第一篇：關(guān)于申請比爾及梅琳達蓋茨基金會-2012

關(guān)于申請比爾及梅琳達蓋茨基金會“探索大挑戰(zhàn)”項目通知

各位老師、同學：

總金額達一億美元的“探索大挑戰(zhàn)”（Grand Challenges Explorations，簡稱“GCE”）是蓋茨基金會全球發(fā)展與健康領(lǐng)域的項目之一。它面向全球征集并資助大膽而非傳統(tǒng)性的研究計劃，旨在探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)突破性的創(chuàng)新方案，從而幫助應對那些給發(fā)展中國家人民帶來最大傷害、卻很少為人所關(guān)注的重大疾病和發(fā)展問題。

本項目鼓勵來自全球各個地區(qū)、各個學科、不同年齡的個人或組織提交申請，同時也歡迎非健康領(lǐng)域的個人、團體或企業(yè)積極參與。同時，“探索大挑戰(zhàn)”最大程度地簡化申請流程——申請者只需登錄GCE官方網(wǎng)站，在線提交兩頁紙的英文申請，并不要求提供初步研究數(shù)據(jù)資料。即使在申請國際資助上沒有任何經(jīng)驗的年輕創(chuàng)新者，也可以方便地申請。

探索大挑戰(zhàn)(GCE)支持著數(shù)百個處于早期階段的項目——包括許多此前沒有機會實踐的創(chuàng)意——以及來自廣闊學科領(lǐng)域和世界各地的專家。方案一旦入選，即可獲得蓋茨基金會十萬美元的資金支持，有望取得成果的項目還有機會申請第二輪一百萬美元的追加資助。

第九輪申請現(xiàn)已啟動，本輪征集主題請參閱《比爾及梅琳達蓋茨基金會“探索大挑戰(zhàn)”項目申請指南》。申請的截止時間為北京時間2012年05月16日凌晨2:30（美國太平洋時間05月15日中午11:30）。

歡迎老師與同學們踴躍申請！

如欲了解探索大挑戰(zhàn)更多信息，歡迎訪問“探索大挑戰(zhàn)”英文官網(wǎng)： http://）的可衡量的進展。（本基金特別關(guān)注千年發(fā)展目標1，4，5和6號）● 創(chuàng)新的傳播機制，將實例，數(shù)據(jù)以及信息傳播給核心受眾。

● 能夠激勵主動參與和協(xié)作解決問題的概念。例如游戲，眾包項目，以及其他能夠使整個領(lǐng)域由單向溝通轉(zhuǎn)向全身心參與的項目。

● 能夠使挑戰(zhàn)及其解決手段更加人性化的革命性手段，并把提供援助和接受援助的社區(qū)聯(lián)結(jié)起來。

有下列情況的項目我們不考慮資助

● 與本基金會的全球健康（http://004km.cn/global-health/Pages/overview.aspx）與全球發(fā)展目標（http://004km.cn/global-development/Pages/overview.aspx）不符合的項目

● 僅有方案文本，缺乏強健的行動規(guī)劃支持。

● 針對具體災害應急響應、個體捐助、以及緊急救援的項目。● 沒有對解決當前傳播問題具有清洗目標的基礎(chǔ)性研究

● 純粹的行為矯正或教育項目。（例如，培訓項目，獎學金，教育項目等）● 純粹的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施或能力建設(shè)措施。

● 將基金經(jīng)費指定用于游說活動的項目（例如，試圖影響立法或立法行動）或試圖影響公職選舉的。

我們?nèi)绾卧u估申請

我們將根據(jù)下列規(guī)則來評估申請：

● 響應主題：申請書有無針對主題所涉及的問題？請注意上文所列舉的我們不贊助的情況。

● 創(chuàng)造性：申請書是否為解決主題所涉問題提出了非傳統(tǒng)的或者富有創(chuàng)意的方案？申請書是否描述了其計劃與現(xiàn)有手段的不同之處，有否提出新的考察標準，有否預設(shè)一個衡量成功與否的合理目標？

四、本期主題——探索抗瘧疾化合物的新途徑

機遇：

通過對數(shù)百萬有專利保護以及公共資源的化合物進行廣泛的高通量篩選，研究人員已發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)千種對紅內(nèi)期瘧原蟲（Plasmodium falciparum）明確有抑制性功能的抗瘧疾化合物。為了促進對抗瘧疾藥物的進一步開發(fā)，這些化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)和相關(guān)說明已在文獻和公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中向公眾開放。最近，抗瘧疾藥物基金會（MMV）從圣裘德兒童研究醫(yī)院、諾華公司和葛蘭素-史克公司的化學藥品資料庫中選取了400種化合物，建立了一個可供進一步研究使用的“瘧疾信息庫”（“Malaria Box”: 004km.cn/malariabox），信息庫中包含有200種類藥物化合物，這些可以作為研發(fā)口服藥物的基礎(chǔ)，以及200種類探針化合物，作為生物工具使用可以代表最廣泛的化學多樣性。

這代表著全球傳染性疾病研究領(lǐng)域里的一個史無前例的契機：大量的化學生物信息和藥物研究的早期信息可以共享，并服務于新一代抗瘧疾藥物的開發(fā)，這對于實現(xiàn)消滅瘧疾的目標至關(guān)重要。

我們在尋求：

本主題的目標在于資助非傳統(tǒng)的、革新性的途徑、方法和檢驗手段，用于對抗瘧疾化合物的分析、定性和排序，并為研發(fā)新一代瘧疾藥物收集更多信息。我們希望能夠鼓勵研究者開發(fā)和使用創(chuàng)新的生物、化學、計算機學和系統(tǒng)性的方法來篩選抗瘧疾化合物，從而實現(xiàn)對目前公開的抗瘧疾化合物信息庫利用的最大化，促進化合物的選擇與開發(fā)。很多征集來的方法也許能應用于更廣泛的藥物研發(fā)領(lǐng)域，我們鼓勵研究者整合為實現(xiàn)本主題目標而應用的新工具和新方法，應用創(chuàng)新思維，使得這些新方法能夠服務于發(fā)展中國家并滿足其需求。

