第一篇:馬鈴薯的安全生產(chǎn)
馬鈴薯的安全生產(chǎn)
張嘉寧
摘要:在人口不斷增加、耕地面積減少、水資源匱乏以及小麥、水稻、玉米三大糧食作物種植面積不斷下降等因素的影響下,國(guó)內(nèi)以及世界的糧食問(wèn)題越來(lái)越嚴(yán)峻。馬鈴薯營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,作為世界第四大糧食作物,擔(dān)任著不可缺少的角色。馬鈴薯的安全生產(chǎn)表現(xiàn)為其種植、生長(zhǎng)、施肥、收獲、貯藏以及日后加工、運(yùn)輸、銷售等各方面,都要嚴(yán)格的遵守各項(xiàng)規(guī)則。從而保證糧食、食品的安全。并且,馬鈴薯產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展,將會(huì)對(duì)糧食安全問(wèn)題起到很重要的作用。關(guān)鍵詞:馬鈴薯;安全生產(chǎn);綠色食品;貯藏
馬鈴薯,又叫土豆,是一種茄科茄屬類植物,可食部分是其塊莖,是日常生活中必不可少的糧食、蔬菜作物。有著很豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值。馬鈴薯是全球僅次于小麥、水稻和玉米的第四大重要糧食作物。馬鈴薯抗性比較強(qiáng),容易在不適合其他農(nóng)作物生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境下生長(zhǎng)并獲得一定的產(chǎn)量。并且馬鈴薯是21世紀(jì)人類最有價(jià)值,很有發(fā)展前途的食物,更有可能在將來(lái)發(fā)展為世界人口的重要主食。馬鈴薯不僅在人類的主食方面有很大的用途,而且在食品產(chǎn)業(yè)方面也扮演著不可或缺的重要角色。
所謂馬鈴薯安全生產(chǎn),是指作通過(guò)對(duì)馬鈴薯的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的有效控制和管理,使馬鈴薯及其加工制成品達(dá)到安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
在馬鈴薯的種植方面,要考慮綜合方面的因素、問(wèn)題。比如有產(chǎn)地環(huán)境、生態(tài)因子等。對(duì)光、熱、水、肥、土壤等都有一定的要求。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)、人們追求的都是綠色食品,所謂綠色食品是按照特定的生產(chǎn)方式生產(chǎn),經(jīng)專門(mén)的機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)定許可使用綠色商品標(biāo)志的無(wú)污染的安全優(yōu)質(zhì)食品,根據(jù)級(jí)別不公(如A級(jí)和AA級(jí)),生產(chǎn)種植過(guò)程中按照綠色食品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),禁用或限制使用化學(xué)合成的農(nóng)藥、肥料、添加劑等生產(chǎn)資料以及其他可能對(duì)人類健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生危害的物質(zhì),并實(shí)施“從土地到餐桌”全程質(zhì)量控制。由此可見(jiàn),在馬鈴薯的生產(chǎn)種植以及收獲后加工貯藏方面,都要經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的控制。
要想符合“綠色食品”的生產(chǎn)要求,就需要在馬鈴薯的播種、灌溉、施肥等方面有嚴(yán)格的控制。對(duì)馬鈴薯的施肥很是重要,馬鈴薯的施肥,一般是以“有機(jī)肥為主,化肥為輔,重施基肥,早施追肥”為原則。所以應(yīng)當(dāng)以施用有機(jī)肥為主,因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)肥料對(duì)提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有很重要的作用,通過(guò)提高土壤肥力來(lái)間接的提高產(chǎn)量,并且,有機(jī)肥很少毒害甚至是無(wú)毒害,這是別的化肥無(wú)法比擬的。另外,有機(jī)肥和農(nóng)家肥必須進(jìn)行無(wú)害化處理。這樣可以消滅有機(jī)廢棄物里含有的大量病原體,減少馬鈴薯的種植過(guò)程中蟲(chóng)卵對(duì)其的污染。除了施肥之外,就是農(nóng)藥的使用。為了使馬鈴薯的生產(chǎn)安全,使用的農(nóng)藥應(yīng)為有機(jī)合成農(nóng)藥,生物源農(nóng)藥等,不得使用國(guó)家明令禁止的農(nóng)藥。這都是馬鈴薯安全生產(chǎn)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題,為使所生產(chǎn)的食品達(dá)到安全質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),更好的保障食用者的利益。
在馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中,也要注意防治病蟲(chóng)害。馬鈴薯的病害主要是晚疫病,預(yù)防措施:1.不從病區(qū)調(diào)種;2.需要切塊的薯,要注意切刀消毒,并注意切塊時(shí)間;3.在生長(zhǎng)階段,如發(fā)現(xiàn)有晚疫病植株,當(dāng)應(yīng)噴藥治理。蟲(chóng)害主要是蚜蟲(chóng)、瓢蟲(chóng)和地下蟲(chóng),可用允許使用的農(nóng)藥來(lái)噴殺。在其生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中,要及時(shí)有效的控制這些因素,以求的馬鈴薯更好生長(zhǎng),防止減產(chǎn)。
貯藏也是在馬鈴薯收獲后很重要的一環(huán)。馬鈴薯的窖藏是一種很好的方法,窖藏的好壞直接影響著副食供應(yīng)、食用品質(zhì)和種薯種性。在入窖前,定要先除掉爛薯、蟲(chóng)等以防止入窖后爛掉而影響到別的薯。窖藏后,要控制和調(diào)節(jié)窖內(nèi)的溫度、濕度和空氣。在收獲馬鈴薯后,馬鈴薯通過(guò)自身的呼吸作用和而消耗了自身所儲(chǔ)藏的能量物質(zhì),所以控制窖內(nèi)溫度,可有效的抑制馬鈴薯的呼吸作用,從而減少其自身消耗。若窖溫過(guò)高,可在夜間打開(kāi)窗口通風(fēng)降溫,也可以倒堆散熱。也可以通過(guò)控制窖內(nèi)的CO2濃度來(lái)抑制微生物的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,從而達(dá)到延長(zhǎng)馬鈴薯儲(chǔ)藏期和提高儲(chǔ)藏效果的目的。
馬鈴薯鮮薯保質(zhì)期一般為6~8個(gè)月,但經(jīng)過(guò)加工后的馬鈴薯不僅提高了其經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,而[2]且也延長(zhǎng)了保質(zhì)期。一般都加工成淀粉。近年來(lái),馬鈴薯都常被加工為薯片、薯?xiàng)l、薯塊、沙拉等,大大地提高了其價(jià)值。在加工過(guò)程中要嚴(yán)格遵守國(guó)家法律法規(guī),使用合法的添加劑,不得為了各種原因而使用過(guò)期或是對(duì)人體有害的物質(zhì)。以求得加工出的產(chǎn)品是安全的。
為保障生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者雙方的利益,也要建立一套追蹤體系,也就是一種可溯源的保障體制:在當(dāng)生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸、加工、儲(chǔ)存、包裝、銷售等任何環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題時(shí),都可以依照追蹤體系的相關(guān)記錄進(jìn)行追溯,找到問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的來(lái)源。這樣就可以保障消費(fèi)者和合法生產(chǎn)者、經(jīng)營(yíng)者的利益。
結(jié)語(yǔ):當(dāng)前糧食價(jià)格飛漲,人口增加,可耕地面積減少,城市化發(fā)展過(guò)快等等的原因,使得糧食問(wèn)題形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。作為世界第四大糧食作物,馬鈴薯因?yàn)樗目剐詮?qiáng),食用加工簡(jiǎn)單,可以擔(dān)負(fù)起緩解糧食危機(jī)、保證食品安全的重要責(zé)任。在未來(lái)的糧食發(fā)展過(guò)程中,馬鈴薯會(huì)顯出它舉足輕重的地位。在水資源相對(duì)緊缺干旱的地區(qū),種植馬鈴薯,產(chǎn)量均高于其他糧食
[3]作物,對(duì)事物安全的貢獻(xiàn),馬鈴薯也相對(duì)的會(huì)高于其它糧食作物。除此之外,馬鈴薯經(jīng)過(guò)加工后,更可以延長(zhǎng)儲(chǔ)藏期,從而進(jìn)一步的保證了食物的安全問(wèn)題。[1]
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 李佩英.馬鈴薯安全貯藏方法.黑龍江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2001,(3): 60.[2] 屈冬玉,謝開(kāi)云等.中國(guó)馬鈴薯產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展與食物安全.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2005, 38(2):358-362 [3] 徐娟娟.馬鈴薯 糧食安全戰(zhàn)略中的重要角色.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工業(yè), 2008(10).
