第一篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語

專有名詞

金融市場：financial market收入分配：the distribution of income

政府(支出、政策、債券)：government(spending、policy、bond)

預算赤字：budget deficit貿(mào)易模式：the patterns of trade

發(fā)展中國家：developing country市場機制：the market mechanism

經(jīng)濟周期：business cycle經(jīng)濟擴張：business expansion

大蕭條：the Great Depression零和博弈：zero-sum game

后此謬誤：The Post Hoc Fallacy合成繆誤：The Fallacy of Composition

國民生產(chǎn)總值(GNP)：the gross national product

名義和實際：nominal and real可支配收入：disposable income

留存盈余：retained earning需求總供給：the aggregate demand and supply

轉(zhuǎn)移支付：transfer outlay宏觀政策手段：Macroeconomic Policy Levers

自由貿(mào)易：free trade貨幣政策財政政策：monetary policy and fiscal policy公開市場操作：open market operation法定準備金率：reserve requirement

再貼現(xiàn)率：discount rates通貨膨脹：actual inflation

充分就業(yè)：full employment經(jīng)濟增長：rapid growth of output

價格穩(wěn)定：price stability(移動、固定)匯率：(free、fixed)exchange rate

絕對優(yōu)勢：absolute advantage比較優(yōu)勢理論：the principle of comparative advantage

機會成本：opportunity cost生產(chǎn)可能邊界：production possibility

不兌現(xiàn)紙幣：fiat money聯(lián)邦儲存系統(tǒng)：The Federal Reserve system

聯(lián)邦公開市場委員會(FOMC)：The Federal Open Market Committee

短期交替: a short-run tradeoff活期存款：demand deposit

資產(chǎn)負債表：T-account百分百儲存銀行：100-Percent-Reserve Banking

貨幣乘數(shù)：the money multiplier超額準備金：excess reserve

法律合同：a legal contract邀約和接受：offer and acceptance

人事保險：life insurance投機風險：speculative risk

單邊過程：a one-sided process最大限度利用：make the most of

不可再生資源：nonrenewable energy工業(yè)革命：the Industrial Revolution

限定價格：price fix內(nèi)幕交易：inside trade

常識：common sense公益機構(gòu)：a nonprofit organization

飽受損失：exposure to loss藝術(shù)博物館：art museum

會計事務(wù)所：accounting firm年報：annual report

租賃服務(wù)：rental service經(jīng)驗和直覺：experience and intuition

市場細分：market segment目標市場：target market

品牌忠誠度：brand loyalty以收入水平為基礎(chǔ)：on the basis of income level

肯接受的準確性：acceptable accuracy市場潛力：market potential

操作系統(tǒng)：operating system臨床研究：clinical study

馬斯諾的需要層次論：Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory

自然災害：natural disaster有的放矢：plunge right in

第二篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語

倫敦人民幣交易量大幅上升

金融時報2013-10-09

London has strengthened its position as a global hub for offshore renminbi, as new market players drive a rapid rise in international trading of the Chinese currency.倫敦強化了其作為離岸人民幣全球中心的地位。新的市場參與者推動人民幣國際交易快速增長。

The UK capital, the world’s dominant centre for foreign exchange

transactions, accounts for per cent of renminbi trading conducted outside China and Hong Kong.That 62 compares with 54 per cent in January, the data from payments group Swift show.支付集團Swift的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，作為世界上首屈一指的外匯交易中心，英國首都目前在中國內(nèi)地和香港以外的人民幣交易中占了62%的比重，高于1月份的54%。London’s increased market share came largely at the expense of Singapore, although the US, France and Switzerland all lost ground.Analysts said the city’s standing as the main global centre for trading the US dollar and the euro makes it the natural home for renminbi trading outside Hong Kong.倫敦新增的市場份額主要是從新加坡奪取的，而美國、法國和瑞士也都失去了一些份額。分析師們表示，倫敦作為全球美元和歐元交易主要中心的地位，使其自然成為香港以外人民幣交易的首選場所。

Volumes in London are about $5bn a day, up from about $2.5bn at this time last year.Renminbi trading in Hong Kong has also continued to rise rapidly, from about $8bn in daily volume at the end of 2012 to as much as $13bn, says HSBC.倫敦的人民幣日交易量目前達到大約50億美元，而去年此時只有25億美元左右。匯豐(HSBC)表示，香港的人民幣交易也在繼續(xù)快速增長，日交易量從2012年底的大約80億美元增至130億美元左右。

