第一篇:高三期末復習資料基礎版-----4
高三期末復習資料基礎版-----4 考點6:產業(yè)轉移和資源跨區(qū)域調配對區(qū)域地理環(huán)境的影響。
一、產業(yè)轉移
1.產業(yè)轉移的原因
本質上講,產業(yè)轉移的目的是企業(yè)為了降低成本,擴大營銷市場,追求更高的利潤,勞動力、內部交易成本、市場是影響產業(yè)轉移的三個主要因素。
勞動力——不同國家地區(qū)勞動力數量和質量的差異影響生產成本;
內部交易成本——發(fā)達國家內部交易成本一般較高,成為推動企業(yè)向外轉移的因素; 市場——本地市場飽和或本地市場不能滿足發(fā)展需求時,企業(yè)就會開拓外地市場,為了避開開拓外地市場的限制,企業(yè)往往直接將生產基地轉移到市場大的地方。2.產業(yè)轉移對區(qū)域發(fā)展的影響
(1)轉出地——
正效應:促進產業(yè)升級,結構優(yōu)化;占據產業(yè)高端分工;擴大市場;減輕環(huán)境壓力; 負效應:就業(yè)機會減少;產業(yè)空心化。(2)轉入地——
正效應:加快結構調整和產業(yè)升級的時間;加快工業(yè)化、城市化進程;增加就有機會;負效應:增加環(huán)境壓力,加重環(huán)境污染;從事低端產業(yè)分工; 3.分析廣東北部成為珠江三角洲產業(yè)轉移地的原因。珠三角地區(qū):
勞動力、房租、地價、原料、物流、內部交易等成本上升; 政策比較優(yōu)勢喪失;
需要產業(yè)升級,結構調整,將勞動密集型產業(yè)向外轉移。北部地區(qū)(欠發(fā)達地區(qū)):
勞動力、房租、地價、原料、物流、內部交易等成本較低,基礎設施、投資環(huán)境不斷改善,國家優(yōu)惠的政策等。
二、資源的跨區(qū)調配
1.資源跨區(qū)域調配對區(qū)域地理環(huán)境的影響
(1)討論資源跨區(qū)域調配對地理環(huán)境的影響,不僅要從利弊兩方面分析對調出區(qū)和調入區(qū)的影響,還要注意對沿線地區(qū)的影響。
(2)資源跨區(qū)域調配的必要性,需從資源地區(qū)分布、生產不均衡和社會經濟發(fā)展需要兩方面展開。
(3)對區(qū)域發(fā)展的影響: ①對西部(調出區(qū)):
將西部地區(qū)的資源優(yōu)勢轉化為經濟優(yōu)勢; 推動基礎設施建設,帶動相關產業(yè)發(fā)展; 增加就業(yè)機會,促進經濟發(fā)展。②對東部(調入區(qū)):
緩解能源(資源)緊張狀況;
推動基礎設施建設,帶動相關產業(yè)發(fā)展; 增加就業(yè)機會,促進經濟發(fā)展。
西氣東輸----優(yōu)化能源消費結構;改善大氣環(huán)境質量;
南水北調:
①對南方(調出區(qū))
利----減少汛期徑流,可緩解雨季的洪澇災害;
弊----東線:入海水量減少,可能造成海水入侵,污染水質;
生物多樣性減少。
中線:使得漢江中下游水量減少,對下游的航運,取水和生態(tài)環(huán)境都將產生不利
影響,此外還涉及大規(guī)模移民和農田的淹沒
②對北方(調入區(qū))
利----緩解水資源短缺狀況,改善北方當地飲水質量;
改善生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況,有效解決北方因地下水超采造成的地面沉降、海水入侵; 保護當地濕地和生物多樣性;
促進北方缺水地區(qū)的經濟社會發(fā)展,提高人民的生活水平弊----可能造成土壤的鹽堿化。
2.我國的能源問題(1)能源問題:
經濟發(fā)展快,能源需求大;
高耗能產業(yè)多,能源浪費嚴重,能源利用率低; 能源消費結構以煤炭為主,對環(huán)境影響大;
石油資源匱乏,能源生產與能源消費地區(qū)分布不平衡;
進口原油五分之四要經過馬六甲海峽,過分依賴狹窄水道,危險大。(2)解決措施:(確保能源供應安全)
①開源——加強勘探開發(fā),增加國內供給量;
大力開發(fā)利用新能源(核能、地熱能、太陽能、風能); 多渠道、多方式進口能源。
②節(jié)流——優(yōu)化產業(yè)結構,壓縮高耗能產業(yè);
加大技術投入,提高能源利用率;
建立國家能源戰(zhàn)略儲備,保證境外油氣供應穩(wěn)定可靠。
考點7:自然資源
(一)自然資源類型:
礦產資源、森林資源、土地資源、水資源、海洋資源、氣候資源等
1、按其形成和來源分類:
(1)來自太陽輻射的能量,如:太陽能、化石能源(煤、石油、天然氣)、水能、風能、生物能等。
(2)來自地球內部的能量,如:核能、地熱能。(3)天體引力能,如:潮汐能。
2、按開發(fā)利用狀況分類:
(1)常規(guī)能源,如:化石能源(煤、石油、天然氣)、水能、生物能。(2)新能源,如:核能、地熱能、潮汐能、太陽能、風能。
3、按屬性分類:
(1)可再生能源,如:太陽能、地熱能、水能、風能、生物能、潮汐能。(2)非可再生能源,如:化石能源(煤、石油、天然氣)、核能。
(二)中國自然資源總體特征:
總量大、種類多;人均占有量少;資源利用率低;有浪費現象。
(三)水資源的合理利用與保護 1.某地區(qū)缺水原因的分析: 自然原因:
(1)氣候:降水較少或不充沛,蒸發(fā)量大,季節(jié)分配不均;(2)河流:地表徑流較少。人為原因:
(1)用水量大:人口稠密、工農業(yè)發(fā)達;
(2)利用不合理:利用率低、污染、浪費嚴重。2.水資源短缺問題的解決措施(1)開源:
跨流域調水,修建水庫,沿海地區(qū)海水淡化,合理開采地下水。(2)節(jié)流:
減少浪費,治理污染,提高工農業(yè)水資源利用率,限制高耗水的產業(yè)發(fā)展,發(fā)展節(jié)水農業(yè)(如:噴灌滴灌),制定法律法規(guī),提高人們節(jié)水意識,實行水價調節(jié)。
(四)土地資源的合理利用與保護 1.土地資源利用類型:
耕地、林地、草地、水域、城鎮(zhèn)居民用地、交通用地、其他用地(工礦、鹽場等)以及冰川和永久積雪、石山、高寒荒漠、戈壁沙漠等。2.利用中出現的問題:
(1)生態(tài)破壞:水土流失、土地荒漠化、土地鹽堿化、森林減少、濕地減少、草地超載。(2)環(huán)境污染:土地污染(工業(yè)“三廢”;農業(yè)農藥、化肥;生活垃圾)。(3)其它:工礦建設亂占耕地等。
第二篇:物流管理基礎期末復習資料總結
1.集裝箱:集裝箱是進行散、雜貨及特殊單元組合的大型容器性工具,又稱“貨箱”“貨柜”。集裝箱實際上是一種流動的貨艙,屬于一種現代化的裝卸運輸工具。這一術語不包括車輛和一般包裝。集裝箱作為一種運輸工具的基本條件:
1).具有足夠的強度,能夠長期反復使用.2)適用于一種或多種運輸方式運送,途中轉運時,箱內貨物不需要換裝。
3)具有快速裝卸和搬運的裝置,特別便于從一種運輸方式轉移到另一種運輸方式。
4)便于貨物裝滿和卸空。
5)具有1立方米以上的容積。
2.集裝盤(托盤):是用于集裝、堆放、搬運、運輸和放置,是貨物和制品的水平平臺裝置,有便于叉車從下部叉入并將臺板托起的叉入口。托盤最初是在裝卸領域出現,與叉車同步發(fā)展起來的。目前托盤已經是和集裝箱一樣重要的集裝方式,它們形成了集裝系統(tǒng)的兩大支柱,在現代物流運輸系統(tǒng)的建立過程中起到了重要作用。托盤具有自重小、亦返空、易裝盤的優(yōu)點。但裝載量和保護性比較低,不易露天存放。
3.綠色包裝:能夠循環(huán)使用、再生利用或降解腐化,且在貨物的生命周期中對環(huán)境不造成公害的適度包裝。
4.流通加工:是物品在生產地到使用地的過程中,根據需要施加包裝、分割、計量、分揀、刷標志、拴標簽、組裝等作業(yè)的總稱。
5.國際物流網絡:是由多個收發(fā)貨的“結點”和他們之間的“連線”所構成的物流抽象網絡以及與之相伴隨的信息流動網絡集合。
6.物流信息系統(tǒng)的定義:物流信息系統(tǒng)是由人、硬件、軟件和物流數據資源組成的,目的是及時、正確地收集、加工、存儲、傳遞和提供物流信息,實現組織中各項物流活動的管理、調解和控制。
7.GPS:即全球定位系統(tǒng),這是一個由覆蓋全球的24顆衛(wèi)星組成的衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng),以保證可以采集到該觀測點的經緯度和高度,以便實現導航、定位、授時等功能。這項技術可以用來引導飛機、船舶、車輛以及個人呢,安全、準確地沿著選定的路線,準時到達目的地。⑴.GPS原理:①空間部分⑵.應用:①汽車導航功能
②地面控制部分②車輛跟蹤定位系統(tǒng)③用戶設備部分③貨物配送路線規(guī)劃功能
8.GIS :即地理信息系統(tǒng),它是一種特定的十分重要的空間信息系統(tǒng)。它是在計算機硬件、軟件系統(tǒng)支持下,對整個或部分地球表層空間中的有關地理分布數據進行采集、儲存、管理、運算、分析、顯示和應用的技術系統(tǒng)。
9.作業(yè)成本法:以作業(yè)為中心,根據作業(yè)對資源耗費的情況將資源成本分配到作業(yè)中,然后根據產品和服務所耗費的作業(yè)量,最終將成本分配到產品與服務。
10.供應鏈:生產及流通過程中,涉及將產品或服務提供給最終用戶活動的上游與下游組織所形成的網鏈結構,它具有以下特點:
1)是一個更廣泛的企業(yè)結構模式。
2)它不僅是一條連接供應商到用戶的物料鏈、信息鏈、資金鏈,而且是一條增值鏈。
3)在這個網絡中,每個貿易伙伴既是客戶的供應商,又是其供應商的客戶,他們既要向上游的貿易伙伴采購產品,又要向下游的貿易伙伴供應商品。
11.牛鞭效應:指供應鏈上的一種需求變異放大現象,是信息流從最終客戶端向原始供應商端傳遞,無法有效的實現信息功效,是信息扭曲而逐級放大,導致了需求信息出現越來越大的波動,此信息扭曲的放大作用在圖上很像一根甩起的牛鞭,因此被形象地稱為牛鞭效應。
12.協(xié)同規(guī)劃、預測和補給(CPFR):是一種協(xié)同式供應鏈庫存管理技術,他能同時降低銷售商的存貨量,增加供應商的銷售量。CPER最大的優(yōu)勢是能及時準確地預測由各項促銷措
施或異常變化帶來的銷售高峰和波動,從而使銷售商和供應商都能做好準備,取得主動權。簡答題:
1.開展配送的必備條件: ①資源保障
②資金保障
③配送設施和設備齊備
④信息系統(tǒng)支撐
⑤員工素質
2.配送路線確定的原則
⑴.確定目標:①效益最高
②成本最低
③路程最短
④噸公里最低
⑤準時性
⑥運力合理利用
⑦勞動消耗最低
⑵.配送路線的約束條件:①滿足所有收獲人對貨物品種、規(guī)格、數量得要求。
②滿足收貨人對貨物發(fā)到時間范圍的要求。
③在交通管制允許通行的時間、路段中配送。
④各路線貨物的配送量不能超過車輛容積及載重量的限制。⑤在配送中心現有運力的允許范圍之中。
⑶.節(jié)約里程法
3.包裝合理化的途徑: ①包裝的標準化
②包裝的機械化和集裝單元化
③包裝的簡單化和實用化
④包裝綠色化
⑤包裝智能化
4.配送中心選址的因素:①貨流量的大小和方向
②交通條件
③自然條件
④土地條件
⑤人力資源條件
⑥政策環(huán)境
5.配送中心選址方案的經濟論證:
⑴.投資額的確定: ①預備投資
②直接投資
③相關投資
④運營費用
⑵.投資效果分析和確定:配送中心的選址必須在準確掌握投資額度之后,確認其投資效果,而且以投資效果來指導今后的決策。投資效果問題,歸根到底是對投資效益的估算。配送中心和一般產品生產企業(yè)的最大區(qū)別在于,配送中心沒有一定數量、一定質量、一定價格的產品,因而收益計算具有模糊性。此外,在經營活動中,人的因素等不確定因素很多,所以在計算效益時需要對客戶、市場占有率等若干方面做不同層次的估計,分別組成不同的方案進行比較。
6.配送合理化標志:①庫存標志
②資金標志
③供應保證標志
④成本效益標志
⑤客戶物流合理化標志
⑥社會運力節(jié)約標志
7.配送合理化措施:①推行專業(yè)化配送
②推行加工配送
③推行共同配送
④實行送取結合⑤推行準時配送系統(tǒng)
8.流通加工的作用:①方便流通。包括方便運輸、方便儲存、方便銷售、方便用戶。
②提高了生產效益和流通效益。
③提高了加工效益和設備利用效益。
④充分發(fā)揮各種運輸手段的最高效率。
⑤創(chuàng)造貨物附加價值,提高服務水平。
9.企業(yè)物流的作業(yè)目標: ①快速響應(最基本要求)
②最低庫存(最核心的要求)
③集中運輸
④最小變異
⑤物流質量
⑥生命周期支持
10.企業(yè)供應物流的基本任務:保證適時、適量、適價,以及齊備成套、經濟合理的供應企業(yè)生產經營的各種物資,并且通過供應物流的科學組織與管理和運用現代物流技術,促進物料的合理使用,加速資金的周轉,降低產品成本是企業(yè)獲得較好的經濟效益。
11.準時制生產:
⑴JIT的基本原理是以需定供,基本思想是“只在需要的時候按需要的量生產需要的產品?!逼浜诵氖亲非笠环N無庫存或是庫存達到最小的狀態(tài)。準時制的生產方式最初由日本的豐田公司以看板管理的方式提出并應用,從而使企業(yè)從物流過程中尋找利潤源,降低采購、庫存、運輸等方面多產生的費用。
⑵.JIT的構成:①實現JIT的關鍵是實現及時供應。
②均衡化生產和標準化作業(yè)時JIT生產制的重要手段。
③系統(tǒng)的柔性配置。
④采用適合的JIT管理工具:看板管理
⑶看板管理:又被稱為“傳票卡”是傳遞信息的工具,可以是一種卡片,也可以是一種信號,一種告示牌??窗宓墓Γ孩偕a及運送的工作指令。
②防止過量生產和過量運送
③進行“目視管理”的工具
④改善工具
12.國際物流的特點:①物流環(huán)境的差異性
②物流系統(tǒng)的廣泛性
③ 物流信息的先進性
④物流標準的統(tǒng)一性
13.國際貿易和國際物流的關系:①國際貿易是國際物流發(fā)展的基礎和條件,國際貿易發(fā)展的速度和規(guī)模決定著國際物流發(fā)展的速度和規(guī)模。
②國際物流的高效運作是國際貿易發(fā)展的必要保障。
14.物流指標系統(tǒng):
⑴物流服務質量指標:①服務水平指標或缺貨率表示
②滿足程度指標
③交貨水平指標
