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      Feminism女權(quán)主義演講稿

      時間:2019-05-14 18:57:04下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《Feminism女權(quán)主義演講稿》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《Feminism女權(quán)主義演講稿》。

      第一篇:Feminism女權(quán)主義演講稿

      Feminism 袁

      Good morning, everyone.It’s my honor to stand here to give a presentation to you all.As you know, recently, Hillary Clinton has just announced that she would campaign for 2016 president of America.So that we find out the status of women in politics increased significantly.So there comes a new conception, feminism.And today, our group will introduce you this, maybe to you,strange topic.So our presentation has 3 parts, and I’m in charge of the first.Perhaps you would ask,why we talk about feminism? What’s the importance of that? I want to tell you a story.In 2012,December 16th,a college girl named Joyti Singh from new Delhi, the capital of India, went in a personal bus at 9 o’clock, after watching a movie, with a male friend.Just in this horrible bus , unfortunately, she was raped by 6 men and they even tortured her.Then she died soon in a hospital.After she died, however, one of criminal said like that, you can’t clap with one hand.It takes two hands to clap.A decent girl won’t roam around at 9 o’clock at night.A girl is far more responsible for rape than a boy.This girl was only 23 years old.This event set off a huge protest.People prayed for her and fight for the justice and woman’s right.Joyti Singh was then called India’s daughter.We can’t help thinking, why could such a thing happen in this civilized world? What’s exactly the meaning of a woman? Moreover, a more inhuman act still exist in some parts of Africa, which is female circumcision.This brutal act brings a lot of hurt to young women.That’s why we talk about feminism.So what’s the feminism? Please have my partner continue.Thank you.王

      Now, as you see, this symbol represents feminism.It is based on Venus symbol.A Venus symbol is just like this.And there is a fist in the central, which means woman’s right.So how does feminism develop in history? Firstly, let’s look at western feminism.In the history of human society, the concept of human rights has been 200 years of history, but it does not include the feminist.We all know that there is quite a lot empresses in western history.So maybe status of women in the west is higher.In 1971, a great woman, Olympe de Gouges who wrote thedeclaration of rights of woman appealed for feminism initialy.And then, there came more feminist literatures.As known, Jane Austin and Bronte sisters.They are female writers and wrote books about women mainly.Jane Austin wrote Pride and prejudice.Jane Eyre, Gone with wind and Wuthering Heights by brontes.Until 19,20 century,women started the feminist movement and to fight for political rights.Many countries won the rights of vote for women.And now, we are all familiar with the iron lady, Margaret Thatcher and Hillary Clinton.While back in China, feminism has a tougher development.This is our ancient women and what they believed in.Maybe ridiculous for now, right? We did have some powerful women, like 呂后,武則天,慈禧.But they were not accepted by the traditional views of society.After 1912, as society developed, feminism improved a lot, too.Women started to aquire education and advanced ideas.So we know such a lot progressive females, such as Song sisters, Qiujin and so on.And then, how is feminism like today? I’d love to let my another partner to introduce.Thank you all.賈

      Thank my partners for paving the way for me.From their presentation, you may get a general idea about feminism.However, you may ask, we are living in this relatively stable community, we girls don’t really worry about go out at night or horrible bodily harm.And historic great women have strived for lots of rights.Maybe we are satisfied.We don’t need feminism at all.But does not female discrimination really exist in China? Actually, our fights for women are not enough yet.Since ancient times, women are not allowed to take part in politics.Even now, men has an absolute advantage in politics.Furthermore, woman’s career is harder than men’s all the time.What’s more, the social status of woman is always below that of man.In our culture, while a high-educated woman is under the pressure of public opinion.Why do people have a total different attitude towards a man and a woman who are in the same situation.We always pay attention to leftover women but never say leftover men.Similarly, social perspective to a woman who has a successful career is more in her personal life, maybe her unsuccessful marriage, instead of her work.Are women only able to help the husband and take care of children at home? I think it is right that women should get as same respect as men.But sadly I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights.Do you guys know her? This is Emma Watson.Perhaps you don’t.But you must know this.And now, she is a UN Women Goodwill Ambassador.And she launched a campaign called “HeForShe” in 2014,which is a wide feminism movement.She points out that the definition of feminism is: “The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.It is the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes.”