為了初步檢驗你的研究設(shè)想，訪問抗瘧疾化合物數(shù)據(jù)庫的權(quán)限需要進行申請?？汞懠菜幬锘饡⑾虺晒Φ纳暾堈唛_放“瘧疾數(shù)據(jù)包”，而對于那些確實需要分析更大規(guī)?；衔飵斓捻椖?，葛蘭素-史克公司將對其開放擁有13,500種化合物的克雷斯坎托斯抗瘧疾化合物數(shù)據(jù)庫（TCAMS）。當然，獲得這些化合物數(shù)據(jù)庫使用權(quán)限的研究者，也必須公開其研究結(jié)果。

需要額外專家支持、工具和/或科研輔助以達到其研究目標的申請者，可以在項目的第二期（定義見探索大挑戰(zhàn)官方網(wǎng)站（“Grand Challenges Explorations website”: 004km.cn/Explorations/Pages/Introduction.aspx））申請和葛蘭素-史克公司克雷斯坎托斯開放實驗室（“GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos Open Lab”: 004km.cn）建立合作關(guān)系。

請注意：撰寫項目申請書，請勿聯(lián)系抗瘧疾藥物基金會和/或葛蘭素-史克公司。請慎重考慮與本主題目標不符的研究活動（見下文“有以下情況的項目我們不考慮資助”部分）

我們會考慮資助的項目示例：

能夠穩(wěn)健高效地對抗瘧疾化合物進行分析、分類和排序的新型瘧疾檢測流程和技術(shù)。能夠?qū)Χ喾N化合物系列進行綜合特征鑒定和排序的新方法，如評估藥物作用速度，協(xié)同作用，確認新的腳手架蛋白，或是確定抗瘧疾藥物的作用機制的新方法。

有以下情況的項目我們不考慮資助：利用藥物化學方法優(yōu)化抗瘧疾化合物，或通過標準藥物開發(fā)流程（藥物分類、初始活性化合物確證或先導化合物優(yōu)化）提升化合物的類藥物性能。

1.Gamo et al.Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification.Nature.2010;465:305-10.2.Guiguemde et al.Chemical genetics of Plasmodium falciparum.Nature.2010;465:311-5.3.http://004km.cn/malariabox and at the FAQs page 004km.cn/research-development/malaria-box-faqs 與本主題目標無顯著關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)研究。5.The malERA Consultative Group on Drugs(2011).A Research Agenda for Malaria Eradication: Drugs.PLoS Med.2011;8.五、本期主題——減少農(nóng)作物在儲存運輸過程中的損失

背景：

在發(fā)展中國家，不論是在田間還是市場，生物脅迫如病毒、真菌、細菌、雜草、昆蟲和其他害蟲和病原體都是制約農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的一個主要因素。發(fā)展中國家從事小型農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)戶，無論是在收成前或豐收之后，由于缺少對抗或防范這些生物脅迫的資源，因而最容易受到它們的侵害，甚至遭受毀滅性的農(nóng)作物損失。

目前，大多數(shù)農(nóng)作物保護策略都包括通過基因改良提高作物抵抗害蟲和病原體的能力，或者使用化學制劑驅(qū)散害蟲。但是在蟲害嚴重的區(qū)域，例如撒哈拉以南非洲的熱帶地區(qū)，如果新型農(nóng)作物改良品種僅有單一來源的基因抗性，往往在貧困農(nóng)戶還沒有獲得這些改良品種之前或在他們剛剛拿到之后不久，它們的基因抗性就已經(jīng)不再對生物脅迫起作用了。盡管有些農(nóng)戶的確使用化學除草劑和殺蟲劑，但是卻沒有經(jīng)過專門的訓練，因而導致無效或不安全使用。

對于小型農(nóng)戶來說，在收獲季節(jié)之后對農(nóng)作物造成破壞的害蟲和病原體給他們造成的打擊同樣是難以承受的。收貨后的損失意味著家中剩余作物無法被賣出，不僅影響了農(nóng)戶們的生計，還迫使他們不得不自己吃完那些被污染的作物。這些限制不光直接沖擊著農(nóng)戶家庭自身，也影響到他們所在的社區(qū)和國家的糧食安全。

挑戰(zhàn)： 本議題的目的是為發(fā)展中國家的小型農(nóng)戶尋求變革性的解決方案，幫助他們應對害蟲和病原體帶來的危害。我們鼓勵研究人員和企業(yè)家，利用生物學和工程學的新興信息和工具促進農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，并通過重點研究植株、害蟲、病菌、雜草、以及/或它們之間的相互作用，找到對現(xiàn)行方法進行革命性變革的途徑。提案內(nèi)無需提供初步數(shù)據(jù)，而應清晰地證明與體現(xiàn)該提案在創(chuàng)新層面的意義，以及其促成根本變革的潛質(zhì)。

請注意，申請?zhí)岚副仨毰c基金會農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展團隊的目標保持一致。因此，我們所尋求的提案應該能夠：

? 為保護農(nóng)作物免受生物脅迫提供創(chuàng)新與具有變革性的方案；

? 在未來的十到二十年內(nèi)能大力提高發(fā)展中國家小型農(nóng)戶的可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)力； ? 跟目前的作物保護措施相比，提供一種大幅降低成本或提高效率的可能性； ? 適用于以下一種或多種作物：玉米，小麥，大米，小米，高粱，木薯，紅薯，山藥，豆，豇豆，鷹嘴豆，花生； ? 針對某種或某些特定的生物脅迫； ? 傳達一個清晰且可驗證的假說。

以下是會被列入考慮的幾個范例： ? 生物、化學和生物化學領(lǐng)域以外的應用方向，包括：工程，物理科學，大氣科學，流行病學，計算機科學及其他

? 生物防治

? 新型分子或基因手段

? 創(chuàng)新的作物管理或綜合蟲害管理措施 ? 用于收獲后作物保護的生物和工程解決方案；

? 使更廣泛的環(huán)境可持續(xù)性與農(nóng)作物保護有機銜接的新戰(zhàn)略； ? 其他沒有在此強調(diào)的應用方向

我們不會考慮資助以下申請：

? 針對目前作物保護措施既有的知識與應用所做的漸進式改進；

? 不直接與發(fā)展中國家相關(guān)的提案；

? 不適用于下列作物提案：玉米、小麥、大米、小米、高粱、木薯、紅薯、山藥、豆類、鷹嘴豆和落花生；

? 對現(xiàn)今受管制化學品的改良，或開發(fā)新的將會被定為受管制化學品的化學配方； ? 維持型作物育種，例如利用既成的遺傳或標準育種技術(shù)在已知的種質(zhì)庫里進行性狀選擇；