④交貨期質量指標
⑤商品完好率指標
⑵倉庫保管環(huán)節(jié)服務質量指標:①商品收發(fā)正確率
②商品完好率
③庫存商品缺損率
⑶運輸環(huán)節(jié)服務質量指標:①正點運輸率
②貨物完好送達率
③運輸信息及時跟蹤率或以缺貨率表示,也可以用貨損貨差賠償費率表示
第三篇:2014中央電大《園藝基礎》期末復習資料
2014中央電大《園藝基礎》期末復習資料(1)
一、名詞解釋
1.頂端優(yōu)勢:是指活躍的頂端分生組織(頂芽或頂端的腋芽)抑制下部側芽發(fā)育的現象。
2.花芽分化:是指葉芽的生,理和組織狀態(tài)向花芽的生理和組織狀態(tài)轉化的過程。
3.芽的異質性:由于枝條內部營養(yǎng)狀況和外界條件的不同,同一枝條上不同部位的芽在長勢及其特性上的表現有明顯的差異
4.種質資源:種質又叫遺傳質,是指能從親代遺傳給子代的遺傳物質。凡是攜帶遺傳物質的載體就叫做種質資源。
5.生命周期:植物的生長發(fā)育存在著明顯的周期現象,從生到死的生長發(fā)育全過程叫生命周期。
6.選擇育種:利用現有品種和類型在繁殖和栽培過程中產生的自然變異,通過人工選擇的方法培育成穩(wěn)定新品種的育種方法,簡稱選種。
7.雜種優(yōu)勢:雜交種品種(F1)在某一方面或多方面優(yōu)于雙親或某一親本的現象叫雜種優(yōu)勢。
8.氣候相似論:作物的形態(tài)特征和生物學特性都是自然選擇和人工選擇的產物,因而都適應于一定的自然環(huán)境和栽培條件,一旦離開了這種條件就不能很好地生長。特別是從遠距離引種時應重視原產地區(qū)之間的生態(tài)環(huán)境,特別是氣候條件的相似性,這就是氣候相似論。
9.引種:植物的種類和品種在自然界都有它一定的分布范圍,人類為了某種需要把植物從其原分布區(qū)移植到新的地區(qū),就叫引種。
10.配合力:指一個自交系與另一個自交系或品種雜交后,雜種一代的產量表現。
11.扦插育苗:從植物母體上切取莖、根和葉的一部分,在適宜的環(huán)境條件下促使成為獨立的新植株的育苗方法。
12.組織培養(yǎng):是利用植物體的器官、組織或細胞,通過無菌操作接種于人工配制的培養(yǎng)基上,在一定的光照和溫度條件下培養(yǎng),使之生長發(fā)育成新植株的過程.13.嫁接親和力:是指兩個植物體經嫁接愈合而能生長在一起并有一定壽命和生產能力的特性。
14.水平壓條:將母株下部的枝條加以彎曲壓入土中,或傾斜栽植單桿苗木,為了促進生根,將壓入土中的枝條用小刀刻傷或環(huán)割,枝先端抬高露出地面,待新根長好后,剪下另載。這種繁殖方法叫水平壓條。
15.分株:利用植物特殊的營養(yǎng)器官,即鱗莖、球莖、塊莖、塊根、根莖以及假鱗莖
進行分離和分割,使原來母株分離成若干能獨立生存的植株。
16.促成栽培:是設施栽培種的一種高級方式,即在冬季或早春嚴寒時節(jié)利用有(或無)加溫設備的溫室、塑料大棚栽培園藝植物,產品比常規(guī)的露地生產早上市,也稱反季栽培。
17.延后栽培:是延后產品收獲期和供應期的栽培方式,又稱抑制栽培或晚熟栽培。
18.軟化栽培:是將某一生長發(fā)育階段的園藝植物(主要是蔬菜作物)栽培在黑暗和溫暖潮濕的環(huán)境中,使之產出柔軟、脆嫩、風味獨特的黃化產品,又稱黃化栽培。
19.無土栽培:利用營養(yǎng)液栽培植物的方法,又稱作營養(yǎng)液栽培。
20..葉分析:是植株分析的一種,它主要是應用實驗室的測試手段,分析葉片所反映的植株營養(yǎng)狀況。
21.輪作:是指同一地里有順序地在基借鑒或間輪換種植不同類型作物的種植方式。
22.間作:是指同一地里按一定次序同時種植兩種或兩種以上作物、一種為主另一種為輔的種植制度。
23.套作:又稱套種,是指在前季作物生長后期的株行間(或架下)種植后季作物的種植方式。
24.疏剪:是將一年生或多年生枝從基部剪除。
25.長放:一年生枝不修剪,有選擇地長放一些枝,可有效地控制旺長和促進較多的結果部位形成,或向結果方向轉化。
二、填空
1.中國是享譽世界的“園藝大國”和園林之母。園林之母
2.中國的 ___果樹 和蔬菜_ 總面積,均居世界首位。果樹蔬菜
3.大白菜是十字花科科植物。十字花科
4.玫瑰是_____________ 科植物。薔薇科
5.果樹按照生態(tài)適應性分類,蘋果是 _____________ 類果樹。溫帶
6.蔬菜按照產品器官分類,蘿卜是 _____________ 類蔬菜。根菜類
7.蔬菜按照產品器官分類,西瓜是 _____________ 類蔬菜。果菜類
8.觀賞植物按照原產地分類,郁金香是_____________ 氣候型植物。地中海
9.種子一般是由____________、胚乳和種皮三部分構成。胚
10.樹冠內集中分布并形成一定形狀和體積的葉群體稱為____________。葉幕
11.葉幕的層和密度常用____________ 表示。葉面積指數(LAI)
12.子房未受精而形成果實的現象叫____________。單性結實
13.果實按造構造分類主要是根據果皮是否肉質化將其分為肉果和____________ 兩大類。
干果
14.目前生產中常用噴灑乙烯利來促進____________ 分化,噴灑赤霉素來促進____________ 分化。雌花雄花
15.人為地利用各種物理化學因素,誘發(fā)植物產生遺傳性的變異,從變異體及其后代中選擇、培育出新品種的育種方法稱為____________。誘變育種. ____________ 是指采用一定的技術措施和繁育制度,以優(yōu)良品種為生產資料,生產出大量的優(yōu)質種子或種苗的過程。良種繁育
17.有性繁殖植物的選擇育種,最常用的基本選擇方法有兩種,即混合選擇法和____________ 選擇法.單株
18.種子播種時,如山丁子、海棠等常采用_________播種方法。條播或撒播
19.種子播種時,如桃、杏等大粒種子常采用__________播種方法。點播
20.育苗床育苗時,成苗培育床上有機肥與田土的比例一般為____________。7:3或5:21.嫁接成活的關鍵是_______ 的相互連接,僅薄壁細胞愈合,或接穗在砧木組織中生根,不能算是嫁接成活。維管束
22.一二年生園藝植物的育苗可以在露地或在保護地進行,在我國北方地區(qū),_______ 育苗更為普遍。保護地
23.葡萄和獼猴桃常采用 _______ 樹形?;h壁形和棚架形
24.一年生果菜類, _______ 是需水的關鍵時期。幼果膨大和繼續(xù)開花坐果
25._______ 是指同一田地多層次地生長者各種作物的種植方式。立體種植或立體農業(yè)。
26.苗期澆水過多,不僅降低土溫,而且會發(fā)生 _______ 現象。漚根
27.通常把施肥的方法分為兩類:即土壤施肥和_______。根外施肥
三、選擇題
1.目前中國果樹的總產量已居世界(A)A.第一位 2.由受精的合子發(fā)育而來的是(B)
B.胚
3.一年生園藝植物(A)為異養(yǎng)生長階段。A.種子發(fā)芽期 4.下面屬于真果的果實為(D)D.桃
5.一年生園藝植物(D)生殖生長和營養(yǎng)生長的矛盾為突出。D.開花結果期
6.材料一般具有特長性狀,但由于有較嚴重的缺點而不能馬上得到利用的植物資源是(D)
D.人工創(chuàng)造的植物資源
7.在雜交育種過程中,常被用于綜合性狀比較優(yōu)良,只有少數性狀需要改造的品種改良上的雜交方式是(B)
B.回交
8.在木本植物中,為植物生長、開花結果提供營養(yǎng)的主要是(A)A.普通營養(yǎng)枝
9.在黃瓜生產中,常用(D)處理,來促進雌花分化。D.乙烯利 10.在園藝植物的落花落果中,果樹上稱為6月落果的是指(C)C.第三次落果
11.長日照處理,促進(B)植物早開花。B.長日照植物
12.為了減少農藥的使用量,減輕環(huán)境污染,在育種中應重視培育(C)品種。C.抗病性品種
13.性狀選擇中,根據性狀的相對重要性順序排列,先按第一重要性狀進行選擇,然后在入選株內按第二性狀進行選擇,順次累進的方法為(D)
D.分項累進淘汰法
14.原產低緯度地區(qū)的低溫長日性植物引到高緯度地區(qū)種植,生育期會(A)
A.縮短 15.原產高緯度地區(qū)的低溫長日性植物引到低緯度地區(qū)種植,生育期會(A)
A.延長 16.原產高緯度地區(qū)的高溫短日照植物引到低緯度地區(qū)種植,生育期會(B)
B.縮短 17.原產低緯度地區(qū)的高溫短日照植物引到高緯度地區(qū)種植,生育期會(B)
B.延長 18.芽變既有形態(tài)特征的變異,也有生物學特性的變異,這就是(A)A.芽變的多樣性
19.同一品種相同類型的芽變可以在不同時期、不同地點、不同單株上發(fā)生,這就是(B)
B.芽變的重演性
20.果樹整形修剪中,適宜喜光性樹種的樹形為(C)C.開心形 21.從管理用苗上看,種植制度中,最費勞力的是(C)C.套作 22.抑制果樹枝梢旺長的修剪方法是(C)C.長放
23.在種質資源的貯藏保存中,主要由(C)向育種者提供種子。C.中期庫 24.由于隔離不夠造成的天然雜交屬于(B)
B.生物學混雜 25.果樹花卉類蔬菜,為提高坐果率,應多施(D)
D.PK肥 26.植物易患小葉病的原因是缺乏(B)
B.Zn 27.地面灌溉中,為了節(jié)水應采用(C)
C.小畦灌溉 28.嫁接繁殖中,劈接屬于(A)A.枝接
29.一般來說,落葉樹木的扦插是在(A)
A.春季
30.有利于生物防治病蟲害的土壤管理法是(B)
B.生草法
31.果樹整形修剪中,幼樹容易早結果、易管理的樹形是(B)B.多中心干形
32.尿素可以用來葉面噴施,植物吸收效率較高,果樹生產上,在(C)時,可用較高的濃度。
C.晚秋葉片老齡時
33.現代化果園多應用的土壤管理方法是(D)
D.免耕法 34.我國傳統(tǒng)的園藝業(yè)廣為應用的土壤管理方法是(清耕法)35.植物易患失綠癥的原因是缺乏(D)
D.Fe 36.在種子的萌發(fā)過程中,(C)部分最先突破種皮。C.胚根 37.對大部分植物都有促進生根作用的化學藥劑()A
A.引哚丁酸 B.萘乙酸 C.維生素B1 D.移植素 38.補光可促進提前開花的是(長日照植物)。
39.頂芽活動到一定時間后死亡,或分化為花芽,或發(fā)生變態(tài),或生長極慢,而靠近頂芽的腋芽迅速發(fā)展為新枝,代替主莖的位置,這種分枝方式稱為(.合軸分枝)
40.園藝植物移栽或定植后,應及時灌溉,但水不易太大,這樣有利于(地溫上升)
四、簡述題
1.未來園藝業(yè)的發(fā)展中,有哪些關注的熱點?
答:①資源的最優(yōu)化利用;②綠色食品的生產;③設施園藝和運輸園藝;④都市園藝、社區(qū)園藝;⑤園藝業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
2.園藝生產與糧食、棉花生產相比較有什么特點?
答:①技術性強、勞動力密集、經濟效益高;②設施栽培技術應用普遍;③繁殖方法很多;④應用高新技術快、普遍。3.簡述園藝學的內容。
答:園藝學的內容:研究園藝植物的種質資源及選育優(yōu)良信品種、生長發(fā)育規(guī)律、環(huán)境條件及其調控;研究如何高效地獲得園藝產品的優(yōu)質高產,還研究園藝產品的采收及采后管理,包括市場流通和貯藏加工等。4.簡述花芽分化的類型。答:花芽分化的類型有:夏秋分化型、冬春分化型、一次分化、一次開花型、不定期分化型。5.簡述葉幕的形成及其意義。
答:形成:樹冠內集中分布并形成一定形狀和體積的葉群體稱為葉幕。大多數樹木葉幕的形成在發(fā)芽后一個月左右的時間已完成其總量的80%~90%,在以后的時間里慢慢增加,直到秋季。
意義:合適的葉幕層和厚度,使樹冠內的葉量適中,分布均勻,可充分利用光能,有利于優(yōu)質高產。而葉幕過厚,樹冠內光照差,無效葉比例高;葉幕過薄,光能利用率低,不利于優(yōu)質高產。
6.簡述園藝植物坐果機制。
答:其機制為:在開花時子房生長極慢,一旦受精后子房便加速生長,主要是因為受精后花粉活化了形成激素的酶系統(tǒng),生長素、赤霉素和細胞分裂素大量產生,而生長抑制物質脫落酸下降。子房內部的這種變化構成了一個營養(yǎng)中心,使受精子房連續(xù)不斷地吸引外來同化產物進行蛋白質合成,細胞迅速分裂,果實迅速膨大而坐果。7.簡述營養(yǎng)生長和生殖生長的關系。答:營養(yǎng)器官的生長是生殖器官生長的基礎,即生殖器官的生長發(fā)育以營養(yǎng)器官的生長為先導。同時,營養(yǎng)器官生長又為生殖器官生長發(fā)育提供必要的碳水化合物、礦質營養(yǎng)和水分等。這是兩者協(xié)調的一面,但更多的時候是制約和競爭的關系。營養(yǎng)器官和結實器官之間,以及花芽分化與營養(yǎng)生長及結果之間,甚至幼果與成熟果之間都存在著營養(yǎng)競爭的問題。8.簡述童期的概念和意義。答:童期:是指從種子播種后萌發(fā)開始,到實生苗具有穩(wěn)定開花結實能力為止所經歷的時期,也就是從種子萌發(fā)到第一次結果之前這段時間。
意義:童期在果樹生產上是一個比較重要的時期。童期的長短關系到坐果的早晚,目前的果樹生產一般周期較短,所以強調早結果,就應盡量采取一些措施縮短童期。如加強肥水管理、矮化密植、適當修剪、使用抑制生長的植物生長調節(jié)劑等。9.簡要說明休眠機制及休眠的控制。
答:休眠的機制:近年來多用激素平衡學說來解釋。一般認為脫落酸可誘導多種植物休眠,赤霉素可打破休眠。所以,在生產上人們利用脫落酸和赤霉素來調節(jié)和控制植物的休眠。休眠控制:就是促進、延長或解除休眠??刂频姆椒ㄓ修r業(yè)栽培措施(如控水、減氮促休眠)、低溫層積處理和赤霉素處理等打破休眠。10.簡述園藝植物落花落果的時期及原因
答:第一次落果:在開花前后,以落蕾、落花為主,主要原因是花芽發(fā)育不良或開花前后環(huán)境條件惡劣。
第二次落果:在花后1~2周,主要原因是授粉受精不良。第三次落果:大約在花后4~6周,果實半大時,主要原因是沒有足夠養(yǎng)分供應果實的生長。第四次落果:也叫做采前落果,主要原因是自然災害或栽培管理不當。11.遠緣雜交的作用是什么?
