第一篇：2018年可銳考研第一輪復習之英語閱讀
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2018年可銳考研第一輪復習之英語閱讀
（五）The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism aboutadvertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermalenergy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradictingthe principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternativelyfrom its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.The refrigerant,starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor drivenby an electric motor.The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, densevapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfersheat from the refrigerant to a body of air.Now the refrigerant, as ahigh-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes thepressure to drop.As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partiallyvaporizes, becoming chilled.It then passes through a second heat exchanger,the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducingthe temperature of this second body of air.Of the two heat exchangers, one islocated inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact witha different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlledby valves.When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switchfunction.This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat orcool room air.Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermalenergy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energyconservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input ofthermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts forthe difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately there is one real problem.The heating capacity of aheat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls.The drop in capacity iscaused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressorat one time.The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: theless the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it cantransfer through the heat-pump cycle.The volume flow rate of refrigerant vaporthrough the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximatelyconstant.But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressurethan warmer vapor.Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant — and thusthe thermal energy it carries — is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer beforecompression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely coldclimates — where the most heat is needed — heat pumps areleast able to supply enough heat.1.The primary purpose of the text is to
[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoortemperature changes.[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.2.The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to theprinciple of energy conservation by
[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to thisquestion.[C] supplying additional relevant facts.[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.3.It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, theheating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when
[A] heating is least essential.[B] electricity rates are lowest.[C] its compressor runs the fastest.[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
4.If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, whichof the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn fromthis case?
[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying topromote.[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implicationsinstead of on facts.[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospectiveclient’s ability to believe.[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know eventhe most elementary scientific principles.5.The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if
[A] they could also be used as air conditioners.[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.[答案與考點解析]
1.【答案】C
【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的第二、三、四段描述了“heat pumps”的相關(guān)物理原理，第一、五、六段談到了影響“heat pumps”應(yīng)用的原因。由此可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。考生在解題時一定要對全文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)有所認識，并將各段的主題句聯(lián)系起來加以理解。
2.【答案】C
【考點解析】這是一道段落間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的“the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle ofenergy conservation”可迅速確定本題的答案信息來源應(yīng)該在第二段，因為第一段就是本題的題干。通過仔細閱讀原文可發(fā)現(xiàn)本題的答案信息來源在第二、三、四段，在這三段中本文作者為解決相關(guān)問題給出了“relevant facts”（相關(guān)事實）。可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。考生在解題時一定要注意段落之間的相互關(guān)系。
3.【答案】A
【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與反推題。通過本題題干中的“heating season”可迅速將本題的答案信息來源確定在尾段，因為尾段中的“extremely cold climates”暗示出“heating season”。通過仔細閱讀和理解尾段并且進行相應(yīng)的推導就可得出本題的正確選項A?？忌诮忸}時首先要具備審題定位的能力，另外在解題時不能僅僅停留于字面含義，要多動腦子進行合理的推導。
4.【答案】C
【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導題。題干把本題所涉及的問題確定在第一段，而本文作者對于該問題的解釋和說明確在第四段。通過對這兩段的綜合歸納推導，可得出本題的正確選項是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解釋幫助解決了人們心中的疑惑，但是這兩段的深層含義暗示我們：人們在做廣告時要避免使用超出消費者可信度的信息。考生在解題時要注意段落之間的聯(lián)系，更要注意作者所要傳遞的深層含義。
5.【答案】D
【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與段落間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的“heat pumps would be used more widely”可迅速確定本題的題干來自于首段，在首段中我們也可以得知阻礙“heat pumps”被大家廣泛接受的原因是“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。在本文的第四段作者對第一段中所涉及的問題給出了合理的解釋，指出“heat pumps”并沒有“contradicting the principle of energy conservation”。問題出在人們對于“evaporator”缺乏了解。綜合這兩段的內(nèi)容我們可得知：如果人們對“evaporator”有所認識，他們對“heat pumps”就不會心存疑慮，同時他們就會接受“heat pumps”，從而“heat pumps”就會得到廣泛的利用?？梢姳绢}的正確選項應(yīng)該中D?？忌诮忸}時一定要注意段落之間的聯(lián)系，更要注意反推即逆向思維的應(yīng)用。
[參考譯文]
熱泵使用受到阻礙，主要是人們懷疑廣告上所宣稱的，熱泵能夠提供兩倍于其所消耗電能的熱能，這顯然與能量守恒定理相悖。
熱泵循環(huán)使用的是液體制冷劑，這個循環(huán)使得制冷劑在一個封閉環(huán)路內(nèi)從液體到氣體交替變化。循環(huán)開始時，制冷劑以低溫低壓的蒸氣，可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
進入一個電機驅(qū)動的壓縮機。出了壓縮機后，制冷劑變?yōu)楦邷爻砻艿臍怏w，流經(jīng)一個被稱為冷凝器的熱交換器，這個冷凝器把制冷劑的熱量傳送到一個氣團。制冷劑就變成了高壓冷卻的液態(tài)，然后經(jīng)過一個節(jié)流器，節(jié)流器使其壓力下降。壓力下降時，制冷劑就會膨脹并且使部分液體氣化，制冷劑變冷。然后經(jīng)過第二個熱交換器即蒸發(fā)器，蒸發(fā)器把熱量從空氣中傳到制冷劑中，使得第二個氣團溫度降低。這兩個熱交換器，一個在室內(nèi)工作，另外一個位于室外，所以每個熱交換器接觸各自不同的氣團：室內(nèi)空氣和室外空氣。
制冷劑在熱泵內(nèi)的流動方向受閥門控制。當制冷劑逆向流動時，兩個交換器就交換它們的功能。這個逆向流動的能力使得熱泵對室內(nèi)空氣加溫或冷卻。
現(xiàn)在，如果在某些條件下一個熱泵輸出的熱能多于其消耗的電能，則能量守恒法則受到挑戰(zhàn)了么？不，絲毫沒有：通過蒸發(fā)器進入了制冷劑循環(huán)的額外熱能，可以說明能量平衡上的差異。
不幸的是，這里有一個現(xiàn)實的問題。熱泵的加熱能力隨著室外溫度的下降而減少，其減少是由于在固定時間內(nèi)流經(jīng)壓縮機的制冷劑數(shù)量上的減少而造成的。熱容量和制冷劑質(zhì)量流動速率成比例：被壓縮的制冷劑越少，加載到熱機循環(huán)中傳輸?shù)臒崃吭缴?。在使用單速旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機的熱泵中，制冷劑氣體的體積流動速率近似一個常數(shù)。但進入壓縮機的制冷劑氣體，其冷卻的氣體壓力比熱氣壓力要小。因此，冷的制冷劑氣體質(zhì)量，也就是它攜帶的熱能小于在壓縮之前比較熱的制冷劑氣體的質(zhì)量。
這樣，那么熱泵存在的真正障礙在于：在極端寒冷氣候地區(qū)，那里最需要熱量，熱泵卻最不能夠提供充足的熱量。
二．
One of the simplest and best known kinds of crystal is the ionicsalt, of which a typical example is sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt.The fundamental components of an ionic salt are ions: atoms or molecules thathave become electrically charged by gaining or losing one more electrons.Informing sodium chloride, for example, sodium atoms give up an electron and chlorine atoms gain an electron.The ions are attracted to one another by theiropposite charges, and they stack together compactly, like tightly packedspheres.Recently, scientists at Michigan State University created a new kindof crystal called an electride.In electrides, the anions arecompletely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formedcavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations.Electrides are the first examples of ionic salts in which all these anionicsites are occupied solely by electrons.Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as ifthey were simple charged spheres.In particular, because of their low mass andtheir tendency to interact with one another over great distances, they cannotbe “pinned down” to any one location.Instead, they wander close to and among theatoms lining the cavity and interact with electrons in nearby cavities, perhapschanging places with them.The properties of an electride depend largely on the distancebetween the cavities that hold trapped electrons.When the trapped electronsare far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like anarray of isolated negative charges.When they are closer together, they beginto display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles.When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons “delocalize”: they areno longer tightly bound within individual cavities but are more or less free topass through the spaces within the framework of positive ions.By synthesizing electrides from a variety of materials, one can varythe geometry of the anionic cavities and their relation to the surroundingcations.The resulting properties may make it possible for electrides to becomea basis for economically useful 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
new materials and devices.For instance,because the electrons in some electrides are very weakly bound, these crystalscould be effective as photosensitive detectors, in which an impinging photonliberates an electron, resulting in a small electric current.The same weakbinding could also make electrides useful in solar energy converters and ascathodes in batteries.One obstacle is the tendency of electrides to decomposethrough reaction with air and water.Researchers are seeking ways to increasetheir stability.1.The text is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] a way to isolate electrons.[B] the characteristics of a new kind of crystal.[C] the structure of an ionic salt.[D] commercial uses for electrides.2.In the first paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory.[B] describing how chlorine atoms can become negatively charged.[C] describing some early research at Michigan State University.[D] providing background for the technical discussion to follow.3.According to the text, the defining characteristic of an electrideis which of the following?