      In my opinion, the biggest obstacle of Chinese feminism is women ourselves.We girls are supposed to clearly recognize the importance of struggle for feminism and really do something for it.Also, boys—I would like to take this opportunity to invite your join.Gender equality is your issue too.We want to try and encourage as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for gender equality.I suppose you guys, boys or girls, would believe the equality and freedom.You are going to be fathers and mothers.You are going to teach your children.You have the responsibility to tell next generation that whether you are a boy or a girl, you should fight for a uniting and equal world!That’s all what I want to say.Thanks for your listening.Thank you all.

      第二篇:Feminism女權(quán)主義

      Feminism

      Good morning,ladies and gentlemen!I’m very honored to stand here and give you a short speech!To begin with.I want to ask two questions.Do you think men and women are equal?And have you heard feminism? I started questioning fender-based assumption when at ten I was told to be a tender girl because I always play the gun with boys intead of those beautiful dolls.When I was 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements of the media.At 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of a lot of sports teams because they didn’t want to appear masculine.So today I’d like to talk to you about feminism.What is feminism? Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women.But sadly, I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights.No country in the world can yet say that they have achieved gender equality.These rights, I considered to be human rights, but I am one of the lucky ones.My life is a sheer privilege because my parentsdidn’t love me less because I was born a daughterMy school did not limit me because I was a girl.My mentors didn’t assume that I would go less far because I might give birth to a child one day.These influences were the gender equality ambassadors that made me who I am today.They may not know it but they are the inadvertent feminists who are changing the world today.We need more of those.We don’t want to talk about men being imprisoned by gender stereo types but I can see that theyare.When they are free, things will change for women as a natural consequence.If men don’t have to be aggressive in order to be accepted, women won’t be compelled to be submissive.If men don’t have to control, women won’t have to be controlled.Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive, both men and women should be free to be strong.It is time that we all see gender as a spectrum instead of two sets of opposing ideals.If we stop defining each other by what we are not andstart defining ourselves by who we are, we can allbe freer and this is what “HeForShe” is about.It’s about freedom.I want men to take up this mantle, so their daughters, sisters and mothers can befree from prejudice.But also so their sons have permission to be vulnerable and human, too.We claim those part of themselves they abandoned, and in doing so, be a more true and complete version of themselves.

      第三篇:女權(quán)主義

      女權(quán)主義,源自西方,以女性經(jīng)驗(yàn)為來源與動機(jī)的社會理論與政治運(yùn)動。女性主義一詞,最早出現(xiàn)在法國,意味著婦女解放,后傳到英美,逐漸流行起來。以現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)與社會運(yùn)動的觀點(diǎn)來看,女性主義的通常以18世紀(jì)的啟蒙時代思想家為起源。女性主義在19世紀(jì)漸漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻M織性的社會運(yùn)動,因?yàn)楫?dāng)時人們越來越相信女性在一個以男性中心的社會中受到不平等的對待。大部分的女性主義者在政治上采取整體觀的行動路線。

      女性主義在西方社會取得了不少重要的影響,當(dāng)中包括女性投票權(quán);較為平等的工資;提出離婚的主動權(quán),獲得大學(xué)教育的權(quán)利等。女性主義者希望改變語言的運(yùn)用,并非希望要求女性有平等權(quán)利或在政治論述中取得影響。

      女性的發(fā)展,是在自我認(rèn)同和社會身份認(rèn)同,從而在社會上獲得應(yīng)有的地位和在社會中立足。女性的解放、自由和發(fā)展,是女權(quán)主義發(fā)展的三部曲,歸結(jié)在女性的發(fā)展,創(chuàng)造女性的文化,從而對整個人類走出危機(jī)境遇獲得廣闊的發(fā)展前景而做出貢獻(xiàn)。Evaluation feminism

      Feminism, derived from the west, with the female experience for the source and motivation of the social theory and political movement.The word feminism, first appeared in France, means that the women's liberation, then to the British and American, gradually popular.In a modern philosophy and social movement point of view, feminist usually in the age of enlightenment thinkers 18 th century for the origin.Feminism in the 19 th century gradually into organized society movement, because when people are more and more believe women in a male in the center of the society by not equal treatment.Most of the female activists in politics take whole to the concept of the action line.Feminism in western society made a lot of important influence, including women suffrage;More equal wages;Divorce the initiative, a college education rights, etc.Feminists wants to change the use of language, is not expected to ask women have equal rights or in the political discussion get influence.The development of women, is in the identity and social identity, and thus in the society of the status and deserved in society based on.Women's liberation, freedom and development, the development of the feminist trilogy, concluded on women's development, create the women's culture, and to the human situation out of crisis for the prospect of and make contribution.