答:遠緣雜交的作用是:①提高園藝植物的抗性; ②提高園藝植物的品質;③創(chuàng)造園藝植物新類型; ④創(chuàng)造雄性不育新類型;⑤利用雜種優(yōu)勢。12.簡述種質資源的類別及特點。答:種質資源的類別及特點如下: 1.本地品種資源
包括當前地方品種和主栽品種。當前主栽品種具有良好的經濟性狀和較廣泛的適應性;地方品種適應性差,但往往具有某些罕見的特性。2.外地品種資源
引自不同地區(qū)和不同生態(tài)環(huán)境,遺傳基礎廣泛,具有廣泛的多樣性。3.野生植物資源
具有廣泛的適應性、抗病性和抗逆性。4.人工創(chuàng)造的植物資源
主要是指人工誘變的各種突變體、遠緣雜交創(chuàng)造的各種新類型等,雖有一些缺陷,但也具有特長性狀。
13.園藝植物的主要育種目標是什么? 答:主要育種目標是:①提高產量;②提高品質;③培育不同成熟期的品種;④對環(huán)境脅迫的適應性;⑤對病蟲害的抗耐性;⑥對設施栽培的適應性。14.單株選擇法及其優(yōu)缺點。
答:定義:是個體選擇與后代鑒定相結合的選擇法,又稱系普選擇法或基因型選擇法。是按選擇標準從原始群體中選出一些優(yōu)良單株,分別編號,分別留種,下一代單獨種植一個小區(qū)形成株系(一個單株的后代),根據各株系的表現,鑒定各入選單株基因型優(yōu)劣的選擇方法。優(yōu)點:①可根據當選植株后代的表現對當選植株進行遺傳性優(yōu)劣鑒定。消除環(huán)境影響,選擇效率較高;
②株系間設有隔離,可加速性狀的純合與穩(wěn)定; ③如果進行多次單株選擇可定向累積變異,有可能選出超過原始群體內最優(yōu)良單株的新品種。缺點:技術比較復雜,需專設試驗圃地;一次所留種子數量有限,難以迅速應用于生產;特別對異花授粉植物而言,多代近親交配易引起生活力退化。15.簡述種質資源保存中種植保存和貯藏保存各自的優(yōu)缺點。答:種植保存 優(yōu)點:比較適合于多年生園藝植物,尤其是長期無性繁殖和基因型高度雜合的果樹及觀賞樹木;
缺點:占用很多土地、人力和物力,而且增加了差錯、混雜的機會,易造成原有遺傳特性的改變。貯藏保存 優(yōu)點:適合于以種子為繁殖材料的一二年生異花授粉和常異花授粉的園藝植物,特別是低溫貯藏保存可以大大延長種質材料的貯藏時期,減少種植次數,也就減少了混雜的機會。缺點:貯藏保存時間的長短與植物種類及貯藏條件有關。16.種植園土壤管理中的清耕法有哪些缺點? 答:清耕法的缺點有:
①清耕園水土肥流失嚴重,尤其是有坡度的或沙荒地種植園;
②長期清耕,土壤有機質含量下降很快,土壤肥力對人工施肥依賴性很大; ③清耕園的土壤有堅硬的犁底層,土壤透水透氣性很差,影響作物生長;
④清耕園無草化,生態(tài)條件不好,除了水土流失嚴重以外,還表現在地表溫濕度晝夜和季節(jié)變化大、植物害蟲的天敵種群數量少等方面; ⑤中耕除草,費勞力、勞動強度大、工效低。17.植物營養(yǎng)的形態(tài)診斷法有什么優(yōu)點和缺點? 答:優(yōu)點:形態(tài)診斷法是以植株生長發(fā)育的外觀勢態(tài)、癥狀來確定植物的營養(yǎng)狀況,為植物初步判斷營養(yǎng)狀況提供依據,簡便易行。
缺點:即當植物同時缺乏兩種以上的營養(yǎng)元素時,很難確定哪種元素是最缺的,或哪種元素的缺乏是主要的、起決定作用的。
18.什么是綠色食品?綠色食品生產的特點有哪些?
答:綠色食品:綠色食品是遵循農業(yè)和食品業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展原則,按照特定的生產方式、經過機構認定和許可使用“綠色食品”標志商標的食品。
特點:①良好的生產環(huán)境②產品質量的全程化控制③產品的標志化管理。19.為什么有些園藝植物必須輪作? 答:輪作是指同一田地里有順序地在季節(jié)間或間輪換種植不同類型作物的方式,是克服連作弊端的最佳途徑。有些園藝植物通過輪作,可以均衡地利用土壤養(yǎng)分和改善土壤理化性狀、調節(jié)土壤肥力、減少病蟲害、提高土地種植系數。20.壓條育苗的方法,又分為哪些具體方法?
答:又分為:水平壓條、連續(xù)地面壓條和垂直壓條。21.植物營養(yǎng)診斷有哪些方法?
答:植物營養(yǎng)診斷有:①形態(tài)診斷;②土壤分析診斷; ③葉分析法診斷;④實驗室診斷; 22.簡述連作的優(yōu)缺點。
答:連作是指一年內或連續(xù)幾年內在同一天地上種植同一種作物的種植方式。
優(yōu)點:有利于充分利用同一塊土地的氣候、土壤等自然資源,大量種植生態(tài)適應性好、經濟效益高的作物,沒有倒茬的麻煩,產品單一,管理簡便,栽培技術由于反復重復而易達到熟練。
缺點:連作后病蟲害嚴重,土壤理化性狀及肥力很快不良化,如土壤中某些營養(yǎng)元素變得很缺乏,而一些有害于植物生長和發(fā)育的物質積累,甚至達到“中毒”的程度,導致減產、降低產品品質,而且就會產生連作障礙。
23.土壤管理方法中,免耕法有哪些優(yōu)缺點? 答:優(yōu)點:
①不耕作或極少耕作,土壤無堅硬的犁底層,土壤結構不受破壞,較疏松; ②無雜草,作物間通風透光良好,田間管理作業(yè)方便;
③施用除草劑除草,可以機械化作業(yè),或結合灌溉、植保作業(yè)進行,省工; 缺點:
①免耕園土壤有機質含量降低得快,土壤肥力完全靠人工施肥或休耕制; ②長期施用化學除草劑,特別是單一種類的除草劑,容易出現除草劑“脅迫現象”,即一些雜草少了,而另一些雜草可能更猖獗更難于控制了。另外,許多化學除草劑對園藝產品的品質和人的健康有不良或還不認識的影響。
24.沙荒地種植園,土壤改良的主要措施有哪些? 答:主要措施有:
①設置防風林網,防風固沙;
②發(fā)掘灌溉的水源,采用防止水土流失、節(jié)水保墑的灌溉制度; ③種植綠肥作物,采取保墑覆蓋的措施; ④培土填淤,大量施用有機肥; ⑤施用土壤改良劑,如人工合成的高分子有機聚合物制劑、天然有機物制劑以及一些無機類制劑等。
25.芽接與枝接,各有什么優(yōu)缺點?
答:芽接效率高,用量少,但受離皮的限制,嫁接時間短。枝接在什么時間都可以。但效率沒有芽接效率高。在蔬菜、花卉等常用芽苗嫁接的方法。26.影響扦插育苗成活的內外部因素是什么? 答:內部因素:主要與種類、品種、枝齡、營養(yǎng)物質和生長調節(jié)物質有關。如:秋海棠葉插極易成活,蘋果矮化砧中的M4和M26比其它材料更易成活。成齡枝(莖)比幼嫩枝(莖)扦插易成活。葡萄枝中的淀粉含量為6.3%的發(fā)根最好,3.5%的次之,1.7%最差。枝條中的氨基酸有促進生根的作用。不同種類的生長調節(jié)物質如:生長素、細胞分裂素都能促進發(fā)根,維生素B1是根系生長的必要物質。外部因素:主要與溫度、濕度、土壤含水量、氧氣濃度、光照等有關。發(fā)根要求一定的溫度,提高地溫是提高發(fā)根率的重要措施。一般要求發(fā)根土溫為15~20℃。在生根過程中土壤含水量最好維持在田間最大含水量的65%~80%,保持一定氧氣濃度,扦插期最好避免強光照射。
27.果樹生產和蔬菜生產上,提高和改善果實品質的主要栽培技術有哪些? 答:主要栽培技術有:控制N肥量,多施有機肥,增施P、K肥,實施節(jié)水灌溉或完全旱作,栽植密度應適度,不能過密,枝葉量不能太多,保證光照好,采收及時等;植物保護,也很重要。
28.果樹和多年生木本觀賞植物,有哪些樹形? 答:有以下樹形:
①有中心干形:如蘋果、梨、棗、柿、柑橘、枇杷、核桃等多用這一類形。
②多中心干形:如柑橘、李、杏等果樹多用此類樹形。這類樹形幼樹容易早結果。③開心形:如桃、櫻桃等,適宜喜光性樹種。
④籬壁形和棚架形:葡萄、獼猴桃用此樹形?,F代果樹栽培中蘋果、桃、柑橘、柿、梨、櫻桃等也用籬壁形。
29.薄膜覆蓋和秸稈覆蓋這兩種土壤管理的覆蓋法,有什么功能上的相同和不同處? 答:薄膜覆蓋:地表增溫快,便于早春作物促成栽培和晚秋作物的延后栽培,缺點是地力消耗快,且那些只覆蓋地面、不覆蓋作物的(如果樹),早春因根系活動早,地上部分早萌動,容易受晚霜的危害。
秸稈覆蓋:增加土壤有機質含量,改土和提高土壤肥力方面效果顯著,覆蓋后便于人工和機械在降雨或灌溉后的及時作業(yè),提高作業(yè)質量和效率。但很費工,且延緩早春地溫的提高,往往不利的方面多,如延遲作物幼苗生長、延緩萌芽開花等。30.以蘋果為例,說明獲得無病毒苗木途徑中的熱處理法。
答:可以采用恒溫處理或變溫處理。處理的材料可以是植株,也可以是接穗。如蘋果的恒溫處理,是將需要處理的苗移入37-38℃恒溫器中處理28-30天,相對濕度保持在80%-95%,然后切取3-5cm以上新梢的0.6-1cm頂端,嫁接繁殖。變溫處理,如蘋果是在38℃恒溫器中處理2周,再放入46℃恒溫器中處理,每天8小時,7周,最后放在50℃暖氣中,每天2小時,放3天。
第四篇:高三復習資料
第一章 冠詞
1._____ useful book is helpful to _____ artist.A.An,an B.A,a C.A,an D.An,a 譯文:一本有用的書對藝術家很有幫助。
2.She likes to play ____ piano, but he likes to play _____ basketball.A.the,the B.a,/ C./,the D.the,/ 譯文:她喜歡彈鋼琴,但是他喜歡打籃球。
3.He often has _____ breakfast at 7:00 in _____ hurry.A.a,a B.a,/ C./,a D./,/ 譯文:他經常在早上7:00鐘匆匆忙忙地吃早飯。
4._____ United Kingdom is in _____ Europe.A.The,/ B.The,the C./,/ D./,the 譯文:大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國在歐洲。
5.The brave old woman seized a thief by _____ hand.A.a B.the C./ D.some 譯文:那位勇敢的老婦人抓住了小偷的手。
6.By ____ way, when do you plan to go to _____ bed? A./,the B.the,/ C./,/ D.the ,the 譯文:順便問一下,你打算什么時候上床睡覺? 7.Last summer, we spent our holiday by ______ sea.We went there by _____ sea.A.the,/ B.the,the C./,the D./,/ 譯文:上個夏天,我們在海邊度假,我們是坐船去的。
8.Comrade Li is _____ chairman of the trade union of our department.A.the B.a C./ D.one 譯文:李同志是我們系的工會主席。
9._____ from London to Liverpool!A.How long there is B.What a long way it is C.What distance is there D.How long is 譯文:從倫敦到利物浦可真遠呀!10.People dream of walking in _____ like astronauts one day.A.space B.spaces C.a space D.the space 譯文:人們夢想有一天能像宇航員那樣在太空中行走。
11._____ singer and _____ dancer has accepted the invitation.A.A, a B.The, the C.A, the D.The, / 譯文:這位既是歌唱家又是舞蹈家的人接受了邀請。
12.They are learning _____ chemistry, _____ physics, but he likes learning _____ history of China.A./, the, / B.the, /, / C.the, /, / D./,/ ,the 譯文:他們正在學習物理和化學,但是他喜歡學習中國歷史。
13.Electricity is _____ most important energy.I think it is _____ most useful energy in the world.A.a,the B.the, a C.the, the D.a, a 譯文:電力是一種重要的能源。我認為它是世界上最有用的能源。
答案:1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.D 12.D 13.A
第二章 名詞
1.What wonderful _____ we live in!A.time B.times C.the time D.a time 譯文:我們生活在一個多么精彩的年代呀!2._____ is a branch of _____ ,and it treats of lights.A.Optics(光學), physical B.Optic, physics C.Optics, physics D.Optic, physical 譯文:光學是物理學的一個分支,它是討論光的科學。
3.He gave us much good _____.Some _____ has already been made.A.advices, progress B.advice, progresses C.advice, progress D.advices, progresses 譯文: 他給了我們許多建議,我們已經取得了一些進步。
4.His _____ dark blue.A.trousers is B.trousers are C.trouser is D.trouser are 譯文:他的褲子是深藍色的。
5.The Chinese _____ friendly to every foreign friend.A.are B.is C.has D.have 譯文:中國人民對每一位外國朋友都很友好。
6.She has a few white _____.A.hairs B.hair C.any hair D.some hair 譯文:她有幾根白頭發(fā)。
7.The _____ are dressed in variety of ways.A.audiences B.audience C.any audience D.some audiences 譯文:觀眾穿著各式各樣的服裝。
8.How many _____ is it from here to there? A.foot B.feet C.foots D.mile 譯文:從這里到那里有多少英尺? 9.She broke a _____ while she was washing up.A.glass wine B.wine glass C.glass of wine D.glass for wine 譯文:當她洗東西的時候,打碎了一個酒杯。
10.The discovery ______ Columbus was quite an event in the world.A.in B.for C.of D.to 譯文:哥倫布的發(fā)現是世界上一件相當有影響力的一件事。
11.That is ______.A.James and Mary father B.James and Mary's father C.James's and Mary's father D.James's and Mary father 譯文:那是吉姆斯和瑪麗的父親。
12.Only last week I called at _____.A.my aunt B.my aunts' C.my aunt's D.mine aunt 譯文:只有上個星期,我去了我姑姑家。
13.This post card is sent by _____.A.a friend of my father B.a friend of my father's C.my father friend D.my father friend's 譯文:這張卡片是我父親的一個朋友寄的。
14.The guard fired by _____.A.a hair's breadth B.a short head C.a long nose D.a long shot 譯文:千鈞一發(fā)之際,警衛(wèi)開火了。
答案:1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A
第三章 代詞
1.We found _____ very difficult for the children to understand what the chairman said at the meeting.A.that B.this C.it D.its 譯文:我們發(fā)現,對孩子們來說,要理解主席在會上的發(fā)言是非常困難的。
2.They invited the three of us,_____.A.Bob, Joe, and I B.I, Bob, and Joe C.Bob, Joe, and me D.me, Bob, and Joe 譯文:他們邀請了我們中的三個人,我,鮑勃和喬。
3.I took him to be _____.A.her B.she C.they D.them 譯文:我把他當成她了。
4.My sister is three years younger than _____.A.me B.I C.my D.myself 譯文:我妹妹比我小三歲。
5.The police hid _____ behind the building.A.himself B.themselves C.herself D.themself 譯文:警察們藏身在那棟建筑之后。
6.Of the three men, one is from Paris, and _____ are from London.A.other two B.the other two C.two others D.others 譯文:這三個人中一個來自巴黎,另兩個來自倫敦。
7.Neither the boy nor his brother _____ what _____ talked about before.A.got…they B.gets…h(huán)e C.got…h(huán)e D.gets…they
譯文:這個男孩和他的哥哥都沒有得到他們以前所談論的東西。
8.Each boy and girl in the class _____ very hard.A.had studied B.study C.studying D.studies 譯文:這個班上每個男生和女生學習都非常努力。
9.The moon has risen._____ looks very beautiful.A.She B.He C.It D.They 譯文:月亮升起來了,它看上去很美。
10.Did he finish the homework all _____.A.by himself B.by him C.by his D.itself 譯文:他是自己獨立完成作業(yè)的嗎? 11.The days in summer are longer than _____ in winter.A.that B.one C.those D.these 譯文:夏天的白天比冬天的長。
12._____ of them can help you.A.Some B.Any C.Much D.Something 譯文:他們中任一個人都能幫你。
13.All is well _____ ends well.A.this B.that C.which D.what 譯文:結果好就一切都好。
14._____ is the house _____ I love very much.A.It…what B.It…that C.That…what D.That…that
譯文:這就是我很喜歡的房子。
15.Who is the man _____ is sitting by her side? A.who B.that C.which D.what 譯文:坐在她身邊的人是誰? 16.There are 3000 workers in the factory , most of _____ are women.A.who B.whom C.whose D.that 譯文:廠里有3000名工人,其中大多數是女生。
17.She was beside _____ with joy.A.her B.herself C.she D.hers 譯文:她欣喜若狂。
18.Such houses _____ he saw are both dirty and expensive.A.that B.this C.it D.as 譯文:他見到的那種房子又臟又貴。
19.All ____ possibilities must be considered.A.so B.such C.this D.its 譯文:所有種種可能性都必須考慮到。
20._____ men have rooms.A.Every B.All C.Both D.Each 譯文:大家都有房子。
21.There're two apples here.You and Jack _____ won one.A.each B.both C.every D.all 譯文:這兒有兩個蘋果。你和杰克一人一個。
22.“Did you go on many of the club's ski trips this year?” “No, _____.” A.little at all B.not much C.quite less D.very few 譯文:“今年你參加了很多次俱樂部的滑雪活動嗎?”“不,基本上沒有?!?/p>
23._____ must try one's best to serve the people.A.One B.That C.It D.What 譯文:一個人要盡全力來為人民服務。
24.Have _____ cup of tea? A.other B.another C.others D.the other 譯文:再來一杯嗎? 25.Everybody _____ they have a right to be here.A.thinks B.thinking C.think D.thought 譯文:每個人都認為他們有權待在這里。26.He thought he was _____, but really he was _____.A.somebody…anybody B.somebody…nobody C.anybody…nobody D.anybody…somebody
譯文:他以為自己很了不起,實際上他是個無用之輩。
27.It is shaped _____ like a ball.A.something B.anything C.some D.as 譯文:那東西有些像球。
答案:1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.A 11.C 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.B 18.D 19.B 20.B 21.A 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.A 第四章 數詞
1.There are about _____ people in the park on National Day.A.three hundred B.three hundreds C.three hundred of D.three hundred more 譯文: 國慶節(jié)有大約三百人去了公園。
2.Flight Nineteen from New York is now arriving at _____.A.Gate two B.the gate two C.the two gate D.second gate 譯文: 從紐約飛來的19次航班現在到達第二門。
3.This big steel plant has _____ workers.A.a thousand of B.thousand C.thousands D.thousands of 譯文:這家大型鋼鐵廠有成千上萬的工人。
4.The homework for today is to write _____ about your hometown.A.a five-hundred-word composition B.a five-hundred-words composition C.a five-hundreds-word composition D.a five-hundreds-words composition 譯文:今天的家庭作業(yè)是寫一篇500字左右介紹你家鄉(xiāng)的作文。
5.Some _____ the population of the town are peasants.A.seventy percent B.seventy percent of C.percent seventy D.seventy percents of 譯文:這個小城百分之七十的人都是農民。
6.He has spent a large _____ of money in his new house.A.deal B.amount C.number D.piece 譯文:他在新家上花了不少錢。
7._____ teachers came to our party.A.A number of B.The number C.An amount D.The amount 譯文:許多老師參加了我們的晚會。
8.I visited Shengli Oil Field _____.A.in the spring 1991 B.spring 1991 C.the spring , 1991 D.in the spring of 1991 譯文:我是1991年春天參觀的勝利油田。
答案:1.A 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D
第五章 介詞
1.He wants to know something _____ the training machine.A.at B.by C.about D.to 譯文:他想知道一些有關培訓機器的事情。
2.Swimmers from time to time keep their heads _____ the water.A.on B.above C.below D.down 譯文:游泳的人不時地把頭露出水面。