? 把現(xiàn)有技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移至新的系統(tǒng)，而未進行創(chuàng)新改良（譬如：把既成的植物抗逆基因插入不同的物種）；

? 種子、化學品、資源投入或其他現(xiàn)有技術(shù)服務的交付模型； ? 局限于為展示或宣傳現(xiàn)有技術(shù)提供推廣服務的提案； ? 缺乏明確目標或創(chuàng)新方法的大規(guī)模篩選

? 僅針對非生物性脅迫的提案（如干旱，酷熱等）。

六、本期主題——設(shè)計能優(yōu)化免疫接種系統(tǒng)的新手段

背景：

預防接種是世界上最具有成本效益的健康干預措施之一。然而，每年有大約兩千五百萬幼兒并未全面接種疫苗，更有至少兩百四十萬兒童死于疫苗可預防的疾病。

自從免疫接種計劃于20世紀70年代中期在全球中低收入國家開展以來，大多數(shù)國家在其免疫規(guī)劃中都一直使用相同的標準配置，包括六種疫苗：麻疹、破傷風、白喉、百日咳、肺結(jié)核和脊髓灰質(zhì)炎。近十年來，由于疫苗接種對公共健康的影響愈發(fā)明顯，人們對新疫苗開發(fā)越來越感興趣，投入新疫苗開發(fā)和供應的資金大幅增加。在未來十年內(nèi)，中低收入國家將有機會把許多能夠拯救生命的新疫苗引入其標準免疫方案，而在某些情況下，某些國家的免疫方案中所提供疫苗數(shù)量將會增加一倍。

對抗麻疹、白喉、破傷風、百日咳及脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的傳統(tǒng)疫苗成本低廉，多在每劑$0.10美元至$0.25美元之間。由于用來發(fā)現(xiàn)和開發(fā)新疫苗的投資增加，同時有些制造工藝也相當復雜，新疫苗的成本顯著增高，從1.00到15.00美元不等。這些增加的成本推動我們需要改變疫苗推介方式。

隨著這些新疫苗的引進，許多國家也面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)——包括疫苗的供應，以及保證其疫苗接種計劃能夠普及到新的目標人群。在2010年，一批價值近一百萬美元的二十五萬劑五價疫苗在某國家的中央倉庫放置過期，因為該國用來運輸這些疫苗的系統(tǒng)未能準備就緒。另一個國家則被迫推遲引入新疫苗的計劃，因為需要將其國家存儲系統(tǒng)擴大9倍，才能把該新疫苗加入其免疫接種計劃中。因此，中低收入國家必須想辦法改善其國家免疫接種計劃的物流系統(tǒng)，解決其供應系統(tǒng)所面臨的日益沉重的負擔。

障礙

中低收入國家在疫苗物流與供應系統(tǒng)上所面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)如下：

? 新疫苗給中低收入國家的免疫接種計劃的物流和供應系統(tǒng)帶來多方面的挑戰(zhàn)，有些新疫苗可能會占據(jù)供應鏈的冷藏空間，要求更復雜的管理措施，并且其熱穩(wěn)定性可能無法適應中低收入國家具有挑戰(zhàn)性的環(huán)境。

? 現(xiàn)有的疫苗供應系統(tǒng)都是在多年以前設(shè)計的，因此，不少系統(tǒng)效率低下，其操作也與其他健康干預的供應系統(tǒng)，和/或私營部門完全隔離。再者，目前也不存在能夠持續(xù)地監(jiān)督這些系統(tǒng)以引導必要的調(diào)整與改進的機制。

? 從國際層面到地區(qū)層面，制造商，捐款人，以及在某種程度上甚至各個國家本身都不重視疫苗供應系統(tǒng)所消耗的能源，材料與工序?qū)Νh(huán)境造成的影響。

? 當前的信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計并沒有采用先進的技術(shù)，而這些先進的技術(shù)可以幫助指導免疫接種計劃的管理者們設(shè)計和執(zhí)行方案戰(zhàn)略，從而保證有足夠數(shù)量的疫苗，以正確的形式滿足需求。

? 中低收入國家目前的人力資源政策無法保證，在其各級管理機構(gòu)都有足夠數(shù)量的、能干、積極、有自主性的人員被授權(quán)克服目前免疫接種計劃供應系統(tǒng)中新出現(xiàn)的挑戰(zhàn)。? 盡管免疫接種計劃獲得了巨大的成功，每五個孩子中仍然有一個孩子得不到基礎(chǔ)疫苗的接種。

我們希望尋求到的： 本課題旨在發(fā)掘新方法，在資源貧乏的環(huán)境中優(yōu)化疫苗接種計劃所需的物流與供應系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)。鼓勵申請者重新審查用于運輸疫苗的系統(tǒng)，設(shè)計創(chuàng)新的解決方案優(yōu)化這些系統(tǒng)的性能。我們所期待的申請?zhí)岚甘?，大膽?chuàng)新且明顯區(qū)別于當前在調(diào)查研究階段或已經(jīng)采用的方法。在本課題下提交的解決方案，必須側(cè)重于國家的免疫接種相關(guān)的系統(tǒng)的操作性，并且具備在不同環(huán)境里規(guī)模性復制的潛力。

申請?zhí)岚钢斜仨毎軌蛑С痔嶙h的強有力的理論基礎(chǔ)，表明其對某個國家的情況和需求的清晰理解，提出明確的假設(shè)，以及相關(guān)計劃說明如何測試或驗證有關(guān)設(shè)想。所提議的設(shè)想最終必須能夠轉(zhuǎn)化為實際的干預措施，且適用于資源有限的情況。