[A] Its positive are of particularly low mass.[B] Its ions possess identical electrical charges.[C] It contains a framework of regularly stacked ions.[D] Its negative ions consist solely of electrons.4.It can be inferred from the text that anions behaving as “simplecharged spheres” could be expected to
[A] readily lose electrons and become positively charged.[B] move freely in and out of their cavities.[C] respond to photons by liberating electrons.[D] remain fixed relative to their cations.5.With which of the following statements regarding electrides wouldthe author most likely agree?
[A] They have proven themselves to be of great commercial value.[B] Their future commercial value is promising but uncertain.[C] They are interesting but of no practical value.[D] They have commercial value mainly in solar energy applications.[答案與考點解析]
1.【答案】B
【考點解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句在第二段的第一句，如果抓住了這句話并且聯(lián)系每段的中心主旨句，就可得出本題的正確選項B。其實本文第二段就是在講一種新的晶體的與眾不同的“characteristics”（特點）?？忌诮忸}時一定要首先找出全文的中心主旨句，并與上下文聯(lián)系。
2.【答案】D
【考點解析】這是一道段落關(guān)系題。從第二段到尾段是本文作者闡述其中心思想的段落。在展開中心思想之前，作者為中心思想的展開進行了鋪墊（講述一般晶體的特點），從而為第二段到尾段的陳述（講述一種新晶體的特點）提供明確的對比?？忌诮忸}時一定要注意段落之間的關(guān)系。
3.【答案】D
【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。題干中沒有給出明確的審題定位信息。破解此題需要考生平時的閱讀積累，這是一道較難的題目。題干中所涉及的是“the defining characteristic of an electride”（電子晶體的特點）。在第二段作者第一次在文章中談到了“electride”，所以其特點也應(yīng)該在第二段向讀者交待，故本題的答案信息來源應(yīng)該在第二段。綜合第二段第二、三句的內(nèi)容可推導出本題的正確選項D。考生在解題時一定要具備出色的審題定位能力。
4.【答案】D
【考點解析】本題是一道句間關(guān)系與反推題。題干中的信息以將本題的答案信息確定在第三段。根據(jù)第三段所陳述的內(nèi)容進行反推可得出本題的正確選項D。在進行反推時一定要注意第一句中的“do not behave as if?”以及第二句中的“cannot be pinned down”所起的作用?？忌诮忸}時一定要具備反推即逆向推理的能力。
5.【答案】B
【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。本題的題干沒有提供任何審題定位可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn 的信息。但是善于閱讀的考生應(yīng)該知道每篇文章尾段的重要性。在本題到來之前本文的尾段還沒有涉及任何一道題，故考生應(yīng)該首先從尾段中尋找本題的答案信息。尾段的第二句第四句表明新的晶體在商業(yè)方面的可利用性；尾段的第五句表明這種新的晶體的不足之處?？梢姳绢}的正確選項應(yīng)該是B。考生在解題時一定要對文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及出題點有所認識，最好對全文有整體的把握。
[參考譯文]
在各種最簡單和最常見的晶體中，離子鹽是其中一例，它典型的實例就是氯化鈉，或普通的食鹽。離子鹽的基本組成成份便是離子，也就是那些由于得到或失去一個或多個電子而帶有電荷的原子或分子。例如，在形成氯化鈉的過程中，鈉原子釋放一個電子（從而帶有正電荷）而氯電子得到一個電子（從而帶有負電荷）。這些離子由于帶有相反的電荷而相互吸引，它們緊密地堆砌在一起就象緊密擠壓在一起的球體。
最近，密西根州立大學的科學家們研制出一種新的被稱為電子晶體的晶體。在電子晶體中，陰離子（即帶負電荷的離子）全部被電子替代，這些電子被困在自然形成的空穴中，而空穴位于規(guī)則堆砌的陽離子（即帶正電荷的離子）的框架內(nèi)。電子晶體是第一種陰離子空間全被電子占據(jù)的離子鹽。
和其它類型的陰離子不同，作為陰離子的電子不像那些簡單的帶電球體。特別地，由于它們的質(zhì)量很小而且有與遠距離的離子進行相互作用的傾向，它們不會被固定在任何一個位置。相反，它們會到處游離，或者緊靠那些在空穴邊上的原子，或者在這些原子之間游離，并且還和附近空中的電子發(fā)生相互作用，甚至于可能與它們交換位置。
電子晶體的特征很大程度上依賴于空穴間的距離，而這些空穴便是容納被捕獲電子的地方。當這些被捕獲的電子相距很遠時，它們之間的相互作用不強，因而在某種程度上表現(xiàn)為一組相互孤立的負電荷。但當它們間的距離很近時，它們便表現(xiàn)出一些特征來，很像大量相同離子的集合。當它們間的距離更近時，群體集合屬性更占主導地位，而且電子也出現(xiàn)“離位”現(xiàn)象：它們不再被束縛于單個的空穴之上，而是或多或少地可以在正離子的構(gòu)架之間穿越。
通過從不同的材料來合成電子晶體，科學家們可以改變陰離子空穴的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)，以及改變它們同周圍陰離子之間的關(guān)系。這些隨之而來的特征使得電子晶體可能成為經(jīng)濟實用的新材料和新設(shè)備的基礎(chǔ)。例如，由于在某些電子晶體中，電子結(jié)合得非常微弱，從而使得這些晶體可以有效地用作光敏探測器。在這種探測器中，一束光子可以釋放一個電子，從而形成一股小電流。這種結(jié)合微弱的特性同樣可使電子晶體對太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換器和電池的陰極很有用?？呻娮泳w的一個缺陷在于它易于與空氣和水發(fā)生反應(yīng)而分解。目前，研究人員正設(shè)法尋找提高電子晶體穩(wěn)定性的方法。
第二篇：2018年可銳考研英語復習閱讀文章推薦
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2018年可銳考研英語復習閱讀文章推薦
（七）Premarital sex
婚前性行為
The waiting game
等待的游戲
Chastity before marriage may have its uses afterall
婚前守貞可能的確有作用
WHEN is it the right time to do the deed?