第二篇:馬鈴薯機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技巧
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馬鈴薯機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技巧
目前,云南省的播種機(jī)械整體適應(yīng)性還不是很強(qiáng),云南種植行距為50~60cm,株距15~32cm,深度8~25cm,差距較大。還有部分地區(qū)馬鈴薯實(shí)行套種,與當(dāng)前推廣的播種機(jī)規(guī)格不配套。云南馬鈴薯播種機(jī)在播種過(guò)程中主要存在漏播與重播的問(wèn)題。一方面是因?yàn)轳R鈴薯種子本身就存在形狀不一,大小各異的情況。為了盡量較少漏播與重播,可在播種前對(duì)馬鈴薯種子進(jìn)行篩選,對(duì)差異大的種子進(jìn)行分級(jí)處理。另一方面可改進(jìn)播種器結(jié)構(gòu)。機(jī)械收獲中存在的問(wèn)題馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)一次可完成挖掘、升運(yùn)、分離、鋪條等工序。在收獲過(guò)程中,根據(jù)云南粘性土壤的性質(zhì)應(yīng)盡可能減少損失率,同時(shí)土薯應(yīng)盡可能徹底分離,要確定好最合適的挖掘深度,即掘起的土壤量最少且沒(méi)有過(guò)多的傷薯和漏挖現(xiàn)象,以減少工作阻力。馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械有牽引式、半懸掛式和懸掛式3種,選配時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐姆N植情況、土壤條件、動(dòng)力匹配等因素綜合考慮。云南使用的收獲機(jī)械對(duì)土壤含水率要求較高,含水量過(guò)高,易造成土壤結(jié)塊;含水量較低,土塊難震碎,都影響土薯分離。此外,各地區(qū)種植方式等差異必須重視農(nóng)藝和農(nóng)機(jī)緊密結(jié)合,制定好一套統(tǒng)一的種植農(nóng)藝要求。此外,云南省內(nèi)從事馬鈴薯機(jī)械研發(fā)的科研單位及生產(chǎn)廠家較少,研制開(kāi)發(fā)力度不夠,不能很好的適應(yīng)云南省馬鈴薯的實(shí)際生產(chǎn)情況。由于云南特殊的地理?xiàng)l件,一些外省引進(jìn)的機(jī)具不能適應(yīng)云南省馬鈴薯的收獲要求,導(dǎo)致?lián)p失率、傷薯率高,明薯率低,分離效果不好,影響了機(jī)具的推廣使用。應(yīng)因地制宜,結(jié)合云南實(shí)際情況,從挖掘、分離等工序著手改進(jìn)。對(duì)大中型機(jī)械,關(guān)鍵是防止抖動(dòng)輸出部件碰傷薯塊,在升運(yùn)鏈速度不變的情況下適當(dāng)提高行進(jìn)速度,降低鏈交接處的高度差、速度差以及末端的抖動(dòng)幅值或者降低輸送鏈輸出端高度及拋薯速度等,達(dá)到一個(gè)速度最優(yōu)值。
Currently, seeding machinery whole adaptability is not strong in http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
yunnan province, yunnan plant row spacing is 50 ~ 60 cm, planting distance 15 ~ 32 cm, 8 ~ 25 cm depth, the gap is bigger.There are parts of potato interplanting, seeding machine specs don't match with the current promotion.Yunnan in the process of planting potato seeder leak seeding and the replay of the most important problem.On the one hand is because the potato seeds itself is a different shape, different size.To leak less as far as possible and replay, can be filtered for the potato seeds before seeding, the big differences of seed grading.On the other hand can improve planter structure.Mechanical problems that exist in the potato harvester harvest time can finish digging, elevator, separation, shop etc.During harvest, according to the nature of the cohesive soil in yunnan should as far as possible reduce the loss rate, soil potatoes should be completely separated as far as possible, to determine the most suitable excavation depth, namely, dig up the least amount of soil and no too much potato chips and dig the leakage, to reduce working resistance.Potato harvest machinery has traction type, semi-mounted and hanging 3 kinds, matching should be according to the local planting condition, soil condition, power matching factors such as comprehensive consideration.Yunnan use harvest machinery demand is higher, the water content of soil moisture content is too high, easy to cause soil agglomerate;Moisture content is low, clods are hard to break, potato can affect soil separation.Planting way in addition, the http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
regional differences must pay attention to combining agronomy and farm machinery, set a unified set of cultivated agronomic requirements.In addition, the yunnan province potato machinery research and development of scientific research units and manufacturers, research and development dynamics is insufficient, can't well adapt to the actual situation of the yunnan province potato production.Due to special geographical conditions in yunnan, some provincial import machine can not adapt to the yunnan province potato harvest requirements, lead to high loss