第一篇:成人高考專升本英語歷年真題歸類
2008年成人高考高起點(diǎn)英語復(fù)習(xí)筆記五:形容詞和副詞
第五章 形容詞和副詞
一、形容詞和副詞的不同句法作用
1.說明名詞用形容詞,說明動(dòng)詞,形容詞或其它副詞用副詞
eg.He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.1.Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly)。
“I’m__________(terrible,terribly)sorry,”said the woman.2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy,healthily)。
They must make sure that all the animals can live___________(healthy,healthily)in the zoo.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange,strangely)。
That old woman laughed___________(strange,strangely)。
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft,softly)。
Please put down the basket of eggs__________(soft,softly)。
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice,nicely)。
Look!All the children are______________(nice,nicely)dressed.2.幾個(gè)英漢使用不同的形容詞
populaion不與much連用,而與large連用;
temprature,不與warm,cold連用,而與high,low連用;
price不與expensive,cheap連用,而與high,low連用。
3.enough的用法
enough說明名詞,可前可后 ;enough說明形容詞或副詞,必須后置:
eg.She is old enough to go to school.她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。
Mr Green doesn’t know very much English,but he speaks it ____________to keep job.A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough
二、分清幾對(duì)形容詞和副詞
1.hard=difficult(a)困難的; 努力地(adv)
hardly=almost not幾乎不(adv)
eg.He can hardly catch the early train,can he?
2.friend(n)朋友
friendly(a)友好的 in a friendly way友好地
eg.The teacher is friendly to us.She looks after the children in a friendly way.3.high(指距離)
highly高度地(指程度)
eg.The place flies high in the sky.We think highly of APEC.wide寬/widely廣泛地
deep深/deeply深深地
close靠近/closely緊密地;仔細(xì)地
A.The well is seven meters deep.-(這口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我們被電影深深地感動(dòng)了。)
B.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我們教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我們一向?qū)λu(píng)價(jià)很高。)
C.The well is seven meters deep.-(這口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我們被電影深深地感動(dòng)了。)
D.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我們教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我們一向?qū)λu(píng)價(jià)很高。)
E.She’s sitting close to me.(她坐在我旁邊。)
F.Watch me closely,please.(請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察我。)成人高考高起點(diǎn)英語語法歸納二:形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí)
一。形容詞的修飾與位置
一般來說,從構(gòu)詞法角度來看,后綴“l(fā)y”往往是副詞,但有的以“l(fā)y'結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞,這點(diǎn)要注意;形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語,表語等成份,但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語;這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下歸納: 1 以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞:
costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨(dú)的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長(zhǎng)得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 塵世的
只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語: afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒著的 alone 單獨(dú)的,惟一的 alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的
asleep 睡著的 aware 意識(shí)到的、察覺到的 well 健康的 content 滿意的 unable 無能的 3 只作前置定語的形容詞
earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的
golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的
wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長(zhǎng)的
woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅,只不過
only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的
little 小的 live 活的
4.下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞,注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí),要求形容詞做表語:
remain keep become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look.如:All those left undone may sound great in theory,but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二。形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí) 1.考比較級(jí)時(shí),考生應(yīng)把握:
1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn),即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often,or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候,不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。答案為A On the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念,既是說比較要具有可比性。如:
The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half.[A] of last year's [B]those of last year's [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year's(前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”,而不能選擇B,those是指代participants,不是同類對(duì)比,答案為D.Young readers,more often than not,find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray's.3)比較級(jí)與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置
原級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞,表示為“為?。若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時(shí)候等,他們的位置是,倍數(shù)詞+as?as?,或倍數(shù)詞+more?than?,但again一般放在原級(jí)詞之后,即 “as+原級(jí)+again+as”。如:
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times [B] seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案為B)
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No,I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案為B)
My uncle is as old again as I am 4)下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念:
inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major,junior,preferable,differ from,compared with,in comparison with,different from,rather than.如:
Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial(答案為A)
Prior to his departure,he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)
5)“比較級(jí)+and +比較級(jí)”或“more and more/less and less +原級(jí)”以及“ever,steadily,daily等副詞+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越??”的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row,get,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中,注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級(jí)后面都不需要用than.如:
Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級(jí)前面可以用even,still,yet,all the(more)等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣,表示“更加”的意思。如 Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型:
A): not so much?as?與其說??不如說??
The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or 人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是因?yàn)槌錾实奶岣?,還不如說是因?yàn)獒t(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B B)no/not any more?than?兩者一樣都不??
The heart is intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力,他們都受大腦控制。答案為D)There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than [B] no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than(答案為D)
C)no/not any less?than?兩者一樣,都??注意基本上與no/not any more?than意思相反
She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D)just as? so? 正如??,??也??(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))
Just as the soil is a part of the earth,the atmosphere.[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is(答案為C)
2.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題:
1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among.in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較,如:in China,all over the world.of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較,如:among the teachers,of the four dresses.注意:among?相當(dāng)于one of ?,不說among all?。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來
如:
all visible lights,red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B] 2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí),比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用: any other +單數(shù)名詞 the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語,切不可遺漏,尤其是other,否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說:John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。
3)most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞,意思相當(dāng)于very,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù),但不能用定冠詞the,如:a most interesting book,most expensive restaurants,要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級(jí)+of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級(jí)的區(qū)別,如:
He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三。不用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形容詞: 1)表示顏色的有:white,black 2)表示形態(tài)的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level 3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4)表示狀態(tài)作表語的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 5)表示時(shí)間、空間和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final 6)表示極限、主次、等級(jí)的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite 7)含有絕對(duì)概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.四。平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級(jí)
平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如:
The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的,有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not only?but(also);prefer?to?;rather than有的是同類對(duì)比:and ;but;or;both? and?;either?or?; neither?nor???
平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如: It is better to die one's feet than.[A]living on one's knees [B]live on one's knees [C]on one's knees [D]to live on one's knees(答案為D)
Despite the temporary difficulties,the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
1)rather than,let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為A For the new country to survive,for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let's say(答案為B)
2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語,而且介詞相同,一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如:
At times,more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials
成考高起點(diǎn)英語副詞誤用辨析!作者: 發(fā)布時(shí)間:2009-01-13 14:25:59 點(diǎn)擊:741 1.中文:這塊石頭太大了沒人能舉起它。
(誤)Here is a so big stone that no one can lift it.(正)Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(so是副詞,修飾形容詞,形式是so+形容詞+a+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。)
2.中文:這花多美啊!
(誤)What beautiful the flower is!
(正)How beautiful the flower is?。╤ow用來修飾副詞或形容詞,而what用來修飾名詞。)
3.中文:這工作永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被完成。
(誤)This job will be never finished.(正)This job will never be finished.(頻率副詞在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。)
4.中文:我的弟弟比我高多了。
(誤)My brother is very taller than I.(正)My brother is much taller than I.(very不能修飾比較級(jí);much可以修飾比較級(jí)。)
5.中文:我想我七點(diǎn)會(huì)在餐廳里見到她。
(誤)I think I'll meet her at 7:00 at the restaurant.(正)I think I'll meet her at the restaurant at 7:00.(地方副詞在時(shí)間副詞前。)
6.中文:這房間對(duì)你夠大的。
(誤)This room is enough large for you.(正)This room is large enough for you.(enough作副詞,在被修飾的形容詞后。)
7.中文:我也不能做它。
(誤)I cannot do it too.(正)I cannot do it either.(either用于否定句;too用于肯定句。)
8.中文:他每天早起。
(誤)He gets up early everyday.(正)He gets up early every day.(every day是時(shí)間副詞;everyday是形容詞。)
9.中文:我要下樓去。
(誤)I'm going to downstairs.(正)I'm going downstairs.(downstairs是副詞,前面不加介詞。)
10.中文:你的故事很有趣。
(誤)Your story is the most interesting.(正)Your story is most interesting.(most不用于比較,而用作加強(qiáng)語氣,不加the.)
11.中文:我兩年前見過他。
(誤)I met him two years before.(正)I met him two years ago.(表示一段時(shí)間以前,ago用于一般過去時(shí);before用于過去完成時(shí)。)
12.中文:他們昨天晚上回來得晚。
(誤)They came back lately last night.(正)They came back late last night.(lately(最近),late(晚,遲),都是副詞。)
2008年成人高考高起點(diǎn)英語復(fù)習(xí)筆記五:形容詞和副詞
一、形容詞和副詞的不同句法作用
1.說明名詞用形容詞,說明動(dòng)詞,形容詞或其它副詞用副詞
eg.He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.1.Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly)。
“I’m__________(terrible,terribly)sorry,”said the woman.2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy,healthily)。
They must make sure that all the animals can live___________(healthy,healthily)in the zoo.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange,strangely)。
That old woman laughed___________(strange,strangely)。
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft,softly)。
Please put down the basket of eggs__________(soft,softly)。
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice,nicely)。
Look!All the children are______________(nice,nicely)dressed.2.幾個(gè)英漢使用不同的形容詞
populaion不與much連用,而與large連用;
temprature,不與warm,cold連用,而與high,low連用;
price不與expensive,cheap連用,而與high,low連用。
3.enough的用法
enough說明名詞,可前可后 ;enough說明形容詞或副詞,必須后置:
eg.She is old enough to go to school.她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。
Mr Green doesn’t know very much English,but he speaks it ____________to keep job.A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough
二、分清幾對(duì)形容詞和副詞
1.hard=difficult(a)困難的; 努力地(adv)
hardly=almost not幾乎不(adv)
eg.He can hardly catch the early train,can he?
2.friend(n)朋友
friendly(a)友好的
in a friendly way友好地
eg.The teacher is friendly to us.She looks after the children in a friendly way.3.high(指距離)
highly高度地(指程度)
eg.The place flies high in the sky.We think highly of APEC.wide寬/widely廣泛地
deep深/deeply深深地
close靠近/closely緊密地;仔細(xì)地
A.The well is seven meters deep.-(這口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我們被電影深深地感動(dòng)了。)
B.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我們教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我們一向?qū)λu(píng)價(jià)很高。)
C.The well is seven meters deep.-(這口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我們被電影深深地感動(dòng)了。)
D.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我們教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我們一向?qū)λu(píng)價(jià)很高。)
E.She’s sitting close to me.(她坐在我旁邊。)
F.Watch me closely,please.(請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察我。)2008年成人高考高起點(diǎn)英語復(fù)習(xí)筆記五:形容詞和副詞
第五章 形容詞和副詞
一、形容詞和副詞的不同句法作用
1.說明名詞用形容詞,說明動(dòng)詞,形容詞或其它副詞用副詞
eg.He looks happy.He is singing happily.Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.1.Bill said that the mixture tasted__________(terrible,terribly)。
“I’m__________(terrible,terribly)sorry,”said the woman.2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look___________(healthy,healthily)。
They must make sure that all the animals can live___________(healthy,healthily)in the zoo.3.The gas from the bottle smelled very___________(strange,strangely)。
That old woman laughed___________(strange,strangely)。
4.This kind of cloth feels quite__________(soft,softly)。
Please put down the basket of eggs__________(soft,softly)。
5.Your idea sounds______________(nice,nicely)。
Look!All the children are______________(nice,nicely)dressed.2.幾個(gè)英漢使用不同的形容詞
populaion不與much連用,而與large連用;
temprature,不與warm,cold連用,而與high,low連用;
price不與expensive,cheap連用,而與high,low連用。
3.enough的用法
enough說明名詞,可前可后 ;enough說明形容詞或副詞,必須后置:
eg.She is old enough to go to school.她夠上學(xué)的年齡了。
Mr Green doesn’t know very much English,but he speaks it ____________to keep job.A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough
二、分清幾對(duì)形容詞和副詞
1.hard=difficult(a)困難的; 努力地(adv)
hardly=almost not幾乎不(adv)
eg.He can hardly catch the early train,can he?
2.friend(n)朋友
friendly(a)友好的in a friendly way友好地
eg.The teacher is friendly to us.She looks after the children in a friendly way.3.high(指距離)
highly高度地(指程度)
eg.The place flies high in the sky.We think highly of APEC.wide寬/widely廣泛地
deep深/deeply深深地
close靠近/closely緊密地;仔細(xì)地
A.The well is seven meters deep.-(這口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我們被電影深深地感動(dòng)了。)
B.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我們教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我們一向?qū)λu(píng)價(jià)很高。)
C.The well is seven meters deep.-(這口井七米深。)
We were deeply moved by the film.(我們被電影深深地感動(dòng)了。)
D.Our classroom is 305 meters high.-(我們教室有305米高。)
We always speak highly of him.A(我們一向?qū)λu(píng)價(jià)很高。)
E.She’s sitting close to me.(她坐在我旁邊。)
F.Watch me closely,please.(請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察我。)
成人高考專升本英語歷年真題歸類匯編—形容詞與副詞
形容詞與副詞
重點(diǎn):比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成及其用法
1.I don’t trust him at all.His smiles always make me ______.A.feeling sick B.be sick C.being sick D.sick
2.The car he bought in Japan looks similarly to the one he has been driving for several years.3.Her face is ______ to me, but I can’t remember where I saw her.A.similar B.friendly C.alike D.familiar
4.He’s ______ to know the answer.A.likely B.probable C.maybe D.probably
5.He was in poverty at the time.______ he wouldn’t have accepted the money.A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Then
6.Spanish people usually speak ______ than English people.A.quicklier B.more quicklier C.more quickly D.quicker
7.Of the two new teachers.Who do you like ______?