      第四篇:淺談女權(quán)主義

      淺談女權(quán)主義

      摘要:女權(quán)主義是西方社會重要的政治思潮之一,是近、現(xiàn)代西方婦女運(yùn)動的意識形態(tài)。自第一次女權(quán)運(yùn)動以后,女權(quán)主義在政治領(lǐng)域赫然崛起,在社會上引起強(qiáng)烈反響。后來幾經(jīng)挫折,但由于女權(quán)主義在研究對象、思想方法、價值觀念、政治觀點(diǎn)諸方面始終獨(dú)樹一幟,總體政治影響不斷擴(kuò)大。女權(quán)主義以兩性關(guān)系為政治研究的中心議題,反對性別的歧視、壓迫、剝削,追求兩性的平等和婦女的解放,對自由主義、保守主義等以男性為主題的其他各種政治思潮形成了挑戰(zhàn)和沖擊。

      關(guān)鍵詞:女權(quán)主義;政治。

      1女權(quán)主義的形成與發(fā)展

      雖然“女權(quán)主義”一詞出現(xiàn)于19世紀(jì)末,但是女權(quán)運(yùn)動的發(fā)端卻要早得多,最早可以追溯到17世紀(jì)英國資產(chǎn)階級革命。當(dāng)時,隨著西方資本主義的發(fā)展,婦女的處境非但沒有提高,反而在一個長時期內(nèi)不斷下降。與此同時,資產(chǎn)階級革命所提出的“自由、平等、博愛”的理想使得西方婦女愈益無法忍受現(xiàn)實(shí)中的兩性差別。她們開始以種種方式爭取與男子相同的政治和法律地位,諸如受教育、財產(chǎn)、就業(yè)、離婚等方面的權(quán)利。

      1.1第一次女權(quán)運(yùn)動

      世紀(jì)中葉興起的女權(quán)運(yùn)動被稱為第一次女權(quán)運(yùn)動,或第一次女權(quán)運(yùn)動高潮。它的高潮一直延續(xù)到20世紀(jì)20年代末。這是婦女爭取與男子同等的政治法律權(quán)利的運(yùn)動。斗爭矛頭指向資本主義國家,指向那些將婦女排斥在受教育權(quán)、就業(yè)權(quán)、參政權(quán)以及其他權(quán)利之外的國家法律。

      第一次女權(quán)運(yùn)動主要有三個目標(biāo):①爭取女性選舉權(quán)。世界各國婦女在爭取選舉權(quán)的過程中遇到了強(qiáng)大的阻力,例如,美國男權(quán)主義者曾宣稱:“如果給婦女選舉權(quán),你就得在每個縣建立瘋?cè)嗽?,在每座城?zhèn)建立離婚法庭。女人太神經(jīng)質(zhì)和歇斯底里,不能介入政治。”盡管遇到了強(qiáng)大的阻力,婦女運(yùn)動還是取得了勝利。自1848年7月,美國女權(quán)運(yùn)動發(fā)表了《婦女傷感宜言》后,美國女權(quán)主義者全力組織婦女參加爭取參政權(quán)的運(yùn)動。1917年,美國婦女運(yùn)動團(tuán)體“婦女國會同盟”和“婦女黨”組織了連續(xù)24小時對白宮的示威。1920年,美國國會通過了憲法第19號修正案.明確規(guī)定婦女享有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán),婦女獲得了完全的選舉權(quán)。在英國,婦女的選舉權(quán)是分兩步獲得的,在1918年,30歲以上婦女獲得選舉權(quán),到1928年婦女最終獲得同男子同等的選舉權(quán)。②爭取女性受教育的權(quán)利。各國婦女紛紛提出實(shí)現(xiàn)受教育的要求,女子學(xué)校大量涌現(xiàn)。一些女權(quán)主義者們曾就女童的教育內(nèi)容應(yīng)不應(yīng)與男童一樣,男女學(xué)生的考試內(nèi)容應(yīng)不應(yīng)該相同等間題展開辯論。在1868年,劍橋大學(xué)為女生提供了單獨(dú)的考試。這一做法在女權(quán)主義者當(dāng)中引起激烈的爭論,有的贊成,有的反對。③爭取女性就業(yè)權(quán)。在 19世紀(jì),人們普遍認(rèn)為,生育和撫養(yǎng)子女是女人的天性,因此女人的天職就是留在家里生育和撫養(yǎng)子女。婦女到社會上就業(yè)之后,工作和婚姻的矛盾變得突出起來,已婚女人的就業(yè)問題引起了激烈的爭論,許多希望出來工作的婦女對于必須在工作和家庭中選擇一項(xiàng)感到不公平,她們提出,男人可以同時擁有工作和家庭,為什么女人就不可以?女權(quán)主義者認(rèn)為,婦女應(yīng)當(dāng)在勞動市場上與男人平等競爭,同工同酬,這樣才能保持經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立。第一次女權(quán)運(yùn)動取得了豐碩的成果,到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時,歐美不少國家的婦女底得了選舉權(quán)、財產(chǎn)繼承權(quán)和接受高等教育的權(quán)利。