rate, injury rate of potato, potato rate is low, separation effect is bad, affect the use of machines and tools.Should adjust measures to local conditions, combining with the actual conditions in yunnan province, from mining, such as separation processes to improve.For large and medium-sized machinery, the key is to prevent jitter output components potato pieces, bruised in the elevator chain under the condition of invariable speed increasing speed, reduce the height difference, speed difference and chain junction at the end of the jitter amplitude or decrease the output conveyor chain end height and toss potatoes speed etc., to achieve an optimum speed.馬鈴薯機(jī)具的改進(jìn)
Potato machine improvements http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
要做到提高挖掘效果又要保證強(qiáng)度、耐磨性等符合工藝要求和擁有較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命,應(yīng)注意如下方面:(1)根據(jù)云南粘性土壤阻力對(duì)挖掘鏟磨損大的特性,挖掘鏟可采用多片組合,鏟尖磨損后容易更換,鏟片與鏟片之間留有間隙,既可以減少鏟尖與土壤的接觸面積,減小阻力,又減輕了部分挖掘鏟的重量,整體鏟則不具備此特點(diǎn)。根據(jù)云南作業(yè)區(qū)域的整體農(nóng)藝要求分別確定統(tǒng)一的單壟、雙壟挖掘幅寬,使改進(jìn)后的收獲機(jī)適應(yīng)云南馬鈴薯的收獲要求。由于挖掘鏟跟土壤的摩擦較大,凹面鏟應(yīng)力主要分布在挖掘鏟兩側(cè)與機(jī)架側(cè)板接觸的位置,應(yīng)力隨挖掘鏟入土角增大而增大;平面鏟應(yīng)力主要分布在挖掘鏟中間與固定板接觸的位置,應(yīng)力也隨入土角增大而增大。入土角為15°時(shí),凹面鏟最大應(yīng)力值為25.708Mpa,平面鏟則為33.456Mpa,屈服極限強(qiáng)度同為235Mpa,采用凹面鏟在受力特性方面要優(yōu)于平面鏟。(3)云南粘性土壤多呈塊狀,不易碎。鏟面傾角大,有利于破碎土塊,但工作阻力會(huì)增加,也會(huì)造成較大的鏟尖磨損。在結(jié)合云南粘性土對(duì)挖掘鏟的受力特性基礎(chǔ)上確定合適的入土角,同時(shí)鏟形可由常用的三角形改為梯形,梯形面與三角形面相比,面積更大,所受的磨損相對(duì)較小,既有利于切入土壤,又可保證鏟尖強(qiáng)度及耐磨度。此外,在確保掘起的泥土量最少且沒(méi)有過(guò)多傷薯、漏挖的基礎(chǔ)上,挖掘深度也不宜過(guò)大,挖掘鏟的長(zhǎng)度也不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng),以減少耕作阻力。云南土壤具有粘性和重塑性,為了達(dá)到更好的碎土效果可根據(jù)需要加入一個(gè)液壓機(jī)構(gòu),使之成為液壓式振動(dòng)起土鏟,振動(dòng)式入土較一般的平推式入土更易于將上下土層切開(kāi),碎土效果也相對(duì)更好,且機(jī)具所受到的阻力相對(duì)于平推式要小很多。分離部件的改進(jìn)云南省馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)多采用升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)捷斔头蛛x機(jī)構(gòu),工作時(shí)挖掘鏟將薯塊跟土壤一起鏟起,送到桿條式升運(yùn)器,在邊抖動(dòng)邊輸送的過(guò)程中,將大部分土壤從桿條間篩下,薯塊在機(jī)器后鋪放成條,此機(jī)構(gòu)能有效地解決雍堵問(wèn)題,機(jī)構(gòu)周期擺動(dòng),起到篩選作用,但對(duì)于云南粘性土的分離不夠徹底。可以著手從分離部件的振幅、http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
長(zhǎng)度、速度等方面著手改進(jìn)。振幅分離部件振幅的大小對(duì)分離效果有很大的影響,振幅太小,不利于薯土分離。山東太陽(yáng)能由于云南土壤的粘性特點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致引進(jìn)的外省機(jī)具必須在原有的基礎(chǔ)性能上提高振幅。振幅加大,雖然能夠提升分離的效果,但是加大了機(jī)械的負(fù)荷和功率的消耗,且容易傷薯。應(yīng)在研究云南粘性土壤特性和結(jié)合云南馬鈴薯機(jī)械農(nóng)藝的基礎(chǔ)上選擇合適的振幅。
To improve the effect of excavation and conform to the technical requirements as to ensure the strength, abrasion resistance and long service life, we should pay attention to the following aspects:(1)according to yunnan cohesive soil resistance of digging shovel wear big features, digging shovel can be used multi-plate combination, blade tip wear is easy to change after, leave space between the shovel and spade pills, can reduce the contact area of spade pointed with soil, reduce the resistance, and reduce the weight of the part of the digging shovel, a spade, do not have this feature as a whole.According to the requirements of the operational areas in yunnan whole agronomic, respectively, to determine the unified single ridge, double ridge mining width, the harvester can improve the adapt to the harvest of potatoes in yunnan.Due to digging shovel with friction of soil is larger, concave shovel digging shovel on both sides of the stress mainly distributed in the location of the contact with the frame lateral plate, a digging shovel the grave stress with Angle increases;Plane stress mainly distributed in the middle of the digging shovel shovel the location of the contact with http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