我們鼓勵申請人致力于解決以下領(lǐng)域的問題：

1.疫苗產(chǎn)品的特征

o 為了輔助中低收入國家、捐助者、以及采購代理機構(gòu)在購買疫苗時做出明智的判斷與抉擇，并優(yōu)化其疫苗免疫策略規(guī)劃，設(shè)計一系列工具使其能夠合理評估某些特定類型的疫苗產(chǎn)品的系統(tǒng)成本和效益，而不是僅僅基于產(chǎn)品的價格。o 成本低，用于藥水瓶上的可以顯示對高溫的累積接觸，以及其可經(jīng)受的最高溫度的指示器。

o 能夠避免疫苗的意外冷凍，和/或能在儲存與使用之時保證已被開封的多劑量疫苗藥瓶維持無菌狀態(tài)的，而無關(guān)于該疫苗配方的手段

2.供應系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

設(shè)計創(chuàng)新的解決方案，使衛(wèi)生工作者能夠輕松地將更多的疫苗送達偏遠和交通不便利的地區(qū)。譬如：在外展服務中降低對冰塊的需求；設(shè)計新的方法以備遇到需要長期儲存疫苗的情況；利用其他可供選擇的交通資源來配送疫苗；無須使用冰塊或冷水袋，可以在使用地冷卻重組疫苗的方法，等等。

o 在國內(nèi)示范試點，證明通過疫苗免疫計劃的供應系統(tǒng)與其他健康預防或私營領(lǐng)域的供應系統(tǒng)之間的協(xié)同合作，能夠取得更富成效的結(jié)果。

o 將全球定位信息軟件工具集成于供應系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中，以優(yōu)化物流運輸?shù)穆窂胶洼斔秃骄€，并減少對環(huán)境的影響。

3.對環(huán)境造成的影響

o 設(shè)計一個試驗性提案，展示如何在設(shè)計供應系統(tǒng)和選擇新技術(shù)時，能減少對環(huán)境的影響同時保證成本效益。

o 試點試驗要求使用對環(huán)境能夠安全處理醫(yī)學廢品，尤其是注射器廢品

以及對環(huán)境安全負責的新技術(shù)或手段。

4.信息系統(tǒng)

o 演示一種新穎，低成本的解決方案，能滿足低收入國家對于中低層級別疫苗供應系統(tǒng)的基本運營信息需求（請注意：基于或完全依賴SMS平臺來寄發(fā)提示或者通知的提案將不會被納入考慮）o 展示低成本專用設(shè)備（即：盈利機構(gòu)在銷售網(wǎng)點使用的條碼閱讀設(shè)備）的優(yōu)點，將這類設(shè)備在在低收入環(huán)境中使用，可以滿足基本物流管理數(shù)據(jù)的需求。

5.人力資源

o 開發(fā)創(chuàng)新工具和手段，輔助國家工作人員改善他們在疫苗供應系統(tǒng)方面的表現(xiàn)

6.公眾對疫苗接種的接受度

o 設(shè)計創(chuàng)新、可負擔及可持續(xù)的方法，以增加理解和擴展領(lǐng)域，幫助公眾接受免疫接種。

o 設(shè)計創(chuàng)新方法，能夠在低收入地區(qū)化解對疫苗接種的誤解與不準確訊息。

對以下提案我們將不予考慮： o 申請?zhí)岚笩o法直接解決上述任何領(lǐng)域的問題；

o 申請?zhí)岚笡]有清晰明確的目標或目標的質(zhì)量、效率以及/或有效性無法確切地評估；

o 臨床前或臨床研究：關(guān)于疫苗管理或運輸設(shè)備的提案；旨在提高疫苗的穩(wěn)定性或配方的提案；提案涉及動物實驗或人類受試者的臨床試驗；

o 僅對目前的方法或傳統(tǒng)的解決方案進行量變的提高。譬如：基于或完全依賴SMS平臺來寄發(fā)提示或者通知的提案。

o 不適用于中低收入國家的方法；

o 申請?zhí)岚钢械男碌慕鉀Q方案不具備被廣泛使用或規(guī)模性擴展的潛力;o 申請?zhí)岚钢袥]有描述或概括對下游供應系統(tǒng)的影響;o 申請?zhí)岚竷H適用于個別廠家的產(chǎn)品或涉及特定產(chǎn)品的改善措施。

七、本期主題——在全球健康的重點領(lǐng)域探索新方案

機會：

我們的全球健康項目旨在創(chuàng)造和改善特定的預防、診斷和治療手段，從而應對那些感染母嬰和兒童的傳染性疾病和癥狀，使其不再對這些人群的健康和營養(yǎng)造成危害。我們主要通過三個方法達到這個目的：1)發(fā)現(xiàn)、填補相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的知識空白，在通向健康方案的關(guān)鍵道路上掃除前進的障礙；2）建立新的技術(shù)平臺，用它來加快研究、拉近目標，或者開發(fā)能在資源貧乏的環(huán)境中使用的產(chǎn)品；3）通過投資富有改革性的創(chuàng)意，解決全球性的健康難題。我們的所有投資都出于一個需要，那就是設(shè)計出能在發(fā)展中國家孕育、推廣和持續(xù)的方案，并將這些方案付諸實踐。

我們尋找的是： ? 能在全球健康的重點領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮作用的方案，這些領(lǐng)域包括瘧疾、艾滋病、結(jié)核、肺炎、腸道疾病和痢疾、脊髓灰質(zhì)炎、母嬰健康、及/或計劃生育；

? ? 對現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的顛覆或者改進；

低成本方案，亦即為人均日生活費用低于1美元的人群設(shè)計的方案，要求在低收入和中等收入國家可執(zhí)行并有擴展空間。； ? 包含清晰、可驗證的科學計劃的項目，它們必須（i）基于可驗證的假說，（ii）附帶一份計劃，闡明測試或者驗證的方法，（iii）在一期研究中取得明確且可以合理解釋的數(shù)據(jù)，我們將基于此考核是否給予二期研究的撥款。

我們強烈建議申請人采取下面的一種或幾種方向： ? 與以往任何探索大挑戰(zhàn)的主題（比如促進疫苗功效的營養(yǎng)、誘導黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)保護新生兒的新方法等）形成交叉；