3.A bridge was laid _____ the river.A.through B.over C.across D.cross 譯文:河上修了一座大橋。
4.We will discuss the lecture _____ lunch.A.for B.after C.in D.with 譯文:我們將要在午飯后討論報告的問題。
5.She was dozing with her back _____ the chair.A.against B.on C.at D.near 譯文:她背靠在椅子上打盹。
6.The road runs _____ the river.A.around B.through C.at D.along 譯文:這條路沿著這條河。
7.We will be _____ home tomorrow if you'd like to call.A.in B.in the C.at D.at the 譯文:你如果想打電話的話,我們明天在家。
8.I will meet you again _____ the weekend.A.by B.on C.for D.at 譯文:我這個周末還能見到你。
9.John may win the first prize.He has started _____ the speed of 80 miles.A.at B.of C.on D.in 譯文:約翰可能會得第一名,他的速度已經是80里了。
10._____ its cost, the plan is a good one.A.Aside B.Apart C.Apart from D.For 譯文:除了成本之外,這個計劃還是很好的。
11.The term ends _____ July.A.on B.before C.between D.at 譯文:學期七月之前結束。
12._____ English, he knows French and German.A.Beside B.Besides C.Except D.Except that 譯文:除了英語,他還會說法語和德語。
13.We usually have sports _____ 4 o'clock and 5 o'clock in the afternoon.A.among B.in C.for D.between 譯文:我們通常在下午四點到五點進行體育鍛煉。
14.The house lies _____ the woods.A.beyond B.at C.besides D.on 譯文:這棟房子在森林的那一邊。15.I came here _____ Tom's car, not _____ sea.A.by, by B.in, on C.in, by D.in, at 譯文:我是坐湯姆的車來的,不是坐船來的。
16.He has not been teaching here _____ ten years.A.in B.for C.with D.beyond 譯文:他已經十年沒有教過書了。
17.“I haven't seen Mary these days.” “She has been absent _____ school for two weeks.” A.to B.in C.at D.from 譯文:“我好幾天沒見到瑪麗了?!薄八呀泝蓚€禮拜沒來上學了。”
18.Come and see me _____ two day's time.A.for B.after C.in D.during 譯文:兩天后來看我吧。
19.Should typing be introduced _____ the curriculum? A.into B.for C.by D.with 譯文:打字課能加到課程里去嗎? 20.Spending the money, he felt _____.A.as if a wealthy man B.as though a wealthy man C.as a man of wealthy D.like a wealthy man 譯文:花著這些錢,他感覺好像一個富人。
21.“Will Eddie use his brother's bicycle?” “No, he wants one _____.” A.for him B.of his own C.his alone D.only of himself 譯文:“埃迪用他哥哥的自行車嗎?”“不,他想有一輛自己的?!?/p>
22.She got _____ the bus when it reached the stop.A.off B.of C.in D.at 譯文:當汽車到站的時候,她下車了。
23.It happened _____ the morning of the 4th.A.at B.on C.in D.from 譯文:這件事發(fā)生在4號的早上。
24.It has been _____ a year since we last heard from him.A.for B.before C.over D.after 譯文:距離上次我們收到他的來信已經一年多了。
25.The teacher is very good _____ the children A.to B.at C.for D.with 譯文:老師對孩子們特別的好。
26.She is _____ treatment at the hospital.A.to B.as C.for D.under 譯文:她正在醫(yī)院接受治療。
27.The children are gazing at the squirrel _____ the tree.A.on B.at C.from D.up 譯文:這個孩子盯著樹上一只向上爬的松鼠。
28._____ all the representatives still not there, the meeting was postponed for several months.A.Without B.With C.By D.Because 譯文:因為有代表缺席,所以會議被延后幾個月舉行。
29.She left the classroom _____ saying a word.A.that B.not C.for D.without 譯文:她沒說一句話離開了教室。
30.His death was _____ heart disease.A.for B.due to C.in D.on 譯文:他死于心臟病。
31.He improved his spoken English _____.A.by the way B.on the way C.by the means D.in a way 譯文:他通過這種方式提高了他的口語水平。
32.The judge set out together with them _____ the lost animal.A.in search for B.in a search of C.in search of D.looked for 譯文:那個法官跟他們一起出發(fā)去找那頭失蹤的駱駝了。
答案:1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.D 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.C 25.A 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.D 30.B 31.C 32.C
第六章 形容詞和副詞
1.There is a _____ cup on the table.A.nice new big B.new big nice C.nice big new D.new nice big 譯文: 桌上有一只又大又漂亮的新杯子。
2.______ can get it.A.Intelligent anyone B.Anyone intelligent C.Someone intelligent D.Intelligent someone 譯文: 任何一個聰明人都能明白。
3.You often study _____.A.very hard this term here B.here very hard this term C.very hard here this term D.this term very hard here 譯文: 這學期你在這里常常很用功。
4.He is _____ to do this job.A.so young B.too young C.such young D.very young 譯文: 他太年輕了,做不了這項工作。
5.They _____.A.a little helped me B.helped me a little C.helped a little me D.helped me little 譯文: 他們幫了我一把。
6.He has never again written _____ as his first one.A.so good a book B.so a good book C.a good book so D.a so good book 譯文: 他再也沒有寫過一本像第一本那樣的好書。
7.You can not praise the play _____ highly.A.so B.such C.too D.rather 譯文: 這出戲你無論怎么贊揚都不過分。8.He is rich,_____ he is not happy.A.still B.so C.that D.and 譯文: 他很富有,可是他并不快樂。
9.I'm afraid that your shoes _____ traveling..A.unfit for B.was unfitted for C.are unfit for D.are unfit 譯文: 他們聲稱這所房屋不宜居住。
10._____ no one took a rest.A.Nearly B.Hardly C.Scarcely D.Almost 譯文: 幾乎沒有人休息。
11.His father is very busy, so he is _____ not at home on Sundays.A.hardly B.mostly C.almost D.most 譯文: 他的父親很忙,所以星期天幾乎都不在家。
12.American is an _____ country.A.speaking-English B.English-speaking C.spoken-English D.English-spoken 譯文: 美國是個說英語的國家。
13.“How do you feel this film?” “Oh, I've never seen a _____ film as wonderful as that.” A.more moved B.most moving C.more moving D.most moved 譯文: “你覺得這部電影怎么樣?”“哦,我從沒看過這么精彩的電影?!?/p>
14.They moved away from Beijing.They don't live there _____.A.again B.any longer C.once more D.either 譯文: 他們搬離北京了。他們現在不住在那里了。
15.He is very clever.And he is _____ that girl.A.no more than B.not more than C.no less than D.not less than 譯文: 他很聰明。他不像那個女孩那么笨。
16.We are _____ glad to hear the good news.A.no more than B.more than C.not more than D.less than 譯文: 我們聽到這一好消息,感到非常高興。
17.He came all the way to China for promoting friendship _____ for making money A.other than B.more than C.better than D.rather than 譯文: 他千方百計的去了中國,更多的是為了升級友誼而不是為了賺錢。
18._____ in Form 3 is the cleverest.A.Smallest boy B.Smallest of boy C.The smallest boy D.The smallest of the boys 譯文: 第三組中那個最小的男孩是最聰明的。
19._____ in the class is very naughty.A.The biggest of the boys B.Biggest of the boy C.The biggest in the boys D.Biggest in the boys 譯文: 這些男孩中最大的那個很頑皮。
20.Kansas is _____ states in America's mid-west.A.one of the flattest B.the flattest C.as flatter as D.flattest of the 譯文: Kansas州是美國最平坦的州之一。21.My _____ sister is a college student.She is two years _____ than I.A.older…elder B.elder…older C.elder…elder D.older…older
譯文: 我姐姐是個大學生。她比我大兩歲。
22.The sky was overcast, it looked _____.A.liked rain B.like raining C.liked raining D.like rain 譯文: 天氣很陰暗,看上去像是要下雨了。
23.China will be a _____ country in the middle of this century.A.high-developing B.high-developed C.highly-develop D.highly-developed 譯文: 中國在這個世紀的中葉將成為高度發(fā)達的國家。
24.“_____ to deliver this letter to the secretary?” A.Would you be so kind B.Would you be as kind C.Would you be as kind as D.Would you be so kind as 譯文: 你能把這封信交給秘書嗎? 25.How long ago _____ in London? A.did he arrive B.does he arrive C.could he arrive D.has he arrive 譯文: 你多久前來過倫敦? 26.The dog is still wet.It _____ out of the rain.A.only just comes B.has only just coming C.was only just come D.has only just come 譯文: 這只狗的全身都濕了。它剛剛從雨中跑回來。
27._____ never cared much for Dickens.A.It is strangely enough that I have B.Strange enough, I had C.Strangely enough, I have D.Strangely enough, I had 譯文: 很奇怪的是,我從來沒有留意過狄更斯。
28.Many people cannot swim, I _____.A.can either B.can't either C.can not too D.can too 譯文: 很多人不會游泳,我也不會。
29.Are you _____ tired? A.none B.very C.much D.many 譯文: 你很累了嗎? 30.This is _____ opportunity to be lost.A.too good B.too a good C.too good an D.a too good 譯文: 這是一個不容錯過的良機。
31._____ he was only an hour late;don't be so upset.A.All after B.Always after C.Afterward D.After all 譯文: 畢竟他只晚了一個小時,別那么不耐煩。
答案:1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.A 21.A 22.B 23.B 24.D 25.A 26.D 27.C 28.B 29.B 30.C 31.D
第七章 簡單句 1.“_____ is your brother?” “He is a teacher.” A.Who B.Which C.How D.What 譯文:“你哥哥是干什么工作的?”“他是一名教師。”
2.“_____ is the weather like today?” “It is cloudy.” A.What B.How C.Which D.Why 譯文:“今天天氣怎么樣?”“多云。”
3.“_____ shoes do you take?” “Size 42.” A.How many B.What color C.What number D.What size 譯文:“你穿多大號的鞋?”“42號。”
4._____ is the population of this country? A.How much B.How many C.What D.How 譯文:這個國家的人口是多少? 5._____ is the distance between Beijing and Shanghai? A.How far B.How C.What D.What about 譯文:北京到上海之間有多遠? 6._____ is your pencil-box? A.What color B.How color C.It's color D.Which color 譯文:你的文具盒是什么顏色的? 7.“How _____ do you go to your aunt's?” “Once a month.” A.long B.far C.often D.soon 譯文:“你多長時間去探望你的姑媽一次?”“一個月一次。”
8.“Would you rather go there by train or by bus?” “_____.” A.Yes, I would B.No, I wouldn't C.Yes, by bus D.By bus 譯文:“你是想坐火車還是公共汽車?”“坐公共汽車。”
答案:1.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D
第八章 祈使句
1._____ your eyes before you enter the room.A.Close B.Closed C.To close D.Closing 譯文:進入這間房間前閉上眼睛。
2._____ sit so near to the TV set.A.Not B.Not to C.Don't D.Be not 譯文:別坐在離電視機那么近的地方。
3.Let's _____ out for a walk.A.not to go B.not go C.don't go D.go not 譯文:我們別出去散步了。
答案:1.A 2.C 3.B
第九章 感嘆句 1._____ difficult problem they have solved!A.What an B.What a C.How a D.How an 譯文:他們解決了一個多么難的問題呀!2._____ the city is!A.Beautiful B.Beautifully C.How beautiful D.A beautiful 譯文:這座城市真漂亮!3._____ city Harbin is!A.How beautiful a B.What beautiful C.What beautiful a D.How a beautiful 譯文:哈爾濱是多漂亮的一座城市呀!答案:1.B 2.C 3.A
第十章 反意問句
1.Comrade Li is a Party member, _____? A.is he B.isn't he C.is not he D.doesn't he 譯文:李同志是一名黨員,不是嗎? 2.It seldom snows in Kunming, _____? A.isn't it B.does it C.doesn't D.is it 譯文:昆明很少下雪,是嗎? 3.“They aren't reading now, are they?” “_____.” A.Yes, they are not B.No, they were C.Yes, they are D.They aren't 譯文:“他們沒有在讀書,是嗎?”“不,他們在讀書?!?/p>
4.You haven't forgotten what the teacher asked us to do for homework, _____? A.didn't you B.have you C.did he D.haven't you 譯文:你沒有忘記老師告訴我們怎么做家庭作業(yè),是嗎? 5.He had a wonderful supper last night, _____? A.did he B.had he C.hadn't he D.didn't he 譯文:他昨晚吃了一頓豐盛的晚餐,不是嗎? 6.Nothing has gone wrong, _____? A.has this B.has it C.did it D.does it 譯文:沒有什么出錯,是嗎? 7.The girl dare not stay in this room alone, ____? A.dare she B.dare not she C.does she D.doesn't he 譯文:這個女孩不敢一個人呆在屋子里,是嗎? 8.I ought to post these letters now, _____? A.ought I B.oughtn't I C.shall I D.can I 譯文:我現在應該把這些信寄了,不是嗎? 9.We'd better get doing, _____? A.wouldn't we B.hadn't we C.shouldn't we D.shan't we 譯文:我們最好開始干了,不是嗎? 10.I wish to come tomorrow, _____? A.may I B.would I C.can I D.have I 譯文:我希望明天來,好嗎? 11.What a fine day, _____? A.isn't it B.is it C.isn't she D.is she 譯文:天氣真好呀,不是嗎? 12.Carry this heavy box for me, _____? A.can't you B.shan't you C.wont' you D.don't you 譯文:幫我抬一下這個重盒子,好嗎? 13.She can't be a college student, _____? A.can she B.is she C.can't she D.isn't she 譯文:她不可能是一名大學生,是嗎? 14.What you said is very important, _____? A.don't you B.doesn't you C.are you D.isn't it 譯文:你說的話非常重要,對吧? 答案:1.B 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.D
第十二章 It 句型
1.Our team won the match.Have you heard about _____? A.this B.that C.it D.them 譯文:我們隊贏得了比賽。你聽說這個消息了嗎? 2._____ will take you a long time to do this job.A.That B.This C.It D.Its 譯文:做這項工作要花費很長的一段時間。
3.I found ____ to know her.A.that difficult B.it difficult C.that difficulty D.it difficulty 譯文:我發(fā)現很難去了解她。
4.What _____ you want me to do? A.it is B.that C.is this D.is it that 譯文:你到底想要我做些什么? 答案:1.C 2.C 3.B 4.D
第十三章 并列連詞
1.He made a mistake _____ a big one.A.or B.and C.but D.nor 譯文:他犯了個錯誤,而且是個大錯誤。
2.We must get rid of carelessness, _____ it often leads to errors.A.and B.for C.but D.thus 譯文:我們一定要克服粗心大意,因為粗心常常導致出錯。
3.The elephant isn't like a wall, _____ a spear.A.and B.so C.or D.nor 譯文:大象既不像一堵墻,也不像一支矛。
4.It looked like rain yesterday._____, it is clear this morning.A.Otherwise B.Or C.But D.However 譯文:昨天看上去好像要下雨。然而今天早上天晴了。
5.I was wandering through the streets _____ I caught sight of a tailor's shop.A.when B.while C.as D.as soon as 譯文:我正在街上閑逛,突然看見一家裁縫店。
6.You like sports _____ I'd like to read.A.when B.while C.but D.yet 譯文:你喜歡運動,而我喜歡讀書。
7.He _____ his students went to visit the Great Wall.A.as well B.as well as C.altogether D.together 譯文:他和學生們一起參觀了長城。