the fixed plate, the stress varies with the grave Angle increases.The grave when the Angle is 15 °, concave shovel maximum stress value of 25.708 Mpa, 33.456 Mpa flat shovel, yield limit strength of 235 Mpa, using concave shovel is superior to plane shovel in mechanical characteristics.(3)yunnan cohesive soil is more massive, non-friable.Dip Angle is large, the shovel to break clod, but working resistance will increase, will cause larger scraper tip wear.In combination with yunnan on the basis of cohesive soil to the digging shovel mechanical characteristics determine the right Angle of the grave, and shovel can be instead of the commonly used triangle trapezoid, trapezoid and triangle surface, compared to larger, wear and tear of relatively small, can be cut into the soil, guaranteeing spade pointed strength and wear resistance.Are guaranteed, moreover, dig up the least amount of soil and no too much potato, digging on the basis of the leakage, digging depth also shoulds not be too large, the length of a digging shovel also shoulds not be too long, to reduce working resistance.Yunnan soil has the viscosity and the plasticity, in order to achieve better broken soil effect according to need to add a hydraulic mechanism, make it become the earth shovel, hydraulic vibration vibration type soil into a general horizontal pushing type soil cut from top to bottom, the grave better soil effect is relatively better, and the machine by the resistance smaller relative to the push lot.Separation of components to improve yunnan province potato harvester http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
with hoisting chain conveyor separation mechanism, work digging shovel will potato piece of scooping up with soil, to the bar type elevator, in the process of shaking while conveying, from most of the soil between bar screen, potato piece of article in the machine shop is put into the, the agency can effectively solve the problem of harmony wall, agency cycle oscillation, filtering effect, but for the separation of the cohesive soil in yunnan are thorough enough.Can be set about from the separation of components in the aspects such as amplitude, length, speed improvements.Amplitude separation components has a great influence on the separation effect, the size of the amplitude is too small, is not conducive to potato soil separation.Introduced due to viscous characteristics of soil, yunnan provincial machinery must increase amplitude on the basis of original performance.Amplitude increase, while can improve separation effect, but increased the mechanical load and power consumption, and easy for potato chips.Should combine in studying the characteristics of cohesive soil in yunnan province and yunnan potato machinery and agronomy to choose the appropriate on the basis of the amplitude.長(zhǎng)度升運(yùn)鏈長(zhǎng)度越大,升運(yùn)鏈振動(dòng)篩選的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),分離得越徹底。高溫冷凝水回收設(shè)備由于云南引進(jìn)的外省機(jī)具普遍存在分離效果不好的情況,在引進(jìn)的機(jī)具上加長(zhǎng)升運(yùn)鏈長(zhǎng)度是非常必要的。增加長(zhǎng)度雖然能夠提高分離效果,但并不是長(zhǎng)http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
度越大越好,當(dāng)升運(yùn)鏈長(zhǎng)度過(guò)大時(shí),土薯經(jīng)過(guò)前端的分離,粘附的土壤大部分已經(jīng)被篩下,末端的振動(dòng)就不能起到篩選分離的作用,反而會(huì)傷害薯塊?;刂g機(jī)此外,升運(yùn)鏈一般都有一定的角度,長(zhǎng)度決定著末端拋薯的離地高度,高度過(guò)高拋出的薯塊在落地時(shí)也容易損傷。速度包括機(jī)具的行進(jìn)速度和升運(yùn)鏈輸送馬鈴薯的速度。機(jī)具的行進(jìn)速度取決于外界的條件,例如土壤的濕度等。在較濕的土壤環(huán)境下可以適當(dāng)提高機(jī)具的行進(jìn)速度以提高效率。在干燥的土壤環(huán)境下則要適當(dāng)?shù)慕档托羞M(jìn)速度,以免增加行進(jìn)的阻力、機(jī)具的功耗和挖掘鏟的磨損。升運(yùn)鏈輸送的速度為了不增加額外的動(dòng)力一般是與機(jī)具的行進(jìn)速度匹配或者是固定的,在升運(yùn)鏈長(zhǎng)度增加的情況下,輸送速度的大小決定了篩選時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短,速度太大則不利于土薯分離,且決定了末端的拋薯速度,而速度過(guò)小則會(huì)出現(xiàn)升運(yùn)鏈末端傷薯。