? 利用發(fā)達國家重點贊助下產(chǎn)生的知識或技術(shù)，將其應用于我們的全球健康重點領(lǐng)域；

? 運用跨學科方法從事全球健康領(lǐng)域中受到忽視的技術(shù)學科的研究。

下列情況，不予贊助： ? ? ? 您的創(chuàng)意或方案不符合上述的蓋茨基金會的全球健康重點領(lǐng)域和戰(zhàn)略方向； 您的創(chuàng)意沒有一個表達清晰、能夠驗證的假說為基礎(chǔ)；

您的方向僅僅是對傳統(tǒng)方案的改進（例如：針對疫苗研發(fā)、供應方面的現(xiàn)有研究，即便是對現(xiàn)有技術(shù)及工具的拓展、改進和整合）；

? ? 您所開展的是基礎(chǔ)研究，且該研究對解決全球健康問題沒有明確的目標； 您的研究是基于傳統(tǒng)的小分子方法和生物治療方法的變化（比如對新化學個體的篩選、鑒定驗證、或?qū)λ幬锆熜У臏y試），且得出的藥物治療方法不適用于瘧疾或結(jié)核疾病。

? ? 您的項目僅限于行為改變/教育目的（比如培訓項目、獎學金項目、教育項目等）； 您的項目僅限于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)或能力建設(shè)舉措； ? ? 您的方法包含不可接受的下游安全風險（比如對產(chǎn)品開發(fā)構(gòu)成障礙）； 您的研究針對本輪挑戰(zhàn)賽的其他主題。

For more specific information about the foundation’s strategies in the priority Global Health areas, see:

欲了解蓋茨基金會全球健康重點領(lǐng)域戰(zhàn)略的詳細信息，請訪問下面的網(wǎng)址：

http://004km.cn/global-health/Pages/global-health-strategies.aspx

八、往屆中國獲獎者

2011年

· 寧靖（石家莊經(jīng)濟學院）：研究利用風力和太陽能驅(qū)動設(shè)備處理糞便污水系統(tǒng)，為欠發(fā)達地區(qū)的居民提供一種廉價、穩(wěn)固、易組裝的新型馬桶。

· 張勇（中國疾病預防控制中心病毒病研究所）：研究中國VDPVs基因和抗原對溫度的敏感性和進化速率，以治療早期發(fā)現(xiàn)的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎。

· 范彬（中國科學院）：研究真空源分離與廢物資源利用的低成本分散式生活衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)，設(shè)計“真空廁所”，節(jié)水節(jié)電，廢物回收。

中科院研究員靠污水處理技術(shù)獲全球公益獎項，《公益時報》2011.5.24。

· 陳宏翔（武漢協(xié)和醫(yī)院）：開發(fā)一種X線敏感熒光材料的稀土納米顆粒，連接針對HIV病毒的靶向單鏈抗體，對AIDS進行X射線激發(fā)的間接光動力學治療。

武漢協(xié)和醫(yī)院探索用X線消滅HIV 獲蓋茨基金會資助，《中新網(wǎng)》2011.5.4

2010年

· 唐勁天（清華大學）：應用熱療方法進行血吸蟲病的防治，使血吸蟲被殺死在人體的皮膚和腹腔中。

清華科研團隊獲蓋茨基金會“探索大挑戰(zhàn)”計劃資助，《科學網(wǎng)》，2010.12.17 蓋茨征集奇思妙想——記清華大學獲獎團隊，《北京科技報》2010.12.6

· 王國治（中國藥品生物制品檢定所）：研究一種簡單獨特的篩選耐藥結(jié)核病的方法。

· 劉暢和孔曉紅（南開大學）：通過分子生物學技術(shù)制作HIV的干擾病毒，干擾HIV在病人體內(nèi)的復制，從而延長艾滋病病人的生命。獲蓋茨基金資助 南大講師劉暢 ：十萬美金只是讓我起步，《每日新報》，2010.5.22 南開教師大膽構(gòu)想獲蓋茨十萬美金資助，《中國青年報》，2010.5.13

· 黨宏月（中國石油大學）：研究肺炎早期感染是否產(chǎn)生特征生物標識物分子，并研制一種呼吸傳感器裝置，用以捕捉和分析這些標志性化合物，從而作為資源匱乏環(huán)境條件下的一種肺炎診斷方法。

2009年

· 譚光宏（海南醫(yī)學院熱帶病重點實驗室）：計劃通過對免疫加強型減毒孢子的研究，更好地開發(fā)有效的熱帶病疫苗。

十萬美元驗證一個新點子，《健康報》，2009.6.19

· 陳揚超（香港中文大學）：擬建立一種針對流感病毒在家禽雞只中侵入及復制的慢病毒載體，并利用該載體對雞只進行基因改造，以減少禽流感的發(fā)病率，最終減低人類感染禽流感的機會。

香港中文大學抗禽流感研究獲頒10萬美元資助，《中新網(wǎng)》，2009.5.6

2008年

· 高謙（復旦大學上海醫(yī)學院）：領(lǐng)導本科生楊順遙和研究生王川，致力于研究MicroRNA在潛伏感染到活動性結(jié)核病中的作用。

兩頁紙換來十萬美金，《中國青年報》，2008.11.5

Global hunts for off-beat research，《中國日報》，2009.4.3 · 陳志偉（香港大學艾滋病研究）：致力于研究一種新型的艾滋疫苗，利用它阻斷經(jīng)性接觸傳播的艾滋病毒。這項計劃的概念驗證將在恒河猴艾滋動物模型上進行。

Chinese scientists win Gates grants，《中國日報》，2008.10.28

第二篇：梅琳達 蓋茨2013杜克大學畢業(yè)典禮演講視頻

梅琳達·蓋茨2013杜克大學畢業(yè)典禮演講

梅琳達·蓋茨（Melinda French Gates，1964~），畢業(yè)于美國杜克大學計算機系，后獲得MBA學位，然后如愿進入了自己曾經(jīng)實習過的微軟公司，很快嶄露頭角，取得了驕人的業(yè)績，成為一名管理人員。在嫁給比爾·蓋茨之前，梅琳達已經(jīng)在微軟做出了驕人的業(yè)績。她擔任一個部門的主管，手下有一百多名員工。在嫁給蓋茨之后，梅琳達便做起了專職的太太。幾年來，她為蓋茨生下一雙兒女，還管理著蓋茨豪宅的日常工作。梅琳達把家里收拾得十分溫馨，還建了一個家庭圖書館。梅琳達和蓋茨一起建立了美國有史以來最大的基金會——蓋茨基金會，并擔任主席。