      1.2第二次女權(quán)運(yùn)動

      1949年,法國著名作家波伏娃發(fā)表了《第二性》,為女權(quán)主義第二次高潮的到來奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。波伏娃在她的書中指出:世界上只有一種人性,即男性,女人被看作是男性的偏離,因此這個世界是男人的世界。她認(rèn)為“女子不是天生的,而是生成的”,人類文化造成了男性氣質(zhì)和女性氣質(zhì),因此決定女性社會地位的因素不是單純生理的、心理的或經(jīng)濟(jì)的因素,而是社會的。在《第二性》中波伏娃詳細(xì)地分析了社會文化弱化女性的過程,指出在父制下女性永遠(yuǎn)是次等的,因而是“第二性的”。此書被譽(yù)為“西方女性解放運(yùn)動的《圣經(jīng)》,為20世紀(jì)50~60年代的第二次女權(quán)高潮提供了理論武器。

      女權(quán)運(yùn)動的第二次高潮首先是從美國開始的,引發(fā)這次女權(quán)運(yùn)動的導(dǎo)火索是美國婦女對男性支配的民權(quán)運(yùn)動的失望。20世紀(jì)60年代,美國爆發(fā)了大規(guī)模群眾性運(yùn)動,以大學(xué)生和青年知識分子為主體的“新左派”十分活躍,成為美國當(dāng)時令人服目的政治文化現(xiàn)象.他們聲援黑人,積極參與民權(quán)運(yùn)動,反對越南戰(zhàn)爭,反抗學(xué)校當(dāng)局,猛烈抨擊美國的社會制度。這些左翼學(xué)生運(yùn)動激發(fā)了婦女為自身解放而斗爭的愿望。美國青年婦女紛紛投入這場運(yùn)動,希望在新社會運(yùn)動中找到自己的位置。但事實(shí)使她們失望,因?yàn)樾伦笈蛇\(yùn)動中有濃厚的大男子主義。女青年在民權(quán)組織中總是做管家和女秘書工作,在重大決策上沒有發(fā)言權(quán),有些新左派的首領(lǐng)們甚至把婦女當(dāng)花瓶,或讓她們端茶送水做雜務(wù),甚至公開表示“在學(xué)生非暴力委員會中,婦女的地位只能如此”,這就激起了“新左派”女性的不滿。使公眾最為震動的是1968年女權(quán)主義者抗議競選美國小姐的運(yùn)動。來自加拿大和美國佛羅里達(dá)州及東海岸各州的婦女在選美大廳外面的街上進(jìn)行諷刺表演。她們將一只羊加冕為“美國小姐”,并設(shè)了“自由垃圾箱”,將束縛婦女的物品,如束腰、發(fā)卷等扔人垃圾箱。這樣,第二次女權(quán)運(yùn)動于在美國爆發(fā),而后波及西歐以及整個資本主義世界。1968至1970年,英國的新女權(quán)運(yùn)動已遍及全國各地,法國更由于1968年的“五月風(fēng)暴”的洗禮,新女權(quán)運(yùn)動進(jìn)人一個新高潮。此外,北歐的丹麥、挪威的新女權(quán)運(yùn)動也蓬勃開展,各種婦女解放組織如雨后春筍。