Overall trading volumes in the renminbi have risen 113 per cent this year, according to Swift, overtaking the Swedish krona, the South Korean won and the Russian rouble in the global league table.據(jù)Swift介紹，今年人民幣總交易量已增長113%，在全球榜單上超越瑞典克朗、韓元和俄羅斯盧布。

Ju Wang, Asian currency strategist at HSBC, said the expansion in renminbi trading had been driven by a wave of deregulation, the emergence of trading centres and fresh sources of demand.匯豐亞洲外匯策略師王菊表示，推動人民幣交易量擴大的因素包括：一連串放松管制的措施、若干交易中心的形成，以及新的需求來源。

“We see a lot of new players, like hedge funds, as well as corporates, who use the renminbi for hedging purposes,” said Ms Wang, who added that central banks and private bank clients had also shown strong interest.“我們看到很多新的參與者，比如對沖基金，還有企業(yè)，他們將人民幣用于對沖

目的，”王菊表示。她補充稱，各國央行和私人銀行客戶也表現(xiàn)出極大興趣。The rise in trading chimes with the long-term goal of Chinese policy makers to internationalise their currency.Taiwan this year became the second place outside mainland China where renminbi transactions could be settled directly, with Singapore following soon after.The People’s Bank of China has signed currency swap agreements, including with the Bank of England.人民幣交易量的增長與中國政策制定者推動人民幣國際化的長遠目標是一致的。今年，臺灣成為中國大陸以外第二個能夠直接結(jié)算人民幣交易的地方，新加坡也在不久后做到這一點。中國央行已簽署多項貨幣互換(互惠外匯信貸)協(xié)議，包括與英國央行(Bank of England)達成的此類協(xié)議。

The loosening of investment restrictions has widened the options for those holding renminbi as part of broader financial reforms.In March,regulators gave international money managers the freedom to choose how to invest renminbi holdings onshore.放松投資限制作為整體金融改革的一部分，拓寬了人民幣持有者的選擇范圍。今年3月，監(jiān)管機構(gòu)讓國際基金管理公司自由選擇如何投資在岸人民幣。

Ms Wang said that the recently opened Shanghai free-trade zone would likely lead to a pick-up in trading, although what would be possible inside the zone has yet to be made clear.匯豐的王菊表示，最近成立的上海自貿(mào)區(qū)有望推動人民幣交易量進一步增長，盡管官方尚未闡明自貿(mào)區(qū)內(nèi)具體能夠從事哪些活動。

The data back up trends seen in a Bank of International Settlements survey that showed that the renminbi’s share of trading volume jumped from 0.9 per cent in 2010 to 2.2 per cent in 2013.Swift’s numbers suggest much of that increase occurred this year.交易量數(shù)據(jù)與國際清算銀行(BIS)一項調(diào)查所顯示的趨勢吻合。該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，人民幣在外匯交易量中所占比重已從2010年的0.9%躍升至2013年的2.2%。Swift的數(shù)據(jù)似乎表明，相當大一部分增長發(fā)生在今年。

Although renminbi volumes remain small compared with the US dollar and the euro, it is fast gaining ground on the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc.雖然人民幣交易量與美元和歐元相比仍很小，但它正在快速趕上加拿大元和瑞士法郎。

