第一篇：2013職稱英語綜合B 閱讀理解押題1

綜合B-1 *第十九篇

The Family 家庭(第1題答案出處)

The structure結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)成 of a family takes different不同 forms形式 around the world and even in the same society社會.The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences.Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children.(第2題答案出處)The nuclear family is an independent unit.It must be prepared to fend for itself.Individual family members strongly depend on one another.There is little help from outside the family in emergencies.Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so.In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments.The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility.In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food.For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.(第5題答案出處)

The nuclear family was not always the North American standard.In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family.This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins.In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households.Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families.The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.本文的標(biāo)題很短，且可能涉及的范圍較廣，需要讀中心句。本文中心思想——“在全世界，甚至在同一個社會中，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)有著不同的形式。家庭的構(gòu)成形式隨著不斷變化 的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響而改變?！?，全文以核心家庭為主線，分段詮釋了在工業(yè)社會以及農(nóng)業(yè)社會中，核心家庭的特點(diǎn)。

練習(xí):

1.Another good title標(biāo)題 for this passage would be_____.-----主題類 A)What Makes構(gòu)成 a Family? B)The Life of the Inuits.C)Living with Hardship.D)The Failure of the Nuclear Family.看到“title標(biāo)題”得知，此題分類為主題類。A和D有“family“，優(yōu)先考慮。選項(xiàng)A與文章的中心一致。

解題思路

七、答案的特征

1）與文章中心思想一致

2）選項(xiàng)中含有中心詞（標(biāo)題、中心句中的詞）

2.A nuclear family is defined as_____.-----細(xì)節(jié)類

A)a married couple with their minor children

B)a single father with，minor children

C)parents，grandparents，and children D)parents，children，and aunts and uncles

找出關(guān)鍵詞，直接可找到答案A

解題思路 細(xì)節(jié)類

1.不要讀題，直接找到問題或選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞—— 1）找到關(guān)鍵詞，意味著找到答案的位置

2）人名、地名、數(shù)字、大寫專有名詞可做關(guān)鍵詞 3）四個選項(xiàng)有至少三個是相同的單詞或短語 4）有引號的詞可做關(guān)鍵詞

5）找到題干與文章的邏輯關(guān)系，如題干中有because，就在文中找是否有because或so

3.The information in this passage would most likely be found in_____.-----細(xì)節(jié)類

A)an anthropology人類學(xué) textbook教科書

B)a biology生物學(xué) textbook

C)a mathematics數(shù)學(xué) textbook D)a geography地理 textbook

嘗試找提問中的關(guān)鍵詞和4個選項(xiàng)都包含的“textbook”，發(fā)現(xiàn)原文沒有提到。此時，意識到此題有一定的延展性，需要通過了解選項(xiàng)的意思找到答案?；A(chǔ)薄弱的同學(xué)可以借助字典，選項(xiàng)A為“人類學(xué)教科書”，與家庭的主題有直接聯(lián)系。

解題思路

七、答案的特征

1）與文章中心思想一致

2）選項(xiàng)中含有中心詞（標(biāo)題、中心句中的詞）3）與原文重復(fù)多的選項(xiàng) 4）出現(xiàn)相對性詞的選項(xiàng)

5）對錯題要求找錯誤項(xiàng)是，絕對性詞選項(xiàng)是答案 6）答案較難找的題，優(yōu)先考慮符合一般常識的選項(xiàng)

4.The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _____.A)listing statistics

B)telling a story

C)pointing out similarities D)pointing out differences

解題思路

七、答案的特征

10）兩個對立概念的選項(xiàng)，其中一項(xiàng)是答案

11）出現(xiàn)多個疑似選項(xiàng)時，離關(guān)鍵詞越近的越有可能是答案

12）關(guān)鍵詞附近有中文注釋的詞要格外注意，很有可能就是答案

5.The word mobility移動性 means_____.A)money B)readiness敏捷 to move移動 C)organization D)skill

解題思路 詞匯類

1.找到“”引號中的詞在原文的位置

2.簡單的題直接查字典解決，有時需聯(lián)系上下文推測詞義 3.代入選項(xiàng)的詞，檢查是否正確

The Family 家庭

The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society.The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences.在全世界，甚至在同一個社會中，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)有著不同的形式。家庭的構(gòu)成形式隨著不斷變化 的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響而改變。Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children.直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式為核心家庭，由一對夫婦和他們 未婚的孩子構(gòu)成。The nuclear family is an independent unit.It must be prepared to fend for itself.Individual family members strongly depend on one another.核心家庭是一個獨(dú)立的單位。它必須能夠照料自己。家庭成員緊密依賴著彼此。There is little help from outside the family in emergencies.在緊急情況下，外界提供給家庭的幫助微乎其微。Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so.核心家庭中，只有當(dāng)條件允許的時候，才會照料家中年長的親屬。In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他們一般住在退休社區(qū)和養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)。