什么時候做愛做的事情合適呢?
If priests had their way, it would be shortly after the wedding ceremony—but recent studiesshow such advice is rarely heeded.如果讓神父們來說，這檔事應(yīng)當發(fā)生在在結(jié)婚典禮的不久之后—但是最近的研究顯示，這樣的建議很少得到人們的重視。
Roughly 85% of the American population, for example, approves of premarital sex.比如說，大約85%的美國人贊同婚前性行為。
Faced with numbers like that, what hope do the Vatican and its ilk really have?
面對這樣子的數(shù)據(jù)，梵蒂岡和它的同仁們又到底是做何想法呢?
More than they did a week ago.相對于已在一周前
Until now, the argument that couplesshould wait until they are married before they have sex has rested on mere assertion andanecdote.親熱過的情侶來說，現(xiàn)今依舊認為夫婦應(yīng)將童貞留于婚后的論調(diào)，已僅僅成了一種口頭宣言或是奇聞軼事。
Dean Busby and his colleagues at Brigham Young University, in Utah, however, havegathered some data which support delay.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
然而，猶他州楊百翰大學的院長Busby和他的同事卻收集了一些數(shù)據(jù)來支持延遲性行為的做法。
Little is known about the influence of sexual timing on how relationships develop.目前，還不清楚性交往的時間節(jié)奏安排對兩性關(guān)系發(fā)展會產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響。
Even so, opinions abound.但即便如此，各種意見觀點仍然比比皆是。
Some argue that the sexual organs, both physical and mental need a test drive to make surethe chemistry between a couple means they will stay together both in sickness and in health.有人認為，性器官包括生理和心理兩部分，它們需要一種驅(qū)動性的考驗以確保情侶兩人身上的化學吸引能夠維持長久，讓兩人能夠同甘共苦。
Others suggest that couples who delay or abstain from sexual intimacy early on allowcommunication to become the foundation of their attraction，還有人認為，推遲過早的親密性行為或者禁欲的情侶，他們之間的溝通理解成為了相互間吸引力的基礎(chǔ)，and that this helps to ensure that companionship and partnership keep them together whenthe initial flames of lust die down.這樣以來，即使他們最初燃燒著的愛之欲火慢慢熄滅，他們也可以保持長久的友誼和伙伴關(guān)系。
To examine these suggestions more closely, Dr Busby and his colleagues recruited 2,035married people ranging in age from 19 to 71, and in length of marriage from less than sixmonths to more than 20 years.為了更進一步的去檢驗這些意見觀點，Busby博士和他的同事征集到了2,035對已婚夫婦的數(shù)據(jù)，他們的年齡從19歲到70歲不等，婚齡從不滿六個月到超過20年不等，Their religious affiliations varied widely;many had none.而且他們的宗教信仰差異也非常之大，很多人沒有宗教信仰。
All were asked to complete an online questionnaire normally used to help couplesunderstand their strengths and weaknesses.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
所有的夫婦都被要求填寫一份網(wǎng)上問卷調(diào)查，以幫助夫婦了解自己的長處和弱點。
Among the nearly 300 questions, participants were asked when they first had sex with theirpartners, whether their sex lives were currently good，在將近300個問題中，參與者被問及到他們第一次與自己伴侶發(fā)生性行為的時間，他們的性生活目前是否良好，how they resolved conflicts, and how often they thought of ending their relationship.和他們?nèi)绾翁幚砻軟_突以及他們考慮終結(jié)伴侶關(guān)系這種想法的頻繁程度。
In addition, the questionnaire had 14 items that evaluated how good participants were atexpressing empathy and understanding to their partners and how prone they were to becritical or defensive.此外，這項問卷調(diào)查還有14個項目，評估參與者能夠多好的向他們的伴侶表達自己的同情和理解，以及他們在面臨批評或自我防御辯護時將傾向于做什么。
All questions, apart from those about frequency of sex, were answered on a five-pointscale, with one indicating strong disagreement and five indicating strong agreement.所有的問題，除了性愛頻度以外，選擇的回答都是五分制計量的，由初始的1分表達強烈的反對到5分表達強烈的贊同。
Because religiosity delays sexual activity, Dr Busby and his colleagues also asked participantshow often they attended church, how often they prayed and whether they felt spirituality wasan important part of their lives.由于篤信宗教可以延緩性活動，Busby博士和他的同事同樣也詢問調(diào)查參與者他們出入教堂參與教會活動的頻率，他們多久禱告一次以及他們是否認為精神生活是他們生活中重要的一部分。
They used the answers to control for religiosity.They also controlled for income, education,race and length of relationship.他們采用的答案限定了信仰虔誠度，同樣他們的答案也劃分限制了不同的收入、受教育程度、種族以及兩性關(guān)系維系長度。
Their report, just published in the Journal of Family Psychology, suggests that people whodelay having sex do indeed have better relationships, on four different measures.他們剛剛在《家庭心理學雜志》發(fā)表的的報告認為，那些延緩推遲性行為的伴侶在四種不同的測量比較上的確擁有一份更良好的兩性關(guān)系?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
That result applies to both men and women.并且這個結(jié)果同時適用于男性和女性。
Unfortunately, Dr Busby s method cannot distinguish the cause of this.但不幸的是，Busby的方法不能區(qū)分到底是什么原因?qū)е碌倪@個結(jié)果。
It could be, as many moralists preach, that the delay itself is improving.正如很多道德說教所言，這結(jié)果很有可能是因為延緩推遲本身就正在經(jīng)歷改變。
It could, though, be that the sort of people who are happy to delay having sex are alsobetter at relationships.然而，這也有可能是因為樂于推遲性生活的人更善于經(jīng)營兩性關(guān)系。
Correlation, in other words, rather than causation.換言之，這是一種相互左右的關(guān)系，而不是因果關(guān)系。
That is material for another study.談到婚姻則是另一份研究學問了。
If the result persists, though, even when personality is taken into account, it will provideuseful ammunition for priests and marriage-guidance counsellors.如果這個結(jié)論還是堅持其所持觀點，那么即使考慮到人不同的性格問題，它也不免成為神父和婚姻指導顧問的強力攻擊火藥。
詞語解釋
1.marriage n.結(jié)婚;婚姻
The news of their marriage knocked me for a loop.他們結(jié)婚的消息使我大吃一驚。
2.ceremony n.儀式;禮節(jié)
The marriage ceremony took place in the church.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
婚禮在教堂舉行。
3.population n.人口
What is the population of this country? 這個國家的人口是多少?