人際關(guān)系是一切（演講稿）

梅琳達·蓋茨在杜克大學2013屆畢業(yè)典禮上的演講，身為杜克大學的校友，梅琳達在母校發(fā)表了畢業(yè)典禮演講，并鼓勵2013屆畢業(yè)生去認識“所有人的無限尊嚴”。

她這次演講的主題是聯(lián)系。她認為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展能夠為全世界之間人的聯(lián)系提供一個非常好的平臺，能讓人把與自己生活在不同環(huán)境中的人，理解為和自己本質(zhì)上一樣的人，建立起直接溝通的橋梁。比起抽象的概念，這種具體聯(lián)系，能讓人更愿意去幫助那些同自己一樣，但生活條件更糟糕的人。這樣一來人類才有可能真正實現(xiàn)馬丁·路德·金所說的所有人情同手足的世界。

梅琳達·蓋茨2013杜克大學畢業(yè)典禮英語演講稿：

President Brodhead, Trustees, members of the Duke University Community, thank you for inviting me to come back to my alma mater for this important occasion.I am grateful for the honorary degree, and moved by the opportunity to address the graduating seniors.To the Class of 2013: Let me start by saying congratulations......and by reminding you to thank your mothers and wish them a happy Mothers' Day......and by admitting that I'm still bitter about the Louisville game.I was a student here in 1986 when Coach K took the team to the finals for the first time.We lost to Louisville then, too, so you and I share that particular agony.However, you had the good fortune to be here on campus when Duke won its fourth national championship.I never got to see us cut down the nets, but I did see us beat UNC, in Chapel Hill, when Michael Jordan was the star of the team.The fact that Michael Jordan recently turned 50 years old tells you how long it's been since I was a student.No matter how much time passes, though, I always feel connected to Duke.I love visiting my favorite landmarks, especially the Duke Gardens, where I used to go when I was stressed out before exams and needed to clear my head.I went yesterday, because I wanted to make sure I was centered before giving this speech.There's also my feeling of deep connection to the community my classmates created during our four years, and to the lifelong friends I made here--in short, to the people.I doubt there is a word that captures the combination of experiences and places and people that we summarize under the label “Duke.” The best one I can think of is “connected.” And this is a word I'd like to talk about for a few minutes on your Commencement Day.In August, 1982, I left my home in Dallas, Texas, to come here to Durham.To mark this rite of passage, my parents gave me a terrific present: the cutting-edge Olympus B12 portable typewriter, with a carrying case included.One of its best features was how light it was: Amazingly, the whole bundle weighed just 12 pounds!

It was during my time at Duke that the personal computer displaced the typewriter as the technology of choice on campus.Those of us in the computer science department actually resented the change.There were so few computers available, and all of a sudden the humanities majors were hogging our machines to write their papers.We had to do our programming in the middle of the night, usually in the creepy basement of the old biological science building.We'd set up contests--who programmed the fastest or made the fewest mistakes--kind of like a prehistoric hack-a-thon.The punishment for the losers was a trip to the biology lab at the end of the hall, where they had to touch the scariest mutant frog specimens.CONNECTION, AN INTRODUCTION

The personal computer--and later, after I'd graduated and taken a job at Microsoft, the Internet--started a communications revolution.My kids are a few years younger than you, but raising them has proved to me that the way you communicate is the single biggest difference between you now and me a generation ago.One popular way of describing this aspect of your lives is to say that you're “connected.” Some pundits have even started to refer to you as Generation C.One recent report overdid the c-thing by saying you are “connected, communicating, content-centric, community-oriented, always clicking.” It went on to say that, for these reasons alone, you will “transform the world as we know it.”

Of course, all the hype about how connected you are has contributed to a counter-narrative--that, in fact, your generation is increasingly disconnected from the things that matter.The arguments go something like this: Instead of spending time with friends, you spend it alone, collecting friend requests.Rather than savoring your food, you take pictures of it and post them on Facebook.I want to encourage you to reject the cynics who say technology is flattening your experience of the world.Please don't let anyone make you believe you are somehow shallow because you like to update your status on a regular basis.The people who say technology has disconnected you from others are wrong.So are the people who say technology automatically connects you to others.Technology is just a tool.It's a powerful tool, but it's just a tool.Deep human connection is very different.It's not a tool.It's not a means to an end.It is the end--the purpose and the result of a meaningful life--and it will inspire the most amazing acts of love, generosity, and humanity.In his famous speech “Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution,” Martin Luther King Jr.said, “Through our scientific and technological genius, we have made of this world a neighborhood and yet we have not had the ethical commitment to make of it a brotherhood.”

With 50 years of hindsight, I think it's fair to say Dr.King was premature in calling the world a neighborhood.Back then, Americans lumped whole continents into something they referred to as the Third World, as if the people on the other side of the planet were an undifferentiated mass whose defining feature was that they were not like us.But as a result of the ongoing communications revolution, your world really can be a neighborhood.So the ethical commitment Dr.King spoke of is yours to live up to.What does it mean to make of this world a brotherhood and a sisterhood? That probably sounds like a lot to ask of you as individuals, or even as a graduating class.I'm pretty sure none of you will respond to the annoying question “What are you going to do after graduation?” by saying “I plan to have the ethical commitment to make of this world a brotherhood.”