A.much B.better C.well D.the most
8.The stars we see at night are really huge suns like our sun, but they are more far away in space.9.-I think that red dress would suit me, wouldn’t it?
-Yes, but I think blue is a ______ color for you.A.well B.good C.better D.best
10.This room ______ in the building.A.is biggest than any other one B.is bigger than any other one
C.is more bigger than any other one D.is bigger than any one
11.Her English is very good.She can speak English better than ______ in her grade.A.any one B.the one C.any one else D.other student
12.Both John and Peter study hard, but I think Peter is clever of the two.13.Of the colors, blue, red and orange, which do you like ______?
A.best B.better C.well D.much
14.Mary runs ______ among them.A.the fastest B.the most fast C.most fastly D.most fast
15.Of all the things we eat and drink, water is the ______ important.A.least B.more C.most D.much
16.北京是中國最美麗的城市之一。[Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.]
17.The Yellow River is the second ______ river in China.A.long B.longer C.longest D.most long
18.Traveling in England, it will be ______ cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A.more B.very C.quite D.even
19.If you drink too much, your health will get even ______.A.bad B.poor C.worse D.not well
20.Jill is ______(比她父親高5公分).[5cm taller than her father/taller than her father by 5cm.]
21.No sooner ______ his speech than a young woman stood up to ask a question.A.the chairman finished B.did the chairman finish
C.the chairman had finished D.had the chairman finished
22.No sooner ______ the question than the answer came to him.A.had he asked B.he had asked C.did he ask D.he asked
23.The student doesn’t work ______ he used to.A.so hard as B.so harder than C.as harder as D.as hard like
24.There is nothing we can do but wait as calm as we can.[應(yīng)用副詞calmly修飾動(dòng)詞wait]
25.I pulled the handle ______ I could.A.so hardly as B.as hardly as C.so hard as D.as hard as
26.他幾乎跟他父親一般高。[He is almost as tall as his father.]
27.The production of 1995______(是1990年的10倍)[is ten times as much as that of 1990.]
28.The new model costs twice ______ last year’s.A.more than B.as much as C.as many as D.than
29.The more that you practice speaking, the better you will do it.30.It is believed that ______(腦子越用)the more work it is able to do.[the more your brain is used]
31.The more he tried to please her, ______ she seemed to appreciate it.A.less B.lesser C.the less D.the lesser
形容詞與副詞答案
1.D 2.B: similar 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D: farther 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.C: the cleverer 13.A 14.A 15.C 17.C 18.D 19.C 21.D 22.A 23.A 24.c 25.D 28.B 29.A: / 31.C
第二篇:成考專升本英語歷年真題歸類(范文)
閱讀理解
Passage One
Expecting a baby?
HEALTHY BABY: Manitoba’s Prenatal(懷孕)Benefit and Community Support Programs
It’s what’s inside that counts
When you’re pregnant, it’s important that you eat well to help you and your growing baby.That’s why if you live in Manitoba and your net family income is less that $ 32,000 a year, the Manitoba government offers you a monthly cheque during your pregnancy to help you buy healthy foods and prepare for your baby’s arrival.How to apply
Pick up an application form from medical offices, Healthy Baby community programs or by calling the number below.The application form must include a medical note indicating your baby’s due date, so see your health care provider early.More support for you and your baby
Through Healthy Child Manitoba, Healthy Baby also offers community programs which help you to learn more about nutrition, health and parenting a baby.For more information, please call:
945-1301(in Winnipeg)
1-888-848-0140(at no cost)
945-1305 TDD(Telephone Device for the Deaf)
1.What program is this passage about?
A.Baby food.B.Low-income families.C.Women’s health.D.Birth and growth of healthy babies.2.Who can enjoy the benefits of the program?
A.Pregnant women of high risk.B.pregnant women of first child.C.pregnant women in good health.D.Pregnant women with low income.3.The most important information to be filled in the application forms is ______.A.the pregnant woman’s name B.when the baby is due to arrive
C.the pregnant woman’s medical history D.in which hospital the baby is to be delivered
4.Healthy Baby will also provide more help in all aspects but ______.A.baby education B.baby nutrition C.baby parenting D.baby health
5.For further information, the deaf can ______.A.call 945-1305TDD B.dial 1-888-848-0140
C.visit their health care provider D.send email to a medical office
Passage Two
In the past, people who graduated from college felt proud of their academic achievements and confident that their degree would help them to find a good job.However, in the past four years the job market has changed dramatically.This year’s college graduates are facing one of the worst job markets.For example, Ryan Stewart, a graduate of san Jose State University, got a degree in religious studies, but he has not gotten any job offers.He points out that many people already working are getting laid off and don’t have jobs, so it’s even harder for new college graduates to find jobs.Four years ago, the future looked bright for his class of 2006.There were many high-tech(“dotcom”)job opportunities, graduates received many job offers, and they were able to get jobs with high salaries and benefits such as health insurance and paid vacations.However, “Times have changed.It’s a new market.” according to an officer of the university.The officer says students who do find jobs started preparing two years ago.They worked during summer vacations, they have had several short-time jobs, and they majored in fields that are still paying well, such as accounting or nursing.Even teaching is not a secure profession now.Ryan Stewart wanted to be a teacher, but instead he will probably go back to school in order to become a college teacher.He thinks college teaching could be a good career even in a bad economy.In conclusion, these days a college degree does not automatically lead to a good job with a high salary.Some students can only hope that the value of their degree will increase in the future.1.What did a college degree mean to people in the past?
A.It was a proof of their professional skills.B.It would guarantee their quick promotion.C.It built up their confidence in the job market.D.It would help them to start an academic career.2.Ryan Stewart has not got any job offer because_______.A.there are too many graduates of his major
B.he wants to find a job with very high salary
C.he has not received a degree in the university
D.the job market has changed greatly since 2002
3.According to the passage, _______ had the best job prospects in 2002.A.computer science B.accounting C.teaching D.nursing
4.Why does Ryan Stewart want to be a college teacher?
A.Teaching jobs are well-paid.B.He majored in teaching in the university.C.College teaching is less challenging than high-tech jobs.D.College teaching career won’t be influenced by economy.5.It can be concluded from the passage that _______.A.the value of a college degree has decreased now.B.new college graduates today can’t find jobs.C.a college degree can still lead to a good job.D.graduates must prepare early to find jobs.Passage Three
Shoron Keating was worried about her kids when she got a divorce.Her daughter says, “ I was feeling ? like down and sad even though I didn’t really show it.Judith Wallerstein says problems from divorce can last many years.They can show up when the kids are adults.And the kids have their own trouble.Wallerstein studied 93 children over a generation.The results can be found in her book.She says that children of divorce are more likely to have problems with drugs.They are far more likely to seek therapy.About 40 percent of them avoid marriage themselves.When they do marry, fail at nearly twice the usual rate.It is hard for them to trust.They are afraid of failing.Critics say Wallerstein had too few children in her study.They think that Wallerstein stresses too much from a small study.Other things may be the cause of the kid’s problem.The study does not compare kids from divorced families with kids from “healthy” families.Wallerstein’s families divorced a generation ago.Times have changed.People feel different about divorce.Today programs like Kid’s Turn try to reduce some of the effects of divorce with family advice.Talking about their feelings helps the kids get though it.Since they know more about the problem, maybe the kids will be able to handle it.1.Which word can best describe the kids from divorced families according to Paragraph 1?
A.Offensive B.Relieved C.Depressed D.Prejudiced
2.Children from divorced families who marry later will ______.A.have no trust in other people
B.be more likely to get divorced
C.firmly protect their marriage
D.have stable marriage
3.Wallerstein’s study showed that ______.A.divorce left the children with many problems
B.all the problems showed up right after the divorce
C.divorce could be avoided
D.divorce is the only cause of children mature earlier
4.Which of the following is critics’ opinion?
A.Healthy families do not have problems.B.All the related factors were considered in the study.C.Divorce is the only cause of child problems.D.The number of families studied was not sufficient.5.Today children from divorced families______.A.have no more problems
B.are getting more care and help
C.are less able to handle their problems
D.are told not to talk about their problems
Passage Four
It is still sometimes difficult to understand why those between ages 10 and 18 would endanger their lives by joining armed forces or rebel groups and become fighting soldiers.The recently published book, Young Soldier, Why They Choose to Fight By Rachel Brett and Irma Specht, tries to find an answer.There is no doubt that children fight in most armed conflicts today.While international attention focuses largely on those who are forced into battles, thousands more enlist(應(yīng)征入伍)voluntarily.In an attempt to to understand the young who take up arms, Brett and Specht interviewed 53 boy and girl soldiers and ex-soldiers from around the world, Afghanistan , Colombia, the Republic of the Congo for example.All interviewees were involved with armed forces or armed groups before the age of 18 and all classified themselves as volunteers.What these two field officers heard is “I joined involuntarily-if you have nothing, you volunteer for the army”.Other reasons young people gave are self-defense, revenge, poverty, and unemployment.But while it is common knowledge that most child soldiers come from poor and disadvantaged backgrounds, Young Soldiers shows that the issue is far more complex.Many poor children do not join the army.The environmental, educational, social, cultural, and highly personal factors determine whether someone decide to join up or not.The battlefield is not a place for children.One young soldier described being there as “too sad an experience”.The authors hope that by understanding why teenagers join up, those child soldiers should know how to discourage others from the same tragedy.1.Young Soldiers, Why They Choose to Fight is ______.A.a book B.a magazine C.a news report D.a TV program
2.According to paragraph 3, Brett and Specht’s interviewees _______.A.joined armed forces under 18
B.considered going into the army their duty
C.were only from African countries
D.were mainly the ex-soldiers
3.The reasons shown in young soldiers for children to join the army are______.A.very simple B.very complex C.unknown D.unbelievable
4.The writers of Young Soldiers probably expect that ______.A.child soldier would leave armed forces
B.they could find more than 53 interviewees
C.no more children would join armed forces
D.there would be no wars in the world
5.The tone of the passage is ______.A.pleasant B.indifferent C.humorous D.objective
Passage Five
It’s interesting that technology often works as a servant for us, yet frequently we become a servant to it.E-mail is a useful tool but many feel controlled by this new vehicle.The average businessperson is getting about 80-e-mails per day and many feel that about 80% of the messages in their “In Box” are of little or no value.So, I have four suggestions to help you to become better at “Easing E-mail”.1.Get off the lists.The best way to deal with a problem is to never have it.If you are receiving a lot of unwanted e-mails, ask to be removed from the various lists.This would include your inclusion in unwanted “cc” lists.2.“Unlisted address”.Just like getting an “unlisted” telephone number that you share only with those whom you want to give direct access, you might want to get a separate e-mail address only for the important communications you wish to receive.3.Check it once or twice per day.Many I speak with are becoming chained to their email server, monitoring incoming email on a continuous basis.Maybe this is because e-mail creates its own sense of urgency, but most of the communications are not all that urgent.I respond to them a couple of times per day.4.Deal with it.As you open each e-mail do one of the following:
a.If it requires a quick response, respond to it and delete it.b.If it requires a response but is not the best use of your time, try to find someone else to do it.c.If it is going to take any serious amount of time to respond, schedule it for action in your Day Planner and then download the message, save it, or print it out for future action.I personally receive approximately 250 e-mails per day and by practicing the suggestions above, I can handle that volume in about an hour, taking advantage of this fantastic tool but not being controlled by it to the distraction of more important tasks in my day.1.The passage is about ______.A.how to check e-mails
B.how to collect e-mails
C.how to deal with your daily e-mails
D.how to deal with 80% valueless e-mails
2.If you get unwanted e-mails, the best you can do is to______.A.make a list of them
B.put them into “cc” lists
C.send them to a special address
D.delete them from different lists
3.For the important communications, the writer suggests that you______.A.have a direct access for them
B.have several e-mail servers for them
C.get an unlisted phone number for them
D.get a special e-mail address for them
4.To avoid being chained by the coming e-mails, what you can do is to ______.A.respond urgent ones only
B.reply all of them at the same time
C.handle them a couple of times daily
D.keep replying e-mails all day long
5.To deal with an e-mail you get, you can do the following EXCEPT______.A.downloading every e-mail before you reply
B.responding right away if it’s urgent
C.scheduling it for later reply if it takes much time
D.asking someone else to reply it if it’s not at your convenience
Passage Six
During the Christmas shopping rush in London, the interesting story was reported of a tramp who, apparently though no fault of his own, found himself locked in a well-known chain store late on Christmas Eve.No doubt the store was crowded with last-minute Christmas shoppers and the staff were dead beat and longing to get home.Probably all the proper security checks were made before the store was locked and they left to enjoy the three-day holiday untroubled by customers desperate to get last-minute Christmas presents.However ridiculous that may be, our tramp found himself alone in the store and decided to make the best of it.There was food, drink, bedding and camping equipment, of which he made good use.There must also have been television sets and radios.Though it was not reported if he took advantages of these facilities, when the shop reopened he was discovered in bed with a large number of empty bottles beside him.He seem to have been a man of good humor as indeed tramps very commonly are.Everyone else was enjoying Christmas, so he saw no good reason why he should not do the same.He yielded himself cheerfully, and was taken by the police.Perhaps he had had a better Christmas than usual.He was sent to prison for seven days.The judge awarded no compensation to the chain store for the food and drink our tramp had consumed.They had, in his opinion, already received valuable free publicity from the story revealed in the newspaper and on television.Perhaps the judge had had a good Christmas, too.1.The tramp was locked in the store ______.A.for 7 days B.on purpose C.by accident D.for security reasons
2.It can be inferred from the passage that the underlined phrase “dead beat” in paragraph 1 means ______.A.angry B.exhausted C.forgetful D.careless
3.Which of the following was uncertain about the tramp after he was locked in the store?