4.approve v.批準;贊成
The city council approved the building plan.市議會批準了這項建筑計劃。
5.anecdote n.軼事;奇聞
He departs from the text to tell an anecdote.他沒講課文而講了一段軼事。
第三篇：2018年可銳考研英語復習閱讀文章推薦
可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
2018年可銳考研英語復習閱讀文章推薦
（五）Book Review;Queen Elizabeth II
書評;伊麗莎白二世
Royal bow;Why the queen has to be seen to bebelieved?
向女王致敬;女王為什么要與眾不同?
The Real Elizabeth: An Intimate Portrait of QueenElizabeth II.By Andrew Marr.《真實的伊麗莎白：近觀伊麗莎白二世》安德·魯馬爾著。
Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times.By SarahBradford.《伊麗莎白二世：她生活在我們這一代》莎拉·布萊德福德著。
A Brief Life of the Queen.By Robert Lacey.《女王一生簡觀》羅伯特·拉西著。
Our Queen.By Robert Hardman.《我們的女王》羅伯特·哈德曼著。
Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch.By Sally Bedell Smith.《伊麗莎白女王：一位現(xiàn)代君主的一生》莎莉·貝德爾·史密斯著。
Being on show is a serious business for Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne 60years ago next month.On royal tours and walkabouts, she is careful to choose bright coloursand small-brimmed hats, glides through crowds “l(fā)ike a liner” and seemingly never tires.“Ohlook!She s keeled over again,” the queen once noted at a stifling-hot palace reception,spotting her then prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, pale and slumped in a chair.對于伊麗莎白二世來說，出席公眾場合是一項非常重要的任務(wù)，下個月就是她登基六十周年的紀念了。在參加皇室的出訪和視察時,她小心翼翼地選擇明亮色調(diào)的衣服和窄檐禮帽，優(yōu)雅地走過人群，像“一艘遠洋油輪”靜靜駛過，看上去永遠都不知疲倦?！芭?看，她又跌倒了”在一次皇宮的招待宴會上，室內(nèi)的溫度令人窒息，女王眼尖地發(fā)現(xiàn)了當時的首相撒切爾夫人臉色慘白，跌落于椅子中。
On several occasions she has been urged to retreat behind more obtrusive layers ofsecurity.Each time she has refused with something between a joke and a motto for her sixdecades on the 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
throne, telling aides: “I have to be seen to be believed.”
有許多次，女王被勸說退居二線，每一次，她都以一個介于玩笑和座右銘似的話來描述她在位的六十年，她如此告訴副官：“我是如此與眾不同”。
Yet for the 85-year-old monarch, pictured above with Prince Charles shortly before hercoronation, belief requires distance, too.Younger generations of royals have kissed and told.But the queen has never given an interview.Though some of her 12 British prime ministerswere convinced they forged a special bond during weekly audiences with their sovereign,her personal politics remain unknown.上面圖片中和查爾斯王子的合照拍攝于女王加冕后不久。然而，對于八十五歲的女王來說，信仰也是需要距離的?；适依锬贻p的一代受到寵愛，都被如此教育著。但是女王自己從來都不接受任何采訪。英國的十二任首相都認為自己是民眾和女王之間的特殊紐帶，女王對政治的看法仍不為大眾所知。
Over the years, various aristocrats, cousins and horse-racing grandees have been more orless plausibly identified as her friends.Even among such intimates, boundaries areobserved, for fear of crossing an unseen line and triggering a stare of blank, silent rebuke.“She is never—you know—not the Queen,” advises an unnamed friend, quoted in the openinglines of a new biography by the BBC s senior political interviewer, Andrew Marr.許多年來，各種貴族，皇親國戚，參加賽馬的顯貴們都或多或少地證實了哪些為女王的朋友。即使在和這些密友相處的過程中，也有界線需要遵守，朋友們害怕越過無形的界線會使女王受驚，從而招致無聲的指責。“她從來都不是-你知道的-不是女王”一位不愿透漏姓名的朋友說道，這句話被BBC資深政治記者安德魯· 馬爾所引用，寫在了關(guān)于伊麗莎白二世的一本新傳記的首頁幾行。
Yet as a constitutional monarch, ruling with the tacit consent of the majority, she is notthe only judge of the trade-off between necessary display and indispensable discretion.The public have a say as well.Some of the queen s closest brushes with disaster haveinvolved a lack of visibility, most painfully in 1997 when she remained in Scotland with theroyal family after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.She only returned to London afterpleas from her new, young prime minister, Tony Blair.作為一名立憲制君主，女王和大眾保持著一致。她不僅僅要為自己在公眾面前必要的露面負責，也要不失謹慎小心。因為公眾也有發(fā)言權(quán)。在一些事情上，女王對災(zāi)禍的處理還缺乏透明度，最為深痛的是在1997年，當戴安娜--威爾士王妃去世時，女王仍留在蘇格蘭和皇室成員們在一起。在當時新上任的年輕的首相托尼·布萊爾的懇請下，女王才回到了倫敦。
The double nature of the queen—an unusually private woman with extraordinary publicduties—poses a test for all who try to write about her.Including Mr Marr s book, five newbiographies have been prepared for 2012, the queen s diamond jubilee year.The authorsboast of watching the queen at work, interviewing officials from the royal household and 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
oftrawling through archives.They quote family members, friends and people with a claim toknow the queen.女王的雙重特性——一個非常低調(diào)的女子肩負著重大的公共責任——對于所有想描寫她的人都是一個難題。2012年，在女王登基60周年之際，紀念包括馬爾這本書在內(nèi)的五本新傳記都將出版。作者們吹噓曾看過女王辦公的樣子，采訪了皇室家族的成員們，翻閱無數(shù)文獻資料。他們引用了皇室家族成員，朋友和一些自稱認識女王的人的話。
In the process, all five biographers wrestle with the question neatly framed by their subjectherself: if to see the queen is to believe in her, what vantage point allows the mostauthentic experience of faith? Which queen is the most “real”, the private woman or thepublic figure? Each offers a different answer.在此過程中，五本傳記都在試圖回答一個問題，這個問題都和女王有關(guān)：如果要信任我們所看到的女王，那么我們應(yīng)站在什么角度來獲得這些最為真實的信任?哪一個女王是最“真實”的?那個低調(diào)的女子還是那個公共人物?每個人心中都有不同的答案。