      2女權(quán)主義的理論特點(diǎn)

      要準(zhǔn)確地把握西方女權(quán)主義的基本特征非常困難,甚至幾乎不可能,學(xué)者們基本上無人去嘗試。女權(quán)主義與自由主義、保守主義、社會民主主義、西方馬克思主義等男性所主導(dǎo)的其他所有政治思潮大不相同,甚至相反。在某種意義上,可以說女權(quán)主義的特征無限多,從而無法充分而恰當(dāng)?shù)赜枰詺w納,只能就其最引人注目的地方作些粗略的描述。

      (1)女權(quán)主義是一種以女性為主體的思潮,具有明顯的性別傾向性。作為一種女性思潮,女權(quán)主義不僅在思想觀點(diǎn)上代表著女性的利益并為婦女爭取權(quán)利,而且持有這種觀點(diǎn)的人也大多數(shù)是女性。因此,女權(quán)主義是一種婦女自己的思潮。有的女權(quán)主義者甚至認(rèn)為,雖然也有男性作家和社會活動家主張男女平等和婦女解放并為此而作出一定的貢獻(xiàn),但他們只能成為女權(quán)主義的支.持者,而不能成為女權(quán)主義者。

      (2)女權(quán)主義并不是鐵板一塊的意識形態(tài),而主張意識形態(tài)多元化,常常從其他流派吸收理論營養(yǎng),并與其他政治思想結(jié)合在一起,以不同的方式思考問題。在自由主義、社會民主主義、綠色政治、存在主義、心理分析、后現(xiàn)代主義等政治思潮的影響下,女權(quán)主義內(nèi)部形成了自由女權(quán)主義、社會女權(quán)主義、激進(jìn)女權(quán)主義、心理分析女權(quán)主義、后現(xiàn)代女權(quán)主義、浪漫女權(quán)主義、黑人女權(quán)主義等政治價值取向不一致的眾多主要流派。他們各執(zhí)一端,相爭而又互補(bǔ),無一能夠代表整個女權(quán)主義。女權(quán)主義的思想米源多元化與社會民主主義、綠色和平主義頗為相似,甚至比它們走得更遠(yuǎn)。

      (3)女權(quán)主義在思想上具有明顯的隨意性。一方面與傳統(tǒng)政治思潮尤其自由主義、社會民主主義等主流思潮相比,女權(quán)主義具有極大的隨意性,情緒的宣泄遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于理性的思考。方法論不明確,甚至不講究;邏輯不清楚,推論時斷時續(xù);語言、甚至數(shù)據(jù)高度夸張,牢騷、乃至咒罵比比皆是;觀點(diǎn)(包括結(jié)論)自相矛盾,缺乏無可辯駁的說服力。然而另一方面,女權(quán)主義的文獻(xiàn)直抒胸臆,又具有極強(qiáng)的感染力。越來越多的女權(quán)分子相信,這種模糊思維取決于女人自身的生理?xiàng)l件,因而在心理上勢必有別于男人,其直覺往往壓倒理性。

      (4)女權(quán)主義與其他男性理論相比,體現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的溫和色彩。無論某些女權(quán)流派或者女權(quán)分子如何激進(jìn),如何呼喚婦女解放、女權(quán)革命,甚至大談性別戰(zhàn)爭,卻從來沒有任何女權(quán)主義理論代表鼓吹任何形式的暴力革命。即使實(shí)踐中具有一定規(guī)模的反抗性群體破壞活動,也不過縱火而已。其明顯的原因在于暴力不是女性的優(yōu)勢。根本原因在于,就人類的生活和延續(xù)而言,兩性在生理上和心理上均有相互依存的一面。因而在斗爭的向時,雙方還不得不謀求妥協(xié)。

      3當(dāng)代自由主義女權(quán)主義的主要觀點(diǎn)