第三篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語詞組

Invest in 投資于inquiry sheet 詢價表

Bring together 集合terms of payment 支付方式

Fall short of 缺乏firm offer 實盤

Take advantage of 利用sight draft 即期匯票

Go own 下降be subject to 以…為準Carry on 開展a favorable price 優(yōu)惠價格

Time consuming 耗費時間captioned goods 標題所列商品prompt shipment 即期裝運

Stand a good chance 很有可能ready market 暢銷渠道

Join venture 合資企業(yè)shipping document 貨運單證

Equality and mutual benefit平等互利conclude a deal 成交

Registered capital 注冊資金induplicate 一式兩份

Property right 產(chǎn)權(quán)in position to do sth 能夠做

Red tape 繁瑣的手續(xù)place an order with 訂購

Capital goods 資本品negotiate business商談生意

Profits and losses 盈虧for the sake of 為了

Total investments 總投資sign contract 簽訂合同

Board of directors 私有財產(chǎn)for one’s reference 供參考

Work efficiency 工作效率long to do sth 渴望

Foreign exchange 外匯be inclined to 傾向于

Appeal to 有吸引力的main board 主板

Global economy 全球經(jīng)濟trial sale 試銷

Be aware of 意識到insurance premium 保險費

Associated with 與…有關(guān)lodge a claim 提出索賠

Raw materials 原料insurance policy 保險單

Bing in 引進FPA平安險WPA 水漬險

Contribute to 貢獻additional risks 附加險

Technology transfer 技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓special additional risks 特殊附加險

Technical co-operation 技術(shù)合作Fall flat 完全失敗

Personnel training 人員培訓

Process technology 加工技術(shù)

Direct investment 直接投資

Down payment 定金

Head office 總部

Commodity housing 商品房

Real estate 房地產(chǎn)

Competent department 職能部門

Terms and condition 貿(mào)易條款

Non-firm office 虛盤

Sales literature 銷售宣傳品

Figure out 計算出

Trial order 試定單

From stock 現(xiàn)貨

a wide variety of 各種各樣

arts and crafts 工藝

第四篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語 創(chuàng)業(yè)者

經(jīng)貿(mào)英語 國貿(mào)班 張涵爽 1112900091

Considering the characteristics of enterpreneurs, I have right to

speak.Because my uncle Wang has just joined in a corporation to be a franchisee.He is kind of enterprenuer and now he takes charge of a restaurant successfully.Among these characteristics of enterprenuers,I think I can hold a few ,for example,I believe in myself and often cheer myself up before doing things.I can hold my confidence tightly.Moreover,I’m responsible for my jobs, as my mom told,I always do my utmost to guarantee the quality of the works,now that you do it,never take the work too easily and do your best.If I use this trait for enterprenuership,I will seek superlative and perfection for my jobs,until I reach my final goal,which will be my energy and belief on my way to success.As a matter of fact,I’m creative,inquisitive and ethusiastic.In a word,I’m full of energy and I look like a child,always question much and give some interesting ideas and joks as well.Just like my friend says,to be with me,you don’t have to be worried that it’s so boring and you meet surprises anytime and anywhere,sometimes I will be seen as a mad or crazy person,but this characristic really benefit me a lot when I communicate with others,even strangers can be my friend after a while.But I have to point out that I ‘m lack of some important traits,which makes me appreciate those enterprenuers and cannot be one.They are

persistant,risk-taking,restless,goal-oriented and action-oriented characistics.I have to admit that I’m the one who pursues dreams and thinks much of experiences rather than the final results.As long as I participate in and I do what I can,the results are useless for me.In my eyes,process is more important than the result.I have to say that to be an enterprenuer is really not easy.You may meet troubles and obstacles anywhere,but you can not go down on your kneels.Because no pain,no gain.After analysising my advantages and disadvantages,I know it’s a long way for me to fight for my final dream,and right now I have capture one chance to make it,and I would keep going and avoid those shortages to my best！Thanks for watching.——張涵爽1112900091

第五篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)合同英語

近三年來，我給英語系四年級學生講授對外經(jīng)貿(mào)英語及合同寫作的選修課。我發(fā)現(xiàn)學生們對 這門課感到困難的地方倒不在于對外經(jīng)貿(mào)方面的知識，也不在專業(yè)詞匯的理解和記憶，因為有些專

業(yè)詞匯比中文還好記，比如forward-trading一詞，從英文字義上講是將來的交易，便很快就會明 白，是指中文的“期貨交易”，英文比中文還好理解。同樣forward exchange是指“遠期外匯”,for-ward exchange rate就是“遠期匯率”等等。學生們感到困難的是經(jīng)貿(mào)文件、對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同中英語的 語言現(xiàn)象。對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同、法律文件，在句子結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞、及動詞時態(tài)上都具有自身的特點和規(guī)律，不

掌握這些特點就難以讀懂對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同及具有法律意義的文件，翻譯時覺得難以理順，要想擬訂 一份合同更是覺得無從下手，寸步難行。為幫助學生解決這些凝難，本文就經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件的語言特

