè)基礎(chǔ)排水設(shè)施或填筑排水沙井，或采用水平透水的排水鋪蓋。

? Most soils are suitable for use for embankment construction, however, there are physical and chemical limitations, soils which contain excessive salts or other soluble materials should not be used.Substantial organic content should not exist in the soils.Lignite sufficiently scattered through the fill to prevent the danger of spontaneous combustion, is not objectionable.Fat clays with high liquid limits may prove difficult to work and should be avoided.? 大多數(shù)土料適合于壩體填筑，然而，在物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)上也有一定的局限，含有過(guò)多鹽和可溶性物質(zhì)的土料，不可以使用。在土壤里不應(yīng)存在大量的有機(jī)質(zhì)成分。褐煤若能通過(guò)填筑而充分分散，無(wú)自燃危險(xiǎn)，就不妨礙使用。而具有高度流限的肥粘土，多半難以施工，必須避免使用。

? The strength of the impervious and semi-impervious soils depends upon the compacted densities.These depend in turn upon the water content and weight of the compacting equipment.The design of the embankment is thus influenced by the water content of the borrow soils and by the practicable alternations to the water content either prior to placement of the fill or after placement but prior to rolling.If the natural water content is too high, then it may be reduced in borrow area by drainage, or by harrowing.If the soil is too dry it should be moistened in the borrow area either by sprinkling or by ponding and then permitted to stabilize the moisture content before use.The range of placement water content is generally between 2 percent dry to 2 or 3 percent wet of the standard Proter optimum water content.Pervious soils should be compacted to at least 80 percent of relative density.? 不透水和半透水的土料的強(qiáng)度取決于壓實(shí)的密度。壓實(shí)密度又取決于土料的含水量和壓實(shí)設(shè)備的重量。因此，料場(chǎng)土料的含水量和在填筑前或堆筑后而未碾壓前的填土實(shí)際含水量的變化，都會(huì)影響壩體的填筑。如果天然含水量太高，可以在料場(chǎng)用排水或?qū)⑼亮习宜傻霓k法來(lái)減低。如果土料太干燥，則需在料場(chǎng)用灑水和泡水的辦法把土料潤(rùn)濕，然后再讓土料在使用以前保持穩(wěn)定的含水量。填筑時(shí)的含水量范圍一般介于比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普氏最優(yōu)含水量低2%到高2%～3%之間。透水性土料至少壓實(shí)到相對(duì)密度的80%。

? If necessary, test fills should be constructed with variations in placement water content, lift thickness, number of roller passes and type of rollers.For cases of steep abutment, the fill must be placed in thin lifts and compacted by mechanical hand

tampers.All overhangs should either be removed or filled with lean concrete prior to fill placement.?

如果需要，應(yīng)該變換填筑層的含水量、鋪層厚度、碾壓遍數(shù)和碾壓機(jī)的型式等，進(jìn)行填筑試驗(yàn)。對(duì)于坡度很陡的壩座部位，必須用薄層填筑，并用手扶打夯機(jī)夯實(shí)。所有外懸突出部位，均應(yīng)在填土堆筑以前挖除或用貧混凝土填平

? The type of instrumentation depends upon the size and complexity of the project.The devices in common use are: ① piezometers;②surface movement monuments;③settlement gages;④inclinometers;⑤internal movement and strain indicators;⑥pressure cells;⑦seismic acceleration meter ； ⑧movement indicators at conduit joints and other concrete structures

? 觀測(cè)儀器的類(lèi)型取決于工程的規(guī)模和復(fù)雜性。通用的裝置是：①測(cè)壓計(jì)； ②表面位移標(biāo)志；③沉陷量測(cè)儀（計(jì)）； ④測(cè)斜儀；⑤內(nèi)部位移和應(yīng)變指示儀；⑥壓力盒（壓力傳感器或壓應(yīng)力計(jì)）；⑦地震加速度儀；⑧在管道接頭和其他混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)上的位移標(biāo)志。

第三篇：專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)技術(shù)正在高速發(fā)展，隨著我國(guó)機(jī)械行業(yè)實(shí)力的不斷提升，中國(guó)正在加速產(chǎn)品與設(shè)備的更新與改造，我國(guó)與其他國(guó)家在各技術(shù)領(lǐng)域也正在實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步的合作，許多企業(yè)引進(jìn)了很多進(jìn)口設(shè)備，大量資料是英文原版的。因此，學(xué)生將來(lái)在工作崗位上能否讀懂這些資料就是擺在面前的一個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題，特別是在生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中碰到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，很可能需要查閱原版英文資料或與相關(guān)專(zhuān)家用英語(yǔ)交流專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)來(lái)謀取解決途徑，所以機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的掌握就變得越來(lái)越重要。