There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments.在工業(yè)社會，例如北美洲，核心家庭之間有很多相似點(diǎn)。在居住在惡劣環(huán)境中的因紐特人的社會中，家庭間也有很多相似點(diǎn)。The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility.In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food.核心家庭結(jié)構(gòu)良好地適應(yīng)于流動性的生活。在惡劣的條件下，流動性能讓一個家庭吃飽飯。For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.對北美洲人來說，找工作和提高社會地位同樣需要流動性。

The nuclear family was not always the North American standard.核心家庭并不總是北美洲人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family.在農(nóng)業(yè)社會時期，小型的核心家庭經(jīng)常是大家庭的一部分。This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins.其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households.Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families.在現(xiàn)在的北美洲，單親家庭的數(shù)目大幅度增加。由核心家庭構(gòu)成的單親家庭的數(shù)目是美國由于離婚、分居或者未婚導(dǎo)致的單親家庭的兩倍。The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.不僅在北美洲，在世界范圍內(nèi)，家庭結(jié)構(gòu)都會隨著不斷變化的條件而改變。

第二篇：2014年職稱英語閱讀理解押題

（三十五）Putting plants to work（植物效能）

1.What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? C Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.2.Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? B Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.3.According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? B When there is no oxygen in the air.4.Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently.Which one of the following is one such difficulty? D It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5.What is NOT true of algae? C They are cheap to eat.（三十六）Listening device provides landslide early warning（聽覺儀器提供早期山崩預(yù)警）

1.What does “such natural disasters” in the first paragraph refer to? D Landslides 2.Which of the following statements is true of landslides? D All of above 3.Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides? C Because the common methods can cause false alarms.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to paragraph 4? A It is filled in with gravel.5.According to the context, what does the word “positives” in the fifth paragraph mean? B Evidences.（三十七）“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning（“不要在就餐時間以外飲酒”有了新含義）

1.Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people A who drink alcohol outside of meals.2.Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3.Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? A 3 drinks.4.Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? B Laryngeal cancer.5.According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.（三十八）2012版教材改為“Life Form Found” on Saturn's

C Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines.5.The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that A farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.（四十）Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦

慮）（2012新增）

1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?

D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph?

B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that

B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.第四十一篇

Too Little for Global Warming

1.What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?

D Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth’s doomsday will never materialize.2.Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree to

B cut CO2 emissions.3.What are the estimates of the world’s oil and gas reserves? D 3,500 billion by a growing numher of scientists.4.Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true? D He thinks that IPCC’s estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes.5.Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic's assertion that“? such a switch would be disastrous ?”?

B A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems.第四十二篇

Renewable Energy Sources

1.What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article?

D A and B.2.China’s Three Gorges Dam

C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.3.Which is the country with the first commercial power station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides? B Norway.4.Which of the following statements is true of wind power?

D All of the above.5.According to the article, resources such as wind B are renewable so sustainable.第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods

1.Whnt factor is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method? A Imagination of the forecaster.2.Persistence method will work well

B if weather conditions do not change much.3.The limitation of the trends method is the same as the persistence method in that Titan（2012年4月真題）

（三十九）Clone farm（克隆農(nóng)場）

1.Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph? C Cloned chickens are bulk-produced every hour.2.Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research? A The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology.3.In the third paragraph, by saying “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,” Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes D chickens’ could grow to the same weight but with less feed.4.Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph? D the weather features need to be constant for a long period of time.4.Which method may involve historical weather data? C Both climatology method and analog method.5.It will be impossible to make weather forecast using the analog method

A when the current weather scenario differs from the analog.第四十四篇

Defending the Theory of Evolution1 Still Seems Needed

1.According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory of evolution is true?

B School boards oppose AIBS’s effort to defend the theory of evolution..2.Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin’s theory? D Darwin’s theory is denied as the central theory of biology.3.AIBS is composed of

A more than 80 societies and 250,000 members.4.According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolution A is fundamental to the development of modern genetics, molecular biology and genomics..5.Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays？

D Because the term creationism is too direct.第四十五篇

2012版教材改為Small But Wise（2012年4

A Not yet.4.Which of the following about the African hush elephant and the African elephant is true?