點作初步探討。

對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件的形式有:協(xié)議書、合同條款、銀行保函、信用證、裝運單據(jù)等等，這些均屬于

法律文件。法律文件具有用詞準確、規(guī)范、多用法律用語、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、句子較長等特點。

一、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、句式較長

由于是法律文件，要求我們在起草每一條款時必須做到準確、嚴密、清楚、易解，要避免模棱兩

可，似是而非，含糊不清。既要防止遣漏，又要堵絕有隨意增添的可能性，這樣才能避免日后因語言

上的疏忽而相互發(fā)生爭議。要在一個句子中把某件事面面點到，又要嚴密到滴水不漏，無隙可擊，勢

必造成英語長句結(jié)構(gòu)。常常是插入語接插入語，從句中套從句，一連套若于個從句，下面這句英文，摘自銀行履約保函，我們作一些分析，便可一斑見豹。

Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and mean-ing thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the dam-ages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guauantee then this obli-gation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alter-ation in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed complet-ed，and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the engi-veer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.這句話由170個詞構(gòu)成，只用了一個逗號，由if。:,but等連接詞把幾層意思連成一個整體。為了便于分析，闡述，筆者將原句分成幾個部分，并簡稱各部分為a,b,c.d，我們先看a部分:Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such

a部分是句子的主要部分，比較簡單，除the above-written及such具有合同文件語言特點外，其它部分與普通英語表達別無兩樣，如果不是寫在合同條款里，就可以寫成:

Now the Condition of the Guaratee is that…

在英語里用定冠詞“the”已有限定作用，限定Guarantee保證書，但合同語言為了更明確限定 “Guarantee”又以above-written分詞短語作強調(diào)限定?！盨uch”在此部分中也是進一步限定that引

起的表語從句。

b部分的原文如下，也即第一個if從句:

that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and meaning therelf

如果按一般非文件體寫，可以寫成:

if the Contractor duly perform all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the Con-tract

英語if條件從句的將來時應(yīng)由現(xiàn)在時代替，可此句中duly前面卻用“shall”來表示動詞的時 態(tài)，這個shall屬合同語言的特點，shall在這里表明主語Contractor應(yīng)盡責任。文中又以O(shè)bserve 和perform兩個并列動詞，對主語行為職責規(guī)定得非常清楚，使日后不會因為職權(quán)不清而產(chǎn)生糾 紛。b部分的后半部分僅以“of the said Contract”來限定provisions Conditions and stipulations還 覺得不夠明確，又補以on the Confractor's part to be performed and Observed把責任限定到合同 中規(guī)定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有條款，條件及規(guī)定，繼爾又以according to the true purport intent and meaning thereof明確指出承包人履行這些條款條件及規(guī)定的根據(jù)。這樣就以三 個介詞短語和一個不定式短語把前后兩部分嚴密地組織在一起，把承包人對于合同應(yīng)承擔的責任 作為此保證書有效的一個條件講得清清楚楚。本部分中出現(xiàn)的thereof及d部分中出現(xiàn)的thereun-der等都是文件用詞，后文有專門論述。

C部分原文是:

or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sus-tained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect

C部分以。r if引出另一種可能性，如果承包人不執(zhí)行所規(guī)定的條款如何?則保證人應(yīng)負有賠 償業(yè)主損失的責任。原文在闡述這一層意思時既簡明又嚴密。僅用on default就省去了條件從句，接著對于賠償金額以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee給于明確規(guī)定，使違約者無 可抵賴，也無從討價還價，以保證書上的數(shù)目為準。后又接then引出賠償后，保證書將何去何從?以

shall be null and void這樣一個法律用語來宣告保證書對于責任保證作用已無效。然，又以but otherwise假設(shè)出另一種相反的情況，也就是同一問題的另一個方面。此部分語言十分精練，以oth-

er-wise代替了一個完整的條件從句，主句的主語也省略，以be和remain來強調(diào)保證書具有的全

部效力。C部分把如果承包人違約的兩種情況，兩種結(jié)果，說得滴水不漏。

d部分的原文是:

but no alteration in terms of the said Contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed，completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forgearance or forgiveness in or in re-spect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guar-antee.d部分較長，以but引出一個并列句。句子長主要是由于對三個并列主語的修飾、限制部分較 多，如果簡而言之的話，原句可以縮簡為:

no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor from any liability.這樣一簡寫能使我們的學生很快看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄明白這一部分的主要內(nèi)容，但作為合同文件，必