      在20世紀(jì)60年代的第二次女權(quán)運(yùn)動高潮前后,自由主義女權(quán)主義仍然十分活躍,涌現(xiàn)出大批理論著作,其中美國婦女B·弗里丹的著作《女性的奧秘》起了運(yùn)動先聲的作用,她發(fā)起的“NOW"(National organization for Woman,全國婦女組織)后來達(dá)到240多萬人,成為西方最大的婦女團(tuán)體。繼《女性的奧秘》之后,自由主義女權(quán)主義相繼出版了一系列經(jīng)典作品,如:理查茲的《懷疑一切的女權(quán)主義者》1982,G·斯蒂奈姆的《憤怒的行動和日常的反抗》(1983)歐金的《性別、正義與家庭》1990)等,她們的思想代表了當(dāng)代自由主義女權(quán)主義的主要觀點(diǎn),歸納起來主要有;(一)繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持男女兩性具有相同理性

      在人性論這個政治理論的出發(fā)點(diǎn)上,自由女權(quán)主義認(rèn)同傳統(tǒng)自由主義的觀點(diǎn),即持一種理性至上的信念。傳統(tǒng)自由主義主張把人的活動分為理性和感性兩個相互沖突的領(lǐng)域,并認(rèn)為理性高于感性,人類有能力區(qū)別于、并且優(yōu)越于其他動物的本質(zhì)特性。但傳統(tǒng)自由主義只是將理性的桂冠戴在男人頭上,認(rèn)為男性具有勇敢、自信、開放、進(jìn)取、寬容等一系列相關(guān)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),而女性不具有理性,或女性的理性低于男性,女人常常在“沖動(感情用事)”的標(biāo)簽之下,同怯懦、輕浮、瑣碎、蝙狹、封閉等一系列缺點(diǎn)聯(lián)系在一起。自由主義女權(quán)主義歷來不接受這種流行觀念,當(dāng)代自由主義女權(quán)主義繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持沃爾斯通克拉夫特“兩性理性無差異”理論,認(rèn)為兩性的本質(zhì)、尤其理性的基本特征沒有太大的區(qū)別,男人能夠做到的事情女人也能做到.社會輿論對兩性的不同理解實(shí)屬男性的產(chǎn)品,甚至就是排擠、壓制婦女的借口。正如密爾所說:“現(xiàn)在被稱之為婦女的天性明顯地是人為的事一一在某些方面是強(qiáng)制壓迫的結(jié)果,在另一些方面是不自然的刺激的結(jié)果?!?二)男女兩性應(yīng)擁有同等的競爭機(jī)會

      自由主義女權(quán)主義認(rèn)為,在一個公平的社會里,每一個成員都應(yīng)該得到發(fā)揮自己潛力的機(jī)會,男女兩性應(yīng)當(dāng)擁有同等的競爭機(jī)會。但西方傳統(tǒng)觀念出于性別偏見,認(rèn)為婦女天生軟弱無能,僅僅適合有限的特定職業(yè),例如醫(yī)務(wù)、服務(wù)、文秘、教師等等。而不能從事投資、政治、傳教等工作,更不用說軍事、警務(wù)等需要高度體能和膽量的行當(dāng)。在同一個部門或者單位,兩性有明確的“分工”,男性員工大多待遇好、地位高,女性員工恰恰相反。即便在所謂適合婦女的領(lǐng)域,兩性也有明顯的主從之別。例如在醫(yī)院,院長、科主任和資深醫(yī)生大多為男性,女性主要充當(dāng)護(hù)士;在20世紀(jì)70年代的美國哈佛大學(xué),文科的近500名資深教授竟然是清一色的須眉。事實(shí)上在就業(yè)和競選活動中,如果男女兩名對象或者候選人能力相當(dāng),女性一般都會“莫名其妙”地失敗。這一切,傳統(tǒng)上就連自由派的男子都覺得天經(jīng)地義,認(rèn)定女人其實(shí)最適合在私人領(lǐng)域持家,而不是在公共領(lǐng)域馳騁。