C They are two genetically distant species.5.People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe in the early 1900s, because scientists

A identified only one mosquito species instead of six species.第四十九篇

U.S.Scientists Confirm Water on Mars

1.What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars? C）Water in a soil sample.2.Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail? C）The samples got stuck inside the scoop.3.Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?

A）Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of 4.Where are the scientists involved in the research from? C）They are from both America and Canada.5.Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix’s Surface Stereo Imager Camera, according to your understanding of the passage?

A）It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities

1.The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D.Loeb

D both A and C.2.According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities?

B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass

3.What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4? 月真題）

第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”（螞蟻?zhàn)鳛樯鷳B(tài)工程師對環(huán)境影響巨大）（2012新增）.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? C Because their activity affects the environment.2.As predators, ants ？

A prey on small as well as large animals.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants？

D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? 第四十七篇

Listening to Birdsong（A級）

1.What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?

C）Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches' presence.2.What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches?

A）Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.3.What is meant by “concert songs” in the seventh paragraph? B）Songs sung by male finches for female finches.4.What is NOT true of directed communication? D）Male zebra finches sing to themselves.5.Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.B）Birdsongs as communication.第四十八篇

“Hidden” Species May Be Surprisingly Common 1.Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?

D The results of the research can help our understanding of “survival of the fittest.”

2.What was scientists’ understanding of cryptic species? D Moth B and C.3.Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist?

B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use

4.What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5? A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then.5.Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question(What caused the “l(fā)ife-saving effect” to occur in the early 1990s？)?

B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.

第三篇：2013年職稱英語理工A閱讀理解押題文章

2013年職稱英語理工A閱讀理解押題文章

Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright

Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day.These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don't question.But an international team of researchers, including Dr.Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources.The team of researchers from the U.S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large apeto walk on two legs.“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ”said Dr.Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource.Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands.Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea.The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University's “outdoor laboratory” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest.Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut—the oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not.The chimpanzees“ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a)when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of copula nuts were available, and(c)when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time.Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether.The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four.Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available-even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University”, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and unpredictable resources.Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees' activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.問題：

1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzee's behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors' ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2.Dr.Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3.Kyoto University’s study discovered that chimpanzees

A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案與題解：

1.A第一段第一句和第二句說明，大多數(shù)人對人類直立行走習(xí)以為常,并不質(zhì)疑這種習(xí)慣。而A的內(nèi)容正好與此相反，所以是答案。其他選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容均可從第一段和第二段推斷出

2.B 文章報道，科學(xué)家通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)黑猩猩直立行走是為了解放前肢，讓前肢搬運(yùn)對其生命至關(guān)重要的資源，從而推斷出人類祖先也經(jīng)歷了從四足到二足的進(jìn)化過程?？茖W(xué)家想通過對黑猩猩的實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋人類直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D選項(xiàng)不是科學(xué)家進(jìn)行研究的目的。

3.C第五段明白無誤地描述了黑猩猩全然不顧油棕櫚堅果（ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力搶運(yùn)可樂果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的內(nèi)容不符合文章原意。4.D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬運(yùn)資源的效率提高了四倍。選項(xiàng)D符合原意，是答案。選項(xiàng)A、B、C的內(nèi)容文章中沒有提到，所以不是答案。

5.D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就會選擇選項(xiàng)D。人類直立行走是受生態(tài)環(huán)境所迫，是人類生存的一種手段，直立行走是自然選擇的結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)A和C的內(nèi)容文章中沒有涉及。文章中有選項(xiàng)B的內(nèi)容，但它不是文章的主旨。參考譯文：

第四十八篇 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人類開始直立行走的原因

我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動看似太簡單，大多數(shù)人沒有疑問。但是一個國際研究者（包括喬治?華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院的Richmond博士）團(tuán)隊已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬年以前適應(yīng)搬運(yùn)稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來自美國、英國、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當(dāng)代黑猩猩爭搶食物時的行為特征，試圖對什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導(dǎo)致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬年前的祖先）直立行走作出解釋。

“這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開始直立行走時是相同的，” Richmond博士說。研究結(jié)果顯示，當(dāng)黑猩猩需要獨(dú)占一種資源時，它們就從四肢行走轉(zhuǎn)換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動的強(qiáng)烈爆發(fā)可能導(dǎo)致了解剖學(xué)上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對食物或其他資源的爭奪是十分激烈的。有兩項(xiàng)研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項(xiàng)研究是在京都大學(xué)博蘇森林的一塊天然空地——“室外實(shí)驗(yàn)室”進(jìn)行的。研究者們允許森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅果，一種叫油棕櫚堅果，自然界隨處可見，一種叫可樂果，自然環(huán)境中不常見。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：(a)只有油棕櫚堅果；（b)只有少量的可樂果，大多數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果。