須把主語的三個部分的事項、范圍、程度規(guī)定得一清二楚。所以三個主語都分別以若干個介詞短語

和不定式短語加以限定，且用n。的名詞否定形式比用動詞的否定式更具有法律的權(quán)威性，謂語部

分又以“in ,any ,way'‘加強力度，以under the above-written Guarantee限定職責范圍。原文中b,c,d三部分把a部分的condition條件作了嚴密的闡述。監(jiān)于一條款文需要就某個問題講清楚，要排

除不必要的情況，限定所需的情況，這就需要有許多起限定作用的介詞短語，分詞短語、起排除或附

加作用的插入語、假設(shè)各種情況發(fā)生的從句，這樣一來，勢必造成長句，學生初步接觸時往往感到困

難重重。其實句子結(jié)構(gòu)如同房子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄不清一座大樓的結(jié)構(gòu)，就會在樓里轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去出不來，所以掌

握合同文件的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，是讀懂合同，譯好合同，寫好各種合同的重要一環(huán)。

歸納上述分析，要理出句子結(jié)構(gòu)首先要找出主句的主語謂語部分，先去掉與之相關(guān)的各種限制

短語或從句，再找出并列句或主從句之間的連接詞，把并列部分或從屬部分進行適當切割，再對每一切割部分進行上述過程的分解，就可縷順各部分之間的關(guān)系。這就好比看一棵大樹，要從樹枝樹

葉上弄清各自關(guān)系很難，首先從根部找到樹干，再把各大支干取下，支干中的小枝再取下，就可弄清

這棵大樹枝枝葉葉之間的關(guān)系。

提供下列譯文，以便參考

茲將履行上述書面保證書的條件規(guī)定如下:如果承包人切實履行并遵守所簽署的上述合同中

規(guī)定的承包人一方按合同的真實旨意(實際目的)意圖(向)和含義所應(yīng)履行和遵守的所有條款、條

件及規(guī)定或者如果承包人違約，則保證人應(yīng)賠償業(yè)主因此而蒙受的損失，直至到達上述保證金額，屆時，本保證書所承擔的義務(wù)即告終止，否則保證書仍保持完全效力，但所簽合同條款的改變或?qū)?/p>

工程的施工、完成及根據(jù)合同修補其缺陷的性質(zhì)和范圍的任何變更，以及業(yè)主或工程師根據(jù)上述合同給于的時間寬限或上述工程師方面對上述合同合同有關(guān)事宜所做的任何容忍或?qū)捤?，均不解?/p>

保證人所承擔的上述保證書規(guī)定的義務(wù)

二、用詞特點(wording /Diction)

對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件在用詞上要求準確，簡潔，常常同義詞連用，多用法律條文用詞。

1)簡潔

英語中的某些副詞如“here“"there“以及“where'‘在法律文件中往往當作前輟，與另一個詞

構(gòu)

成一個正式法律語匯中的副詞，在法律文件中用這些詞，可以避免重復，使行文準確、簡潔。這些詞

有:

hereafter，hereby，herein，hereinafter，hereinbefore，hereof，hereto，hereunder，hereupon，herewith;thereafter，thereby，therefrom，therein，thereinafter，thereinbefore，thereon，there-of，thereunder，thereunupon，therewith;

whereas，whereby，wherein，whereof，whereon etc.現(xiàn)在我們舉例說明這些詞所起的準確、簡潔作用:

例一:The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.句中兩處用了thereof，都表示of the conditions很顯然part thereof, the interpretation or construction thereof，分別比part of the coditions和in the interpretation or construction of the conditions要簡潔得多，尤其是兩者中的后者，以一個字取代了八個字的短語。in the interpretation

or construction thereof or of the Contract(在合同條件或合同本身的解釋中)，這里的thereof只能

是指“合同條件的”，而合同本身則用of the Contract，可見用詞之準確，使人無法鉆詞義間的細微

差別之隙做文章。

例二:The form of this Contract:

This Contract shall be in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto and shall have two copies each kept by the parties hereto for record.此句有兩處用hereto，都表示the Parties to the Contract(合同雙方)。在這樣短的句中，1如