But you can change the way you think about other people.You can choose to see their humanity first--the one big thing that makes them the same as you, instead of the many things that make them different from you.It is not just a matter of caring about people.I assume you already do that.It's much harder to see all people, including people whose experiences are very different from yours, as three-dimensional human beings who want and need the same things you do.But if you can really believe that all 7 billion people on the planet are equal to you in spirit, then you will take action to make the world more equal for everyone.PAUL FARMER, TESTAMENT TO CONNECTION

Paul Farmer, the Duke graduate I admire most, is a testament to the deep human connection I'm talking about.As many of you know, Paul, who's here today, is a doctor and global health innovator.For years, he traveled back and forth from Boston, where he is a professor of medicine, to Haiti, where he ran a health clinic giving the highest quality care to the poorest people in the world.Now, he lives mostly in Rwanda, where he's working on changing the country's entire health care system.I first met Paul in 2003, when I went to see him in Haiti.It took us forever to walk the 100 yards from our vehicle to the clinic because he introduced me to every single person we met along the way.I am not exaggerating.Every single person.As we moved along, he introduced each person to me by first and last name, wished their families well, and asked for an update about their lives.He hugged people when he greeted them and looked them in the eyes throughout each conversation.If you believe love plays a role in healing, there was healing happening at every step of that journey.When we finally reached the waiting area outside the clinic, I saw a lovely garden with a canopy of flowering vines.Paul told me he built it himself, for two reasons.First, he said, it gets hot, and he wants to his patients to be cool in the shade while they wait.Second, he wants them to see what he sees, the beauty of the world, before they have to go into the clinic for treatment.The next day, I visited a different clinic in Haiti.The clinic was there for the same reason as Paul's--to provide poor people with the medical care they desperately need but cannot afford.The doctors worked there for all the right reasons.But I noticed that the patients were waiting outside in the scorching sun.Inside, it felt like the doctors considered themselves health providers, and the patients were recipients.There was no sense, as there was in Paul's clinic, of an equal partnership with the community.Experiencing those two clinics one right after the other showed me that Paul made a moral choice to do the hard work of deep connection.He took the time to do the little things: provide shade, remember surnames, and make eye contact.These small acts were born of a big idea--the boundless dignity of all people.

第三篇：梅琳達 蓋茨2013杜克大學畢業(yè)典禮演講視頻

梅琳達 蓋茨2013杜克大學畢業(yè)典禮演講視頻：

人際關(guān)系是一切（演講稿）

梅琳達·蓋茨在杜克大學2013屆畢業(yè)典禮上的演講，身為杜克大學的校友，梅琳達在母校發(fā)表了畢業(yè)典禮演講，并鼓勵2013屆畢業(yè)生去認識“所有人的無限尊嚴”。

梅琳達·蓋茨2013杜克大學畢業(yè)典禮英語演講稿：

President Brodhead, Trustees, members of the Duke University Community, thank you for inviting me to come back to my alma mater for this important occasion.I am grateful for the honorary degree, and moved by the opportunity to address the graduating seniors.To the Class of 2013: Let me start by saying congratulations......and by reminding you to thank your mothers and wish them a happy Mothers' Day......and by admitting that I'm still bitter about the Louisville game.I was a student here in 1986 when Coach K took the team to the finals for the first time.We lost to Louisville then, too, so you and I share that particular agony.However, you had the good fortune to be here on campus when Duke won its fourth national championship.I never got to see us cut down the nets, but I did see us beat UNC, in Chapel Hill, when Michael Jordan was the star of the team.The fact that Michael Jordan recently turned 50 years old tells you how long it's been since I was a student.No matter how much time passes, though, I always feel connected to Duke.I love visiting my favorite landmarks, especially the Duke Gardens, where I used to go when I was stressed out before exams and needed to clear my head.I went yesterday, because I wanted to make sure I was centered before giving this speech.There's also my feeling of deep connection to the community my classmates created during our four years, and to the lifelong friends I made here--in short, to the people.I doubt there is a word that captures the combination of experiences and places and people that we summarize under the label “Duke.” The best one I can think of is “connected.” And this is a word I'd like to talk about for a few minutes on your Commencement Day.In August, 1982, I left my home in Dallas, Texas, to come here to Durham.To mark this rite of passage, my parents gave me a terrific present: the cutting-edge Olympus B12 portable typewriter, with a carrying case included.One of its best features was how light it was: Amazingly, the whole bundle weighed just 12 pounds!

It was during my time at Duke that the personal computer displaced the typewriter as the technology of choice on campus.Those of us in the computer science department actually resented the change.There were so few computers available, and all of a sudden the humanities majors were hogging our machines to write their papers.We had to do our programming in the middle of the night, usually in the creepy basement of the old biological science building.We'd set up contests--who programmed the fastest or made the fewest mistakes--kind of like a prehistoric hack-a-thon.The punishment for the losers was a trip to the biology lab at the end of the hall, where they had to touch the scariest mutant frog specimens.CONNECTION, AN INTRODUCTION

The personal computer--and later, after I'd graduated and taken a job at Microsoft, the Internet--started a communications revolution.My kids are a few years younger than you, but raising them has proved to me that the way you communicate is the single biggest difference between you now and me a generation ago.One popular way of describing this aspect of your lives is to say that you're “connected.” Some pundits have even started to refer to you as Generation C.One recent report overdid the c-thing by saying you are “connected, communicating, content-centric, community-oriented, always clicking.” It went on to say that, for these reasons alone, you will “transform the world as we know it.”

Of course, all the hype about how connected you are has contributed to a counter-narrative--that, in fact, your generation is increasingly disconnected from the things that matter.The arguments go something like this: Instead of spending time with friends, you spend it alone, collecting friend requests.Rather than savoring your food, you take pictures of it and post them on Facebook.I want to encourage you to reject the cynics who say technology is flattening your experience of the world.Please don't let anyone make you believe you are somehow shallow because you like to update your status on a regular basis.The people who say technology has disconnected you from others are wrong.So are the people who say technology automatically connects you to others.Technology is just a tool.It's a powerful tool, but it's just a tool.Deep human connection is very different.It's not a tool.It's not a means to an end.It is the end--the purpose and the result of a meaningful life--and it will inspire the most amazing acts of love, generosity, and humanity.In his famous speech “Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution,” Martin Luther King Jr.said, “Through our scientific and technological genius, we have made of this world a neighborhood and yet we have not had the ethical commitment to make of it a brotherhood.”