Two of the authors, Sarah Bradford and Robert Lacey, are veteran royal historians, whose2012 biographies draw on previously published work.With the frankness of an old pro, atone point Ms Bradford names different schools of royal-watching.There is the “work of theQueen” genre, as pioneered by the 1969 television film “Royal Family”, which showed themonarch working through boxes of state papers, preparing state visits or relaxing with herfamily.Alas, she explains, once the public had seen inside royal drawing rooms, they soonwanted to peer into the bedroom.Thus arose the “royal soap opera” genre.Ms Bradfordtakes readers on a brisk, assured canter through the familiar landmarks of both genres,adding a dose of history as she goes.Mr Lacey, who has been writing about the queen fornearly 40 years, advertises his slim volume as a “pleasant afternoon s reading”, which it isnot.At once knowledgeable and jaundiced, Mr Lacey seems slightly sick of his royalsubjects, as do the unnamed courtiers and insiders whom he quotes.這其中的兩個作者，沙拉·布拉德福德和羅伯特·拉西都是經(jīng)驗豐富的皇家歷史學家，他們在2012年出版的作品援引了之前已經(jīng)出版著作的內(nèi)容。布拉德福德女士坦白她是支持皇室的，她曾經(jīng)將幾種關(guān)注皇室的不同行為進行了分類。有一種是“女王的工作”派別，是由1969年電視節(jié)目“皇室家族”開啟，展現(xiàn)女王伏案工作的場景，桌上堆滿了國務(wù)文件，準備國事訪問以及和家人休閑娛樂。啊，她解釋道，一旦公眾看到了皇家的畫室，他們會好奇臥室是什么樣子。因此出現(xiàn)了 “皇室肥皂劇”流派。布拉德福德女士引入一部分歷史事實，以輕松的筆調(diào)帶領(lǐng)讀者信步于這兩派熟知的情節(jié)之間。拉西曾用了將近40年的時間來寫女王，他將自己單薄的一本書定義為“午后休閑閱讀”，但事實上并非如此。拉西博學多才，對女王懷有偏見，他似乎有些反感這些皇室成員，在他書中一些沒有提及姓名的官員和圈內(nèi)人也此表示了同感。
Robert Hardman, a royal correspondent for the Daily Mail, offers a convincing tour of theBritish monarchy as an institution, apeing the vantage point of the fly-on-the-walldocumentary.His access produces an interview with Prince William and several 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
lesserscoops—a rarity in the world of royal biography, in which the same anecdotes turn up ineach book.But access has its limitations.The young prince is more loyal than revelatoryabout his grandmother, explaining that her “gravitas” awes even her family, that she offersgood advice and was “so excited” by her 2011 state visit to Ireland.Some lesser sourcesappear to be quoted largely to thank them for their time.羅伯特·哈德曼是《每日郵報》的一名王室事務(wù)記者，他模仿電視真人秀的紀實特點，展現(xiàn)了英國女王的生活中很重要的部分。他有機會接觸到皇室成員，在此過程中，他訪問了威廉王子，采訪幾個次要人物，獲取了一些獨家新聞—這在描寫皇室的傳記中是非常稀有的材料，以前的傳記中總是出現(xiàn)千篇一律的趣聞軼事。但是與皇室成員的接觸也是有其限制之處。年輕的王子對他的祖母十分忠誠，并不會透露女王的事情，他解釋道，祖母的“莊重”使她整個家族深感敬畏，女王也常常提出意見，2011年出訪愛爾蘭使她感到“很興奮”。一些次要人物在接受采訪中大都表示生正逢時的幸運。
Sally Bedell Smith, an American society biographer, offers her readers the illusion ofknowing the queen as a friend.Ms Bedell Smith brightly describes her own brief chats withthe monarch at a Washington garden party and a London reception, before sprinkling heraccount with minute indiscretions from other people who have met her.The elder PresidentBush reveals that Elizabeth II is “rather formal” but not “standoffish”.A witness describeshow a puppy defecated in front of the queen during a visit to a Kentucky horse-breeder,breaking the ice.Nancy Reagan recalls a breakfast with the queen, Prince Philip and PrinceCharles at Windsor Castle;she was surprised that everyone poured their own cereal fromthe box.It is reported that the queen likes a travel rug round her knees and used to wear ahard hat when watching stallions cover her mares.This footling stuff is only of any interest because it is aboutthe queen.But—fatally—those same domestic details have nothing to do with why ElizabethII, as queen, is interesting.美國的社會傳記作家莎莉·貝德爾·史密斯向讀者描述了女王作為朋友的一面。貝德爾·史密斯女士生動地記敘了她在華盛頓一個花園派對和在倫敦的一次招待會上同女王簡短的談話，也寫到了一些遇見女王的人的輕率之舉動。老布什總統(tǒng)透露，伊麗莎白二世“非常遵守禮節(jié)”但又不“冷淡”。一個目擊者描述，在女王去肯塔基州一戶養(yǎng)馬人家時，一只小狗當著女王的大便，這打破了沉默的氣氛。南?！だ锔貞洠河幸淮魏团酰评沼H王以及查爾斯王子在溫莎城堡里共進早餐，當她看到在座的每個人都自己從一個大盒子里倒出吃的食物，她很驚訝。據(jù)報道，女王喜歡在膝蓋上裹一條毯子，在看她的種馬和母馬交配時喜歡戴一頂安全帽。這些無足輕重的事情一點都不有趣，僅僅因為它們和女王有關(guān)。但不幸的是，這些家庭生活的細節(jié)和作為女王的伊麗莎白二世是否有趣一點關(guān)系都沒有。
Mr Marr, a former political editor of the BBC and author of some shrewd books on modernBritain, sets himself a more ambitious task: to explain what the queen s role and positiontell us about her subjects.It is an admiring portrait, of an unfashionably dutiful monarchwho in her weekly audiences offers prime ministers what he calls “a kind of highertherapy”—a chance to share anxieties or explanations which will never leak, with someonewho has read almost every state secret of the past 60 years.He describes the queen and her strong sense of vocation, as a monarch “God-called” togive her life to her people as a sacrifice.Only by understanding that calling, he writes, canthe queen be understood.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
馬爾以前是英國廣播公司的一位政治編輯，曾寫過幾本關(guān)于現(xiàn)代英國的書，很有見地?，F(xiàn)在他給自己定下了一個甚為龐大的目標：要解釋清楚女王的角色和位置，告訴我們她的民眾的看法。這是一本令人欽佩的傳記，它記述了一位守舊、盡職的女王每周會見首相時提供的 “高級療法”—用馬爾的話來說—這是首相和女王分擔焦慮、共謀計策的時刻，這些談話的內(nèi)容永遠不會泄露出去。在過去的六十年，女王幾乎知曉所有的國家機密。在書中，馬爾描述了女王和她強烈的使命感：女王是“受到了上帝召喚”，要將自己的生命獻給民眾?！爸挥欣斫饬诉@種召喚，才能理解女王”馬爾如此寫到。
In perhaps a claim too far, Mr Marr emphasises the comfort offered by the queen as asymbol of the continuing British state.By representing those who did not vote for thecurrent government or did not vote at all, she strengthens democracy, he suggests.It is aclever thought, but may overstate the degree to which most Britons suffer fromconstitutional angst.馬爾強調(diào)了女王作為大英帝國延續(xù)的標志給人們帶來的慰藉，這一點可能說的有些過頭了。為了那些反對現(xiàn)任政府和那些根本沒有投票的人，女王要推進民主。這個想法非常明智，但是這過度夸大了大多數(shù)英國人對現(xiàn)行體制的擔心。
But a symbol she certainly is.And in modern Britain—a restless, exhibitionist place—MrMarr s Queen Elizabeth stands out for her discretion, and for understanding that symbolsare “better off keeping mostly quiet”.There is a lesson there for her heir, the Prince of Wales,Mr Marr suggests sharply.但是女王肯定是一個標志。在現(xiàn)代英國—處于一個焦躁不安，要出風頭的位置—馬爾筆下的伊麗莎白二世以她的謹慎而名，也深知作為標志性的人物“最好保持沉默”。馬爾毫不留情的指出，對于她的繼承人--威爾士親王來說，還有許多經(jīng)驗需要學習。
Mr Marr palpably likes the queen, whether for touring the country to greet and thank peoplemostly ignored by “London power brokers”, or for relaxing when her work is done with “aglass of something cheerful”.Yet liking is not really the point.In Mr Marr s words, there isonly a little space, though “an interesting space”, between the queen and the woman wholives her life.Her calling gives her meaning.She “is what she does”.能感覺的出來，馬爾是欣賞女王的。不論是出訪全國會見問候被““倫敦權(quán)勢掮客”忽略的人們，還是完成“很滿意的工作” 之后的放松。然而喜好無關(guān)緊要。用馬爾的話來說，在女王和過普通生活的女子之間只有一點點的距離，盡管這個距離很“有趣”。女王應(yīng)有的使命感賦予了她意義。女王的言行舉止即代表了女王。