8.Don't stand by the gate, _____ you come in _____ you go out to play.A.either…or B.neither…nor C.not only…but also D.not…but
譯文:別站在門口,要不進來,要不出去玩。
9._____ does he write well, _____ he speaks well.A.Not…but B.Neither…nor C.Either…or D.Not only…but also
譯文:他不但寫得好,而且說得也好。
10._____ many times, but he still made the same mistake.A.Having been told B.He had been told C.Being told D.Though he had been told 譯文:大家已經說過他好多次了,他還是犯同樣的錯誤。
11.We want _____ high speed _____ good quality.A.both…and B.either…or C.neither…nor D.not only…but also
譯文:我們既要高速度,又要高質量。
答案:1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.A
第十四章 主謂一致
1.Every _____ been tried but without much result.A.means have B.means has C.mean has D.mean have 譯文:各種辦法都試過了,可是沒有多大的效果。
2.All that can be eaten _____ eaten up.A.have been B.had been C.has been D.are being 譯文:所有能吃的東西都吃光了。
3.Many a student _____ that mistake before.A.had made B.has been made C.have made D.has made 譯文:不止一個學生犯過這個錯誤。
4.The students in our school each _____ an English dictionary.A.are having B.had C.has D.have 譯文:我們學校的學生人手一本英語字典。
5.Neither he nor I _____ for the plan.A.were B.is C.are D.am 譯文:他沒有這個打算,我也沒有。6.A singer and dancer _____ our evening.A.attends B.attend C.attending D.had attended 譯文:一位歌手兼舞蹈家參加了我們的晚會。
7.Between the two buildings _____ a monument.A.is standing B.standing C.stands D.stand 譯文:兩樓之間聳立著一座紀念碑。
8.The police _____ a prisoner.A.is searching for B.are searching for C.is searching D.has searching for 譯文:警察正在搜尋逃犯。
9.Much of this data _____ conclusive.A.are B.is C.have been D.has been 譯文:這個數據中的大部分是決定性的。
10.Half of the apples _____ bad.A.go B.goes C.is gone D.has gone 譯文:有一半的蘋果壞了。
11.No one except Jack and Tom _____ the answer.A.know B.knows C.is knowing D.are known 譯文:除了杰克和湯姆,沒有人知道答案。
12.The number of the people who _____ cars _____ increasing.A.owns…are B.owns…is C.own…is D.own…are
譯文:擁有車的人的數量正在逐漸增加。
13.The rest of the novel _____ very interesting.A.were B.are C.is D.seem 譯文:這本小說的余下部分非常有趣。
14.The sick _____ good care of in the hospital.A.is taken B.are being taken C.are taking D.is being taken 譯文:病人在這家醫(yī)院得到了很好的照顧。
15.The pair of shoes _____ worn out A.was B.were C.have been D.had been 譯文:這雙鞋破了。
16.Fifteen minus three ____ twelve.A.makes B.make C.is making D.are making 譯文:15減3等于12。
17.Laying eggs _____ the ant queen's full-time job.A.is B.are C.has D.have 譯文:產卵是蟻后的全職工作。
18.Ten thousands dollars ______ a large sum of money.A.are B.is C.were D.seem 譯文:兩千美元是一筆很大的數目。
19.When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.A.has not decided B.is not decided C.are not decided D.have not decided 譯文:何時何地修建這座新工廠還沒有決定下來。
20.There _____ two different forms of the same thing.A.is B.have C.are D.has 譯文:這些是同一事物的兩種不同的形式。
21.The tales of Shakespeare ______ written by Charles Lamb.A.has B.have C.were D.was 譯文:莎士比亞故事是由查爾斯·蘭姆所寫。
22.No teacher and no student ____ admitted.A.are B.were C.is D.has 譯文:沒有老師也沒有學生允許進入。
答案:1.B 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.C 21.D 22.C
第十六章 復合句
主語從句
1.It doesn't matter _____ I rest or not.A.if B.whether C.that D.when 譯文:我是否休息了并不要緊。
2._____ the scientist will give us a lecture next week is true.A.Where B.When C.That D.Who 譯文:科學家將給我們作報告的事是真的。
3._____ nothing to do with us.A.What he did is B.What he has done C.What did he do D.What he has done has 譯文:他做了什么與我們無關。
4.It is unknown _____ did the job.A.whoever B.who C.whether D.how 譯文:不清楚這活是誰干的。
5._____ the little baby goes or stays at home is nothing to do with me.A.If B.When C.That D.Whether 譯文:這個小嬰孩是去還是留在家里與我無關。
答案:1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.D 賓語從句
1.She wanted to know _____.A.whether I knew her and where she worked B.if I knew her and the factory she worked there C.whether I knew her and the factory she worked D.if I knew her and the factory where she worked 譯文:她想知道我是否認識她和她工作的工廠。
2.Finding _____ it was written in Chinese, which Tom didn't understand at all, he put it in his pocket.A.how B.what C.for D.that 譯文:湯姆發(fā)現那本書是用中文寫的,中文他一點不懂,他把它放進了口袋里。
3.I'm sure _____ he has gone to Beijing.A.for B.as C.that D.since 譯文:我確信他去了北京。
4.Can you tell me _____ the railway station? A.how I can get to B.how can I get to C.where I can get to D.what is she getting along 譯文:你能告訴我該怎么去火車站嗎? 5.Computers can only give out _____ has been stored in them.A.that B.which C.what D.anything 譯文:計算機只能提供貯存在里面的信息。
6.He always thinks _____ he can do more for the people.A.of how B.how C.of that D.why 譯文:他總在考慮怎樣為人民做的更多。
7.I wonder _____ these shoes cost.A.how much B.how many C.how long D.how often 譯文:我想知道這些鞋子值多少錢。
8.Everything depends on _____ we have enough money.A.whether B.if C.that D.why 譯文:一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的錢。
9.We think it certain _____ he will pass the exam.A.whether B.what C.that D.which 譯文:我們確信他能通過考試。
答案:1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.A 9.C 同位語從句
1.The fact _____ he is an orphan is well know.A.what B.that C.when D./ 譯文:他是孤兒的事實眾所周知。
2.They just discussed the question _____ he would go or not.A.that B.whether C.if D.which 譯文:他們剛剛討論了他應不應該去的問題。
答案:1.B 2.B 表語從句
1.The problem is _____ will go.A.that B.that who C.who D.whoever 譯文:問題是誰去呢。
2.He raised his hand _____ he would take off his hat.A.like B.appear C.as if D.even though 譯文:他舉起他的手,仿佛要摘掉他的帽子。
3.The reason I plan to go is _____ if I don't.A.because she will be disappointed B.that she will be disappointed C.because she will have a disappointment D.on account of she will be disappointed 譯文:我打算去是因為如果我不去,她會失望的。
答案:1.C 2.C 3.B what從句 1.We found _____ difficult to understand.A.what he said B.which he said C.that he said D.where he said 譯文:我發(fā)現他的話很難理解。
2.I am pleased with ____ you have given me and _____ you have told me.A.all what…that B.which…about whatever C.what…all that D.what…that
譯文:我很滿意你給我的東西和跟我談的事情。
3.Mather asked _____.A.what was the wrong B.what the matter was C.what matte was D.what was the matter 譯文:媽媽問我出什么事了。
4.Do you know _____ medicine he has just taken? A.which B.what C.that D.whose 譯文:你知道他剛才吃的是什么藥嗎? 5._____ I have will be yours sooner or later.A.No matter what B.No matter whatever C.Whatever D.That 譯文:我所有的東西遲早都是你的。
答案:1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C
第十七章 定語從句
1.The boy _____ told you the news just now is our monitor.A.who B.whose C.which D.he 譯文:剛才告訴你這條新聞的男孩是我們的班長。
2.There are a lot of poor babies _____ the students plan to help.A.who B.whose C.whom D.which 譯文:這里有許多學生們打算援助的窮孩子。
3.The old man _____ was found by the police.A.you were looking for him B.who you were looking for C.you were looking for D.whom you were looking 譯文:你們要找的那位老人被警察找到了。
4.The boy didn't know the pronunciation of the word _____ the teacher asked him.A./ B.who C.in which D.which 譯文:那個男孩根本就不知道老師問他的那個單詞的發(fā)音。
5.The factory _____ I visited is a radio factory.A.in which B.to which C.which D.where 譯文:我參觀的那家工廠是一座收音機廠。
6.I'll remember those days _____ we spent together.A.when B.in which C.in that D.which 譯文:我會永遠記住我們在一起的這段日子。
7.Mrs.Nolan will move into her new house next Monday, _____ it will be completely furnished.A.by which time B.by that time C.by this time D.by the time 譯文:羅蘭夫人下星期一要搬到她的新家去了,在那個時間之前,裝修已經完成了。
8.There is no dictionary _____ you can find this word.A.in it B.in which C.in that D.where 譯文:沒有字典能找到這個詞。
9.The citizens, _____, welcomed the new mayor.A.most of them were workers B.most of whom were workers C.most of whose were workers D.most of who were workers 譯文:市民們,大多數是工人,歡迎新市長。
10.You can read any book _____ is in the book shop.A.which B.where C.that D.in which 譯文:你可以在這間書店里隨便讀書。
11.He wants to know the exact time _____ the train starts.A.that B.where C.which D.what 譯文:他想知道火車開動的具體時間。
12.Don't talk about such things _____ you do not understand.A.that B.which C.as D.those 譯文:不要談論你根本不懂的事情。
13.She is reading the same book _____ she read in the book shop yesterday.A.that B.what C.which D.where 譯文:她現在讀的那本書正是昨天她在書店里看的那本書。
14.She finished the work, _____ we expected.A.that B.when C.as D.which 譯文:正如我們所料的那樣,她完成了這項工作。
15._____ we know, there is less of rain in Beijing in spring.A.As well as B.So long as C.So far as D.So far 譯文:正如我們知道的那樣,北京的春天少雨。
16._____, Taiwan is a part of China.A.As is well known B.It is well known C.As we all know that D.We all know 譯文:眾所周知,臺灣是中國領土的一部分。
17.Tom is very lucky _____ girlfriend is very beautiful.A.which B.of which C.whose D.that 譯文:湯姆非常幸運,他的女朋友很漂亮。
18.Bamboo grows well _____ it is warm and wet all the year A.in the place B.in the place where C.the place where D.in which 譯文:竹子在一年四季溫暖、潮濕的地方生長的很好。
19.I often remember the days _____ I lived in the countryside.A.which B.when C.where D.that 譯文:我經常想起住在農村的那段時光。
20.The reason _____ she became mad is that she failed in business.A.that B.which C.why D.in which 譯文:她發(fā)瘋的原因是因為她生意失敗。
21.You should change the way _____ you talk to your father.A.which B.by which C.in that D./ 譯文:你應該改變跟你父親說話的方式。
22.Is this book _____ he borrowed from you the other day? A.that B.one C.which D.the one 譯文:這本書是那天他從你這里借走的那本嗎? 23.The young people who _____ my neighbors usually help me to do some physical labors.A.is B.am C.are D.will be 譯文:這些年輕小伙子是我的鄰居,他們經常幫助我干一些體力活。
24.Mr.Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils, except _____ who had already taken them.A.these B.ones C.the ones D.the others 譯文:除了那些已經拿了課本的學生,張老師把課本發(fā)給了所有的學生。
25.The sun heats the earth, _____ is very important to living things.A.that B.what C.where D.which 譯文:太陽使大地熱起來,這對于生物很重要。
26._____ gets the job will have a lot of work to do.A.Who B.Someone C.Whoever D.Anyone 譯文:無論是誰接受了這項工作,都會有很多工作去做。
27.He has made another wonderful discovery, _____ of great use.A.which I suppose are B.that I suppose it is C.I suppose which is D.which I suppose is 譯文:他又有了一項重大的發(fā)現,我認為它一定很有用。
答案:1.A 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.C 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.C 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D
第十八章 倒裝句
1._____ a bridge across the river.A.Stands there B.There stands C.Here stands D.Stand here 譯文:河上有一座橋。
2.Now _____your turn to keep guard.A.there is B.is going C.comes D.has come 譯文:現在輪到你來值班了。
3.Often _____ I heard it said that he is diligent and honest.A.did B.have C.does D.has 譯文:我經常聽說他很聰明和誠實。
4.Not a moment _____.A.she wasted B.has she waste C.does she wasted D.did she waste 譯文:她從不浪費時間。
5.Little _____ expect such enthusiasm from so many many.A.I did B.I have C.did I D.I 譯文:我從未想到那么多人有熱情。
6._____, he often helps his classmates with their studies.A.As he is busy B.Busy as he is C.As busy is he D.Busy although he is 譯文:盡管他很忙,但他還是經常在學習上幫助同學。
7.“I am not going to buy that book.” “_____.It is too expensive.” A.I don't either B.So am I C.Neither am I D.I am not too 譯文:“我不打算去買書了?!薄拔乙膊蝗チ恕LF了?!?/p>
8.Anna asked him to complete the experiment before five, _____.A.so did he B.so does he C.so he did D.so he does 譯文:安娜讓他在五點之前完成試驗,他完成了。
9.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years._____.A.So is his aunt B.So has his aunt C.So his aunt does D.So it is with his aunt 譯文:他的叔叔是一個工人,在這間工廠里工作十多年了。他的嬸嬸也是這樣。
10.So unreasonable _____ that everybody was startled.A.his price was B.was his price C.his price has D.has his price 譯文:他要價如此之高,每個人都瞠目結舌。
11.In no case _____ waste time.A.we B.do we C.are we D.we do 譯文:我們決不能浪費時間。
12._____ when we were in the countryside.A.Forever gone are the days B.Gone forever are the days C.Are the days gone forever D.The days gone are forever 譯文:我們在農村的那段日子一去不復返了。
13.However _____, he always goes swimming.A.it is cold B.cold it is C.cold was it D.it was cold 譯文:無論多冷,他都堅持去游泳。
14._____ a good student, but he also proved himself a good athlete.A.He showed himself not only B.He showed not only himself C.He did not show himself only D.Not only did he show himself 譯文:他不僅展示了他是一名好學生的風采,他也證明了自己是一名好運動員。