果，不用’'hereto'‘來代替to the Contract，那么在這一短句子里就會出現(xiàn)四個’'the Contract'‘一詞。

顯然使用hereto使句子準確、簡潔，避免重復。

2)同義詞連用

英語中許多詞具有一詞多義的特點。要使法律文件中英語用詞準確，不被誤解，避免不必要的爭議，在寫法律文件時，對一些關(guān)鍵性的詞采取同義詞連用的辦法，以確保其不被曲解。盡管從形式

上來看是一種羅嗦，有時顯得繁鎖，然而這樣以詞的重復形式，保證了內(nèi)容上的準確無誤，維護了法

律文件的獨解性尊嚴。

我們還是舉例說明。

例一;The Bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and subnission of its bid and(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer),will in no case be responsible or liable for these costs，regardless of the conduct or outcome of the bidding process.此句中出現(xiàn)兩對同義詞連用，第一對responsible or liable，這一對詞都是表示法律上有責任的。re-

sponsible一詞除“應(yīng)負責任的”外，還有認真的，可靠的，可信賴的等義，liable除“有(法律)責任的，有義務(wù)的”外，還有“應(yīng)受罰的，”“應(yīng)付稅的”，“應(yīng)服從的”“易于…的”等等意思。很顯然，如不采取兩

詞連用，就有可能產(chǎn)生不必要的誤解，而這兩個詞連用時，就只能取兩詞共有的意義，即“應(yīng)負有責

任?！本筒粫a(chǎn)生別解，誤解。同樣，第二對連用Conduct or outcome都含有“result“的意思，”the

conduct or outcome of the bidding process“意為“投標的結(jié)果，’，這是一對名詞同義詞的連用。例二:This contract shall at all times be subject to and governed by the General Terms and Conditions on the back hereof which are an integral part hereof.此句的譯文是:本合同服從背面所附的一般條款，該條款是本合同不可分割的一部分。從譯文可以

看出句中的subject to與governed都取其“應(yīng)服從于”和“受支配于”的意思。

例三:The Leasee, AA Plant, Shanjian(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and the Lessor,BB Lease，Tokyo(hereinafter referred to as Party B)hereby agree to make and enter into this A-greement in accordance with the following terms:

文中，make this Agreement與 enter into this Agreement同義，都表示簽訂本合同，這是同義詞的謂語動詞連用。

3)、行文中使用正式的或法律上的用詞:

由于經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件是法律性的正式書面文件，為了維護法律文件的權(quán)威性，使用那些我們平時

不常用的、法律的、正式的用詞是必要的，要掌握使用這些用詞，就要求我們多讀，多實踐。我們看看

法律用詞在行文中的作用。

例一:If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of魚e said cor些哩on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according

to the true purport intent and meaning thereof.這句話中除上面所提到的同義詞連用外，(如:terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations 都是指合同條款)有兩處使用T正式的法律用詞:the said Confract(上述合同)”the said“或“said“ 是公文體，法律文體，合同文體經(jīng)常使用，意思是“該”或“上述的”。另一詞是)”intent”意為)“inten-

tion,purpose”(意圖)intent主要用于法律語言，比intention正式。

例二:The Chairman may convene aninterim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.句中convene與interim都是正式用詞，從下面的譯文中，便可知道，這兩個詞的含義。譯文:董事長得根據(jù)三分之一董事的的提議，召集臨時董事會議。

例三:In witness whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be exe-cuted the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.文中的the day and year表示日期。“executed'‘是法律用語，較”sign“正式，在句中意為簽字生效。In

witness whereof是法律合同用語，用于合同結(jié)尾條款，意為“特立此據(jù)?！绷硪粋€是in accordance

with，意為根據(jù)，按照，同under,pursuantto一樣，都是正式用語，要比according to正式。例四:Whereas Party B will enter into a Contract for Work with Party A for the later's air

conditioning equipment，and the Parties hereto，in consideration of the mutual covenants and a-greement，do hereby agree as follows.文中covenants是法律用詞，意為legal formal agreement(法律契約),whereas也是法律用詞，意為