A.He watched TV.B.He was well fed.C.he had a sound sleep D.He had a good drink.4.When the tramp was arrested, he ______.A.was drunk B.felt he deserved it C.made no resistance D.felt himself wronged
5.The judge didn’t award compensation to the chain store because ______.A.the store was responsible for what happened
B.the report of the event benefited the store a lot
C.the tramp had stolen nothing of value
D.the tramp was penniless
Passage Seven
If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think.This is the research result of professor Faulkner, who says that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.Professor Faulkner wanted to find out why healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and to reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slow down.He set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and occupations.Computer technology enabled him to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intelligence and emotion, and determine the human character.Contraction of front and side partswas observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds.Faulkner concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to slow the contractionand after that I don’t remember any more.”
Mr.Collins is now in hospital, being treated for minor injuries.We will be bringing you further news of the crash as we receive it.In the meantime relatives are asked to ring 02-3457211 for information.1.The plane was ______.A.flying some businessmen to London B.on a regular flight to London
C.returning from a trade fair D.bound for Carlisle
2.What happened when the plane was nearing Carlisle?
A.The pilot misread the signals from Ground Control.B.Ground Control failed to send out right instructions.C.The pilot got a report of terrible weather.D.The engines broke down.3.According to the passage, the plane crashed at ______.A.a place in southern England B.a place of historical interest
C.a military training camp D.a camp near London
4.The news report tells us that when the crash occurred ______.A.the ambulance and firemen arrived quickly B.none of the passengers was killed
C.no additional help was necessary D.help was long delayed
5.From what Mr.Collins said, we can know that he ______.A.had only an incomplete picture of what happened B.heard and saw nothing at all
C.talked to the pilot D.was once a pilot
Passage Nine
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing(裁判)decisions that denied victory to their team.A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament(錦標(biāo)賽)involving four youth teams.Each match lasted an hour divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the referees’ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament.Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkable high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail.Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident.When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action.The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters.The research shows the optimum(最佳的)distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed.Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second.The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.He also says that FIFA’ s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided.If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.1.The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ______.A.set a standard for football refereeing
B.reexamine the rules for football refereeing
C.analyse the causes of errors made by football referees
D.review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup
2.The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ______.A.quite unexpected B.slightly above average
C.as high as in a standard match D.higher than in the 1998 World Cup
3.The finding of the experiment show that ______.A.errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot
B.the more slowly the referee runs the more likely will errors occur
C.the farther the referees is from the incident the fewer the errors
D.errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball
4.The word “official”(Line2,Para.4)most probably refers to ______.A.the researchers involved in the experiment
B.the referees of the football tournament
C.the observers at the site of the experiment
D.the inspectors of the football tournament
5.What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
A.Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.B.A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.C.The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.D.An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.Passage Ten
Toronto: A 300-pound adult Siberian tiger escaped from its four-meter high chain-link-pen at the Toronto Zoo yesterday, on one of the busiest days of the year.Though no one was hurt, the dangerous animal was separated from the public for a time by nothing more than a four-foot fence.The escape occurred after one of the animal’s handlers left the pen gate open.It prompted a swift response from officials.Staff were sent immediately to arrest the runaway tiger.General Manager Calvin White told reporters that staff were preparing for the worst.“I ordered a tranquilizer(麻醉劑)gun so we would have tranquilized her, but thankfully we didn’t have to,” Mr.White said.The tiger was successfully led back into its cage after the brief escape.The incident occurred during the Toronto Zoo’s 28th annual Christmas Treats Walk, where admission is free in return for donations of food that does not easily go bad.Thousands of people attend each Boxing Day to see the animals fed by their handlers.1.The tiger escape happened ______.A.owing to the lack of food B.due to its separation from the public
C.because of the handler’s neglect of duty D.as a result of the damage chain and fence
2.Who is Calvin White?
A.A managerial staff of the Zoo.B.A journalist from National post.C.A witness of the incident.D.A zoo animal handler.3.We know from the passage that ______.A.the tiger escape lasted a whole day
B.the zoo workers planned to shoot the tiger dead
C.the tiger wasn’t kept securely enough from the public
D.the incident took place on the zoo’s anniversary day
4.The Best title for the news report is ______.A.Pen-Animal B.Zoo Tiger-Wandering Free
C.Siberian Tiger-Dangerous Animal D.Zoo-Dangerous site
Passage Eleven
“I love you, Bob.” “I love you, too, Nancy.” It was 2 a.m.and I was hearing my parents’ voices through the thin wall separating my bedroom from theirs.Their loving words were sweet, touching-and surprising.My parents married on September 14, 1940, after a brief dating.She was nearing 30 and knew it was time to start a family.The handsome, well-educated man who came by the office where she worked looked like a good bet.He was attracted by her figure, her blue eyes.The romance didn’t last long.Seeds of difference grew almost immediately.She liked to travel;he hated the thought.He loved golf;she did not.He was a Republican, she a loyal Democrat.They fought at the bridge table, at the dinner table, over money, over the perceived shortcomings of their respective in-laws.There was a hope that they would change once they retired, and the angry winds did calm somewhat, but what remained changed itself into bright, hard bitterness.“I always thought we’d ?” my mother would begin, before launching into a precise listing of my father’s faults.The complaints were recited so often, I can repeat them by heart today.As he listened, my father would say angry threats and curses in a low voice.It wasn’t the happiest marriage, but as their 60th anniversary approached, my sister and I decided to throw a party.Sixty years was a long time, after all;why not try to make the best of things? We’d provide the cake, the balloons, the toasts, and they’d follow one rule: no fighting.The agreement was honored.We had a wonderful day.When we thought back, we found it was an important celebration, because soon after, things began to change for my parents.1.Bob married Nancy because of ______.A.her nice appearance B.her good education
C.her romantic nature D.her position as an office girl
2.When the writer told the story, the mother was probably ______ years old.A.60 B.70 C.80 D.90
3.What do we know about the writer’s parents?
A.Their marriage is a total failure.B.They had different hobbies.C.They had serious money problem.D.They stopped quarrelling after they had children.4.The purpose for the writer to hold the party is ______.A.to recall the 60 years’ marriage life of her parents
B.to stop the long fighting between her parents
C.just to celebrate her parents’ 60th anniversary
D.to have a good time for family’s reunion
Passage Twelve
What can you do to recall your dreams more often and interpret them more clearly? The experts offer these suggestions:
Develop an idea.Before you go to sleep, consciously think about a topic or a person you’d like to dream about.Raise a question that’s troubling you and see how your dream responds to it.Keep track.Next to your bed, place a pen and some paper, or a tape recorder or laptop, to record your dreams as soon as you wake up.Try to wake up naturally, without the help of an alarm clock or barking dog that can interrupt
your dream cycle.If your schedule doesn’t allow you to sleep in during the week, begin your dream journey on a weekend or during a vacation.Wake up slowly.For the first moment after you wake up, lie still and keep your eyes closed, because your dream may be connected to your body position while you slept.Try to recall the dream and then store it in your memory by giving it a name like “Late for an exam” or “My Date with Ashley Judd”.When you rise, immediately write down as many images, feelings and impressions as you can.Connect the dots.To better interpret your dreams, try to make connections between you recalled dreams and recent events.Do you recognize people from the present or past? Can you detect any themes from the dream? Look for patterns over several dreams that might help explain an individual dream.Change the outcome.If you have nightmares happening again and again that make it difficult to sleep, try to change the endings.Once you wake up from a bad dream, imagine a change in the action to create a more positive outcome.If you are trapped, try to fly.In your dream, you can do what you want!
1.The passage advices you to “wake up slowly” ______.A.because dreaming usually happens not long before you wake up
B.because sleeping posture may be related to your dream
C.so as not to connect your dreams
D.so as not to have a nightmare
2.The underlined word “rise”(Paragraph5)means “______”.A.come up B.stand up C.wake up D.get up
3.According to the passage, how can you overcome a nightmare?
A.Try to imagine you are a superman.B.Try to create a new ending of the nightmare.C.Try to think about some happy things.D.Try to forget the nightmare.4.In which column of a magazine or newspaper may the article appear?
A.Finance.B.Sports.C.Health.D.Politics.閱讀理解答案:
Passage one 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A
Passage two 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.D 5.A
Passage three 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B
Passage four 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D
Passage five 1.C 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.A
Passage six 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B
Passage seven 1.D 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B
Passage eight 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A
Passage nine 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.A
Passage ten 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B
Passage eleven 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.B
Passage twelve 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 成人高考專升本英語歷年真題歸類匯編—分詞 分詞
重點(diǎn):現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別;分詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語是否一致。
1.______ what the situation would be like, they decided to keep silent.A.Having not known B.Knowing not C.Not know D.Not knowing
2.The program was so ______ that they were too ______ to fall asleep.A.exciting?excited B.excited?.exciting C.exciting?exciting D.excited?.excited
3.The ______ children were opening their Christmas presents.A.exciting B.excited C.excite D.excitement
1.Not too many years ago, it was an excited experience to travel 25 or 50 miles from home.2.China is a ______ country while the U.S is a ______ country.A.developed?developed B.developing?developing C.developed?developing D.developing?developed
3.Mrs.White found her husband surrounded by letters and papers and ______ very worried.A.looking B.looks C.look D.to look
4.She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things______.A.stole B.missing C.missed D.stealing
5.Just as I turned round the corner, I saw a car ______ towards me at a high speed.A.to come B.come C.coming D.came
6.All those ______ to go to the football match please raise your hands.A.wish B.wished C.will wish D.wishing
10.No one else ______ willing to go, he offered to take the message.A.was B.had been C.were D.being
11.______ the teacher’s suggestion, Tom finally found a way to settle the problem.A.Following B.To follow C.Follow D.He followed
12.______ crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.A.By B.During C.At D.While
13.There was a terrible cry ______ the fall of the pole.A.followed B.to follow C.following D.that follows
14.Most of the artists being invited to the party were from South Africa.15.Some of the guests ______ to the party were from other cities.A.to invite B.invited C.being invited D.had been invited
16.The telephone was invented in 1876 by a man ______ Alexander Graham Bell.A.named B.naming C.that names D.who named
17.Water ______ into vapor by the sun falls as rain.A.turns B.turning C.is turned D.turned
18.The children ______ in red sang songs together.A.dressed B.dressing C.worn D.wearing
19.The musician, ______ for his splendid speech, was warmly received by the students.A.knowing B.known C.having known D.being known
20.The cinema ______ last month, is very popular especially among the young people in the town.A.opens B.opened C.to open D.having opened
21.-Do you know anything about the meeting ______ in Italy?
-Yes, and as a matter of fact I attended it.A.to be held B.held C.being held D.to hold
22.There are about 70 people ______ in the accident.A.were killed B.who killed C.killing D.killed
23.It’s such a big room.If you don’t speak loud enough, you’ll never make yourself ______.A.hear B.hearing C.to hear D.heard
24.In earliest times, people had eaten their food______.A.uncooked B.being uncooked C.uncooking D.to be uncooked
25.The hunters had the fire ______ at the night in the woods.A.burnt B.burning C.to burn D.burned
26.John went to town yesterday and had his bike ______ there.A.repair B.to repair C.repairing D.repaired
27.My wife is planning to have the furniture ______ light gray.A.paint B.painting C.to paint D.painted
28.The dress doesn’t fit, I’ll have to have it ______.A.sold B.charged C.changed D.adopted
29.Mr.Smith had the report ______ as soon as he finished ______ it.A.to be typed?to write B.typed?to write C.being typed?writing D.typed?writing
30.______ white, the kitchen looks much better than before.A.Paints B.Painted C.Paining D.To paint
31.He kept us ______ with ______ stories about his Arctic adventures.A.entertained/ exciting B.entertaining/ excited
C.entertained/ excited D.entertaining/ exciting
32.______ their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport,A.Packed B.After packed C.Packing D.Having packed
33.______ a wrong address, he could not find his friend’s flat.A.Giving B.To be given C.Having given D.Having been given
34.______ his party to power for the fourth time, he becomes famous among Western leaders..A.Lead B.Leading C.Have led D.Having led
35.______ for several times, Bill made up his mind not to watch late night movies any more.A.To be scolded B.To have been scolded C.Being scolded D.Having been scolded
36.The recorder ______ out of order, the students did not know what to do.A.were B.has been C.was being D.being
37.After seeing the movie, ______.A.the book was read by him B.the book made him want to read it
C.he wanted to read the book D.the reading of the book interested him
38.All the afternoon he worked in his study with the door______.A.to lock B.locking C.locked D.lock
Ⅹ、虛擬語氣
重點(diǎn):虛擬語氣的基本用法及其常見形式,如含if 條件句的句子,as if 從句;it is necessary/ important that 從句;suggest(建議)等詞后面的賓語從句;it is suggested that 從句;suggestion等詞后面的同位語從句,表語從句;wish 后面的賓語從句等。
1.His doctor suggested that he ______ his right hand.A.avoid to use B.avoid using C.has avoided using D.avoids to use
2.Jim suggested that they ______ their supper.A.had B.would have C.should have D.should have eaten
3.I suggest that he will be sent to hospital as soon as possible.4.I suggest that(他再把這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)做一遍)[he should do the experiment again]
5.It’s suggested that ______ a while before we make a decision.A.she waited B.she wait C.she waits D.she will wait
6.The manager insisted that the chief engineer ______ testing the new model immediately.A.start B.starts C.started D.will start
7.The doctor insists that ______(我父親戒煙).[my father(should)give up smoking ]
8.The company recommended that a new railway station ______ here.A.build B.built C.should build D.be built
9.他命令銷毀這些文件 [He ordered that papers should be destroyed.]