      為了改變這種狀況,自由主義女權(quán)主義者從更加徹底的理性主義出發(fā),執(zhí)著地追求性別平等,或者性別正義,因此而得名“平權(quán)女權(quán)主義”。她們中有些人甚至認(rèn)為,除了生理構(gòu)造之外,兩性在責(zé)任、命運(yùn)、活動方式等其他方面沒有區(qū)別,因此,反對對婦女的任何歧視,要求擺脫“賢妻良母”的傳統(tǒng)角色,突破家庭這個私人領(lǐng)域的限制,進(jìn)人在傳統(tǒng)上由男人把持的公共領(lǐng)域??释硎芘c男性同樣的個人理性選擇以及法律、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的各種人權(quán)、待遇和機(jī)會,在同樣的市場規(guī)則下進(jìn)行公平的、公開的競爭,以取得自我的發(fā)展和自我價值的實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如在教育方面,自山女權(quán)派一向反對傳統(tǒng)的、帶有歧視性的性別隔離制度,要求兩性實(shí)行內(nèi)容一致的混合教育,以充分發(fā)掘婦女的潛能口“不僅男女兩性的德行,而且兩性的知識在性質(zhì)上也應(yīng)該是相同的,即使在程度上不相等?!痹诰蜆I(yè)方面,強(qiáng)烈要求公共部門和私人企業(yè)對兩性一視同仁,絕不能出于性別原因而排斥婦女。她們相信,婦女的解放還能讓男人擺脫養(yǎng)家糊口和保衛(wèi)祖國的重負(fù),從而解放自身。

      (三)改革不公正的法律與教育體制

      自由主義女權(quán)主義認(rèn)為,女性之所以顯得不如男性,是因?yàn)樗齻儧]有得到與男性相同的受教育機(jī)會,因此,婦女應(yīng)該爭取受教育的權(quán)利和相應(yīng)的法律改革。在這方面,最有代表性的是美國自由主義女權(quán)主義者。她們認(rèn)為,美國基本上是遵循對所有人一律給予公平和自由的原則的,只是這種公平和自由還應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展到婦女身上。由于自由主義女權(quán)主義者及其他女權(quán)主義者的推動下,1963年,美國國會通過了“同工同酬法案”,20世紀(jì)60年代末,又對民權(quán)法案作了修改,把雇傭中禁止性別歧視的內(nèi)容列人了法案;70年代,美國自由主義女權(quán)主義的代表全國婦女組織(NOW)又掀起了通過“平等權(quán)利修正案”的運(yùn)動,要求以憲法修正案的形式規(guī)定“合眾國或任何州不得以性別為由,剝奪或限制法律所規(guī)定的婦女的平等權(quán)利”。迄今為止,美國憲法修正案共有26條,所以“平等權(quán)利修正案”又被稱為憲法第27條修正案。早在1971年和1972年,美國眾參兩院分別通過了這項(xiàng)修正案。但是根據(jù)規(guī)定,憲法修正案還必須得到美國50個州中3/4的州即38個州的批準(zhǔn),才能最終成為憲法的一部分。但是到1978年為止,這項(xiàng)修正案只得到35個州的批準(zhǔn),為此,國會不得不將批準(zhǔn)的限期從原來的1979年延長到1982年,但到1982年6月30日為止,支持此修正案的州仍然只有35個,因此這息。在美國總統(tǒng)競選期間,兩黨的候選人都曾對此項(xiàng)修正案發(fā)表看法。雖然通過“平等權(quán)利修正案”阻力很大,但女權(quán)主義者還會繼續(xù)斗爭下去。項(xiàng)修正案只得被廢棄。盡管如此,美國婦女爭取平等權(quán)利的運(yùn)動從未止.(四)認(rèn)同現(xiàn)存的政治秋序及價值體系

      自山女權(quán)主義形成2個世紀(jì)以來,一直是西方女權(quán)運(yùn)動中最大的流派,并且為異性所領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的主流輿論所接受。這主要是由于自由主義女權(quán)主義立場溫和,基本認(rèn)同現(xiàn)存的政治秩序及其價值體系,承認(rèn)自由主義意識形態(tài)的支配地位,比較容易同其他利益集團(tuán)達(dá)成妥協(xié)。