柵條形狀馬鈴薯在篩選過(guò)程中,隨著粘附的土壤越來(lái)越少,薯塊與柵條的接觸會(huì)發(fā)生碰撞損傷,因此柵條的形狀和間距對(duì)分離效果也有影響土工膜價(jià)格。圓形截面的柵條對(duì)于馬鈴薯承受的載荷較小,可以采用“U”形圓截面柵條,避免了一般圓截面柵條易變形的特點(diǎn),“U”形柵條受力均勻,保證了分離裝置工作狀態(tài)的穩(wěn)定且工作時(shí)對(duì)薯塊損傷較小。柵條間間距過(guò)大,同一柵條承受的載荷就會(huì)過(guò)大,容易變形,影響使用壽命,且形狀較小的馬鈴薯容易隨著土壤一起落下,而柵條間距過(guò)小則容易傷薯。分離部件的振幅、長(zhǎng)度、速度、柵條形狀是影響分離效果的重要因素,這些因素相互配合,相互牽制。一個(gè)分離部件的研制成功,是因素間相互權(quán)衡的結(jié)果,要使馬鈴薯機(jī)具分離效果能夠適合云南粘性土壤,就必須對(duì)這些影響因素重新權(quán)衡,通過(guò)大量的試驗(yàn)與運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,確立一套適合云南實(shí)情的指標(biāo)。
The length of the elevator chain length, the greater the elevator chain vibration screening, the longer separation, the more thoroughly.Yunnan provincial machinery are widespread separation effect, http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
introduced in the bad situation, on the imported machines longer elevator chain length is very necessary.Increase length, while can improve separation efficiency, length is not the bigger the better, when the elevator chain length is too large, potato after separation of the front end, soil adhesion of soil has been under the screen for the most part, the vibration of the end will not be able to have the effect of filter separation, can damage potato piece instead.In addition, the elevator chain generally have a certain Angle, toss potatoes at the end of the length determines the height from the ground, the height is too high throw potato blocks are also easy to damage when landing.Speed including machine speed and hoisting chain conveyor speed of potatoes.Machine speed depends on the external conditions, such as soil moisture, etc.In the wet soil environment can adequately increase the speed of the machine in order to improve efficiency.In the drying of the soil environment should appropriate reduce the speed, so as not to increase the resistance of the marching, machine power consumption and abrasion of digging shovel.Elevator chain conveyor in order not to increase the speed of the additional power is generally and machine speed matching or is fixed, in the case of elevator chain length increases, the size of the conveyor speed determines the length of filter, potato separation speed is too big is not conducive to soil, and determined the cast at the end of the speed of chips, and the speed is http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/ http://004km.cn/
too small will be elevator chain end chips.Article grid shape of potatoes in the process of screening, with less adhesion of soil, of contact with the gate of the collision damage will happen, so the shape of the bars and spacing on the separation effect may also be affected.Circular cross section of the grid for small potatoes carry the load, can be used in a “U” shape of circular cross section bars, avoids the general circular cross section bars are easy deformation, the characteristics of “U” shaped gate to receive strength evenly, guarantee the stability of the separation device working status and work on potato piece of damage is very small.Too much spacing between bars, in the same grid under load will be too large, easy to deformation, affect the service life, and the shape of small potato is easy to fall together as soil, while article grid spacing is too small easy to potatoes.Separation of components bars, length, speed, the amplitude of the shape is the important factors affecting separation efficiency, these factors work together, to contain each other.The successful development of a separate component is the result of mutual balance between factors that make potato machine separation effect can be suitable for the cohesive soil in yunnan, it must influence on these factors to rebalance, through a lot of test and motion simulation, establish a set of suitable for yunnan index of the truth.