Mr Marr s sober conclusion feels right.To adapt the queen s one-liner: for all that thespectacle and unattainable glamour of royalty still fascinates , forBritain s jubilee monarch the show is a means to an end.Being seen is about being believed.馬爾發(fā)人深省的結(jié)論可能是正確的。為了改編了女王一脈相承的生活：所有的規(guī)模宏大的慶典和難以企及的皇室魅力仍然散發(fā)著強大的吸引力，對于已經(jīng)登基了六十周年的英國女可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
王來說這場秀可能是一個結(jié)束。所見即所信。
第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語完形填空模擬題
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2018年可銳考研英語完形填空模擬題
（一）Text1．
Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon.The first civilisations arose____________(1)water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge__________(2)man’s ingenuity.The Egyptians invented the 365___________(3)calendar in response___________(4)the Nile’s annual flooding.The Babylonians, who were among ___________(5)most famous law-makers___________(6)antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage.Water inspired the Chinese___________(7)build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system___________(8), after nearly 2,500 years, ___________(9)still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers.But the ancients never found complete solutions ____________(10)their water problems.The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River, is also known___________(11)“China’s Sorrow”;it is so erratic and dangerous___________(12)in a single flood it has caused a million deaths.Floods harassed the great civilisation of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much__________(13)its land.Today____________(14)dominates man as it always has___________(15).Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities;its tempestuous variability can kill ___________(16)or his herds or his crops;its routes link him to____________(17)fellows;its immense value may add___________(18)already dangerous political conflicts.There are many examples__________(19)this in our___________(20)time.參考答案：
1.where 2.to 3.day 4.to 5.the 6.of/in 7.to 8.which/that 9.is/remains 10.to 11.as 12.that 13.of 14.it/water 15.done 16.him/man 17.his 18.to 19.of 20.own
Text2．
SectionⅠ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1 agreed upon among linguists, this 2 covers four important aspects: system, arbitrary, symbol and vocal.It is a system, 3 linguistic elements are arranged systematically, 4 chaotically.Its being a system ensures a common 5 on which the users can 6 it and understand it.Arbitrary, in the 7 that there is usually without 8 connection between a word(dog, for instance)and the thing referred to by the word “dog”.A 9 from Shakespeare would make a good example: “a rose by any other name 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
would smell as sweet?！?That is why there are 10 languages in the world, with so many different sounds and writings, all of which 11 more or less the same meanings.It is symbolic, because words(writings/pictogram)are associated 12 objects, concepts, actions, by nothing more than 13.In other words, language users 14 the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize 15 they wish to convey.It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary 16 for all human languages.17 systems developed much later than the spoken forms.This recognition can be proved by the fact 18 every normal human can 19 in a certain language but not 20 is able to write。
1.[A] Presumably [B] Broadly [C] Incidentally [D] Cheerfully
2.[A] interference [B] access [C] impact [D] definition
3.[A] since [B] if [C] unless [D] while
4.[A] other than [B] now that [C] rather than [D] except that
5.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] ground [D] reform
6.[A] grasp [B] urge [C] oblige [D] assess
7.[A] cost [B] sense [C] sight [D] risk
8.[A] paradoxical [B] continuous [C] incompatible [D] intrinsic
9.[A] maintenance [B] quotation [C] existence [D] survival
10.[A] complex [B] racial [C] numerous [D] prominent
11.[A] bind [B] carry [C] restrain [D] sustain
12.[A] to [B] from [C] by [D] with
13.[A] convention [B] conviction [C]conservation [D] consensus
14.[A] substitute [B] wreck [C] employ [D] propel
15.[A] when [B] that [C] which [D] what
16.[A] version [B] weapon [C] contest [D] medium
17.[A] Recording [B] Decoding [C] Writing [D] Quoting
18.[A] that [B] whereas [C] which [D] once 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
19.[A] speak [B] talk [C] say [D] put
20.[A] necessarily [B] generally [C] hardly [D] confusedly
參考答案
SectionⅠ Use of English(10 points)
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A
全文翻譯
語言是人類用來交際的任意性的語音符號的體系。這是語言學家們普遍認同的定義。它包含四個重要概念：系統(tǒng)性，任意性，符號性以及語音性。語言是一個體系，因為語言成分是有條理地而不是凌亂地拼湊在一起。因為語言有體系，使用者就有共同處，便于掌握和理解。說語言是任意性的，意思是，某個詞(如“狗”)與它所指的物體之間通常沒有本質(zhì)的內(nèi)在的固有的聯(lián)系。援引莎氏的一句名言很能說明，“一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字，聞起來都是一樣香。”所以，世界上有如此眾多不同的語音和書面文圖，其含義都略同或相同。說語言是符號，因為詞語跟客觀世界的物體，行動，想法等的聯(lián)系是約定俗成的。換言之，人們用一定的音和語言形式去象征地表達和交流事物。語言是有聲的，是因為語音或口頭對于全人類的語言都是第一性的，文字是第二性的。這種觀點可從下列事實得到證明：所有正常人都能講一種語言，但并不一定能寫它。
Text3．
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection.__4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.__5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