鑒于(considering)之意。

例五:This Agreement is made by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter called Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter called Party B)where互y the Parties hereto agree to enter into com-

pensation trade under the terms

文中whereby是法律合同用語，例六:The contractor shall

and conditions set forth below.意為”by the agreement“ ,憑此協(xié)議。

indennify and keep indemnified the Employer aga

ages and compensation，other than those for which the Employer is lible as

inst all such dam-

aforesaid，and all

claims，proceedings，damages，costs，charges，and expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in

relation thereto.文中in respect thereof是正式用語，在法律文件中常常使用。表示與本合同，本協(xié)議，本條款，本文

件有關(guān)的事，要比about,Concerning,as,reguards正式。文中的另一詞whatsoever，是whatever的強勢語，也常在法律文件中使用。

總之，正式的，法律的詞語是法律文件文體的需要，只有通過大量的實踐，才能逐漸地掌握。此

類法律正式用詞還有:

In the event that;In the event of;Provided that;Be deemed;In case;In question;Be liable for;Known All Men by these presents;Notwithstanding;Unless other，ctc.等等，就不在本文中累述。

三、若干語法現(xiàn)象

1)shall

在法律文件中shall一詞用得相當多?！眘hall”并非單純表示將來時，而是常常用來表示法律上

必須強制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)，在譯文中消譯為“應(yīng)”“應(yīng)該”“必須”。例如:

This Contract shall be written in English in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto.譯文:本合同應(yīng)以英文寫成，一式兩份，合同雙方各執(zhí)一份。

文中的shall一般不能用will或should來代替。“will'‘在法律文件中有時也用作承擔義務(wù)，但語氣

要比”shall”弱，強制力也比’'shall'‘差，在英譯中時，往往譯為“將”“愿”“要”，”should”在英語中可以

表示”“應(yīng)該”，但在法律文件中極少有”should'，表示“應(yīng)該。”關(guān)于”shall”表示“應(yīng)該”“必須”的概

念，在本文前面的例句中，頻繁出現(xiàn)，學生在練習合同寫作時，應(yīng)正確運用，筆者就不再舉例了。

2)such...as引導定語從句

我們通常用which ,who,whom, that等來引導定語從句，由于法律文件的語言要求嚴密，準

確，避免是是而非，造成誤解除，因此常用such......as作關(guān)系代詞，引導定語從句，請看:例一:The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor，from time to time, su些 supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate excution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.譯文:工程師有權(quán)隨時向承包人發(fā)出為合理和恰當施工、完成工程及維修缺陷所必須的補充圖紙和

指令。

從文中可以看出，用such“"”as來修飾supplementary Drawing and instructions要比which , that引導的定語從句來修飾嚴密，因為such“"”as分別放在s supplementary Drawing and instruc-

lions這一需要修飾的名詞詞組的一前一后，把修飾范圍死死地定住了。如果用which或taht來引

導定語從句修飾前面的名詞，就很不明確，到底修飾的是instructions還是Drawings and instruc-

lions兩者，日后可能會引起糾紛，或許有空可鉆。

例二:The Contractor shall provide on the site in connection with the execution and comple-tion of the works and the remeding of any defects therein.(a)Only such technical assistants are skilled and experienced in their respective callings and such foreman and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.譯文:承包人應(yīng)為施工，完成工程及維修缺陷向現(xiàn)場提供

(1>在本行業(yè)中技術(shù)熟練，經(jīng)驗豐富的技術(shù)助理，及能對工程施工予以正確監(jiān)督的監(jiān)工和領(lǐng)班。

文中關(guān)系代詞such“"”as所修飾的兩組名詞相隔較遠，于是用了兩個such，出現(xiàn)了such“"”and

such“"” as的形式，分別修飾technical assistants(技術(shù)助理)和foreman and leading hands(監(jiān)工 和領(lǐng)班)，這樣的語言是十分嚴謹?shù)?，這種嚴謹是法律文件所要求的。

本文只是從幾年來所從事的“對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易及合同文本的寫作的教學中，對合同文件語言的特

點作了些粗線條的研究歸納，更深入的研究、探討和總結(jié)有待于在日后的教學工作中進行。參考書目:

1)世界銀行貸款項目招標采購文件范本

中國財政經(jīng)濟出版社

2)國際招標與投標實務(wù)

中國對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易出版社

3)土木工程施工合國條件應(yīng)用指南