15.No sooner had the robbers disappeared into a side-street _____.A.when the police arrived B.and the police arrived C.than the police arrived D.then the police arrived 譯文:劫匪剛消失在小巷里,警察就出現了。
16.Not until the early years in the 19th century _____ what heat is.A.man did know B.man knew C.didn't man know D.did man know 譯文:直到19世紀早期,人類才知道熱是什么東西。
17._____ Tom would have been a rich man.A.Had he entered business B.Were he enter business C.Was he to enter business D.If he was to enter business 譯文:如果他進入商界的話,也許就是一個富人了。
18._____ Chairman Mao!A.Long live B.Live long C.Do long live D.Will long live 譯文:毛主席萬歲!答案:1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.B 11.B 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.A 第十九章 日常用語
1.Would you mind my opening the door? _____.A.Yes, please B.No, please don't C.Yes, as you please D.No, not at all 譯文:我開門你不介意吧? 不,我不介意。
2.Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend? A.I don't believe B.I don't believe it C.I believe not so D.I believe not 譯文:你是不是認為周末要下雨? 我想不會吧。
3._____? Very well, thank you, and you? A.How do you do B.Good morning C.How do you like these days D.How are you these days 譯文:這幾天你過得怎么樣? 很好,謝謝你,你呢? 4.Would you like some tea? _____.A.Thanks.That would be nice B.If you like C.Thank you for asking me D.You should give me some 譯文:來點茶嗎? 謝謝,這太好了。
5.Happy birthday to you, Kate!_____.A.Birthday pleasant B.Thank you C.The same to you D.And you too 譯文:祝你生日快樂,凱特!多謝。
6.Thank you for helping me._____.A.All right B.You're welcome C.That's right D.Never mind 譯文:謝謝你幫助我。不用謝。
答案:1.D 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B
第二十章 動詞時態(tài)
一般現在時
1.Mr.Brown _____ to work by bus every day.A.is traveled B.has been travelling C.travels D.has traveled 譯文:布朗先生每天都坐公共汽車去上班。
2.She _____ by nature a kind-hearted woman.A.has B.is C.does D.were 譯文:她天生就是一個有善心的女人。
3.Kepler proved that the sun _____ the center of the solar system.A.has B.has been C.had been D.is 譯文:開普勒證明了太陽是太陽系的中心。
4.It seldom _____ in Kunming in winter A.snow B.is snowing C.snowed D.snows 譯文:冬天的昆明很少下雪。
5.Out _____ the cat from the bottom of the box suddenly.A.has ran B.is running C.runs D.run 譯文:貓突然從盒子里跑了出來。
6.A mother who _____ her son will do anything for his happiness.A.is loving B.loves C.loved D.has loved 譯文:一位疼愛兒子的母親會為了他的幸福做任何事情。
7.The No.8 bus _____ to the station, and not to our school.A.has gone B.has been going C.is gone D.goes 譯文:8路公共汽車是去火車站的,不是去我們學校的。
8.I _____ her the news that our country will explore the west.A.will tell B.told C.is telling D.tell 譯文:我把我們國家將要開發(fā)西部的這條消息告訴給她。
9.When you _____ an object, you will want to know the size of the object.A.will examine B.examine C.examined D.examines 譯文:當你檢查一件物品的時候,你一定想知道這個物品的尺寸。
10.If it _____, the match will be postponed.A.is raining B.has been raining C.has rained D.rains 譯文:如果下雨的話,比賽就推遲舉行。
11.Although he _____ busy tomorrow, he will still go to the hospital to visit his wife.A.will be B.is going to be C.was D.is 譯文:盡管明天他會很忙,但他仍然會來醫(yī)院去看他的妻子。
12.In an electrical formula, the capital letter “I” _____ for current.A.stand B.will stand C.is going to stand D.stands 譯文:在電學公式中,大寫字母“I”代表電流。
答案:1.C 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.D 12.D 現在進行時
1.Now plastics materials _____ many other materials in our daily life.A.replace B.are replacing C.will replace D.replaces 譯文:現在塑料材料正在取代我們日常生活中的好多其它材料。
2.Listen, the man _____ with his wife!A.quarreling B.is quarreling C.quarreled D.quarrels 譯文:聽,那個人正在跟他的妻子吵架。
3.Miss Lin _____ about the food she has at lunch.A.complaining always B.has always been complained C.has always complained D.is always complaining 譯文:林小姐一直在抱怨午餐時她吃的食物。
4.He _____ at home these days.A.is staying B.stays C.stayed D.has stayed 譯文:這些天他一直呆在家里。
5.How _____ on with your new job these days? A.have you been getting B.are you getting C.did you get D.have you got 譯文:這些天你的新工作進展如何? 6.The professor _____ his own letters when his secretary is ill.A.typed B.has typed C.typing D.is typing 譯文:教授的秘書生病的時候,他自己打信。
答案:1.B 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.D 一般將來時
1.I _____ you a gift next week.A.shall be giving B.shall have given C.shall give D.would give 譯文:我下個星期給你一份禮物。
2.I promise you that I _____ an answer tomorrow.A.shall be giving B.shall have given C.shall give D.will give 譯文:我答應你明天給你一個答復。
3.They _____ Beijing in spring every year.A.shall visit B.will visit C.have visited D.visited 譯文:他們今后將在每年的春天去北京。
4.If water is distilled(蒸餾), it _____ quite tasteless.A.become B.will become C.became D.becomes 譯文:如果水蒸餾了,那么就會變得沒有味道。
5.They _____ the computer design problem this afternoon.A.will have discussed B.are going to discuss C.shall discuss D.will be discussing 譯文:他們打算下午討論計算機設計問題
6.Ann _____ the first party in her life tomorrow night.A.gives B.is giving C.is given D.has given 譯文:安要在明天晚上開她生命中的第一個晚會。
7.Before the end of this year, air pollution _____ a serious problem that jeopardizes the health of human race.A.will be become B.will have been become C.will become D.will have become 譯文:今年年底之前,空氣污染就會變成一個危害人類健康的大問題。
8.The manager _____ all the applicants tomorrow afternoon.A.will be seeing B.has been seeing C.will be seen D.sees 譯文:明天下午,經理會見所有的申請者。
答案:1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.A 一般過去時
1.I _____ half the way to school yesterday.A.had run B.had run C.ran D.had been running 譯文:我昨天上學的時候有一半路是跑著去的。
2.When I was young, I _____ to school every day.A.walked B.was walking C.had walked D.did walk 譯文:當我年輕的時候,我每天都是步行去學校的。
3.He was ____ when I walked into the room.A.ready for leaving B.about to leave C.in the point of leaving D.most ready to leave 譯文:我進房間的時候,他正準備離開。
4.She said that she would visit us when we _____.A.are back B.had back C.were back D.will be back 譯文:她說我們回來的時候她會來看望我們。
5.Hello!I _____ you _____ here.A.don't know, were B.hadn't known, are C.haven't known, are D.didn't know, were 譯文:你好!我還不知道你在這呢。
答案:1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 現在完成時
1.I _____ much of the book but I don't find it interesting.A.read B.am reading C.have read D.have been reading 譯文:我已經讀了這本書的大部分,但我沒發(fā)現有什么有趣的。
2.Stephen _____ tennis for five years but he doesn't play now.A.played B.plays C.has played D.had played 譯文:史蒂芬已經玩了五年網球,但是他現在不玩了。
3.I _____ her four times in the last four days.A.have met B.met C.meet D.had met 譯文:在過去的四天中我已經遇到她四次了。
4.He _____ for three years.A.has joined B.has been in the army C.joined D.has served in the army 譯文:他已經在軍隊中服役三年了。
5.It is two years since he _____ his hometown.A.has been away from B.left C.has left D.had left 譯文:他離開家鄉(xiāng)已經兩年多了。
6.Hand in your papers when you _____ the test.A.are finishing B.will finish C.will have finish D.have finished 譯文:等你結束考試的時候別忘了把試卷交上來。
7.Is this the first time you _____ Beijing? A.had been to B.has been to C.have been to D.are to 譯文:這是你第一次去北京嗎? 8.“Where is your brother?” “He _____.” A.is just going B.is just gone C.has just gone D.has already 譯文:“你的哥哥在哪里?” “他剛剛走?!?/p>
9.Her grandfather _____ ill for many years.A.has been B.has fallen C.got D.has got 譯文:她的祖父已經病了好多年了。
10.“Why haven't John arrived?” “He _____ return this book.” A.has been to B.has gone to C.is coming to D.had been 譯文:“約翰怎么還沒到呢?”“他去還書了?!?/p>
答案:1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.B 現在完成進行時
1.We _____ on it for many hours but we have not yet already any conclusion.A.work B.are working C.have been working D.have been worked 譯文:我們已經一起工作好多小時了,但是仍然沒能得出結論。
2.Every evening since last Christmas, I _____ my dog out for a walk in the park.A.am taken B.am taking C.take D.have been taking 譯文:自從去年圣誕節(jié)以來,我每個晚上都要帶上我的狗到公園散步。
3.Mr.Lee _____ here six years next July.A.shall live B.will be living C.will have been living D.will have lived 譯文:李先生到明年六月就在這住滿六年了。
答案:1.C 2.D 3.C 過去完成時態(tài)
1.I wondered if she _____.A.has arrived B.arrived C.had arrived D.was arriving 譯文:我想知道她是否到了。
2.He said that he _____ here for two hours.A.has stayed B.stayed C.stay D.had stayed 譯文:他說他已經在這呆了兩個小時了。
3.Scarcely _____ the lightening when I heard a clap of thunder.A.had I seen B.have I seen C.I had seen D.I have seen 譯文:我剛一看見閃電就聽到了一聲雷響。
4.He left the laboratory after he _____ the experiment.A.finishes B.would finish C.had finished D.finished 譯文:等到做完實驗他才離開實驗室。
5.By the end of last term, we _____ English for two years.A.have studied B.have been studied C.would studied D.had studied 譯文:到上學期末,我們已經學習兩年英語了。
6.It _____ cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.A.rained B.had rained C.was raining D.had been raining 譯文:過去的一個禮拜中一直在下傾盆大雨,大雨已經導致了許多地方山體滑坡。
7.The teacher told us that we _____ two experimental lessons by the end of this term.A.had had B.have had C.shall have had D.should have had 譯文:老師告訴我們這學期期末之前我們要上兩堂實驗課。
答案:1.C 2.D 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.D 過去進行時
1.I shall tell you what he _____ at three o'clock yesterday afternoon.A.had done B.has done C.has been doing D.was doing 譯文:我會告訴你昨天下午三點他在做什么。
2.She _____ English broadcast when I came in.A.listens to B.listened to C.is listening to D.was listening to 譯文:我走進去的時候她正在聽英語廣播。
3.He was always _____ fault with other people though he didn't do his own work properly.A.finding B.seeking C.looking for D.putting 譯文:盡管他自己做的工作不怎么樣,但是他總是挑別人的毛病。
4.“What is the matter?” “Nothing, I _____ about my problem in homework.” A.just thought B.have just been thinking C.was just thinking D.have just thought 譯文:“怎么了?” “沒什么,我剛才在思考一道作業(yè)中的問題?!?/p>
5.He told her yesterday that he _____ for her at home at seven the next evening.A.is waiting B.has waiting C.has been waiting D.would be waiting 譯文:他昨天告訴她他要在第二天的晚上七點在家等她。
答案:1.D 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.D 時態(tài)的呼應
1.You look very unhappy.I _____ you _____ the examination.A.suppose, haven't pass B.am supposing, hadn't pass C.am supposing, don't pass D.suppose, didn't pass 譯文:你看起來很不高興,我猜你沒通過考試。
2.He asked me whether I _____ the final examination.A.has passed B.had passed C.passed D.pass 譯文:他問我是否通過了期末考試。
3.My father told me that the earth _____ around the sun.A.goes B.went C.go D.had gone 譯文:爸爸告訴我地球圍繞太陽轉動。
答案:1.D 2.B 3.A
第二十一章 被動語態(tài)
1.Our school _____ in 1911.A.was set up B.has been set up C.has set up D.had been set up 譯文:我們學校是1911年建校的。
2.Radio is _____ in everyday life.A.use B.using C.used D.useful 譯文:收音機在每天的生活中都會被用到。
3.According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree, _____.A.my education will be employed by the university B.employment will be given to me by the university C.the university will employ me D.I will be employed by the university 譯文:根據我的學位,在我結束學習之后,我將被這所大學雇用。
4.The little girl _____ well.A.is taking care of B.takes care of C.is taken care D.is being taken care of 譯文:這個小女孩現在得到很好的照顧。
5.When we returned from the ball, we found that our home _____ and many things _____ A.has broken into, has been stolen B.had broken into, had been stolen C.had been broken into, stolen D.had been broken, stolen 譯文:我們從舞會上回來的時候,發(fā)現我們的家被人破門而入而且許多東西被盜了。
6.Your books _____ away six days ago.A.have been taken B.were taken C.have being taken D.took 譯文:你的書六天前就被拿走了。
7._____ our chairman.A.Her position was made B.Her position is C.She made D.She was made 譯文:我們選她作了我們的主席。
8.The poor boy _____ a cruel family to be a servant.A.sold B.was sold to C.was sold D.had been sold to 譯文:這個可憐的孩子被賣到一個殘忍的家庭作仆人。
9.He was observed _____ the girl yesterday so he was put into prison.A.to steal B.stealing C.stolen D.steal 譯文:他昨天被人看到偷那個女孩東西,所以被關進了監(jiān)獄。
10.I _____ two plans to decide where our family would spend our holiday.A.gave B.was given C.was giving D.had given 譯文:有兩個計劃供我考慮,我們家到底去哪度假。
11.A scientist, together with some assistants, _____ to help in the work.A.send B.sends C.was sent D.were sent 譯文:一位科學家和一些助手被派去幫助完成這項工作。
12.The medicine _____ before dinner.A.should have took B.should be took C.should have been took D.should have been taken 譯文:這種藥應該飯前服用。