一、學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)面臨的主要問(wèn)題

1.缺乏足夠的重視，認(rèn)為沒(méi)必要

許多學(xué)生對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)重視不夠，認(rèn)為自己以后在工作崗位上一般用不上，學(xué)起來(lái)又不容易，不想花功夫去學(xué)習(xí)和加強(qiáng)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)方面的能力，即便有專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課程也是抱著及格萬(wàn)歲的思想，敷衍了事。其實(shí)，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，各種工作崗位對(duì)人才的要求越來(lái)越高，即使作為一名操作工，也有很大可能要面對(duì)純英文的說(shuō)明書(shū)、加工圖紙等專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)，更無(wú)須說(shuō)將來(lái)?yè)?dān)任管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的需求了。

2專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)不扎實(shí)

專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)、專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的缺乏是專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和翻譯的一大障礙。只有既懂外語(yǔ)又懂專(zhuān)業(yè)的人才能適應(yīng)全面的對(duì)外開(kāi)放，4.無(wú)法適應(yīng)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)本身的特點(diǎn)

專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)一般內(nèi)容較為枯燥，闡述的是原理概念，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，不注重文字修飾，重在客觀事實(shí)；專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯多，邏輯性強(qiáng)，理論推導(dǎo)多，有獨(dú)特的文體形式和表達(dá)方式。在學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)始階段，我感覺(jué)很難適應(yīng)。

二、大學(xué)生學(xué)好機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的方法

1.把握專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)

必須將機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)與英語(yǔ)知識(shí)相結(jié)合。缺乏專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)就沒(méi)有了根基，成了無(wú)本之末。也許自己在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中就會(huì)對(duì)翻譯出來(lái)的東西拿捏不穩(wěn)，或者自己都不明白，更不能保證對(duì)錯(cuò)了。所以，學(xué)生必須加強(qiáng)開(kāi)設(shè)本課程前的相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)，為本課程的學(xué)習(xí)掃清這方面的阻礙，減輕負(fù)擔(dān)。也有學(xué)生反映，專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)完以后，英語(yǔ)和專(zhuān)業(yè)兩方面都有所鞏固和加強(qiáng)，所以學(xué)生要做的仍舊是樹(shù)立信心，保持良好積極的心態(tài)。

2.積累專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯和專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)

在專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，學(xué)生既要鞏固基礎(chǔ)詞匯，也要學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯，更要注重基礎(chǔ)詞匯的習(xí)慣用法、含義和在專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的特殊用法、含義，同時(shí)，學(xué)生還需要在識(shí)記專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯的同時(shí)，掌握一定量的詞根、詞綴［7］。提高專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料的閱讀能力必須擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掌握一定量的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯。如果詞匯量掌握得不夠，閱讀時(shí)就會(huì)感到生詞多，障礙大，不但影響閱讀的速度，而且影響理解的程度，從而不能進(jìn)行有效的閱讀，還容易使人產(chǎn)生挫敗感。而學(xué)生要想擴(kuò)大詞匯量，就必須在閱讀的同時(shí)進(jìn)行識(shí)記，并擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍。

3培養(yǎng)濃厚興趣

培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣至關(guān)重要?！芭d趣是最好的老師”，興趣是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的巨大動(dòng)力，有了興趣，學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)事半功倍。我們都有這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)：喜歡的事，就容易堅(jiān)持下去；不喜歡的事，是很難堅(jiān)持下去的。而興趣不是與生俱來(lái)的，需要培養(yǎng)。必須要用正確的態(tài)度對(duì)待英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，用科學(xué)的方法指導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)。多讓自己去嘗試，通過(guò)努力讓自己體會(huì)成功的愉悅。

三、結(jié)語(yǔ)

用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行專(zhuān)業(yè)交流是學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的最終目的。由于翻譯過(guò)程是個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的、從生疏到熟練的過(guò)程，只有具備刻苦的精神、嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和一定的英語(yǔ)水平、專(zhuān)業(yè)水平和漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)水平，才能充分理解原專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的含義，把握原文的想要表述的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容，運(yùn)用種種表達(dá)手段和翻譯技巧，用準(zhǔn)確流暢的符合漢語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)原文。所以，為把自己培養(yǎng)成為復(fù)合型、有發(fā)展后勁的高技能人才，大學(xué)生必須把握機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，積累專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法和基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，加強(qiáng)英文原始專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀，擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，迅速而切實(shí)地提高自己的專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用能力，為將來(lái)更好地適應(yīng)高素質(zhì)工作崗位和進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的需要打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。