當(dāng)稀有的可樂果數(shù)量很少時，黑猩猩一次就會拿得多。同樣，當(dāng)大部分是可樂果時，黑猩猩對油棕櫚堅果根本視而不見。黑猩猩認(rèn)為可樂果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂果激烈競爭。

處于這種激烈競爭的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。

第二項(xiàng)研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)的Kimberley Hockings進(jìn)行的。該研究歷時14個月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場景是它們不得不為稀有和不可預(yù)知的資源競爭。在這項(xiàng)研究中，黑猩猩35%的活動是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實(shí)了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們試圖一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關(guān)。

第四篇：2012年職稱英語理工A新增閱讀理解押題

+第四＋五篇

Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,”said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however.WISE stands for“Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.”As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave.Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation.When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings.Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't.Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light.Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them.They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see.But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures.These objects are“failed” stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun.Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down.They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.詞匯：

trashcan / 'tr??,k?n/n．垃圾箱 infrared/'infr?'red/ adj．紅外線 asteroid/'?st?r?id/ n.小行星 dwarf/dw?:f/ n.矮星 注釋：

1.NASA（美國國家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2.the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild 有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。3.faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體。

4.polar orbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運(yùn)行時能到達(dá)南北極區(qū)上空，即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀測和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。5.lap：一圈。原指競賽場的一圈或游泳池的一個來回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap.她最后一圈超過了其他參賽者。6.infrared radiation：紅外線輻射 7.spectrum of light：光譜，即，光輻射的波長分布區(qū)域。

8.Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jump start: 啟動 練習(xí)：.What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word “snap” in the third paragraph? A make.B shoot.C take D photograph.3.The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about“asteroids” according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案與題解：

1.C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機(jī)能拍到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測到宇宙空間中（in the known universe）的未知天文現(xiàn)象。其他選項(xiàng)都不是短文表達(dá)的意思。

2.A snap 是個多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同義詞。

3.C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機(jī)看到的光是visible lights，看不見紅外線輻射（infrared radiation)，而WISE 的相機(jī)能夠看到。

4.A 短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發(fā)出可見光，比如asteroids，所以A是正確選項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。

5.B 最后一段的第一句說，褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在WISE 照片中，根據(jù)上文對WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡的描述只有WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。

+第四十六篇

Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”

Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators.The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”

“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”

Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.詞匯：

predator /' pred?t?/ n．食肉動物

nutrient/' nju:tri?nt/ n ．營養(yǎng)物；adj．營養(yǎng)的 decomposer/,di:k?m'p?uz?/ n．腐生物；分解體 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的動物 subtlety/ 's?tlti/ n，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ 'h?:biv?: / n ．食草動物 注釋：

1.the University of Exeter ：?？怂固卮髮W(xué)。1851 年建校，位于英國西南部重要商業(yè)中心?？怂固厥?，是英國著名的傳統(tǒng)大學(xué)之一。2.nest building ：筑巢

3.territorial ：領(lǐng)地的。在此用來形容螞蟻的本性，即具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識，并且會竭盡全力保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。

4.an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他動物群體在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。5.biomass ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和mass 兩部分組成，意為“生物量”“生物質(zhì)”。6.biodiversity ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和diversity 兩部分組成，意為“生物多樣性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。8.below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）過程，即影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的過程。練習(xí)：.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2.As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案與題解：

1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正確答案，因?yàn)椴⒉皇且驗(yàn)槲浵仌膊疟蛔u(yù)為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師，而是因?yàn)樗鼈冎埠瞳@取食物的方式改變了土壤的營養(yǎng)水平，為整個食物鏈提供了很好的生態(tài)環(huán)境（見第二段）。

2.A答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們，螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣，甚至包括比它們體積更大的動物（larger animals)。prey 在這里的意思是“捕獵，捕食”，作為動詞，后面跟介詞on或upon。

3.D Dirk Sanders說：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the

subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正確選擇。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：螞蟻對環(huán)境影響的精妙之處。

4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，螞蟻數(shù)量?。╝ low density of ants）的話，能使其他動物的品種和數(shù)量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），從而給環(huán)境帶來積極影響；第三句說，如果螞蟻的數(shù)量大（At higher densities），就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者是相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵銷螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表達(dá)了大體相同的內(nèi)容。