13.The clothes _____ again.A.had better not wash B.had better not be washed C.had not better be washed D.had better not washing 譯文:這衣服最好不要再洗了。
14.I _____ in the football match yesterday.A.hurt B.is hurt C.got hurt D.turns hurt 譯文:我在昨天的足球比賽中受傷了。
15.He _____ the heavy rain when he was on the way to the railway station.A.had caught in B.was catching C.caught by D.was caught in 譯文:當他去火車站的時候被這場大雨淋了。
16.I can't open the door;it _____ and I don't have the key.A.locks B.locked C.has been locked D.lock 譯文:我打不開門,鎖上了,我又沒有鑰匙。
17._____ that Taiwan is one part of China.A.People are known B.It is well known C.People are well knowing D.People are know 譯文:眾所周知,臺灣是中國領土的一部分。
18.The meeting will _____ three days.A.be lasted B.lasted C.be last D.last 譯文:會議將要持續(xù)三天。
19.The food _____.A.taste well B.has been tasted well C.is tasted well D.tastes good 譯文:這種食物很好吃。
答案:1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.D
第二十二章 情態(tài)動詞
1.I will _____ speak English.A.can B.could C.are able to D.be able to 譯文:我能講英語。
2.He _____ harder if he expects to pass the examination.A.can work B.need work C.must work D.ought work 譯文:如果他希望通過考試的話就必須努力學習了。
3.To travel from England to Scotland you _____ a passport.A.mustn't have B.don't need C.haven't got D.needn't 譯文:從英格蘭到蘇格蘭旅游,你不需要護照。
4.Since she is angry, we _____ her alone.A.had better to leave B.had rather to C.might as well leave D.should as well leave 譯文:既然她生氣了,我們還是讓她一個人靜一靜吧。
5.He asked me if he _____ open the window.A.shall B.would C.will D.should 譯文:我問他是否能開開窗子。
6.The construction of the stadium _____ by the end of next month.A.must have completed B.must have been completed C.must be completed D.must complete 譯文:體育館的工程必須在月底之前完工。
7.We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday.He _____ it.A.mustn't attend B.can't have attended C.wouldn't have not attend D.needn't have attended 譯文:我們昨天在報告會上沒有見到他,他不可能去了。
8.She is studying medical science now but she _____ a lawyer.A.will be B.used to be C.formerly were D.had been 譯文:她正在學醫(yī),但她曾經是一名律師。
9._____ to eat your breakfast with me this morning? A.Would you like B.Will you like C.Are you liking D.Do you like 譯文:你愿意今天跟我一起吃早飯嗎? 答案:1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.A
第二十三章 虛擬語氣 1.I would ask Tom to lend us the money if I _____ him.A.had known B.knew C.have known D.know 譯文:如果我認識湯姆的話,我就會向他借錢了。
2.If it _____ tomorrow, what shall we do? A.rains B.would rain C.rained D.should rain 譯文:如果明天下雨,我們怎么辦呀? 3.If he _____ come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.A.would B.should C./ D.had 譯文:如果他早來幾分鐘,你就能遇到他了。
4.If he were to come tomorrow, things _____ easier.A.should be B.would be C.are D.can be 譯文:要是他明天能來的話,事情就會簡單多了。
5.If you _____ that late movie last night, you wouldn't be sleepy.A.haven't watched B.didn't watch C.hadn't watched D.wouldn't have watched 譯文:如果你昨晚不看那場晚場電影的話,你現在就不會這么困了。
6._____ difficulties, we would be successful.A.Should we overcome B.Would we overcome C.Might we overcome D.Could we overcome 譯文:我們要是能克服困難的話,就一定能成功。
7.If only everything _____ out as we wanted it to in life!A.is working B.worked C.works D.has worked 譯文:要是生活中的每一件事都能同我所想的一樣該多好呀。
8.Mary _____ to college last year.Unfortunately, she couldn't take the examinations because of a sudden illness.A.could go B.did go C.could have gone D.must have gone 譯文:瑪麗去年本可以上大學,不幸的是,因為一場突發(fā)的疾病,他未能參加考試。
9.I wish it _____ not so cold outside.A.shall be B.be C.were D.is 譯文:我希望外面別那么冷就好了。
10.He insisted that we all _____ in his office at one o'clock.A.be B.to be C.would be D.shall be 譯文:他堅持我們應該在一點鐘的時候到他的辦公室。
11.He insisted that he _____ our car.A.should steal B.would steal C.hadn't stolen D.steal 譯文:他堅持說他沒有偷我們的車。
12.Their suggestion is that we _____ go out for a walk A.can B.have C.shall D./ 譯文:他們的建議是我們應該出去走走。
13.It is necessary that he _____ in time to attend the meeting.A.come B.came C.would come D.need come 譯文:他及時來參加會議很重要。
14.I _____ that she had left her home yesterday.A.have thought B.think C.had thought D.should think 譯文:我原以為她昨天就離開家了呢。
15.We have been sitting doing nothing about it for days.It's time we _____ the problem.A.shook hands with B.got to brass tacks with C.got to solve D.reached the bottom of 譯文:我們呆在這里什么都不干已經好幾天了,現在是時候我們著手解決問題的時候了。
16.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _____ all about that.A.know B.knows C.known D.knew 譯文:他剛剛到,但他說的話好像他全了解一樣。
17.In case I _____, I would try again.A.will fail B.would miss C.should fail D.shall fail 譯文:為了防止失敗,我愿意再試一次。
18._____ I'll marry him all the same.A.Were he rich or poor B.Be he rich or poor C.Whether rich or poor D.Being rich or poor 譯文:無論他富有還是貧窮,我都會嫁給他。
19.Without gravity, we _____ able to walk.A.were B.should be C.can be D.should not be 譯文:沒有地球引力,我們都不能行走。
答案:1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.D
第二十四章 非謂語動詞
動詞不定式: 1.It is often difficult to _____ what to do.A.decide yourself B.decide C.decide oneself D.decide himself 譯文:經常很難決定自己要做什么。
2.“We just saw John at the bookstore.” “That's strange;I didn't think he _____ back until tomorrow.” A.will come B.was to come C.is coming D.is to come 譯文:“我們剛剛在書店看到了約翰?!薄斑@就怪了,我原以為他明天才會回來?!?/p>
3.“Did you have trouble with your car this morning?” “Yes, but I finally managed _____.” A.to get staring it B.it to get started C.to get it started D.getting started it 譯文:“今天早上你的車出故障了嗎?”“是的,但是我最后終于設法啟動了它?!?/p>
4.I found ________ to answer all the question within the time given.A.no possibility B.there was impossibility C.impossible D.it impossible 譯文:我發(fā)現在限定的時間內回答所有的問題是不可能的。
5.If you don't like to swim, you ______ stay at home.A.may well B.may be as well C.may just as well D.may be well 譯文:如果你不愛游泳,那你還是呆在家里好。
6.John wanted me to ask you ____ with me.A.coming B.to have come C.to come D.to be coming 譯文:約翰想我要求你來跟著我。
7.You _______ that building after dark.A.have no business for entrance B.have no reason entering C.have no reason to enter D.do not have business to entering 譯文:天黑之后,你沒有任何理由進入那棟建筑。
8.I'm hungry.Get me something ____.A.eat B.to eat C.eating D.for eating 譯文:我餓了,給我點吃的東西。
9.My brother is here ______ study English.A.for B.ago C.to D.by 譯文:我弟弟在這里學習英語。
10.Tom _____ when they spoke ill of him.A.happened to be passed B.happened to be passing by C.happened passing by D.happened to passed 譯文:當他們正在說湯姆的壞話時,他正好走過那里。
11.We all hope ____ scientists.A.become B.to become C.becoming D.became 譯文:我們都希望成為科學家。
12.The boy refused ______ for climbing the tall tree.A.to pay B.to be paid C.being paid D.paying 譯文:這個男孩拒絕為爬上這棵高樹而付錢。
13.I happened ____ the article when he asked me about it.A.having read B.to have read C.to be read D.reading 譯文:當他問我關于這篇文章的情況,我碰巧已經讀過。
14.______ is to struggle.A.Living B.Live C.To live D.To be lived 譯文:生存就是斗爭。
15.At last the enemy soldiers had no choice but _____ their guns.A.to lay down B.lie down C.laying down D.lay down 譯文:最終,敵人沒有別的選擇只好放下他們的搶。
16.They would do everything except ______ a moon landing.A.to make B.made C.making D.make 譯文:除了在月球降落之外,他們什么都要做。
17.Last summer I took a course on ___________.A.how to make dresses B.how dresses be made C.how to be made dresses D.how dresses to be made 譯文:去年夏天我上了如何做衣服的課。
18.Tell us _____ next.A.how to do B.what to do C.how do D.what do 譯文:請告訴我們下一步該做什么? 19.He wants to know ___ to help her when she is in trouble.A.what will do B.what he should do C.how to do D.what will he do 譯文:他想知道當她在困難時,他應該幫她做些什么。
20.Don't stop trying.We'll be sure _____.A.succeed B.succeeding C.of succeeding D.to succeed 譯文:不要停止試驗,我們一定會成功的。
21.With my father ______ I wanted to try it again.A.helping B.help C.helped D.to help 譯文:在我父親的幫助下,我想再試一次。
22.In the film, the battle is made ______ in the winter.A.to take place B.take place C.took place D.had took place 譯文:在電影中,這場戰(zhàn)爭安排在冬天發(fā)生。
23.He is the first _____ at the meeting.A.spoke B.had spoken C.to speak D.speaking 譯文:他是第一個在會上發(fā)言的人。
24.He was too young _____ with a family.A.being burdened B.burdened C.to be burdened D.burdening 譯文:他太年輕而不能養(yǎng)活一個家庭。
25.I am ______ willing _____something for the old living around here.A.very;doing B.very;to do C.enough;do D.too;to do 譯文:我非常愿意為住在這里的老人做點兒事情。
26._______ the room temperature, he added some coal into the stove.A.Keep up B.In order keep up C.So as to keep up D.To keep up 譯文:為了保持房間的溫度,他往爐子里加了些煤。
27.It is very kind ____ the machine for us.A.for you to repair B.for you repairing C.of you to repair D.of you repairing 譯文:謝謝你為我們修理車床。
28.The machine is rather difficult _______.A.to repair B.to be repaired C.repairing D.being repaired 譯文:這種機器很難修理。
29.The table is hard _____.It is too heavy.A.move away B.to move away C.to be moved D.to move them away 譯文:這張桌子太重了,很難移動。
30.She likes ______ in public.A.praised B.to praise C.to be praised D.praising 譯文:她喜歡在公眾面前受到表揚。
31.She was said ____ a fairy one day.A.to meet B.meeting C.to have met D.having meeting 譯文:據說她有一天遇到了神仙。
32.He is said ______ his work in his own room now.A.he is doing B.to be doing C.doing D.be doing 譯文:據說他正在他自己的房子里做工作。33.I won't have you _____ up and down all day.A.ran B.running C.run D.to run 譯文:我沒有讓你整天都跑上跑下的。
34.I wish to finish my work and _____away.A.get B.getting C.to get D.got 譯文:我希望完成工作,并且離開這里。
答案:1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.A 18.B 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.A 23.C 24.C 25.D 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.B 30.C 31.C 32.B 33.B 34.A 動名詞: 1._____ is not easy.A.For cook B.To cooking C.Cooking D.Cook 譯文:烹調并不簡單。
2.There's no use _____ over spilt milk.A.to cry B.crying C.cry D.cried 譯文:覆水難收。
3.I would appreciate _______ me know as soon as possible.A.your letting B.you to let C.your allowing D.you to allow 譯文:我很高興你會盡快讓我知道這件事情。
4.“Is John sick?” “Yes.______ all night in the rain caused him to catch a cold.A.He worked B.To have worked C.working D.His working 譯文:“約翰生病了嗎?”“是呀,他整夜在雨中干活使他感冒了?!?/p>
5.His favorite sport is ________ football.A.to play the B.playing the C.playing D.play 譯文:他最喜愛的運動是踢足球。
6.Yesterday I was busy______ things ready for trial production.Otherwise I would have taken part in that discussion.A.to get B.get C.having got D.getting 譯文:昨天我忙于為產品試制做準備,另外,我還要參加那個討論。
7.The book is not worthy of ____.A.to translate B.to be translated C.translating D.being translated 譯文:這本書不值得翻譯。
8.The old professor wanted a quiet room for the night because he just couldn't stand _______ in a noisy room.A.having slept B.sleep C.being slept D.sleeping 譯文:這位老教授想要一個安靜的房間過夜,因為他無法忍受睡在這樣吵鬧的一個房間里。
9.She had no difficulty ____ the problem.A.working out B.having worked out C.to have worked out D.to work out 譯文:她解出這道題沒有遇到困難。
10.Though the meeting about to end and everybody was in a hurry to leave, Richard _________ several questions.A.insisted to ask B.insisted asking C.insisted on asking D.insisted to asking 譯文: 盡管會議即將結束,大家都忙著要離開,理查德卻執(zhí)意要問幾個問題。
11.The way he talks simply intolerable.I object to ______ like a child.A.treat B.treated C.being treated D.treating 譯文:他說話的那種方式簡直叫人難以忍受,我反對把我當成孩子對待。
12.What about ___ a film this evening? A.see B.to see C.seeing D.seen 譯文:今晚去看場電影如何? 13.I hope you don't mind ______ you all this.A.to tell B.to have told C.to be telling D.my telling 譯文:我希望你不介意我告訴你關于這件事情的所有一切。
14.The students were interested in _____ a field trip to the National History Museum, but they were not able to raise enough money.A.take B.to take C.taking D.took 譯文:學生們對到國家歷史博物館作一次野外旅游很感興趣,但他們沒能湊到足夠的錢。
15.The dog was lucky that it just missed _____.A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch 譯文:這只狗沒有被捉住真幸運。
16.Sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before _____.A.accepting fully B.being fully accepted C.fully accepting D.fully being accepted 譯文:有時一個新的想法在被完全接受之前要測試許多次。
17.The bill is a measure necessary to afford ______ labor.A.to protect B.protect C.protecting D.being protected 譯文:這條法案是提供保護勞工所必要的措施。