第四篇：專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

土木工程翻譯實(shí)例----現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件概述 On-site Quality Control Samples

The Specialist contractor shall erect the first area of each type of the Works and offer these to the Project Manager as on-site quality control samples.The standard of workmanship for the Works shall be to an agreed standard established by the construction of the On-site Quality Control Samples.The Project Manager shall review and comment on the On-site Quality Control Samples.Should the specialist contractor wish to continue with installation of any of the Works before the Project Manager has reviewed and commented on the On-site Quality Control Samples, he shall do so at his own risk.The Project Manager may require parts of the sample to be dismantled to allow inspection of concealed details.Upon acceptance, the on-site control samples shall remain as part of the installed permanent Works.The Project Manager shall reject workmanship that falls below the accepted standard and shall require the specialist contractor to remove it and re-install it to the acceptable standard.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件

專(zhuān)業(yè)分包商應(yīng)首先安裝每種類(lèi)型工程的第一個(gè)區(qū)域并將它作為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件提供給項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理。把已通過(guò)審批的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件的施工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為工程的工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件進(jìn)行審查和評(píng)論。如果分包商想在以上步驟完成之前繼續(xù)進(jìn)行任何工程的安裝，一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將由其自行承擔(dān)。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理可以要求部分地拆除樣件以檢查隱蔽工程的詳細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)。工程驗(yàn)收之后，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量控制樣件仍然應(yīng)作為永久工程的一部分。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理可以拒絕沒(méi)有達(dá)到驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工藝并要求專(zhuān)業(yè)承包商將其去除同時(shí)按照驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重新安裝。

我的土木工程翻譯----材料來(lái)源及其證書(shū)(摘于合同文件)

Compliance with Standards

Unless otherwise described, all materials shall conform to the appropriate current European or British Standard Specifications.The Specialist contractor shall provide the Project

Manager, on request, with guarantees, or certificates of conformity, from the prime material manufacturers and suppliers proving that the materials to be used do in fact conform to such specifications.These guarantees or certificates shall also confirm that the materials are suitable and appropriate for their intended use within the Works and will satisfy this Contract Document.遵從規(guī)范

除非有特別的說(shuō)明，所有的材料均應(yīng)符合相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)行歐洲或英國(guó)規(guī)范。專(zhuān)業(yè)承包商應(yīng)該按照要求把從原材料廠(chǎng)家和供應(yīng)商那里獲得的保證書(shū)或認(rèn)證書(shū)遞交項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理用以證明即將使用的材料著實(shí)符合這類(lèi)規(guī)范。這些保證書(shū)或認(rèn)證書(shū)也應(yīng)該確認(rèn)這些材料在工程中的用途適當(dāng)且合理，同時(shí)符合合同文件。

Sources of Materials

In accordance with the schedule of submissions, the Specialist contractor shall provide for the Project Manager’s review a list of the proposed materials and their sources.He shall also provide documents from the sources as evidence of their ability to carry out the tasks

expected of them, and written confirmation that the materials they are supplying are suitable and appropriate for their intended use and will satisfy this Contract Document.The Specialist contractor shall obtain the total quantity of each material from the same manufacturer.The Specialist contractor shall obtain materials from established and reputable

manufacturers, particularly those who are prepared to assist him with the design process, through to the fabrication and final installation on site.材料的來(lái)源 根據(jù)遞交計(jì)劃表，專(zhuān)業(yè)承包商應(yīng)把含有提議使用材料的名稱(chēng)及其來(lái)源信息的列表遞交項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理審閱。專(zhuān)業(yè)承包商還應(yīng)提供從材料供應(yīng)商那里獲得的相關(guān)文件以證明他們有能力完成其任務(wù),以及書(shū)面確認(rèn)用以證明這些材料在工程中的用途適當(dāng)且合理，同時(shí)符合合同文件。

專(zhuān)業(yè)承包商應(yīng)獲得每種材料從同一個(gè)生產(chǎn)商購(gòu)買(mǎi)的總數(shù)量。

專(zhuān)業(yè)承包商使用的材料應(yīng)向知名的生產(chǎn)商購(gòu)買(mǎi)。特別是他們完全能夠從設(shè)計(jì)、裝配到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝整個(gè)過(guò)程中給與承包商支持。

土木工程翻譯----白令海峽大橋的簡(jiǎn)介摘錄

第一次知道白令海峽大橋是在上大學(xué)的時(shí)候橋梁課老師梁力給我們播放了《Discovery》中一集專(zhuān)門(mén)介紹它的視頻，我被它的壯觀，雄偉所震撼，今天突然想到了這座“堅(jiān)強(qiáng)”撼世之橋，特意把它的資料找了出來(lái)，并把其中一小段翻譯出來(lái)和大家一起分享。