With 50 years of hindsight, I think it's fair to say Dr.King was premature in calling the world a neighborhood.Back then, Americans lumped whole continents into something they referred to as the Third World, as if the people on the other side of the planet were an undifferentiated mass whose defining feature was that they were not like us.But as a result of the ongoing communications revolution, your world really can be a neighborhood.So the ethical commitment Dr.King spoke of is yours to live up to.What does it mean to make of this world a brotherhood and a sisterhood? That probably sounds like a lot to ask of you as individuals, or even as a graduating class.I'm pretty sure none of you will respond to the annoying question “What are you going to do after graduation?” by saying “I plan to have the ethical commitment to make of this world a brotherhood.”

But you can change the way you think about other people.You can choose to see their humanity first--the one big thing that makes them the same as you, instead of the many things that make them different from you.It is not just a matter of caring about people.I assume you already do that.It's much harder to see all people, including people whose experiences are very different from yours, as three-dimensional human beings who want and need the same things you do.But if you can really believe that all 7 billion people on the planet are equal to you in spirit, then you will take action to make the world more equal for everyone.PAUL FARMER, TESTAMENT TO CONNECTION

Paul Farmer, the Duke graduate I admire most, is a testament to the deep human connection I'm talking about.As many of you know, Paul, who's here today, is a doctor and global health innovator.For years, he travelled back and forth from Boston, where he is a professor of medicine, to Haiti, where he ran a health clinic giving the highest quality care to the poorest people in the world.Now, he lives mostly in Rwanda, where he's working on changing the country's entire health care system.I first met Paul in 2003, when I went to see him in Haiti.It took us forever to walk the 100 yards from our vehicle to the clinic because he introduced me to every single person we met along the way.I am not exaggerating.Every single person.As we moved along, he introduced each person to me by first and last name, wished their families well, and asked for an update about their lives.He hugged people when he greeted them and looked them in the eyes throughout each conversation.If you believe love plays a role in healing, there was healing happening at every step of that journey.When we finally reached the waiting area outside the clinic, I saw a lovely garden with a canopy of flowering vines.Paul told me he built it himself, for two reasons.First, he said, it gets hot, and he wants to his patients to be cool in the shade while they wait.Second, he wants them to see what he sees, the beauty of the world, before they have to go into the clinic for treatment.The next day, I visited a different clinic in Haiti.The clinic was there for the same reason as Paul's--to provide poor people with the medical care they desperately need but cannot afford.The doctors worked there for all the right reasons.But I noticed that the patients were waiting outside in the scorching sun.Inside, it felt like the doctors considered themselves health providers, and the patients were recipients.There was no sense, as there was in Paul's clinic, of an equal partnership with the community.Experiencing those two clinics one right after the other showed me that Paul made a moral choice to do the hard work of deep connection.He took the time to do the little things: provide shade, remember surnames, and make eye contact.These small acts were born of a big idea--the boundless dignity of all people.

第四篇：比爾·蓋茨名言

比爾·蓋茨名言

1、也許，人的生命是一場正在焚燒的“火災”，一個人所能去做的，也必須去做的，就是竭盡全力要從這場“火災”中去搶救點兒什么東西出來。

2、找些東西來花費時間和精力琢磨，無論做什么，都要執(zhí)著。無論做什么，都

要投入，做一個完全的沉迷者。

3、在任何事情上絕不屈居第二。集中精力干好一件事，決不輕易放手。決心就

是，不干則罷，要干就干最好。沒有干不成的事，不在乎別人怎么想。

4、一個人如果不能控制自己的感情，也不能靠別人幫助來完成。實在控制不了，干脆順其自然好了。

5、當你聽到或者看到不少退學人士在事業(yè)上取得成功時，可能會以為創(chuàng)業(yè)應該

優(yōu)于學業(yè)。但是，我卻不這樣認為，除非那人有一個非做不可的構(gòu)思，否則的話還是首先完成大學學業(yè)比較重要。

6、世界上有許多做事有成的人，并不一定是因為他比你會做，而僅僅是因為他

比你敢做。

7、鮑爾默的天賦之一就是激勵才能，他的管理秘訣就是激情管理。

8、有矛盾和分歧，才有爭論和探索，才有事業(yè)的進步與發(fā)展。

9、公司要想更好的發(fā)展，只有依靠軟件，而不是股票，任何時候，都不應該被

股票所帶來的財富迷失了方向。

10、在一個大公司里，往往由于人員不斷增多，人們之間缺乏溫情和人文關(guān)懷，從而造成人們心理渙散。

11、要有寬敞的工作場所，足夠的辦公大樓和充裕的休息設(shè)施。

12、歸屬感，讓他們明白，一切都是他們自己的。生活簡樸，允許員工給自己發(fā)

郵件，告誡他們，千萬不要自以為是，要養(yǎng)成謙遜和冷靜的作風。

13、毫不留情地對競爭對手施以重壓，然后又叫對方無法吭聲，絕對地贏得對方，這是比爾·蓋茨在商場上的一貫作風。

第五篇：比爾·蓋茨的建議

比爾〃蓋茨的建議

1、人生是不公平的，習慣去接受它吧!

2、這個世界并不在乎你的自尊，而是期望你先作出成績，再去強調(diào)自己的感覺。

3、你不會一離開學校就有百萬年薪，你不會馬上就是可以發(fā)號施令的副總裁，這兩者你都必須經(jīng)過努力得來。

4.如果你覺得老師很兇，等你有了老板你就知道了，老板是沒有任期保障的。5.在快餐店送漢堡包并不是作踐自己,你的祖父母對此另有理解——機會。6.如果你一事無成，不是父母的錯。所以不要怨天尤人，要學會從錯誤中學習。

7.再你出生前，父母并不是像現(xiàn)在這般無趣。他們變成這樣，是因為忙著支付你的開銷，幫你洗衣服，聽你自吹自擂。所以在你拯救被你的父輩破壞的熱帶雨林之前，先整理好自己的房間。

8.學校里成績的高低好壞，對人生來說還言之過早。

9.人生不是學期制，人生沒有寒暑假。沒有哪個雇主有興趣幫助你尋找自我，請用自己的閑暇來做這件事吧。

10、電視里演的人生不是真實的，真實的人生中每個人都要離開咖啡廳去上班。

11、對書呆子好一點，因為你將來很可能要為他們中的一個人工作。