第三篇:馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)采購(gòu)合同(模版)
甲方:_________
乙方:_________
為推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營(yíng),帶動(dòng)農(nóng)民致富。甲、乙雙方本著平等互利的原則,經(jīng)協(xié)商一致,決定在惠陽(yáng)市水口鎮(zhèn)_________村建立馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地?,F(xiàn)就生產(chǎn)、銷售等有關(guān)問(wèn)題協(xié)議如下:
一 甲方職責(zé):
1.提供_________畝排灌方便,土質(zhì)良好的耕地作馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地,負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)基地各個(gè)生產(chǎn)、銷售環(huán)節(jié)的組織管理及協(xié)助技術(shù)員做好生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)工作。
2.預(yù)付_________%馬鈴薯種苗款,(每畝需種薯貳佰市斤原種每市斤種_________元計(jì))。余下_________%種薯款待收薯時(shí)一次性由乙方扣回。
3.在收購(gòu)期間,必須保證足夠人員維持好收購(gòu)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)秩序。并協(xié)助乙方做好收購(gòu)、驗(yàn)質(zhì)工作。
4.負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)業(yè)特產(chǎn)稅的繳納,及乙方派出技術(shù)員的住宿場(chǎng)所。
二 乙方職責(zé):
1.保證在公歷十一月前將_________畝生產(chǎn)基地所需種薯送到甲方所在地,必須保證所供種薯無(wú)病毒、抗性強(qiáng),并派有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的技術(shù)員專門(mén)指導(dǎo)種植生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。
2.負(fù)責(zé)收購(gòu)全部合格薯,并在產(chǎn)地設(shè)點(diǎn)收購(gòu)。合格薯收購(gòu)價(jià)格為每市斤零點(diǎn)陸元。(合格薯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)機(jī)械傷,無(wú)青頭,無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害,無(wú)腐爛,單個(gè)重量_________市斤以上)。級(jí)外薯按每市斤_________元收購(gòu)。(級(jí)外薯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)腐爛,單個(gè)重_________--_________市斤之間)。
3.在收購(gòu)時(shí)期,公司將派人到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)負(fù)責(zé)驗(yàn)質(zhì)、過(guò)秤,運(yùn)輸、付款等工作,貨款扣除種薯款后,分批付給農(nóng)戶,收薯完畢后統(tǒng)一結(jié)算付清。
4.檢質(zhì)工人工資、食宿費(fèi)和收購(gòu)時(shí)所需的包裝物品均由乙方負(fù)責(zé)。
三 違約責(zé)任:
1.乙方如不收購(gòu)甲方全部合格薯,_________%種薯欠款由乙方自負(fù),每畝還需賠償甲方_________元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
2.甲方如不將全部合格薯出售給乙方,除扣清種薯款外,每畝應(yīng)賠償給乙方_________元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
3.乙方于公歷十一月前將種子送到甲方所在地,未及時(shí)將種薯送到造成甲方耕地荒蕪,乙方賠付甲方每畝_________元。
以上協(xié)議條款,甲、乙雙方應(yīng)自覺(jué)地嚴(yán)格遵守,不得違約。本協(xié)議未盡事宜,甲、乙雙方本著誠(chéng)實(shí),信用原則協(xié)商解決。
本合同一式二份,具有同等法律效力。甲、乙雙方各執(zhí)一份。本合同雙方簽字后生效。
甲方(蓋章):_________乙方(蓋章):_________
代表(簽字):_________代表(簽字):_________
地址:_________地址:_________
郵政編碼:_________郵政編碼:_________
電話:_________電話:_________
_________年___月___日_________年___月___日
簽訂地點(diǎn):_________簽訂地點(diǎn):_________
第四篇:馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)購(gòu)銷合同
馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)購(gòu)銷合同
甲方:_________乙方:_________
為推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營(yíng),帶動(dòng)農(nóng)民致富。甲、乙雙方本著平等互利的原則,經(jīng)協(xié)商一致,決定在惠陽(yáng)市水口鎮(zhèn)_________村建立馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地?,F(xiàn)就生產(chǎn)、銷售等有關(guān)問(wèn)題協(xié)議如下:
一 甲方職責(zé):
1.提供_________畝排灌方便,土質(zhì)良好的耕地作馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地,負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)基地各個(gè)生產(chǎn)、銷售環(huán)節(jié)的組織管理及協(xié)助技術(shù)員做好生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)工作。
2.預(yù)付_________%馬鈴薯種苗款,(每畝需種薯貳佰市斤原種每市斤種_________元計(jì))。余下_________%種薯款待收薯時(shí)一次性由乙方扣回。
3.在收購(gòu)期間,必須保證足夠人員維持好收購(gòu)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)秩序。并協(xié)助乙方做好收購(gòu)、驗(yàn)質(zhì)工作。
4.負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)業(yè)特產(chǎn)稅的繳納,及乙方派出技術(shù)員的住宿場(chǎng)所。
二 乙方職責(zé):
1.保證在公歷十一月前將_________畝生產(chǎn)基地所需種薯送到甲方所在地,必須保證所供種薯無(wú)病毒、抗性強(qiáng),并派有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的技術(shù)員專門(mén)指導(dǎo)種植生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。