Bering Strait bridge

白令海峽大橋的簡(jiǎn)介摘錄

Technical challenges技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)

The route would lie just south of the Arctic Circle, subject to long, dark winters and extreme weather(average winter lows 20°C with possible lows approaching 50°C).Maintenance of any exposed roadway would be difficult and closures frequent.Even maintenance of enclosed roadways and pipelines could also be affected by winter weather.Ice breakup after each winter is violent and would destroy normal bridge piers.Specially shaped massive piers along the ocean floor would be needed to keep the bridge stable.The Confederation Bridge between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick addresses similar concerns on a much smaller scale.橋的路線(xiàn)正好位于北極圈的南端,它受到了漫長(zhǎng)黑暗的冬季和極限天氣的影響(冬天的平均溫度低至20°C而且最低的溫度甚至可能達(dá)到50°C)。任何暴露在外的路面部分的維護(hù)工作都是很困難進(jìn)行的，所以不得不頻繁地將其關(guān)閉。即使是關(guān)閉的路面和管線(xiàn)的維護(hù)也將受到冬季氣候的影響。在冬天過(guò)后冰的消融也會(huì)是危險(xiǎn)強(qiáng)烈的并且會(huì)對(duì)普通的橋墩造成毀滅性的破壞。這就需要沿著海床布置具有特殊形狀的大橋墩以保證橋的穩(wěn)定性。位于愛(ài)德華王子島和新布朗斯威克之間的聯(lián)邦大橋就面臨著類(lèi)似的問(wèn)題，只不過(guò)它受影響的范圍要小得多。

The United States and Canada use the British and now world standard gauge(4 feet, 8.5 inches wide)rails, while Russia uses Russian broad gauge(5 feet wide)tracks, a

break-of-gauge, and this would have to be addressed.A dual-gauge track network has been proposed, as those are used in some areas of Australia, whose rail network is split into different gauges.A cheaper solution is variable gauge axles or bogie exchange, as used at several places in the world already.美國(guó)和加拿大的鐵路采用英國(guó)的也是現(xiàn)在的世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軌距（4英尺，8.5英寸寬），而俄羅斯的鐵路采用俄羅斯寬軌距（5英尺寬），需要說(shuō)明的是這樣就形成了具有不同軌距的鐵路。一個(gè)具有雙軌距的鐵路網(wǎng)方案被提了出來(lái)，這種方案正在澳大利亞某些地區(qū)使用，他們的鐵路網(wǎng)就為存在不同的軌距。一個(gè)造價(jià)更低的解決方案就是使用變軌距車(chē)輪或轉(zhuǎn)向車(chē)，這種方案已經(jīng)在世界多個(gè)地方使用了。

土木工程翻譯---施工安全

1、水平安全繩之設(shè)置，應(yīng)依下列規(guī)定辦理：

a、采用￠8.3鋼絲繩，兩端各用三個(gè)U型卡扣緊固在建筑物或構(gòu)筑物牢固位置。

b、相鄰兩支柱間的安全繩限系掛一條安全帶。

c、每條安全繩可系掛安全帶之條數(shù)標(biāo)示于繩錨錠端。

2、垂直安全繩之設(shè)置，應(yīng)依下列規(guī)定辦理： a、安全繩之下端應(yīng)有防止安全帶鎖扣自尾端脫落之設(shè)施。

b、一條安全繩限供一名工人使用。

c、勞工作業(yè)或爬升位置之水平間距在一米以下者，得二人共享一條安全繩。

d、所有垂直安全繩應(yīng)垂伸至地面/已完成樓板。

e、完成檢驗(yàn)的安全帶或安全繩皆應(yīng)貼上下表所示的當(dāng)月合格顏色標(biāo)簽，以利大家輕易分辨已完成檢驗(yàn)的合格安全帶。

f、在吊籃內(nèi)施工，安全帶必須系掛在安全繩自鎖器上，不得系掛在除安全繩以外的任何地方。

g、施工人員應(yīng)配備工具箱，將所用小附件裝箱存放，小工具必須拴繩使用，防止高空墜落傷及人、物。臨邊物

料的擺放不得隨意放置，要距離樓板邊緣至少1米以上的安全位置，防止風(fēng)吹或人碰落樓下，傷及人、物。h、擺放如玻璃、箱體等大件物體時(shí)，必須有安全保護(hù)措施，如大尺寸規(guī)格的玻璃（2.4平方米以上的）要求對(duì)