5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告訴我們，螞蟻極易受人類的影響（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告訴我們，科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。

第四十五篇 ： 小而聰明

12月14日，美國國家航空航天局發(fā)射了一個體積小而威力大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，它的名字叫“WISE”（聰明），大約只有一個垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬不要輕視這個小東西，WISE可是一款商強(qiáng)數(shù)碼相機(jī)，它將在人類已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來的巨大塵埃云。

Ned Wright是主持WISE項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)家，他說：“我十分興奮，因?yàn)槲覀兙鸵吹揭郧皬奈纯吹竭^的那部分宇宙”。

到達(dá)宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。（這意味著，每轉(zhuǎn)一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近）。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠(yuǎn)離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會抓拍天空一個不同的部分。六個月之后，它將把整個天空拍攝完畢。

然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會像我們?nèi)粘５臄?shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer（廣域紅外勘測探測器）的縮寫。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。

輻射是波浪狀行進(jìn)的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個例子。當(dāng)普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)給一棵樹照相時，它能接收到樹反射回來的、可見的光波。光波通過鏡頭進(jìn)入到相機(jī)里，相機(jī)對它進(jìn)行加工，然后把圖像合成。

紅外線的波長比可見光長，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長紅外線帶來的溫暖。

這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠(yuǎn)鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，像WISE這樣的紅外線望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務(wù)就是拍攝成千上萬的小行星圖像。

WISE的另一任務(wù)是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽的能量那樣啟動相同的反應(yīng)。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在線外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。

第四十六篇 螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對環(huán)境影響巨大

?？怂固卮髮W(xué)所做的研究表明，螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動物的行為對當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。

第一，通過筑巢而挪動土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當(dāng)?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動物種群的數(shù)量。

第二，它們捕食的動物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。Dirk Sanders是該大學(xué)生態(tài)和保護(hù)中心所做的此項(xiàng)研究的作者，他說：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識，并且會竭盡全力對抗其他的食肉動物來保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對周圍環(huán)境影響巨大?！?/p>

“在該研究中，我們第一次對螞蟻帶來的影響程度及微妙程度進(jìn)行研究。所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。并對當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實(shí)重要的作用，對大草原的食物鏈影響巨大?！盨anders說。

該研究在德國進(jìn)行，它對花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進(jìn)行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個歐洲包括英國都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動物尤其是食草動物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者產(chǎn)生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對土壤的營養(yǎng)水平的影響會對動物族群產(chǎn)生積極的效果。如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會達(dá)到最大化，因此會抵消螞蟻通過生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響?！?/p>

螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因?yàn)樗加泻艽蟛糠值纳锪浚乙驗(yàn)槠渥鳛樯鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學(xué)家還不消楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。螞蟻通過變動物理的和化學(xué)的環(huán)境，通過對植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關(guān)重要的作用。

第五篇：2012職稱英語綜合B詞匯

abandon=give up abide by=adhere to=stick to abide by=stick to Abnormal=unusual Abrupt=sudden abundant=plentiful accelerate=step up account for=explain accumulate=collect Accused of=charged with achieve=attain adverse=unfavorable Allocate=distribute=assign annoy=irritate Anyhow=anyway appalling=dreadful assert=state firmly Astonish=shock=surprise authentically=genuinely ban=forbid barren=bare branch=division Break=beat call of=cancel capability=ability census=count childish=immature concise=short and clear conscientious=careful Consideration=account Consolidate=strengthen contaminate=pollute courteous=respectable coverage=reportage Credible=convincing decent=honest deliberately=intentionally Demolish=pull down densely=compactly depict=describe Deter=inhibit=prevent diligent=hardworking dimly=faintly disorder=confusion distress=hazard=danger diverse=varied draft==formulate duplicate=copy Eligible=entitled =qualified eligible=entitled=qualified endeavor=try endeavor=try=test eternal=everlasting exhaustive=extremely thorough Exhibit=show extinction=dying out Extract=take out fascinate=intrigue faulty=wrong find fault with=criticize framework=skeleton gangster=violent criminals Gorgeous=lovely grasp=take hold of hail=acclaim harness=utilise(utilize)improved=better

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persist=continue phase=stage

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postulate=assume practically=almost preserve=keep previously=before

Principal organizers=planners prior to=before

Probe=explore=investigate provoke=elicit pull up=stop

Readily=willingly

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spur=encourage

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without bias=fairly