10.Something about his manner suggested that he ______ not interested in what we were doing.A.was B.were C.be D.is
11.It is necessary that he ______ there on time.A.is B.be C.will D.has been
12.Mary wishes that she ______ law instead of history when she was in college.A.study B.studied C.has studied D.had studied
13.I wish I ______ busy yesterday;I could have helped you with the problem
A.was not B.were not C.have not been D.had not been
14.It’s high time ______ about the traffic problem.A.something was done B.everything is done C.anything will be done D.nothing to done
15.In spite of the noise, he went on working ______ nothing were happening.A.as if B.because C.although D.where
16.他的行為好像小孩子一樣 [He behaves as if he were a child.]
17.If I had known all this before, I would not speak to him that way.18.如果你早一點(diǎn)告訴我,我就不會(huì)錯(cuò)過這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)了。
[If you had told me a bit earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the chance.]
19.If you had followed the doctor’s advice,(你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)再床上躺著了)
[you wouldn’t lie in bed now]
20.如果我昨天來的話,我會(huì)跟你們一起去野餐的。
[I had come yesterday , I would have gone for the picnic with you.]
21.If her grandfather would have three more days, he would have been 100 years old.虛擬語氣強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
1.If Peter had enough money, he ______ on the trip to Los Angeles.A.had gone B.would go C.went D.would have gone
2.He did his homework carefully for fear that he ______.A.made a mistake B.makes a mistake C.would make a mistake D.make a mistake
3.I would have asked him to attend our gathering, but I ______his address.A.didn’t know B.hadn’t know C.don’t know D.wouldn’t know
4.The stubborn young man did not follow the advice that he ______ on his behavior since he didn’t believe that he had done anything wrong.A.reflect B.had reflected C.would reflect D.must reflect
5.I ______ the airport to make a flight reservation, but in fact I didn’t.A.should have called B.called C.could call D.would call
6.I would have told him the answer, but I ______ so busy at that moment.A.had been B.was C.were D.would be
7.If only we ______ a phone!I’m fed up with lining up outside the public phone box.A.have B.had C.will have D.are to have
8.Mr.Smith received the order that he ______ the documents to the new product meeting for further discussion.A.bring B.brings C.will bring D.has brought
9.I wish ______.A.I know how to program the new computer B.I will know to program the new computer
C.I knew how to program the new computer D.I do know how to program the new computer
10.He believes he has been cheated.He ______it.A.should not have believed B.should not believe C.did not believe D.can’t but believe
11.But for the reform, we ______ such great achievements.A.shall not make B.could not have made C.should not make D.can not have made
12.I need a helping hand, but I would sooner you ______.A.come B.coming C.will go with me D.didn’t join me
13.If the government had built more homes for the poor several years ago, the housing problems now ______ so serious in many parts of the country.A.wouldn’t be B.won’t be C.will not have been D.would not have been
14.Tom might have come to school in time for the lecture ______.A.if he got up earlier B.unless he had got up earlier
C.but he got up rather late D.but he had gotten up late
15.They took the injured straight to the hospital.Otherwise some of them ______.A.might have died B.might die C.would die D.could die
16.It is a perfect fit, sir.I ______ to you otherwise.A.wouldn’t show it B.wouldn’t have shown it
C.wouldn’t take it D.wouldn’t have taken it
17.Jeff looked as if he _______ a ghost.A.saw B.has seen C.had seen D.would see
18.I would have gone to the concert, if I ______ time.A.had had B.have had C.had D.would have had
19.______ I known it, I would have told you.A.Have B.If C.Had D.Having
20.The headmaster required that all the teachers ______ at the meeting.A.present B.must be present C.be present D.would be present
21.The mother rejected my suggestion that she ______ her daughter the next week.A.met B.meets C.would meet D.meet
22.It is necessary that anyone ______ exercises every day if he wishes to keep healthy.A.do B.would do C.did D.will do
23.It is high time that we ______ all ready for this afternoon meeting, ______it would be late.A.must get, or B.got, or C.should get, and D.get, and
24.In spite of the noise, he went on working ______ nothing were happening.A.as if B.because C.although D.where
25.______ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A.In case of B.In spite of C.As of D.But for
分詞答案
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B: exciting 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.B: invited 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.B 21.B 22.D 23.D 24.A
25.B 26.D 27.D 28.C 29.D 30.B 31.A 32.D 33.D 34.D 35.D 36.D 37.C 38.C
X.虛擬語氣
1.B 2.C 3.B: should be 5.B 6.A 8.D 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A 17.C: would not have spoken 21.A: had lived
虛擬強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練:
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.A
14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C 21.D 22.A 23.B 24.A
25.D Ⅷ.動(dòng)詞 重點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞的主要時(shí)態(tài);被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其基本用法;
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法(尤其是后接現(xiàn)在完成式);used to與be/get used to
時(shí)態(tài)
1.The teacher said that the earth ?______ around the sun.A.run B.ran C.runs D.was running
2.Tom laid on the floor, reading a book.3.If you bring your shirt to me, I ______ it for you.A.will mend B.am mending C.have mended D.will have mended
4.-Did you go to Beijing last year?-No, ______.A.I have never gone B.I haven’t gone to Beijing
C.I did never go there D.I’ve never been to Beijing
5.Mr.Smith ______ here for two weeks.A.has already come B.is already being C.has already been D.has already being
6.We used to go skating in Michigan every winter, but ______ for the past five seasons.A.I don’t go B.I haven’t C.I’m not going D.I didn’t go
7.______ lately? I have not seen you for quite some time.A.Where were you gone B.Where did you go C.Where were you going D.Where have you been
8.We ______ a walk when it started to rain.A.take B.took C.are taking D.were taking
9.Although he promised to change.I’m still wondering when he ______ able to put his heart into his studies.A.was B.will be C.be D.were
10.The lady said that she’s been living in that city for years.11.By the time we got to the cinema the film ______for half an hour.A.has begun B.had begun C.has been on D.had been on
12.He has already gone home.But before he left, he ______ all the mistakes in his translation.A.had corrected B.has corrected C.corrected D.would correct
13.By the end of last year we ______ more than 2000 teachers of English all over the province.A.trained B.would have trained C.had trained D.have trained
14.昨天下午三班贏了那場(chǎng)足球賽。[Class 3 won the football match yesterday afternoon]
15.While I was skiing, I ______ and broke my wrist.A.fell B.felt C.feel D.fallen
被動(dòng)語態(tài)
1.You don’t have to pay for your flights: they’re ______ in the price of your holiday.A.concluded B.held C.settled D.included
2.The doctor ______ my forehead and said, “ Your forehead ______ hot.”
A.felt, feels B.felt, was felt C.feels, felt D.feels, is felt
3.去年沿著這條河種植了二百多棵果樹。
[More than two hundred fruit trees were planted along the river last year.]
4.Last week a rare stamp ______ at a price of 6,000 dollars.A.sold B.was sold C.had set up D.had been set up
5.The United Nations, which ______ in 1945, is playing a more and more important part in international affairs.A.was set up B.set up C.had set up D.had been set up
6.Her feeling was seriously ______ by her husband.A.hurt B.hit C.wounded D.destroyed
7.In modern times, great female chefs have become known, and some of the best cook books ______ by women.A.have written B.have been written C.were written D.are written
8.All that can be done ______.A.have been done B.have done C.has been done D.has done
9.People who won’t work should be made______.A.to work B.work C.has been done D.to be working
10.My teacher was made ______ his teaching because of poor health.A.giving up B.to give up C.given up D.give up
11.When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.A.put off B.put up C.put out D.put away
12.He thought nobody was around, but he was in fact seen ______ into the office building.A.to steal B.steal C.stile D.stolen
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1.I can hear the Browns’ phone bell ring but no one is answering it;they ______ be at home.A.can’t B.mayn’t C.probably not D.shouldn’t
2.Professor Wang ______ be in New York because I met him in town just now.A.can’t B.might not C.may not D.may
3.-Listen, Mary is singing in the next room.-That ______ be Mary.She’s in hospital.A.may not B.shouldn’t C.wouldn’t D can’t
4.She earns a good salary, so she ______ be deep in debt.A.can’t B.must C.needn’t D.should
5.It is going to rain you ______ take your umbrella with you.A.had better to B.would rather to C.would rather D.had better
6.You had better ______ the teacher about this.A.ask B.to ask C.asked D.asking
7.You had better ______ where you are.A.remaining B.to remain C.remain D.remained
8.你最好馬上去看醫(yī)生。[You had better go to see the doctor immediately]
9.I would rather ______ with you.A.not to go B.to not go C.to go D.not go
10.They will get well soon.You ______ worry.A.can’t B.couldn’t C.mustn’t D.needn’t
11.-Shall I tell Ann the test result?-No, you ______.She’s already got some report.A.wouldn’t B.needn’t C.mustn’t D.shouldn’t
12.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.A.mustn’t have B.haven’t got C.don’t need D.needn’t
13.This is one of the most difficult questions that do not need to answer.14.The garden requires ______.A.watering B.being watered C.to water D.having watered
15.-Why isn’t John in class?-He ______ be sick.Or he’d have been here already.A.should B.may C.must D.would
16.The streets are all wet.It ______ during the night.A.must be raining B.must have rain C.must have rained D.had to rain
17.She ______ on her way to school, I just phoned her home and no one answered me.A.should be B.must have been C.must have rained D.had to rain
18.The house is dark and quiet, so the Browns ______ have gone to bed.A.must B.should C.ought to D.would
19.Mr.Zhang isn’t here yet, I think he ______ about the meeting.A.should have forgotten B.ought to forget C.must have forgotten D.may forget
20.I can’t find Tom anywhere I think he must go to the library.21.______(你不該對(duì)孩子如此嚴(yán)格),He’s old enough to make his own choices.[You shouldn’t be so strict with the child]
22.I don’t know who is going to get the contract.We ______ get it but nothing is sure.A.must B.can’t C.might D.needn’t
23.They started off at about 5 o’clock in the morning.They should ______ there by now.A.arrive B.have been arriving C.have arrived D.be arriving
24.我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)責(zé)備她,她已經(jīng)盡了最大的努力。[We shouldn’t have blamed her, for she has tried her best.]
25.-you realize that you were driving at 100 miles per hour, don’t you?
-No, officer.I ______ have been, this car can’t do more than 70.A.needn’t B.shouldn’t C.couldn’t D.might not
26.-I saw Mary in the library yesterday.-You ______ her, she is still in hospital.A.mustn’t have seen B.could not see C.can’t have seen D.must not see
27.New ideas sometimes have wait for years before they are fully accepted.28.A friend ______ said to me the other day: “I don’t mind eating these foods, but why ______ to taste so awful?”
A.of my?they have B.of me?they are C.for me?are they D.of mine?do they have
29.“Do you have to leave?” “Sorry, but I really ______.”
A.have B.had to C.do so D.must
30.I want to go to see the doctor, but you ______ with me.A.need not go B.need not to go C.do not need go D.need go not
used to be/get used to
used to 表示“過去常?!?,后接不定式,get/be used to 表示“習(xí)慣于?”,后接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞。
1.She ______ eat so many sweet things.A.used to not B.never used C.didn’t use to D.didn’t use
2.I ______ to be quite afraid to live in that city, but now I have ______ to the life there.A.was used?got used B.used?used C.got used ?been used D.used?got used
3.My sister is used to ______ with all the window’s open.A.sleep B.sleeping C.have slept D.the sleeping
4.Mr.Brown often wore a heavy coat because he was not used to live in such a cold climate.5.In this park, sparrows often fly down from trees to eat from visitors’ hands.They are used to ____ in this way.A.be fed B.feed C.having fed D.being fed
Ⅸ、非謂語動(dòng)詞
動(dòng)詞不定式
重點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式,動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,尤其是在部分?dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)省略to,作定語、狀語時(shí)若與相關(guān)名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,不及物動(dòng)詞后的介詞不能省略。
1.Mother told Mary ______ late for school.A.not to B.not be C.not to be D.did not be
2.Pessimists warn us not ______ for pretty colors, since the car will come in gray.A.ask B.asking C.to ask D.to be asked
3.They asked him don’t give that new information to anyone else but the headmaster.4.Mrs.Black warned her son ______ after drinking.A.never to drive B.never drive C.to never drive D.never driving
5.-Where do you suggest going?-We promised ______ the children to the West Lake.A.taking B.to take C.taken D.took
6.A lot of people find modern art very hard ______.A.understood B.understanding C.to understand D.being understood
7.They found the lecture hard ______.A.to be understood B.to understand C.for understanding D.to have been understood
8.Would you like one ______ the radio a bit?