稱(chēng)擺放在玻璃架子兩側(cè)，并用繩子捆綁牢固，成箱的玻璃盡量集中存放，玻璃箱傾斜墊牢，并用木板將各木箱相連接，以免倒塌。

i、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)置急救箱，在高溫季節(jié)給工人發(fā)放防暑降溫物品。

我的譯文：

1.The setup of horizontal safety rope should comply with the followingprovisions:

a.￠8.3 wire rope should be applied.Three U-shaped claspsshould be used one both

ends to tighten onto the stable places on the buildingor structure.b.Only one safety belt could be tied on the safety rope between two adjacentstrut rods.c.The number of safety belt allowed to be tied should be marked on the head ofthe

rope’s anchor.2.The setup of vertical safety rope should comply with the following provisions:

a.At lower end of the safety rope, there should be facilities to prevent the fastener of safety

belt from falling off from the caudal end.b.One safetyrope should only be used by on worker.c.When horizontal distance between the operation or climbing position of workers iswithin one meter, one safety rope should be shared by two workers.d.All the vertical safety rope should draw down to ground/completed floor.e.The followingstick in colors should be stuck onto safety belts or safety ropes after test todisplay test passing of current month.In this way, qualified safety belt aftertest would be easy to recognize.f.During operation in basket, safety belt must be tied onto the self-lock of the safetyrope;tying onto any places besides safety rope is prohibited.g.Builder should be equipped with tool box.Small accessories should be kept in the boxand fastened to rope when in use to prevent from being dropped from height andhitting people or objects.Material and supplies at the edge of construction area should not be placed at will;more than one meter’s distance from the edgeof the floor is considered safe location for placing;in this way, droppingcaused by wind or man and hitting people or objects could be avoided.h.when big objects such as glass or boxes are placed, safety protection measures must becarried out.For example, glass of big dimensions(above 2.4 square meters)should be placed onto the two sides of the glass shelf with symmetry, and boundand fastened with rope.Glass in boxes should be placed together at one placeas much as possible.Boxes of Glass should be well padded to prevent fromslant.Wood-blocks should be used to joint all boxes to prevent from collapse.i.First-aidbox should be placed at construction site.Workers should be given heat controlarticles in high temperature season.

第五篇：專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

http://zaixianfanyi.com/google.php#hj

194頁(yè)：了解什么歸入類(lèi)別嵌入計(jì)算，它足以說(shuō)明什么不是嵌入式設(shè)備的要求。嵌入的設(shè)備的壽命非常不同于通用機(jī)器的3 年的逐漸過(guò)時(shí)循環(huán)。有些設(shè)備是幾乎一次性的：平均日本celluar電話(huà)在少于一年被替換。在oppsite極端，基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的設(shè)備例如電話(huà)交換機(jī)在30年的日程表貶值。這些壽命差異產(chǎn)生具體的影響，可升級(jí)性和向后兼容性。少量嵌入設(shè)備有升級(jí)要求。例如，積極汽車(chē)熱衷者更改自己的車(chē)?yán)锏男酒?，但是這些通常是只讀光盤(pán)，不是處理器。大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者項(xiàng)將被替換，不會(huì)升級(jí)。

Backward compatibility is seldom an embedded requirement,as software does not migrate from one device to another.An interesting exception is game consoles:to maintain compatibility,later console chips must be capable of being exactly as fast as the early versions despite changes in underlying process technology.In consoles,backward compatible is often implemented by putting a complete copy of the previous-generation console in one small corner of the next-generation die.Bacause many embedded designs need not be backward compatible with previous implementations,designers are free to switch designs with each product generation.Consequently,there is less emphasis on the distinction between architecture and implementation.If a new version of a chip is slightly incompatible but much better than its predecessors,designers may still be willing to use it.因?yàn)檐浖⒉粡囊粋€(gè)設(shè)備遷移到另一個(gè)，向后兼容性很少是嵌入式的要求，一個(gè)有趣的例外是游戲控制臺(tái)：要維護(hù)兼容性，盡管最新控制臺(tái)芯片在基礎(chǔ)工藝技術(shù)上有所改變，但是它一定是可勝任的是象早版本一樣快速地確切。往往通過(guò)將上一代控制臺(tái)的完整副本放在一個(gè)小角落里的下一代模向后兼容。因?yàn)樵S多嵌入式的設(shè)計(jì)需要，不能與以前實(shí)現(xiàn)向后的兼容，設(shè)計(jì)師可以自由切換的每一代產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)。因此，有少?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)體系結(jié)構(gòu)與實(shí)施之間的區(qū)別。如果稍有不兼容，但比其前任的芯片的新版本，設(shè)計(jì)師仍可能愿意使用它。