of blessing.Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common.Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1.A.by way of
B.with regard to
C.on behalf of
D.as well as 2.A.decide on
B.provide for
C.compete with
D.adapt to 3.A.close
B.arrange
C.renew
D.Postpone 4.A.In theory
B.Above all
C.In time
D.For example 5.A.Unless
B.Less
C.After
D.Although 6.A.into
B.within
C.from
D.through 7.A.or
B.since
C.but
D.so
8.A.test
B.copy
C.recite
D.create 9.A.folding
B.piling
C.wrapping
D.tying 10.A.passing
B.lighting
C.hiding
D.serving
11.A.association B.meeting
C.collection
D.union 12.A.deal
B.part
C.grow
D.live 13.A.whereas
B.until
C.for
D.if
14.A.avoid
B.follow
C.challenge
D.obtain
15.A.isolated
B.persuaded
C.viewed
D.exposed 16.A.wherever
B.whatever
C.whenever
D.However 17.A.changed
B.brought
C.shaped
D.pushed 18.A.invested
B.divided
C.donated
D.withdrawn 19.A.warms
B.clears
C.shows
D.breaks 20.A.while
B.so that
C.once
D.in that
1.[標準答案] [D]as well as
[考點分析] 本題考察邏輯關(guān)系
[選項分析] 因為考察邏輯關(guān)系，所以需要我們先對填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身處大環(huán)境not only?..but also之中，這是一個明顯的并列關(guān)系，表示“不僅??而且??”該空與前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列關(guān)系，表示“與他本人以及伴侶的父母朋友相關(guān)” 所以答案只能是D.as well as.A.by way of通過 B.with regard to 關(guān)于 C.on behalf of 代表
2.[標準答案] [A] decide on
[考點分析] 上下文語義
[選項分析] 根據(jù)該句的主語a young man與賓語a likely spouse的關(guān)系，答案只能是A.decide on 決定。表示自己決定自己的對象。B.provide for 為??提供準備 C.compete with與??競爭 D.adapt to適用
3.[標準答案] [B]arrange
[考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞辨析
[選項分析] 該句意思為，他可以自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父母_____相關(guān)事務(wù)。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
四個選項中，A.close 關(guān)閉 C renew 更新；恢復 D postpone“推遲”，語義不正確，只有B arrange安排是符合語境。
4.[標準答案] [A]In theory
[考點分析] 上下文語義
[選項分析]邏輯判斷題。主要是看前后兩句的含義，前面是說“
他可以自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父母安排相關(guān)事務(wù)，或者幾乎不參與，完全讓父母選擇自己的對象。” 空格后面說“女方可以拒絕她父母所選擇的對象。”這兩句之間沒有舉例說明的關(guān)系，且有一個may，更證明A.In theory的正確性。而其他選項 B.Above all 最重要的是，C.In time 準時 D.For example舉例，均不符合題意。
5.[標準答案] [C]After
[考點分析] 上下文語義
[選項分析]根據(jù)下文“______a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other??”知道，只有對象選擇好后，父母才會去調(diào)查研究對方的背景。所以只有after才對。其他選項A.Unless 除非，否則 B.Lest 以免，唯恐 D.Although 盡管 都不符合題意。
6．[標準答案] [A]into
[考點分析] 上下文語義及介詞詞義辨析
[選項分析] 這里主要是看marry與相關(guān)介詞的固定搭配。這里marry into就是指嫁到，而其他選項均沒有這層含義。
7.[標準答案] [C]but [考點分析] 邏輯關(guān)系題 [選項分析]根據(jù)上文，說傳統(tǒng)的婚禮時間跨度很長，但是到了1980s, 婚禮只持續(xù)一天半。所以與前文發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。因此要選擇but轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。8． [標準答案] [C]recite [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 [選項分析]空格處需要填一個動詞，和后面的prayers of blessing所搭配，C選項recite 為背誦的意思，與所給短語搭配最為合理，譯為“為祈禱者做祈?！?。9． [標準答案] [D]tying [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析
[選項分析] 本題需要根據(jù)上下文語義分析，空格處需要搭配后文“棉花線頭”，縱觀四個選項[A]折疊
[B]堆積 [C]包裹 [D]系上，根據(jù)選項含義，只有D和后文的“棉花線頭”搭配最為合理。10．[標準答案] [A]passing [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
[選項分析] 本題根據(jù)選項[A]傳遞[B]點亮 [C]隱藏 [D]服務(wù)，原文空格需要填寫一個動詞與后文“around a circle”來搭配，譯為“將蠟燭傳一圈”，故[A]傳遞為正確選項。
11．[標準答案] [D]union [考點分析] 名詞詞義辨析 [選項分析] 本題根據(jù)選項[A]協(xié)會，社團[B]會議，會面 [C]集合 [D]結(jié)合。本句語義為“這些受尊敬的夫妻祈禱?”根據(jù)語境，結(jié)婚是一種夫妻二人的結(jié)合，因此，選項[D]結(jié)合更符合語境。12.[標準答案] [D]live [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析
[選項分析] 本題比較簡單。根據(jù)語義“根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)，新婚夫婦要搬到妻子父母家，與父母____一年”根據(jù)語境，應(yīng)為[D]居住為最佳答案。13．[標準答案] [B]until [考點分析] 時間邏輯關(guān)系
[選項分析] 根據(jù)原文，“_____他們在附近建造一棟新房子” [A]然而[B]直到 [C]為 [D]如果 結(jié)合語境，[B]直到最符合原文語境，搭配最為合理。14．[標準答案] [D]obtain [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 [選項分析] Divorce is legal and relatively easy to __14__, but not common.該句句意為離婚是合法的，且相對容易____.A.avoid 避免B.follow 跟隨C.chanllenge挑戰(zhàn)，質(zhì)疑D.obtain獲得。這里出現(xiàn)and,所以對于離婚這件事不可能是避免或是挑戰(zhàn)，但是跟隨和離婚之間語義不符，但是獲得離婚（的批準）是可以的。選D.15.[標準答案] [D] viewed [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 [選項分析] Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.離婚的人?一些不贊同。在段首，已經(jīng)注明離婚是合法的且相對容易得到批準，但是不常見。這說明離婚在現(xiàn)實中肯定是不太受到人們的歡迎的。而接下來這句就說離婚的人?一些不贊同。再看選項：A.isolated孤立 B.persuaded勸說C.viewed看做 D.exposed接觸，受到?的影響 C選項固定搭配被認為，放進。
16.[標準答案] [B]whatever [考點分析] 語法
[選項分析Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, 17個空對應(yīng)的都是動詞，所以該句意思為：夫婦雙方保有?財產(chǎn)，這個財產(chǎn)是他或她?(動詞)進婚姻的。結(jié)合選項A whenever“無論何地；任何（地方）=any place where(定從)”。B whatever“無論什么；任何（東西）=anything that/any+N that”。C whenever無論何時；任何（時間=any time when）D however 無論如何；無論多么。根據(jù)語義，這里應(yīng)該不是讓步的關(guān)系,而可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
且填的這個詞還要能修飾property。因此，選擇B =retains any property that he or she ?.17.[標準答案] [B]brought [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞義辨析
[選項分析] Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage,結(jié)合選項A changed“改變”。B brought “帶來”。C shaped“形成” D pushed“推，逼迫”。結(jié)合語境只有B符合，把財產(chǎn)帶入婚姻。18.[標準答案] [B]divided [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞義辨析
[選項分析] ?and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.結(jié)合選項A invested投資.[B]divided平分 [C] donated 捐贈[D]withdrawn撤出，提取。根據(jù)語義應(yīng)該是共同財產(chǎn)被（夫妻雙方）平分。
19.[標準答案] [C]shows [考點分析] 動詞固定搭配 [選項分析] Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.該句語義為離過婚的人或許會再婚，但是性別偏見?。結(jié)合選項A.warm（up）加熱 B.clear(up)變晴C.show(up)顯現(xiàn)D.break（up）分裂，分開；，顯然C是正確選項。
20.[標準答案] [A]while [選項分析] 上下文語義 [考點分析] 很明顯的兩類人的對比比較關(guān)系。只能選擇while.