      第五篇:女權(quán)主義~

      Women throughout the ages have protested the limitations imposed on their lives by social, political, and religious institutions.In the fifth century, Hypatia, an influential Roman scholar, sought a reawakening of female dignity and power;in the fifteenth century Christine de Pisan chronicled the achievements of women and instigated a debate across Europe on women’s equality;two centuries later Anna van Schuman, a Dutch woman, wrote books in support of women’s education.In the American colonies, Abigail Adams lobbied her husband, John, to “remember the ladies” as the American Revolution raged on in the name of equality for all men.Soon after, in England in 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft was writing the feminist tract A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.But the first wave of modern feminism is usually declared to have begun in 1848, with 100 women and men at the Seneca Falls Convention.There, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott threw down the gauntlet for women’s suffrage;afterward, feminist Susan B.Anthony joined Stanton to lead the movement.Neither womanas well as long-term active feminists themselves—is bringing an ever-broadening perspective to the bargaining table of women’s rights.These women have been delving into some of the early feminist thoughts on the patriarchal structure underlying all modern political, social, and cultural constructs, and they include the problems of racism and classism in their analyses.This generation too, accustomed to contemplating systems(such as ecosystems)and not just the individual factor, is looking at the entire system, from home to work to voting booth to religious institution.Many are questioning why women are expected to adapt to a world created by men.Many are lobbying for an adaptation that goes both ways.And many are rejecting society’s old definitions of what it means to be a woman and replacing them with their own definitions, remembering feminist Mary Daly’s admonition that the right to define is power.In this generation, women are studying at West Point and winning Rhodes scholarships, and they expect to earn equal pay for equal work.This is the Title IX generation, women who grew up with the opportunity to join Little League teams, to play in soccer leagues, and who had access to school basketball and volleyball courts and to softball diamonds.This generation looks out at a world of women surfing alongside men, a powerful third wave.在整個年齡的婦女提出抗議給他們的生活帶來的限制社會、政治和宗教的人們。在第五世紀(jì)一個有重大影響的人物,Hypatia羅馬學(xué)者,找了再度活躍的女性的尊嚴(yán)和力量

      在十五世紀(jì)克里斯汀·德·剛被記錄了女性的貢獻(xiàn)和煽動辯論整個歐洲對婦女的平等權(quán)利;兩百年后安娜·范·舒曼,荷蘭的女人,寫書支持女子教育。

      在美國的殖民地,阿比蓋爾·亞當(dāng)斯游說她丈夫約翰女士“記憶”美國革命名義激烈平等所有的人。不久以后,在英國1792年,瑪麗·渥斯通克拉夫特·寫辯護(hù)道的女性的權(quán)利的女人。

      但第一波通常是現(xiàn)代女性主義的公布,開始于1848年在100女性和男性的塞尼卡福爾斯會議。在那里,伊麗莎白Cady斯坦頓和everglades挑戰(zhàn)來丟掉了婦女選舉權(quán);后來,女性主義蘇姍·b·安東尼加入斯坦頓帶領(lǐng)運(yùn)動

      womanas以及也帶來了themselves-is長期活躍的女權(quán)主義者ever-broadening視角討價還價桌旁婦女的權(quán)利。這些婦女的鉆研一些早期的女權(quán)主義思想對男權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)潛在所有現(xiàn)代的政治、社會和文化建設(shè)存在的問題,主要有classism于種族主義和在他們的分析。

      這些婦女的鉆研一些早期的女權(quán)主義思想對男權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)潛在所有現(xiàn)代的政治、社會和文化建設(shè)存在的問題,主要有classism于種族主義和在他們的分析。這一代太習(xí)慣于考慮系統(tǒng)(如生態(tài)系統(tǒng))而不只是人的因素,正在看整個系統(tǒng),從家到工作要投票攤宗教機(jī)構(gòu)。

      許多的問題是為什么女人將適應(yīng)創(chuàng)造的世界被藐視。許多在游說,改編而成的都是如此的方式。和許多拒絕社會的舊有界定這意味著什么做一個女人和替換他們記住他們自己的定義,女性主義瑪麗·權(quán)利警戒的定義就是力量。在這個世代中,女人是研究并贏得西點(diǎn)羅茲獎學(xué)金,而且想要獲得同工同酬。這是一代,婦女第九條長大的機(jī)會加入,少棒隊(duì)伍參加足球聯(lián)盟,他們能夠在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)籃球和排球法院壘球鉆石??催@世代的一個世界的女性與男人一塊沖浪,一個強(qiáng)大的第三次浪潮。

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