A.turning down B.to turn down C.turn down D.turned down
9.In order to get to Peter’s house easily, I had his secretary ______ a map for me.A.to draw B.draw C.drawn D.drawing
10.Mrs.Wang made me ______ the work again.A.do B.to do C.doing D.raised
11.The workers asked Mr.Smith to let John to go.12.When his name was mentioned, I saw him ______ from his seat.A.rise B.rose C.raise D.raised
13.The salesman persuaded us ______ his product.A.buying B.to buy C.buy D.having bought
14.Reaching the top of the hill, they stopped having a rest.15.The city government must take action ______ the increasing populating.A.to control B.controlling C.controls D.controlled
16.Many people do not understand how much water the human body needs ______ work properly.A.at B.for C.in D.to
17.He asked me if the room was big enough for us three to live.18.The tourists haven’t decided which hotel______.A.to stay B.to stay at C.is to stay D.to be staying
19.They held a conference to decide ______ to meet the emergency.A.how B.what C.that D.which
20.For centuries, people from all over the world have claimed ______ strange sights: lights in the sky, flying objects and even creatures from other planets.A.to have seen B.having seen C.to see D.seeing
21.Wet umbrellas are not allowed ______ into this hotel.A.to be taken B.to take C.taken D.taking
22.We expect more books and magazines ______(為兒童出版)[to be published for children.]
23.箱子太重了那孩子搬不動(dòng)。[The box is too heavy for the child to carry ]
24.It’s very kind ______ invite me to your birthday party.A.from you to B.of you to C.by you to D.that you
25.對(duì)不起,讓你們等了這么久。[I’m sorry to have kept you waiting too long.]
動(dòng)名詞
重點(diǎn):動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語,完成式,被動(dòng)式:動(dòng)名詞作介詞,動(dòng)詞的賓語,尤其是有些動(dòng)詞后只能連接動(dòng)名詞,有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞又可接動(dòng)詞不定式,但表達(dá)的含義不同。
1.It’s no use ______ your chickens before they are hatched.A.count B.to count C.counting D.of counting
2.We are looking forward to ______ a trip to your country.A.take B.taking C.be taking D.having taken
3.She is looking forward as much to his return as he himself to ______ her.A.have seen B.see C.seeing D.having taken
4.She made her living ______(靠給華盛頓幾家報(bào)紙寫稿)
[by writing articles for several newspapers in Washington]
5.I know nothing about ______ in the army.A.she working B.for her to work C.her having worked D.her having been worked
6.I apologize for ______ my promise.A.not having kept B.being kept C.not to have kept D.having not kept
7.He had no difficulty ______ the problem.A.to work out B.to have worked out C.working out D.having worked out
8.He wondered if he could slip out of the lecture hall without anyone ______.A.noticing B.noticed C.to notice D.being noticed
9.I thought it was worth ______ a hundred miles to see the basketball game.A.of driving B.driving C.drive D.being driven
10.I’ll never forget ______ you for the first time.A.meeting B.driving C.drive D.being driven
11.I remember ______ her at a party last weekend.A.to meet B.meeting C.having met D.to have met
12.I remember ______ to help us when we got into trouble.A.him to offer B.him offering C.he to offer D.his offer
13.Remember to go to the post office and don’t forget taking the parcel with you.14.You must remember bringing back the umbrella tomorrow.15.The house needs ______, but they plan to wait until next spring to do it.A.paint B.to paint C.painting D.be painted
16.Please stop ______.Let’s listen to the radio.A.arguing B.to argue C.be arguing D.argue
17.I always regret not ______ harder when I was young.A.studying B.having studied C.to study D.to have studied
18.As ______(計(jì)算機(jī)價(jià)格的不斷下降),more and more families can afford it.[the price of the computer keeps falling / going down]
19.Tired of the cold weather in New England, Mr.And Mrs.Smith are considering ____ to the south.A.to move B.moving C.move D.to be moving
20.The child avoided to be punished by running away quickly.21.Please come the downstairs for breakfast after you have finished washing.22.I don’t mind work too hard all the week, but I refuse to work on Sundays.23.When I read the novel I can’t help to think of Mary.24.When the little girl got back her answer sheet, she could not help ______.A.from crying B.to cry C.herself from crying D.crying
25.I object ______ in front of me.A.to him smoking cigarettes B.for him smoking cigarettes
C.to smoking cigarettes for him D.for him to smoke cigarettes
VIII.動(dòng)詞
時(shí)態(tài)
1.C 2.A: lay 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.B 10.B: she had been living 11.D 12.A 13.C 15.A
被動(dòng)語態(tài)1.D 2.A 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.A
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.C 9.D 10.D 11.B 12.C 13.D: answering 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D: must have gone 22.C 23.C 25.C 26.C 27.B: have to wait 28.D 29.D 30.A
Used to be/get used to
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.C: to living 5.D
IX.非謂語動(dòng)詞
動(dòng)詞不定式
1.C 2.C 3.A: not to give 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.D: go 12.A 13.B 14.C: to have 15.A 16.D 17.D: to live in 18.B 19.A 20.A 21.A 24.B
動(dòng)名詞
1.C 2.B 3.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C: to take 14.B: to bring 15.D 16.A 17.A 19.B 20.A: being 21.B: the去掉 22.A: working 23.D: thinking 24.D 25.A Ⅶ 連詞
重點(diǎn):常見并列連詞的用法(如:and , but , or , so , for);從屬連詞的用法。
1.John wanted to play basketball, and it was raining and he stayed at home.2.Not many people realize this, ______it is quite true.A.but B.however C.so D.that
3.-Can I help you?
-Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you, ______thank you all the same.A.and B.so C.or D.but
4.Mary has lived in China for five years.(所以她習(xí)慣于這里的生活)。[so she has got used to the life here]
5.I don’t know her address, ______I can’t write to her.A.but B.or C.so D.since
6.The human body can go without food for a long time, but two______ three days without water usually result in death.A.and B.but C.for D.or
7.She hardly ever goes to ______ the theatre.A.neither the cinema or B.neither the cinema nor
C.either the cinema nor D.either the cinema or
8.Try your best ______ you’ll certainly succeed this time.A.so B.and C.or D.for
9.She remained silent, ______ her heart was heavy and her spirit low.A.so B.though C.for D.therefore
10.He talked at the top of his voice, ______ he drew nobody’s attention.A.yet B.instead C.so D.though
11.Watch your step, ______you might fall into the water.A.or B.and C.unless D.but
12.He came to the party, ______ he hadn’t been invited.(2003)
A.in case B.in spite of C.even D.although
VII.連詞
1.B: but 2.A 3.D 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.A VI.介詞
重點(diǎn):常見介詞、介詞短語的詞義及用法;介詞與某些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞的固定搭配。
1.It snowed here since more than a week last year.2.We can obtain knowledge from other sources ______ books.A.beside B.besides C.apart D.in addition
3.______fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.A.Except for B.But for C.Beside D.Besides
4.Mary answered all the questions ______ the last one.A.unless B.except C.besides D.beside
5.I have finished typing all ______ the last page.A.until B.but C.to D.for
6.May I stay with you ______ going back to my parents’ home tonight?
A.because of B.so as to C.in spite of D.instead of
7.Despite of the heavy snow last night none of the classes have been cancelled at the university.8.Father usually comes back from his work______.A.at noon B.in noon C.on noon D.in the noon
9.We are looking ______ to hearing from you soon.A.at B.forward C.for D.up
10.I am looking forward ______ Mike next week.A.to see B.to seeing C.seeing D.see
11.The students laughed ______ the silly answers they had put on their tests.A.at B.from C.to D.over
12.The bell rang and I hurriedly rushed into the classroom, knocking ______ our maths teacher.A.at B.into C.off D.out
13.They differ ______ each other in many ways.A.to B.with C.on D.from
14.The movie we saw last night was very different ______ the novel.A.of B.to C.from D.as
15.Someone was speaking there;the voice was familiar ______ us.A.by B to C.for D.with
16.Controlling a class of school pupils calls ______ all your skills as a teacher.A.up B.off C.for D.on
17.When the taxi came I put out my hand, but it just went ______ me without stopping.A.off B.over C.through D.past
18.I began to work here ______1978.A.in B.at C.on D.since
19.______(在一個(gè)寒冷的冬日), George jumped into the lake and saved a little girl.[On a cold winter day]
20.It’s nice to go for a walk ______ a summer evening.A.on B.at C.in D.during
21.Most Chinese like to drink tea.But some prefer coffee ______ tea.A.to B.for C.with D.against
22.I prefer writing a term paper ______ taking an examination.A.than B.to C.for D.rather than
23.The picture reminds me ______ the time we spent together in New York.A.of B.in C.for D.to
24.I objected ______ the meeting without him.A.to have B.to having C.having D.have
25.They arrived home very wet, as they had walked all the way ______ the rain.A.in B.below C.under D.into
26.Last Sunday and ______ my great surprise I met Bullen in town.A.to B.for C.as D.at
27.I often go to school on bike, but I went to school on foot this morning.28.I met her ______ my way______.A.in?home B.on?home C.in?to home D.to?to home
29.From here, we can see the bridge ______ construction.A.below B.by C.under D.with
30.Electricity is ______ great use in industry and everyday life.A.be B.of C.in D.with
[“of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于形容詞,作表語]
31.Would you like a piece of cake ______ your coffee?
A.with B.to C.for D.in
32.George always arrives at the office in time, but because the heavy rain ,he was one hour late this morning.33.They came from a village a little way ______ the main road.A.on B.off C.at D.in
34.誰應(yīng)對(duì)這起車禍負(fù)責(zé)? [Who was responsible for the car accident?]
35.任何事情都不能阻止我們履行職責(zé)。[Nothing can prevent us from doing our duties.]
36.His ears are highly sensitive ______ any unusual sound in the machine.
第三篇:成考專升本《英語》歷年真題及答案歸類匯總
成考專升本英語歷年真題歸類匯總
Ⅰ.名詞
重點(diǎn):區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞;名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式;名詞做主語時(shí),主謂關(guān)系的一致性.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞
1.The nurse added some sugars to the medicine to make it easy for the child to take.2.The sitting room would be much improved if you placed a furniture in the corner.3.Let me give you ______.A.some advice B.some advice C.an advice D.such an advice
4.Usually there is ______ traffic in the streets on weekdays than on Sundays.A.little B.less C.few D.fewer
5.Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many homeworks.6.I am afraid that there isn't ___ left for you two in my car.There are already five people in it.A.many rooms B.any rooms C.any room D.many rooms
7.Half the forest was cut down to make a room for the new road.8.“I like your furniture very much.” “Thank you.We bought ______ in Beijing.”
A.the most of them B.most of them C.the most of it D.most of it
9.Jump in the car.There's enough ______ for you.A.place B.seat C.room D.space
10.During the storm we took ______ in the doorway of a shop.A.help B.comfort C.guard D.shelter
11.It wasn't an accident.He did it on ______.A.reason B.determination C.purpose D.intention
12.You'll have to pay for the holiday in ______, Tom.(2001)
A.front B.advance C.ahead D.forward
13.When he applied for a ______ in the office of the local newspaper, he was told to see the manager.A.position B.profession C.career D.location(2001)
14.There were a lot of ______ waiting outside the theater to see the famous pop singer.(2001)
A.crowds B.assistants C.fans D.attendants
15.The tailor made him a new ______.(2002)
A.cloth B.wear C.dress D.suit
16.Your brother is very tall.What is his exact ______?(2000)
A.height B.length C.size D.breadth
17.I wanted to go there by plane but I hadn't enough money to pay for the ______.(1998)
A.journey B.distance C.road D.way
18.During the Ice Age, man developed the use of tools, and this is a way of protecting himself against ______.A.shortcomings B.hazards C.faults D.conflicts(2004)
19.There is no easy ______ to the problem.(2003)
A.result B.consequence C.solution D.reason
20.Living in the countryside has many ______, such as beautiful scene, fresh air, and so on.A.advantages B.interest C.profit D.benefit 名詞復(fù)數(shù)
1.It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big pair of foot.2.Many peoples can do one kind of work, but a few people can do many kinds of work.3.Now, many people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs.for example, before the name of ______in business letters.A.woman manager B.women manager C.woman managers D.women managers
4.It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big ______ of feet.A.pair B.size C.couple D.number
5.The children cooked some by burning ______ and branches.A.potatos?leaves B.potatoes?leafs C.potatos?leafs D.potatoes?leaves
6.She has to clean all the ______ in all the ______ in two hours.A.furniture?bedroom B.furnitures?bedrooms C.furniture?bedrooms D.furnitures?bedsrooms
名詞做主語時(shí),主謂關(guān)系的一致性
1.The bread and butter are very delicious.2.Two thirds of the area are covered by water.3.The number of the people applying for the job ______ increasing.A.are B.is C.are being D.is being
4.The number of students who failed the chemistry examination ______to fifteen.A.have increased B.has increased C.is increased D.are increasing
5.Neither John nor his father were able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.6.Reading English newspapers ______ a good way of ______ your English.A.is? improve B.are?improving C.is?improving D.are?improve
7.Three times seven ______ twenty-one.A.have B.are C.has D.is
8.Ten days ______ long enough for Mr.Carter to finish his design.He doesn't need any more.A.is B.has been C.was D.had been
9.Twenty miles ______a long way to cover.A.have been B.is C.are D.were
10.Many a student ______ that mistake before.A.had made B.has been made C.have made D.has made
11.______ road out of town is good, but this one is better than the other.A.Both B.All C.None D.Neither
12.Now that the stress of examinations are over, we can all relax a while.13.Tom, together with his family, ______ to see us tonight.A.is coming B.are coming C.comes D.come
名詞所有格
1.I'm going away for a ______.A.holiday of a week B.week holiday C.holiday week D.week's holiday
2.I came across a ______ on the street yesterday morning.A.friend of my father's B.friend of my father
C.my father's friend D.father's friend
3.He read in ______ paper that ______ industry is developing at a high speed.A.today?China's B.today's?China C.today's?China's D.today?China
答案
I.名詞
可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞
1.B: sugar 2.C: a piece of furniture 3.A 4.B 5.much homework 6.C 7.make room for 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.A
名詞復(fù)數(shù)1.D: feet 2.A: people 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.C
主謂一致
1.D: is 2.C: is covered 3.B 4.B 5.B: was 6.C 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.D 11.D 12.B: is over 13.A
名詞所有格
1.D 2.A 3.C 成考專升本英語歷年真題及答案歸類匯總
Ⅲ.代詞
重點(diǎn):區(qū)分人稱代詞的主格與賓格;區(qū)分名詞型與形容詞型的物主代詞,反身代詞;不定代詞;it的用法.1.Mary has just called and asked ______ to have lunch with her tomorrow.A.you and I B.you and me C.I and you D.me and you
2.Last Sunday ______ had a picnic in Beihai Park.A.John, Mary and me B.John, I and Mary C.John, Mary and I D.I, John and Mary
3.Let's clean their room first and ______ later.A.ours B.us C.we D.I
4.You have a good suggestion, I should say.But it's not as practical as ______.A.my B.mine C.me D.I
5.My car is not so fashionable as ______.A.he's B.he C.his D.his'
6.A chemist prepares his experiments carefully before trying to carry ______ in his lab.any D.either
10.Study things that are like each other in ______ way.A.no B.same C.the D.some
11.She always buys ______ my birthday.A.anything nice to B.anything nice for C.something nice to D.something nice for
12.“Are my books on the table?” “No, there aren't something on it.13.You have to hurry up if you want to buy eggs because there's hardly something left.14.Has anyone seen my dictionary ______?