2.負(fù)責(zé)收購(gòu)全部合格薯,并在產(chǎn)地設(shè)點(diǎn)收購(gòu)。合格薯收購(gòu)價(jià)格為每市斤零點(diǎn)陸元。(合格薯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)機(jī)械傷,無(wú)青頭,無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害,無(wú)腐爛,單個(gè)重量_________市斤以上)。級(jí)外薯按每市斤_________元收購(gòu)。(級(jí)外薯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)腐爛,單個(gè)重_________--_________市斤之間)。
3.在收購(gòu)時(shí)期,公司將派人到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)負(fù)責(zé)驗(yàn)質(zhì)、過(guò)秤,運(yùn)輸、付款等工作,貨款扣除種薯款后,分批付給農(nóng)戶,收薯完畢后統(tǒng)一結(jié)算付清。
4.檢質(zhì)工人工資、食宿費(fèi)和收購(gòu)時(shí)所需的包裝物品均由乙方負(fù)責(zé)。
三 違約責(zé)任:
1.乙方如不收購(gòu)甲方全部合格薯,_________%種薯欠款由乙方自負(fù),每畝還需賠償甲方_________元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
2.甲方如不將全部合格薯出售給乙方,除扣清種薯款外,每畝應(yīng)賠償給乙方_________元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
3.乙方于公歷十一月前將種子送到甲方所在地,未及時(shí)將種薯送到造成甲方耕地荒蕪,乙方賠付甲方每畝_________元。
以上協(xié)議條款,甲、乙雙方應(yīng)自覺(jué)地嚴(yán)格遵守,不得違約。本協(xié)議未盡事宜,甲、乙雙方本著誠(chéng)實(shí),信用原則協(xié)商解決。
本合同一式二份,具有同等法律效力。甲、乙雙方各執(zhí)一份。本合同雙方簽字后生效。
甲方(蓋章):_________乙方(蓋章):_________
代表(簽字):_________代表(簽字):_________
地址:_________地址:_________
郵政編碼:_________郵政編碼:_________
電話:_________電話:_________
_________年___月___日_________年___月___日
簽訂地點(diǎn):_________簽訂地點(diǎn):_________
第五篇:2018年馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)、銷售合同
2018年馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)、銷售合同
甲方:_________ 乙方:_________ 為推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營(yíng),帶動(dòng)農(nóng)民致富。甲、乙雙方本著平等互利的原則,經(jīng)協(xié)商一致,決定在惠陽(yáng)市水口鎮(zhèn)______村建立馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地。現(xiàn)就生產(chǎn)、銷售等有關(guān)問(wèn)題協(xié)議如下:
一、甲方職責(zé)
1.提供_____畝排灌方便,土質(zhì)良好的耕地作馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)基地,負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)基地各個(gè)生產(chǎn)、銷售環(huán)節(jié)的組織管理及協(xié)助技術(shù)員做好生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)工作。
2.預(yù)付_________%馬鈴薯種苗款,(每畝需種薯貳佰市斤原種每市斤種_________元計(jì))。余下_________%種薯款待收薯時(shí)一次性由乙方扣回。3.在收購(gòu)期間,必須保證足夠人員維持好收購(gòu)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)秩序。并協(xié)助乙方做好收購(gòu)、驗(yàn)質(zhì)工作。
4.負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)業(yè)特產(chǎn)稅的繳納,及乙方派出技術(shù)員的住宿場(chǎng)所。
二、乙方職責(zé)
1.保證在公歷十一月前將_________畝生產(chǎn)基地所需種薯送到甲方所在地,必須保證所供種薯無(wú)病毒、抗性強(qiáng),并派有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的技術(shù)員專門(mén)指導(dǎo)種植生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。
2.負(fù)責(zé)收購(gòu)全部合格薯,并在產(chǎn)地設(shè)點(diǎn)收購(gòu)。合格薯收購(gòu)價(jià)格為每市斤零點(diǎn)陸元。(合格薯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)機(jī)械傷,無(wú)青頭,無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害,無(wú)腐爛,單個(gè)重量_________市斤以上)。級(jí)外薯按每市斤_________元收購(gòu)。(級(jí)外薯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)腐爛,單個(gè)重_________--_________市斤之間)。
3.在收購(gòu)時(shí)期,公司將派人到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)負(fù)責(zé)驗(yàn)質(zhì)、過(guò)秤,運(yùn)輸、付款等工作,貨款扣除種薯款后,分批付給農(nóng)戶,收薯完畢后統(tǒng)一結(jié)算付清。4.檢質(zhì)工人工資、食宿費(fèi)和收購(gòu)時(shí)所需的包裝物品均由乙方負(fù)責(zé)。
三、違約責(zé)任
1.乙方如不收購(gòu)甲方全部合格薯,_________%種薯欠款由乙方自負(fù),每畝還需賠償甲方_________元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
2.甲方如不將全部合格薯出售給乙方,除扣清種薯款外,每畝應(yīng)賠償給乙方_________元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
3.乙方于公歷十一月前將種子送到甲方所在地,未及時(shí)將種薯送到造成甲方耕地荒蕪,乙方賠付甲方每畝_________元。
以上協(xié)議條款,甲、乙雙方應(yīng)自覺(jué)地嚴(yán)格遵守,不得違約。本協(xié)議未盡事宜,甲、乙雙方本著誠(chéng)實(shí),信用原則協(xié)商解決。
本合同一式二份,具有同等法律效力。甲、乙雙方各執(zhí)一份。本合同雙方簽字后生效。
甲方:_____________乙方:_____________ 法人代表(章):___法人代表(章):___ 聯(lián)系電話:_________聯(lián)系電話:_________ ____年___月______日