第五篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選
可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選
（九）The view from the top, and bottom
老板與員工的意見分歧
Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板們認為公司對員工關(guān)懷備至，但其下屬卻不以為然。
AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.隨著沃爾瑪發(fā)展成為全球最大零售商，其員工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆規(guī)則的限制。
Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃爾瑪已經(jīng)認識到其以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化過于死板，無法應(yīng)對全球化和科技變革所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。
and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃爾瑪正嘗試逐漸培養(yǎng)一種以價值觀為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化，在這種文化中，員工了解公司的主張，所以能夠得到公司的信任，去做他們認為正確的事情。
Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.價值觀念 是管理學思維最新的熱門話題。
PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可樂公司已開始宣揚一個信條： 目的性績效。
Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龍在自己的商標上印上 ‘人類體能 的供應(yīng)商 的字樣，盡管它大概并非真的希望你用人力車代步。
Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
幾乎每一家大型企業(yè)都宣稱自身正在發(fā)展更為關(guān)懷體貼、合乎道德的企業(yè)文化。
A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一項新的研究顯示，實際情況與商家們所標榜的有差距。
Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同時也是《怎么做到的?》
a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士頓研究集團進行這項 國家治理、文化和領(lǐng)導能力評估 的研究，該研究是以對來自公司各個級別的數(shù)千位美國雇員的調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)的。
It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有43%的調(diào)查對象對其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指揮為基礎(chǔ)、自上而下的管理模式或強制式的領(lǐng)導——塞德曼先生稱之為 盲目服從型。
The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的調(diào)查對象，即有54%的人認為其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的領(lǐng)導也有技巧可言，只是規(guī)則繁多并存在軟硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生稱這種為 知情服從型。
Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的調(diào)查對象屬于 自我管理型，即每個員工都被一套 核心原則和價值 所引導，這套原則和價值激勵每個員工以公司的宗旨為中心進行工作。
The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)一些證據(jù)，證明這些公司文化之間的差異事關(guān)重大。
Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服從型企業(yè)中，幾乎有過半數(shù)員工都稱在前一年目睹過有違職業(yè)道德的行為，而在其他類型的企業(yè)中只有四分之一的員工有此經(jīng)歷。
Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服從型企業(yè)中只有約四分之一的員工說他們可能會揭發(fā)這種行為，而在自我管理型企業(yè)中卻有90%的員工會進行揭發(fā)。
Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同樣，上下級之間缺乏信任會抑制員工創(chuàng)新。
More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超過90%的員工承認 絕妙的想法很容易會被公司采納，選擇性順從型公司中也有三分之二的員工這樣認為。
At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服從型公司中，持這種想法的人少于五分之一。
Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)老板們時常對自己瞎掰的那一套信以為真，即便員工們不以為然。
Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板們相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通員工高八倍。
Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大約27%的老板認為自己公司的員工能夠被公司所激勵。
Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的員工同意此說?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同樣，41%的老板稱其公司對績效的獎勵是建基于價值觀之上的，而不僅是業(yè)績。
Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的員工接受此說。
二．
A big, bad business
點肥成金不現(xiàn)實
Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments
制藥公司試圖從減肥治療中獲利
OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖癥對某些人來說是傳染病，對別的一些人來說則是機遇。
More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超過三分之二的美國人已經(jīng)超重。
Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找個辦法和肥胖對抗，說必定就此大賺一筆。
On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找個辦法和肥胖對抗，說必定就此大賺一筆。
A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制藥公司朝著這個目標前進了一步。給美國食品藥物管理局做咨詢的一家委員會推薦，Vivus公司的減肥藥Qnexa。
However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
但是，如果獲得批準，該藥品的漫長的最終肯定直到四月份才會到來。
The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人們，這是一場點肥成金的抗爭。
Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制藥和醫(yī)療器械公司非常善于解決肥胖帶來的問題。
However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他們無法幫助消費者戰(zhàn)勝肥胖本身，減少體重。
This is not for lack of trying.這不是因為缺乏嘗試。
Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束帶為例。
Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治療手術(shù)可以幫助患者在較長的時間內(nèi)減少體重。醫(yī)院就是從這些減肥療程中賺錢，包括胃繞道手術(shù)，但是胃部束帶卻是一個罕見的例子，被當成一個器械制造商用來從減肥中賺錢的法子。
Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以銷售肉毒桿菌而出名，嘗試用產(chǎn)品Lap-Band打入減肥市場。
It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松緊帶，外科醫(yī)生可以用它繞住患者胃的上部，這樣患者會提前有腹飽感。
Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束帶和充氣袋市場占有率達70%，但是如今銷量卻有所下降。
The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.經(jīng)濟不景氣讓消費者忍住做昂貴的手術(shù)的欲望。
Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至連束帶也不用了，因為束帶打滑或者沒有效果。
Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美國食品藥物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保險公司卻拒絕付款。
In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席執(zhí)行官David Pyott說，他將放棄在年輕人束帶市場的努力。
He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前試圖讓保險公司也看到Lap-Band的優(yōu)點，他認為兩萬美元手術(shù)費可以在四年之內(nèi)通過減少醫(yī)療支出收回。
There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人懷疑他是否能成功：“事實上使用束帶不必胃繞道手術(shù)好，所有人都知道，除了束帶的公關(guān)公司，”馬薩諸塞州中心醫(yī)院體重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是說。
Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制藥公司的麻煩甚至比醫(yī)療器械公司的還要多。
It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.從美國食品藥物管理局批準減肥藥為處方藥到如今已經(jīng)過了十三年?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn
That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士羅氏制藥公司的Xenical臭名昭著，該藥會引發(fā)胃腸功能的副作用。
The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美國食品藥物管理局于2010年拒絕批準Vivus公司的Qnexa，因為擔心該藥對孕婦的安全造成傷害，擔心該藥會加快患者的心率。
Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的數(shù)據(jù)顯然讓管理局的咨詢委員會滿意。
However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是該局還是可能拒絕批準該藥。
Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa獲得批準，患者會不會買賬仍不明了。
Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa結(jié)合了兩種市面上上有的療效。
Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.這兩種藥物都是非專利藥，這說明醫(yī)生可能會給患者開已有的藥而不選擇Qnexa，后者更貴。
For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前為止，治療肥胖患者還是要比讓他們減肥更有利可圖。
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