A.everywhere B.something C.nowhere D.anywhere
15.They didn't give us ______ help.A.a lot of B.much C.many D.plenty of
16.He felt bad because he had drunk too many the night before.17.This book is very difficult, but ______ people understand it.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little
18.Usually there is ______ traffic in the streets on weekdays than on Sundays
A.little B.less C.few D.fewer
19.-I'd like some more bananas.--I'm sorry, there's ______ left.A.no B.some C.few D.none
20.______ of them knew about the plan because it was secret.A.Some B.Any C.No one D.None
21.Nowadays ______ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls.That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim.A.everyone B.anybody C.somebody D.no one
22.Young babies can use ______ hand equally well.A.either B.each C.both D.every
23.______ of his parents is short-sighted, but he is.A.None B.Either C.Neither D.Both
24.I asked two people to help me start my car.But ______ of them knew what to do.A.either B.none C.both D.neither
25.______ road out of town is good, but this one is better than the other.A.Both B.All C.None D.Neither
26.-Which of these two ties will you take?
--I'll take ______ to give me a change sometimes.A.either B.both C.neither D.all
27.There are two windows in this bedroom.______ of them face south, overlooking a beautiful park.A.Both B.One C.The D.Either
28.The World Trade Center is higher than ______ I have ever seen during my visit.A.any building B.any other building C.all the building D.all of buildings
29.Some people hope to be more successful while ______ simply want to feel more comfortable
A.the others B.others C.the other D.another
30.Some people go on diets.people exercise with special equipment, take medicine, or even have surgery.A.Others B.Other C.All D.Those
31.It was terrible.One passenger was killed, and ______ was badly hurt.A.the others B.rest C.the other D.the rest
32.She promised her parents to write ______ while she was away.A.other day B.other days C.every other day D.any other day
33.After seeing the film, I felt ______ my friend.A.same as B.the same as C.same with D.the same for
34.In the world no country has exactly the same folk music ______ that of any other countries.A.with B.as C.to D.like
35.______ those books do you want?
A.What are B.Which of C.Which are D.What
It的用法
作代詞
1.It is often easier to select a particular tool than to use them correctly.2.-The phone is ringing.-Who could ______ be? It is already midnight.A.he B.it C.this D.there
作形式主語
1.學(xué)好一門語言是不容易的.[I t is not easy to master a language / to learn a language well.]
2.去火車站步行需要半小時(shí).[It takes half an hour to walk to the railway station.]
3.(我用了一周的時(shí)間)to finish reading the novel.[It took me a week]
4.______ took us several hours to clear the snows and open the road to traffic.A.They B.All C.He D.It
5.It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big pair of feet.6.It's really hard for us to ______ all poisonous gases.A.get rid to B.get rid of C.get the rid D.give rid of
7.It hasn't been decided yet ______ we are going to build physics lab.A.that B.which C.what D.whether
8.______ doesn't matter what you do at this point.A.That B.This C.It D.What
作形式賓語
1.We all regard ______ our duty to help who are too poor to go to school.A.this B.it C.that D.which
2.Modem technology has made ______ possible for the whole world to be close than ever before.A.this B.that C.it D.it's
3.He made it plain ______ he was annoyed with me.A.that B.what C.which D.whether
4.People have proved them to be true that the heat we get from coal and oil comes from the sun.5.I don't think that possible to master a foreign language without much memory.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
1.It ______ John and Kate who helped me the other day.A.is B.was C.are D.were
2.It was her who suggested that he go to New York in order to get a direct flight.3.It was the United States that they came to know each other and got married.4.It was at the music hall ______ we met each other for the first time.A.when B.where C.which D.that
5.It was last night when I saw your brother at the cinema.6.It was in 1989 ______ I met John.A.when B.that C.which D.at that time
7.It was between 1920 and 1930 ______ television was invented in America.A.which B.that C.then D.when
8.It was not until 1936 ______ basketball became a part of the Olympic Games.A.which B.than C.that D.then
9.It was until he got a map that he started on his way.10.It is during his spare time ______ John has been studying a course in French.A.when B.that C.which D.what
固定句型
1.It has been less than three months before she joined the army.[句型”it is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since從句“表示”某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生多久了“.]
2.To my surprise, ______ turned out that John failed in his examination.A.it B.as C.what D.he
[it turns out that ??.表示”竟然"]
III.代詞答案
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B: herself 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.C: isn't anything 13.C: anything 14.D 15.B 16.C: much 17.A 18.B 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.A 13.C 24.D 25.D 26.B 27.A 28.B 29.B 30.B 31.C 32.C 33.B 34.B 35.B
It 的用法
作代詞 1.D: it 2.B
作形式主語 4.D 6.B 7.D 8.C
作形式賓語 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A: it 5.A: it
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 1.B 2.A: she 3.A: in the United Stated 4.D 5.B: that 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A: not until 10.B
固定句型 1.C: since 2.A 成考專升本英語歷年真題及答案歸類匯總
Ⅱ.冠詞
重點(diǎn):定冠詞、不定冠詞的用法,不加冠詞的基本規(guī)則.1.What's ______ matter ______ David today?
A.a;with B.a;to C.the;with D.the;to
2.______ number of cars is increasing.A.a B.A C.the D.The
3.Please come the downstairs for breakfast after you have finished washing.4.They left for work immediately after the breakfast.5.Without any news from Tom for long time his father flew 10,000 miles to see him.6.It was suggested that a honest man be sent there to take over the work.7.As we know, ______ most dangerous enemies are those who pretend to be ______ friends.A.不填;不填 B.the;the C.the;不填 D.不填;the
8.We walked ______ whole day that day;however, by 5:30 we had only covered ______ quarter of the distance.A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D.a;a
9.______ film includes some recently discovered newsreels of ______ World War Ⅱ.A.The;the B.A;the C.The;不填 D.A;不填
10.Can you play ______?
A.piano B.pianos C.a piano D.the piano
11.Have you ever seen ______ as tall as this one?
A.a tree B.the tree C.an tree D.such tree
12.May I have ______ look at ______ dictionary you bought at the bookstore?
A.;the B.a;the C.a;D.the;a
II.答案
1.C 2.D 3.A: / 4.D: / 5.C: a long time 6.B: an 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.A 12.B 成考專升本英語歷年真題歸類匯總
數(shù)詞
重點(diǎn):基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞的用法;分?jǐn)?shù)構(gòu)成.1.I got to the theatre just before the end of ______.A.the act two B.act two C.act second D.the act second
2.The United States of America has a population of over ______.A.two hundred million B.two hundred millions
C.two hundreds million D.two hundred millions people
3.It is reported that ______ people have entered for the competition.A.hundreds B.hundred C.hundreds of D.several hundreds
4.It is reported that ______ people in this area were saved in the flood.A.hundreds of B.hundred C.some hundreds D.hundred of
5.Mary is a ______ girl.A.seven years old B.seven-years-old C.seven-year-old D.seven-year old
6.The homework for the next period is to wrihe got the chance to go abroad to study.A.forty B.forty's C.forty's years old D.forties
11.The world population will pass six billion by the end of twenty century.12.About ______ of the energy is absorbed by the atmosphere of the earth.A.nine-ten B.nine-tenth C.nine-tenths D.ninth-ten
13.Three times seven is twenty-one.14.David helps his mother with her housework every Saturday for about ______.A.one and half hours B.a half and an hour C.an hour and half D.one and a half hours
15.We can go there on foot.It is only ______ walk.A.twenty minute B.twenty minutes C.a twenty-minute D.twenty minutes of
IV.數(shù)詞答案
1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.C: two-hundred-word 7.C 9.A 10.D 11.D: the twentieth 12.C 14.D 15.C VI.介詞
重點(diǎn):常見介詞、介詞短語的詞義及用法;介詞與某些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞的固定搭配。
1.It snowed here since more than a week last year.2.We can obtain knowledge from other sources ______ books.A.beside B.besides C.apart D.in addition
3.______fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.A.Except for B.But for C.Beside D.Besides
4.Mary answered all the questions ______ the last one.A.unless B.except C.besides D.beside
5.I have finished typing all ______ the last page.A.until B.but C.to D.for
6.May I stay with you ______ going back to my parents’ home tonight?
A.because of B.so as to C.in spite of D.instead of
7.Despite of the heavy snow last night none of the classes have been cancelled at the university.8.Father usually comes back from his work______.A.at noon B.in noon C.on noon D.in the noon
9.We are looking ______ to hearing from you soon.A.at B.forward C.for D.up
10.I am looking forward ______ Mike next week.A.to see B.to seeing C.seeing D.see
11.The students laughed ______ the silly answers they had put on their tests.A.at B.from C.to D.over
12.The bell rang and I hurriedly rushed into the classroom, knocking ______ our maths teacher.A.at B.into C.off D.out
13.They differ ______ each other in many ways.A.to B.with C.on D.from
14.The movie we saw last night was very different ______ the novel.ir tests.A.at B.from C.to D.over
12.The bell rang and I hurriedly rushed into the classroom, knocking ______ our maths teacher.A.at B.into C.off D.out
13.They differ ______ each other in many ways.A.to B.with C.on D.from
14.The movie we saw last night was very different ______ the novel.A.of B.to C.from D.as
15.Someone was speaking there;the voice was familiar ______ us.A.by B to C.for D.with
16.Controlling a class of school pupils calls ______ all your skills as a teacher.A.up B.off C.for D.on
17.When the taxi came I put out my hand, but it just went ______ me without stopping.A.off B.over C.through D.past
18.I began to work here ______1978.A.in B.at C.on D.since
19.______(在一個(gè)寒冷的冬日), George jumped into the lake and saved a little girl.[On a cold winter day]
20.It’s nice to go for a walk ______ a summer evening.A.on B.at C.in D.during 21.Most Chinese like to drink tea.But some prefer coffee ______ tea.A.to B.for C.with D.against
22.I prefer writing a term paper ______ taking an examination.A.than B.to C.for D.rather than
23.The picture reminds me ______ the time we spent together in New York.A.of B.in C.for D.to
24.I objected ______ the meeting without him.A.to have B.to having C.having D.have
25.They arrived home very wet, as they had walked all the way ______ the rain.A.in B.below C.under D.into
26.Last Sunday and ______ my great surprise I met Bullen in town.A.to B.for C.as D.at
27.I often go to school on bike, but I went to school on foot this morning.28.I met her ______ my way______.A.in?home B.on?home C.in?to home D.to?to home
29.From here, we can see the bridge ______ construction.A.below B.by C.under D.with
30.Electricity is ______ great use in industry and everyday life.A.be B.of C.in D.with
[“of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于形容詞,作表語]
31.Would you like a piece of cake ______ your coffee?
A.with B.to C.for D.in
32.George always arrives at the office in time, but because the heavy rain ,he was one hour late this morning.33.They came from a village a little way ______ the main road.A.on B.off C.at D.in
34.誰應(yīng)對(duì)這起車禍負(fù)責(zé)? [Who was responsible for the car accident?]
35.任何事情都不能阻止我們履行職責(zé)。[Nothing can prevent us from doing our duties.]
36.His ears are highly sensitive ______ any unusual sound in the machine.A.of B.on C.to D.by
37.You’ll have to pay for the holiday in ______,Tom.A.front B.advance C.ahead D.forward
38.He might have been killed ______ the arrival of the police.A.except for B.but for C.with D.for
39.WTO stands ______ the World Trade Organization.A.as B.like C.for D.by
40.It’s the first turning ______ the left after the traffic lights.A.by B.in C.to D.for
41.I know nothing about him ______ he is a teacher.A.besides B.in addition C.except for D.except that
42.The heavy snow could not keep us ______ going out to work.A.from B.on C.upon D.up
43.Jack work so hard as he dreams ______ owning his own house soon.A to B.with C.of D.on
44.I suppose I can count ______ you for help in this matter..A.of B.on C.at D.to
VI.介詞答案
1.B: for 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.A: Despite 8.A 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.A 20.A 21.A 22.B 23.A 24.B 25.A 26.A 27.B: by bike 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 32.C: because of 33.B 36.C 37.B 38.B 39.C 40.C 41.D 42.A 43.C 44.B Ⅶ 連詞
重點(diǎn):常見并列連詞的用法(如:and , but , or , so , for);從屬連詞的用法。
1.John wanted to play basketball, and it was raining and he stayed at home.2.Not many people realize this, ______it is quite true.A.but B.however C.so D.that
3.-Can I help you?
-Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you, ______thank you all the same.A.and B.so C.or D.but
4.Mary has lived in China for five years.(所以她習(xí)慣于這里的生活)。[so she has got used to the life here]
5.I don’t know her address, ______I can’t write to her.A.but B.or C.so D.since
6.The human body can go without food for a long time, but two______ three days without water usually result in death.A.and B.but C.for D.or
7.She hardly ever goes to ______ the theatre.A.neither the cinema or B.neither the cinema nor
C.either the cinema nor D.either the cinema or
8.Try your best ______ you’ll certainly succeed this time.A.so B.and C.or D.for
9.She remained silent, ______ her heart was heavy and her spirit low.A.so B.though C.for D.therefore
10.He talked at the top of his voice, ______ he drew nobody’s attention.A.yet B.instead C.so D.though
11.Watch your step, ______you might fall into the water.A.or B.and C.unless D.but
12.He came to the party, ______ he hadn’t been invited.(2003)
A.in case B.in spite of C.even D.therefore
10.He talked at the top of his voice, ______ he drew nobody’s attention.A.yet B.instead C.so D.though
11.Watch your step, ______you might fall into the water.A.or B.and C.unless D.but
12.He came to the party, ______ he hadn’t been invited.(2003)
A.in case B.in spite of C.even D.although
VII.連詞
1.B: but 2.A 3.D 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.A V.形容詞與副詞
重點(diǎn):比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成及其用法
1.I don’t trust him at all.His smiles always make me ______.A.feeling sick B.be sick C.being sick D.sick
2.The car he bought in Japan looks similarly to the one he has been driving for several years.3.Her face is ______ to me, but I can’t remember where I saw her.A.similar B.friendly C.alike D.familiar
4.He’s ______ to know the answer.A.likely B.probable C.maybe D.probably
5.He was in poverty at the time.______ he wouldn’t have accepted the money.A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Then
6.Spanish people usually speak ______ than English people.A.quicklier B.more quicklier C.more quickly D.quicker
7.Of the two new teachers.Who do you like ______?
A.much B.better C.well D.the most
8.The stars we see at night are really huge suns like our sun, but they are more far away in space.9.-I think that red dress would suit me, wouldn’t it?
-Yes, but I think blue is a ______ color for you.A.well B.good C.better D.best
10.This room ______ in the building.A.is biggest than a any other one B.is bigger than any other one
C.is more bigger than any other one D.is bigger than any one
11.Her English is very good.She can speak English better than ______ in her grade.A.any one B.the one C.any one else D.other student
12.Both John and Peter study hard, but I think Peter is clever of the two.13.Of the colors, blue, red and orange, which do you like ______?
A.best B.better C.well D.much
14.Mary runs ______ among them.A.the fastest B.the most fast C.most fastly D.most fast
15.Of all the things we eat and drink, water is the ______ important.A.least B.more C.most D.much
16.北京是中國最美麗的城市之一。[Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.]
17.The Yellow River is the second ______ river in China.A.long B.longer C.longest D.most long
18.Traveling in England, it will be ______ cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A.more B.very C.quite D.even
19.If you drink too much, your health will get even ______.A.bad B.poor C.worse D.not well.Jill is ______(比她父親高5公分).[5cm taller than her father/taller than her father by 5cm.]
21.No sooner ______ his speech than a young woman stood up to ask a question.A.the chairman finished B.did the chairman finish
C.the chairman had finished D.had the chairman finished
22.No sooner ______ the question than the answer came to him.A.had he asked B.he had asked C.did he ask D.he asked
23.The student doesn’t work ______ he used to.A.so hard as B.so harder than C.as harder as D.as hard like
24.There is nothing we can do but wait as calm as we can.[應(yīng)用副詞calmly修飾動(dòng)詞wait]
25.I pulled the handle ______ I could.A.so hardly as B.as hardly as C.so hard as D.as hard as
26.他幾乎跟他父親一般高。[He is almost as tall as his father.]
27.The production of 1995______(是1990年的10倍)[is ten times as much as that of 1990.]
28.The new model costs twice ______ last year’s.A.more than B.as much as C.as many as D.than
29.The more that you practice speaking, the better you will do it.30.It is believed that ______(腦子越用)the more work it is able to do.[the more your brain is used]
31.The more he tried to please her, ______ she seemed to appreciate it.A.less B.lesser C.the less D.the lesser
V.形容詞與副詞答案
1.D 2.B: similar 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D: farther 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.C: the cleverer 13.A 14.A 15.C 17.C 18.D 19.C 21.D 22.A 23.A 24.c 25.D 28.B 29.A: / 31.C
第四篇:歷年成人高考專升本大學(xué)語文真題及答案匯總
?
一、工程概況:
利用自治區(qū)專項(xiàng)資金xxx工程已于2007年實(shí)施,一次性襯砌渠道23km,大大改善了三湖河干渠的工程條件。尾留的四閘至分水閘段落成為三湖河干渠唯一的險(xiǎn)工段,該段落總長(zhǎng)度為10.4km。該段落存在的主要問題是彎道較多且渠堤高低起伏不平,多處安全超高不夠。2007年經(jīng)局、所兩級(jí)強(qiáng)烈申請(qǐng),總局同意將該段落渠堤進(jìn)行整治。該工程項(xiàng)目主要包括三湖河干渠四閘~分水閘渠段渠道整治工程;三湖所管理房新建工程;新建節(jié)制閘測(cè)流橋新建工程;一閘、二閘、三閘測(cè)流橋維修工程。該項(xiàng)工程總投資為 元。
二、施工總布置、總進(jìn)度和完成主要工程量:
1、施工組織機(jī)構(gòu)為了抓好該項(xiàng)工程的施工工作,公司精選了施工過類似工程,經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富,善管理,責(zé)任心強(qiáng)的高級(jí)管理技術(shù)人員組建成施工項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部實(shí)行項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)制,對(duì)施工項(xiàng)目統(tǒng)一管理,在質(zhì)量、進(jìn)度方面統(tǒng)一監(jiān)控,社會(huì)關(guān)系統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào),后勤供應(yīng)統(tǒng)一保障。在保證工程質(zhì)量和進(jìn)度的前提下,充分體現(xiàn)公司效益,力爭(zhēng)質(zhì)、效雙贏。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理部組成人員如下:
各機(jī)構(gòu)職能如下:
安全生產(chǎn)及質(zhì)檢試驗(yàn)組:負(fù)責(zé)工程各項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)以及整個(gè)工程項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢查和負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè)工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全檢查工作。
工程技術(shù)組:負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè)工程技術(shù)工作。
財(cái)務(wù)核算組:負(fù)責(zé)財(cái)務(wù)管理,保證工程所需資金;負(fù)責(zé)本工程的成本核算、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和工程結(jié)算。
后勤物資組:負(fù)責(zé)施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)材料采購供應(yīng)和施工人員生活服務(wù)工作。
2、施工總平面布置
1)施工平面布置遵循因地制宜、因材制宜、有利生產(chǎn)、方便生活、易于管理、安全可靠、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的原則。
2)施工平面布置宜根據(jù)施工需要隨施工進(jìn)度分步形成,滿足各段落施工需要,前后銜接。
3)施工平面布置應(yīng)緊湊合理,節(jié)約用地、盡量少占耕地。
3、施工總進(jìn)度
施工總進(jìn)度為2008年5月10日開始—2008年6月10日,歷時(shí)30天。
4、完成主要工程量
1)渠堤整治土方
m3;
2)管理房新建
m2(二層);
3)測(cè)流橋新建1座;
4)測(cè)流橋改建3座。
四、文明施工與安全生產(chǎn)
為了保證工程在安全文明環(huán)境中施工,項(xiàng)目部制定了嚴(yán)明的組織紀(jì)律和各項(xiàng)規(guī)章制度,經(jīng)常性地召開教育活動(dòng),整個(gè)工期沒有發(fā)生任何治安事件和大小傷亡事故。
1、文明施工
各施工項(xiàng)目平面布置合理,施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)整潔有序,物料堆放整齊,安全標(biāo)志明顯,勞動(dòng)紀(jì)律嚴(yán)明。
施工作業(yè)規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、制度化,凡事均有章可循,有人負(fù)責(zé),有人監(jiān)督,有據(jù)可查。施工環(huán)境較好,道路平整暢通,行車時(shí)塵土飛揚(yáng)情況得到控制,作業(yè)時(shí)水泥粉塵機(jī)械噪
聲都控制在最低限度之內(nèi)。
2、安全生產(chǎn)
健全安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督網(wǎng)絡(luò),按項(xiàng)目部、工程組、班組三級(jí)設(shè)立安全員,由項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理、技術(shù)質(zhì)量安全負(fù)責(zé)人組成安全文明施工領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組,項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理為第一負(fù)責(zé)人。
組織進(jìn)場(chǎng)人員認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)建筑法及關(guān)于建筑施工安全管理有關(guān)法律法規(guī),進(jìn)行安全生產(chǎn)教育,搞好崗前技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。
施工前進(jìn)行安全技術(shù)交底,特種作業(yè)人員持證上崗,從事危險(xiǎn)作業(yè)職工辦理意外傷害保險(xiǎn)。
施工過程中落實(shí)安全措施計(jì)劃,配備必要的安全保護(hù)及安全措施,嚴(yán)格按照操作規(guī)范施工,堅(jiān)決杜絕違章作業(yè),安全人員經(jīng)常到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)做安全檢查。
五、主要施工方法
開工后項(xiàng)目全體技術(shù)人員、專職質(zhì)檢人員、專職試驗(yàn)員、各班組長(zhǎng),熟悉圖紙、編制施工組織設(shè)計(jì)和施工總進(jìn)度計(jì)劃并進(jìn)行技術(shù)交底。
根據(jù)圖紙和發(fā)包人或監(jiān)理工程師提供的設(shè)計(jì)基本資料和測(cè)量標(biāo)志,進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)引測(cè)高程,建立施工控制網(wǎng),對(duì)臨時(shí)工程布置范圍樣線實(shí)行同精度控制,確保臨時(shí)工程布置方便施工,不影響主體工程施工,確保主體工程的測(cè)量、放線精度。
1、土方工程
本工程土方工程主要是四閘~分水閘渠堤整治。土方工程施工前會(huì)同監(jiān)理人進(jìn)行工程量計(jì)量的測(cè)量資料復(fù)核檢查。渠道土方工程以機(jī)械施工為主,1m3液壓反鏟挖掘機(jī)挖土,推土機(jī)清理場(chǎng)地、平土,拖拉機(jī)牽引羊腳碾壓實(shí),人工鏟坡墊平。
2、砼工程
砼工程主要用于管理房的構(gòu)造柱、圈梁和現(xiàn)澆砼樓板等部位。
(1)模板
模板的制作與安裝應(yīng)滿足施工圖紙要求的建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)外形,模板結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度、剛度和密封性。
(2)材料
1)
水泥
水泥應(yīng)符合國家和行業(yè)的現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn),每批均要附有出廠合格證,并按規(guī)定取樣進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)。袋裝水泥不得超過3個(gè)月,散裝水泥不得超過6個(gè)月。本工程要求采用普通硅酸鹽水泥。
2)骨料