18.The child deserves ________.A.punishing B.punished C.having punishing D./ 譯文:這孩子該受懲罰。
19.I hate _____ in public.A.smoking B.to be smoke C.for smoking D./ 譯文:我討厭在大庭廣眾面前吸煙。
20.Don't you remember ______? A.seeing the man before B.to see the man before C.saw the man before D.to have seen the man before 譯文:你記得從前曾經見到過這個嗎? 21.I shall never forget _____ late Premier Zhou during his inspection of our factory.A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.have meeting 譯文:我永遠也不會忘記,在已故的周總理視察我們廠時,我見到他的情景。
22.I bitterly regret ________ him he story yesterday.A.to tell B.to have told C.to be telling D.having told 譯文:我非常后悔昨天給他講了那個故事。
23.Let's ________ about our examination results.A.to stop to worry B.stop to worry C.stop worry D.stop worrying 譯文:我們不要再為考試的成績擔憂了。
24.I prefer _____ rather than sit idle.A.to work B.working C.for working D.work 譯文:我寧愿工作而不愿意閑坐著。
25.Please go on _____ the same exercise.A.do B.done C.to do D.doing 譯文:請接著做這同一個練習。
26.My transistor radio isn't working.It _____.A.need repairing B.needs repairing C.needs to repair D.need to repair 譯文:我的半導體收音機不能用了,它需要修理。
27.These plants want ______.A.to water B.to be watered C.watered D.being watered 譯文:這些植物需要澆水。
28.These children require ______.A.to be looking after B.to be looked C.looking after D.to looked after 譯文:這些孩子需要人們照顧。
答案:1.C 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.A 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.D 26.B 27.B 28.C 分詞: 1.He's _______ because he has won the prize.A.nervous B.satisfying C.excited D.exciting 譯文:他感到很激動,因為他得了獎。
2.I'm _____ at your success.A.pleasing B.pleasant C.pleased D.please 譯文:我對你的成功感到非常高興。
3.Mr.Brown is _____ respected by his colleague.A.very B.much C.rather D.extremely 譯文:布朗先生很受他的同事們尊敬。
4.His explanation made the problem _______.A.even more complicated B.to be even more complicated C.that is became even more complicated D.be even more complicated 譯文:他的一番解釋使問題變得更加復雜了。
5.What he said made me ______.A.to surprise B.surprising C.surprised D.surprise 譯文:他說的話使我感到很吃驚。
6.My sister got a new suit ______ for me.A.making B.made C.to make D.make 譯文:我姐姐為我定制了一套新衣服。
7.These students are quick at learning.We'll have them _____ in new methods.A.to train B.for training C.train D.trained 譯文:這些學生學得很快,我們將用新方法來訓練他們。
8.When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.A.stolen B.missed C.to be stolen D.to steal 譯文:當他回家時他發(fā)現窗戶開著,有些東西被偷了。
9.He read a book _______ for the bus.A.to wait B.to be waiting C.waiting D.waited 譯文:他看書來等汽車。
10.Night _____ , we hurried home.A.fall B.fallen C.falling D./ 譯文:夜幕降臨,我們匆匆回家。
11.She is writing a letter to a friend of hers, _____ him to attend the party.A.having invited B.inviting C.to invite D.invited 譯文:她寫信給她的朋友邀請他出席這次晚會。
12.______ his work, he went to play basketball.A.Having done B.Doing C.Done D.He has done 譯文:做完了工作,他去打籃球。
13.______ into many languages, the book is well known all over the world.A.Having been translated B.To be translated C.Having translated D.Being translated 譯文:這本書被譯成許多種語言,這本書已聞名于世界。
14._____ a shy man, Einstein did not attend the public celebration on his fiftieth birthday.A.Was B.He is C.Being D.He was 譯文:由于愛因斯坦是個害羞的人,他沒有出席五十歲的生日慶祝會。
15._____ and _____, they ran out of the room.A.Being excited;happily B.Exciting;happy C.Excited;happy D.Exciting;happily 譯文:由于激動和高興,他們跑出了房間。
16.______ what you said, you should be praised.A.To judge from B.Being judged C.Judge from D.Judging from 譯文:從你說的話來判斷,你應該受表揚。
17.The bridge _____, the people _____ by both sides of the river were wild with joy.A.having completed;living B.completed;living C.completed;lived D.had completed;living 譯文:橋修好時住在河兩岸的人們非常高興。
18._____ several times, they need some encouragement.A.Fail B.Failed C.Being failed D.Having failed 譯文:由于已經失敗了好幾次,他們需要得到一些鼓勵。
答案:1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.A 13.A 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.D
第二十五章 詞語辨析 1.Einstein accepted the invitation and asked for a small _____.A.wage B.pay C.salary D.income 譯文:愛因斯坦接受了邀請并要了一份很低的薪水。
2.Is there any _____ why we should stay here for two days more? A.reason B.course C.excuse D.case 譯文:有沒有什么可以解釋多呆兩天的理由。
3.He came back home after years of foreign _____.A.journey B.trip C.visit D.travel 譯文:在多年的國外旅行后他回到了家。
4.She looks pretty in her pink summer _____.A.clothes B.cloth C.clothing D.dress 譯文:她穿著那件粉紅色的夏季連衣裙顯得很漂亮。
5._____ speaking, our coldest weather comes in January.A.Total B.Generally C.Popular D.Common 譯文:總的來說,一月份的天氣最冷。
6.What he told us _____ surprised us.A.very B.much C.greatly D.so 譯文:他對我們說的讓我感到非常驚訝。
7.Is this kind of cloth made of _____ silk or rayon(人造絲)? A.real B.true C.right D.exact 譯文:這件衣服是用真絲做的還是用人造絲做的? 8.After many years abroad, he wanted to return home to his _____.A.state B.country C.nation D.space 譯文:在國外待了多年之后,他想回到自己的祖國去。
9.We don't have any shoes in your _____.A.kind B.number C.size D.sort 譯文:我們沒有你要的碼數的鞋。
10.All is _____with us.A.good B.fine C.well D.nice 譯文:我們一切都很順利。
11.A police car is running on the _____.A.route B.road C.way D.path 譯文:一輛警車正在公路上奔馳。
12.It is an important _____.A.position B.direction C.station D.situation 譯文:這是一種不可能的形勢。
13._____ he promised to read the first chapter of the book.A.Too B.Neither C.Either D.Only 譯文:只是他答應讀這本書的第一章。
14.Jack is a _____ runner.A.fast B.quick C.soon D.rapid 譯文:杰克是個跑得很快的人。
15.She ______ to be a brilliant musician.A.agrees B.refuses C.promises D.allows 譯文:她有希望成為一個前途無限的音樂家。
16.Every boy is here _____ Henry.A.accept B.expect C.appear D.except 譯文:這里所有的男孩子都接受了亨利。
17.I _____ him more than ten questions, but he did not ____ a single one.A.ask;reply to B.asked;replied C.asked;reply D.asked;reply to 譯文:我問了他十多個問題,但是他一個也沒有回答我。
18.This straw hat _____ me.A.doesn't fit for B.isn't fit C.doesn't fit D.fits to 譯文:這頂草帽不適合我戴。
19.Students are expected to _____ their classes regularly.A.present B.go C.attend D.follow 譯文:要求學生按期上課。
20.Mrs.Walker has returned ____.A.a wallet back to its original owner B.to its original owner the wallet C.the wallet to its originally owner D.the wallet to its original owner 譯文:沃克太太已經把那個錢包還給了失主。
21.We ______ him ”Fatty".A.call B.to call C.called D.is calling 譯文:我們叫他“胖子”。
22.Our guest ______ yesterday morning.A.leaves B.left C.leave D.are leaving 譯文:我們的貴賓昨天早上離開的。
23.That shed protects the animals ________ the rain.A.from B.of C.out of D.without 譯文:牲畜棚使牲畜免遭魚淋。
24.She _____ the children during the day.A.look after B.looks after C.look for D.looks for 譯文:白天她照看孩子們。
答案:1.C 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.B 23.A 24.B
第二十六章 短語動詞辨析
1.Plastics is very useful.It can be _____ a lot of things.A.made from B.made into C.made of D.made up of 譯文:塑料很有用。它可以做成許多東西。
2.It's getting warmer.It's time to _____your fur coat.A.put down B.put away C.put up D.put aside 譯文:天氣變熱了。是脫下毛衣的時候了。
3.The play _____ by the first year student was very good.A.put on B.put out C.put forward D.put back 譯文:一年級學生演的戲很好。
4.Last night a quarrel _____ between two brothers in our neighborhood.A.broke out B.broke up C.broke away D.broke in 譯文:我們鄰居家兩兄弟間昨晚上發(fā)生了爭吵。
5.You have done well in your studies, I hope you can _____.A.keep it up B.keep it out C.keep it down D.keep it off 譯文:你學得很好,我希望你能繼續(xù)保持。
6.After a long discussion, they _____ an agreement.A.came into B.came up C.came to D.came across 譯文:經過長時間的討論,他們達成了一致意見。
7.The film will begin at eight tomorrow, I will _____ you at 7:30 at your home.A.call up B.call out C.call on D.call for 譯文:電影明天早上8點鐘開始,我7:30的時候到你家喊你。
8.I _____ my old friend Hill on the morning of Sunday.A.ran up to B.ran across C.ran about D.ran away 譯文:我偶然在星期天早晨碰到了老朋友希爾。
9.I really don't want to go to the party, but I don't see how I can _____ it.A.get back from B.get out of C.get away D.get off 譯文:我真的不想去這場晚會,但我又不知道怎樣擺脫它。
10.In order to pass the graduation exams,he began to _____ his lessons every day.A.look through B.look up C.go over D.read over 譯文:為了通過畢業(yè)考試,他開始每天復習功課。
11._____!There's a train coming.A.Look up B.Look out C.Look around D.Look on 譯文:注意!有輛火車過來了。
12.Do you believe that they _____ the monument in only two months? A.set off B.set out C.set up D.set about 譯文:你能相信他們在僅僅兩個月的時間里建成了這座紀念碑嗎? 13.Our monitor was asked to _____ the new textbooks.A.give off B.give in C.give out D.give up 譯文:我們班長要分發(fā)這些新的教科書。
14.I'll never tell you another secret if you _____ this one _____.A.let,down B.let,in C.let,ou D.let,off 譯文:如果你把這件事泄露出去,我再也不告訴你別的事了。
15._____, everything will be all right.A.Hold off B.Hold on C.Hold out D.Hold up 譯文:堅持下去,一切都會好起來的。
16.My study of biology has _____ much of my spare time.A.taken off B.taken down C.taken up D.taken away 譯文:學習生物占用了我許多業(yè)余時間,但也給我?guī)硐喈敶蟮臉啡ぁ?/p>
17.Don't hesitate to _____ me if you are in trouble.A.turn up B.turn to C.turn in D.turn out 譯文:當你遇到困難時,不要猶豫,來找我。答案:1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.B 16.C 17.B
第五篇:高三復習資料
13.(2013蘇州檢測)儒家思想是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的主要組成部分。閱讀下列材料,回答問題: 材料一 夫儒者以“六藝”(《詩》《書》《禮》《易》《春秋》《樂》)為法。“六藝”經傳以千萬數,累世不能通其學,當年不能究其禮,故曰:“博而少要,勞而少功?!比舴蛄芯几缸又Y,序夫婦長幼之別,雖百家弗能易也。
——漢初司馬談《論六家要旨》
材料二 北宋開始,門第已不存在,和尚寺也衰落了,搜羅不到人才。禪宗的新宗教,不啻叫人回頭,由真返俗。而進士輕薄,終于擔當不了天下大事。在這一情形下,須待北宋知識分子再來打開新風氣,尋覓新生命。書院講學,由此醞釀。他們要把和尚寺里的宗教精神,正式轉移到現實社會。要把清凈寂滅究竟涅槃的最高出世觀念,正式轉變成修身、齊家、治國、平天下的中國傳統(tǒng)人文精神的舊理想。
——錢穆《國史新論》
材料三 浙東學派,從南宋到明清,經過永嘉學派、永康學派、金華學派,從葉適,到王陽明,到黃宗羲,一脈相承,形成了一整套的經濟思想和經濟倫理。比如“永康學派”的代表人物陳亮提出的“義利兼顧”的思想??余姚人王陽明進一步提出“四民異業(yè)而同道”的經濟倫理,到了黃宗羲更是明確地提出了著名的“經世致用”“工商皆本”的思想。
——王耀成《寧波幫的經營理念》
(1)根據材料一,概括指出儒家思想的主要特點是什么?(2)根據材料二,指出理學家追求的政治理想是什么?并結合所學知識,分析理學產生的原因。(3)根據材料三,結合所學知識,分別概括浙東學派代表人物黃宗羲的君主政治觀和經濟發(fā)展觀,并分析其思想特點。
解析:本題考查中國古代主流思想的發(fā)展演變。第(1)問,注意從儒學的內容、儒學的作用兩個角度歸納。第(2)問,結合材料即可回答“政治理想”;“原因”則要從統(tǒng)治的需要、宗教的沖擊、科舉的局限等角度回答。第(3)問,解答黃宗羲的主張注意問題的限制條件;“思想特點”則要從與傳統(tǒng)儒學的關系的角度歸納。
答案:(1)六藝卷帙浩繁,儒學太博而難以找到要點,用力多,而收效太少。儒學對于正君臣父子,別夫婦長幼尊的禮數,是任何一家都不能更改的。(2)理想:治國、平天下。
原因:佛教、道教的沖擊(宗教的沖擊);科舉考試選拔的人才不能擔當大任;培養(yǎng)具有高尚的道德情操、強烈的社會責任感的有用人才。(3)君主政治觀:反對君主專制,主張君臣平等。經濟發(fā)展觀:反對重農抑商,主張“工商皆本”。特點:對傳統(tǒng)的儒學進行批判性的繼承。
13.(2013桐廬模擬)閱讀下列材料,回答問題: 材料一 “道(治理)千乘之國,敬事而信,節(jié)用而愛人,使民以時?!薄白闶?足兵,民信之矣?!薄盀檎缘?譬如北辰,居其所而眾星共之?!?/p>
——《論語》
材料二 城邦以正義為原則。由正義衍生的禮法,可憑以判斷(人間的)是非曲直,正義恰恰正是樹立社會秩序的基礎。要使事物合于正義(公平),須有毫無偏私的權衡;法律恰恰正是這樣一個中道的權衡。法治應該包含兩重含義:已成立的法律獲得普遍的服從,而大家所服從的法律又應該本身是制訂良好的法律。
(1)根據材料一并結合所學知識,歸納孔子的治國主張,分析孔子主張沒有被當時統(tǒng)治者采納的主要原因。
(2)概括材料二中建立有序社會的思想主張,說明這些主張?zhí)岢龅恼伪尘啊?3)綜合上述材料,談談應怎樣建立良好的社會秩序。
解析:本題綜合考查東西方古代的思想。第(1)問孔子的治國主張可以根據材料一中“節(jié)用而愛人”“為政以德”等有效信息加以歸納;原因要結合春秋時期的時代背景思索回答。第(2)問提取材料二中“要使事物合于正義(公平)”“法治”等有效信息結合所學知識回答即可。第(3)問屬于開放性題目,圍繞德治與法治作答即可。
答案:(1)主張:取信于民;愛護百姓;節(jié)儉財物;不奪農時;實行德治。原因:不適用于當時的諸侯爭霸形勢。
(2)主張:制定法律;實施法治;追求正義(公平)。政治背景:城邦制衰落;民主政治的弊端暴露。
(3)法治與德治并舉。
14.閱讀下列材料,回答問題: 材料一 “中國的人文主義者認為自己找到了人生的真諦,并時時意識到這一點。在中國人看來,人生在世并非為了死后的來生,對于基督教所謂此生為來世的觀點,他們大惑不解。??中國人明確認為:人生的真諦在于享受淳樸的生活,尤其是家庭生活的歡樂和社會諸關系的和睦”。
“我們時常納悶,西方人何以竟想不到人生的意義在于純凈平安地享受生活。??把精力集中在世俗的幸福,這一特性是我們缺乏宗教的原因,也是它的結果?!?/p>
——1934年林語堂《中國人》
材料二 “??這解釋了文藝復興時期現世主義和人文主義存在的原因——文藝復興關心的是今世而不是來世;它關注的是非宗教的古典文化而不是基督教神學?!?/p>
“大多數文藝復興時期的藝術和文學關注的中心都是人——文藝復興時期的新人,他或她是自身命運的塑造者,而不是超自然力量的玩物。人們不需要專心于超自然的力量,相反,生活的目的是為了發(fā)展自身所固有的潛能。”
——斯塔夫里阿諾斯《全球通史》
(1)根據材料一概括指出中國的“人文主義”思想。據材料一并結合所學知識分析這一思想產生的原因。
(2)根據材料一、二比較中西方人文主義的異同點。談談中西方人文主義對中西社會制度的演變產生的影響。
解析:本題考查中西方“人文主義”的異同點。第(1)問抓住第一段材料中省略號前后的信息,即可概括出中國的“人文主義”思想;“一定的思想是一定的政治、經濟的反映”,因而“分析這一思想產生的原因”需結合中國古代君主集權政治、小農經濟并聯系材料一中“這一特性是我們缺乏宗教的原因”等信息展開分析。第(2)問在結合第(1)問答題和材料二信息的基礎上進行比較即可得出“中西方人文主義的異同點”,兩者產生的不同影響,應抓住設問“對中西社會制度的演變”去展開,即文藝復興時期的人文主義,在西方社會的轉型——封建社會向資本主義社會的轉變過程中起到了極大的推動作用,而中國的“人文主義”并沒有起到這樣的作用。
答案:(1)中國的“人文主義”思想:關注現世生活;追求歡樂的家庭生活、和睦的社會關系。原因:西周宗法制的影響;儒家思想觀念深入人心;以農業(yè)為主體的經濟活動的后果;長期封建君主專制的統(tǒng)治,神化君主,使中國缺乏宗教。(2)同:都關注今生而非來世(或都追求現世生活的幸福);都關注人而非神(或以人為中心而不是以神為中心)。
異:西方人文主義關注個人,強調從神學束縛中解放人性;中國人文主義特別強調家庭幸福、社會關系和諧。西方人文主義是為了實現個人價值;中國人文主義是為了集體的利益與和諧。影響:西方的人文主義思想沖擊著封建統(tǒng)治的精神支柱,加速了封建社會向資本主義社會的轉變。中國的人文主義強調社會和諧,有利于社會穩(wěn)定,不利于封建社會向資本主義社會轉變。