骨料應(yīng)符合規(guī)范規(guī)定,級(jí)配由試驗(yàn)確定并經(jīng)監(jiān)理人同意。所有運(yùn)至施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的骨料按品種、產(chǎn)地不同分類堆放,每500m3檢驗(yàn)一次,自檢合格,經(jīng)監(jiān)理人抽檢合格并簽字確認(rèn)后在使用。
3)配合比、取樣試驗(yàn)
各種不同類型結(jié)構(gòu)物的砼配合比通過試驗(yàn)選定,其試驗(yàn)方法應(yīng)按SD105-82有關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行,并在實(shí)驗(yàn)前3天報(bào)告監(jiān)理人審批。施工中若要改變,須重新得到監(jiān)理人批準(zhǔn)。在砼澆注過程中,在出口機(jī)器和澆注現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行砼取樣試驗(yàn)。
4)普通砼
砼澆注前要清除基面上的雜物、泥土及松動(dòng)巖石均沖洗干凈并排干積水,通知監(jiān)理人檢驗(yàn)合格后再進(jìn)行澆注,澆注中合同監(jiān)理工程師對(duì)砼工程建筑物測(cè)量放樣成果進(jìn)行檢查驗(yàn)收。注意按施工圖紙所示預(yù)埋各種埋設(shè)件。澆注后,覆蓋麻袋、掂編織袋進(jìn)行灑不養(yǎng)護(hù)。
3、管理房墻體砌筑
管理房墻體砌筑參用“240×120”空心粘土磚砌筑,水泥砂漿灌筑并勾縫。為了使墻面平整,施工時(shí)采用雙側(cè)掛線砌筑。
4、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)橋制安
1)、工程概況
鋼結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)流橋:排架采用φ160鋼管;橋面板采用10#槽鋼做支撐并用5×5角鋼連接后鋪裝2mm厚的鐵皮作為橋面;拉現(xiàn)采用φ16的元鋼(或鋼絲繩);欄桿采用5×5角鋼焊接。
2)、施工方法:按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙對(duì)建筑物進(jìn)行定位,放出建筑物邊線,施工放線應(yīng)執(zhí)行《水利水電工程測(cè)量規(guī)范》(SZ52—93)中有關(guān)規(guī)定。
①基礎(chǔ)開挖:橋墩基礎(chǔ)采用人工進(jìn)行土方開挖,基礎(chǔ)開挖至設(shè)計(jì)高程后,進(jìn)行底高程校核測(cè)量,經(jīng)自檢合格報(bào)請(qǐng)監(jiān)理工程師進(jìn)行隱蔽工程驗(yàn)收,經(jīng)驗(yàn)收合格開始澆筑砼基礎(chǔ)。②鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程
鋼結(jié)構(gòu)集中在加工廠加工,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝、焊接。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)使用的鋼材,其種類、型號(hào)及焊接工藝等均應(yīng)符合施工詳圖規(guī)定,并經(jīng)過材質(zhì)實(shí)驗(yàn)。鋼材使用前,應(yīng)將表面油漬、漆污、銹皮、鱗銹等除干凈。
鋼材的切割、彎曲遵照水利電力部規(guī)范《SDJ207——82》的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。
④鋼結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)流橋安裝:
在安裝前,首先對(duì)全部構(gòu)件進(jìn)行拼裝檢查,經(jīng)檢查構(gòu)件齊全后進(jìn)行安裝。
六、工程施工質(zhì)量保證措施
1、對(duì)入場(chǎng)的管理和技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行上崗前的培訓(xùn),認(rèn)真貫徹“質(zhì)量求生存”的方針,組織技術(shù)人員認(rèn)真研究招標(biāo)文件、工程設(shè)計(jì)及有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范、規(guī)程、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
2、項(xiàng)目部質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)人及時(shí)組織有關(guān)人員認(rèn)真編制質(zhì)量控制計(jì)劃及施工作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書,報(bào)送監(jiān)理工程師審批。
3、配合并服從監(jiān)理工程師的監(jiān)理和指導(dǎo),嚴(yán)格遵守監(jiān)理工程師下達(dá)的工程監(jiān)理指令。
4、嚴(yán)格按規(guī)范要求施工,施工過程質(zhì)量控制采用工序管理點(diǎn)控制辦法。以工序質(zhì)量保證分部、分項(xiàng)(單元)工程質(zhì)量,凡達(dá)不到工序質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的堅(jiān)決返工,直到檢驗(yàn)合格,才能轉(zhuǎn)入下道工序。
5、項(xiàng)目部在每道工序施作前進(jìn)行工序質(zhì)量控制點(diǎn)的分析,向工長(zhǎng)、施工隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)或班組長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行工序質(zhì)量控制點(diǎn)的技術(shù)交底。由工長(zhǎng)、施工隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)或班組長(zhǎng)向作業(yè)人員進(jìn)行工序質(zhì)量控制點(diǎn)的技術(shù)交底。
6、認(rèn)真執(zhí)行“三檢”制度。即班組初檢、施工隊(duì)復(fù)檢、項(xiàng)目部終檢。項(xiàng)目部設(shè)立質(zhì)檢機(jī)構(gòu)和專職質(zhì)檢員,層層把關(guān),嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行質(zhì)量一票否決權(quán)。
7、施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量檢查員參加施工全過程,工程重要部位采取跟班生產(chǎn)隨時(shí)檢查。按照監(jiān)理工程師的要求,及時(shí)辦理質(zhì)量簽證手續(xù)。
8、嚴(yán)格把好建筑材料質(zhì)量關(guān)。對(duì)原材料進(jìn)行入場(chǎng)檢驗(yàn),成品及半成品必須具備“三證”,建立建筑材料準(zhǔn)許入場(chǎng)制度和使用簽證手續(xù)及跟蹤施工記錄。
9、施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)置試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)設(shè)備,配備一定數(shù)量的試驗(yàn)人員(專職質(zhì)檢員)和相應(yīng)的試驗(yàn)儀器。試驗(yàn)人員持證上崗,遵守職業(yè)道德,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行試驗(yàn)規(guī)程。
10、在施工中堅(jiān)持“誰施工,誰負(fù)責(zé)”的原則,實(shí)行掛牌操作制度,做好施工記錄,實(shí)行質(zhì)量與工資獎(jiǎng)金掛鉤的獎(jiǎng)懲制度。
11、施工資料按監(jiān)理工程師要求嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行,資料整理按國家和交通部的有關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行。
0m3檢驗(yàn)一次,自檢合格,經(jīng)監(jiān)理人抽檢合格并簽字確認(rèn)后在使用。
3)?配合比、取樣試驗(yàn)各種不同類型結(jié)構(gòu)物的砼配合比通過試驗(yàn)選定,其試驗(yàn)方法應(yīng)按sd105-82有關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行,并在實(shí)驗(yàn)前3天報(bào)告監(jiān)理人審批。施工中若要改變,須重新得到監(jiān)
理人批準(zhǔn)。在砼澆注過程中,在出口機(jī)器和澆注現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行砼取樣試驗(yàn)。4)?普通砼砼澆注前要清除基面上的雜物、泥土及松動(dòng)巖石均沖洗干凈并排干積水,通知監(jiān)理人檢驗(yàn)合格后再進(jìn)行澆注,澆注中合同監(jiān)理工程師對(duì)砼工程建筑物測(cè)量放樣成果進(jìn)行檢查驗(yàn)收。注意按施工圖紙所示預(yù)埋各種埋設(shè)件。澆注后,覆蓋麻袋、掂編織袋進(jìn)行灑不養(yǎng)護(hù)。
六、工程施工質(zhì)量保證措施
1、對(duì)入場(chǎng)的管理和技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行上崗前的培訓(xùn),認(rèn)真貫徹“質(zhì)量求生存”的方針,組織技術(shù)人員認(rèn)真研究招標(biāo)文件、工程設(shè)計(jì)及有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范、規(guī)程、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
2、項(xiàng)目部質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)人及時(shí)組織有關(guān)人員認(rèn)真編制質(zhì)量控制計(jì)劃及施工作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書,報(bào)送監(jiān)理工程師審批。
3、配合并服從監(jiān)理工程師的監(jiān)理和指導(dǎo),嚴(yán)格遵守監(jiān)理工程師下達(dá)的工程監(jiān)理指令。
4、嚴(yán)格按規(guī)范要求施工,施工過程質(zhì)量控制采用工序管理點(diǎn)控制辦法。以工序質(zhì)量保證分部、分項(xiàng)(單元)工程質(zhì)量,凡達(dá)不到工序質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的堅(jiān)決返工,直到檢驗(yàn)合格,才能轉(zhuǎn)入下道工序。
5、項(xiàng)目部在每道工序施作前進(jìn)行工序質(zhì)量控制點(diǎn)的分析,向工長(zhǎng)、施工隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)或班組長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行工序質(zhì)量控制點(diǎn)的技術(shù)交底。由工長(zhǎng)、施工隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)或班組長(zhǎng)向作業(yè)人員進(jìn)行工序質(zhì)量控制點(diǎn)的技術(shù)交底。
6、認(rèn)真執(zhí)行“三檢”制度。即班組初檢、施工隊(duì)復(fù)檢、項(xiàng)目部終檢。項(xiàng)目部設(shè)立質(zhì)檢機(jī)構(gòu)和專職質(zhì)檢員,層層把關(guān),嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行質(zhì)量一票否決權(quán)。
7、施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)質(zhì)量檢查員參加施工全過程,工程重要部位采取跟班生產(chǎn)隨時(shí)檢查。按照監(jiān)理工程師的要求,及時(shí)辦理質(zhì)量簽證手續(xù)。
8、嚴(yán)格把好建筑材料質(zhì)量關(guān)。對(duì)原材料進(jìn)行入場(chǎng)檢驗(yàn),成品及半成品必須具備“三證”,建立建筑材料準(zhǔn)許入場(chǎng)制度和使用簽證手續(xù)及跟蹤施工記錄。
9、施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)置試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)設(shè)備,配備一定數(shù)量的試驗(yàn)人員(專職質(zhì)檢員)和相應(yīng)的試驗(yàn)儀器。試驗(yàn)人員持證上崗,遵守職業(yè)道德,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行試驗(yàn)規(guī)程。
10、在施工中堅(jiān)持“誰施工,誰負(fù)責(zé)”的原則,實(shí)行掛牌操作制度,做好施工記錄,實(shí)行質(zhì)量與工資獎(jiǎng)金掛鉤的獎(jiǎng)懲制度。
11、施工資料按監(jiān)理工程師要求嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行,資料整理按國家和交通
2010年建筑施工總結(jié)
2010年是建筑施工企業(yè)項(xiàng)目管理年,是直面金融危機(jī)的一年,我們應(yīng)該以實(shí)際行動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)揚(yáng)“更快、更高、更強(qiáng)”的奧運(yùn)精神,搶抓機(jī)遇,樹立高度責(zé)任心,制定切實(shí)可行的措施,保證取得良好的經(jīng)營成果,確保公司持續(xù)有效發(fā)展。我們的工作總結(jié):
一、推進(jìn)項(xiàng)目管理,扎實(shí)做好施工生產(chǎn)工作
1.抓好兩個(gè)重點(diǎn),干好在手工程。乙烯地管防腐和青島大煉油被列為公司2010年重點(diǎn)工程,要圍繞重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目,干好每一項(xiàng)工程。一是強(qiáng)化工程準(zhǔn)備。要根據(jù)工程范圍、工程特點(diǎn)、工藝的特殊性、總包方及業(yè)主要求規(guī)劃編制具體的方案,提高工程方案的可操作性。各項(xiàng)目部必須認(rèn)真分析工程特點(diǎn),有針對(duì)性做好前期準(zhǔn)備工作,要從人、機(jī)、料、法、環(huán)、測(cè)(檢測(cè))五個(gè)方面做好各類資源的平衡、協(xié)調(diào)工作,為保證工程順利實(shí)施奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。二是強(qiáng)化過程控制。要統(tǒng)籌部署、精心組織,優(yōu)化施工方案,合理安排工序,強(qiáng)化動(dòng)態(tài)管理,關(guān)心顧客需要,全面完成全年的施工生 產(chǎn)任務(wù)。最后要做好工程總結(jié)工作。各項(xiàng)目部要加強(qiáng)過程資料的積累,積極組織對(duì)已完工程進(jìn)行全面總結(jié),對(duì)于施工過程中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)、分析,真正地發(fā)揮施工總結(jié)的借鑒、指導(dǎo)作用。
2.加強(qiáng)項(xiàng)目管理,提高項(xiàng)目管理水平。一是要提高執(zhí)行力建設(shè),嚴(yán)格遵照《項(xiàng)目管理手冊(cè)》進(jìn)行施工生產(chǎn)。二是要增強(qiáng)項(xiàng)目核算意識(shí)。公司將放大管理,賦予項(xiàng)目更多的權(quán)力,挖掘管理潛力,為推進(jìn)公司從施工型企業(yè)逐步發(fā)展成為管理型企業(yè)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),并通過規(guī)范化管理,打造有佳龍?zhí)厣墓芾砥放啤?/p>
二、以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向,提高市場(chǎng)占有率
2009年公司在市場(chǎng)開發(fā)方面取得明顯成效,為2010年施工生產(chǎn)建立了一定的儲(chǔ)備----天津
一體化地管防腐我們承攬了過半的工程份額;天津地區(qū)的28局、南京二公司、管道集團(tuán),外埠的青島、福建、四川等地都有我們的工程;成都中石油新建360億的一體化工程正在交涉中;拋丸形成了規(guī)模生產(chǎn)能力等等。綜上所述,說明今年公司獲得了較充足的施工任務(wù),明年天津一體化再掀高潮,預(yù)示著今明兩年公司發(fā)展的良好態(tài)勢(shì)。
1.立足傳統(tǒng)市場(chǎng),努力拓展外部市場(chǎng)。形勢(shì)可喜,但提高市場(chǎng)占有率仍然是每個(gè)企業(yè)永遠(yuǎn)追求的目標(biāo)。我們要把重點(diǎn)工程做為重點(diǎn)跟蹤項(xiàng)目,著力關(guān)注工程的承攬動(dòng)態(tài),全力進(jìn)行信息跟蹤,加強(qiáng)與總包方及合作單位的多層次溝通。要以乙烯地管防腐和青島大煉油為契機(jī),做好后續(xù)工程和周邊市場(chǎng)的拓展。
2.構(gòu)建信息網(wǎng)絡(luò),加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)信息的收集和處理。積極跟蹤行業(yè)內(nèi)外信息,科學(xué)地運(yùn)用投標(biāo)經(jīng)驗(yàn),恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用投標(biāo)技巧,加強(qiáng)投標(biāo)文件質(zhì)量,提高中標(biāo)率。
三、加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)管理,構(gòu)建跨越發(fā)展平臺(tái)
1.不斷完善各種管理辦法,堵塞管理漏洞。要加強(qiáng)質(zhì)量體系的運(yùn)行管理,完善現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全、質(zhì)量、物資、設(shè)備監(jiān)督檢查制度,繼續(xù)制定和完善公司增收節(jié)支計(jì)劃。
2.解決市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入瓶頸,提升資質(zhì)。從公司市場(chǎng)開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略出發(fā),首先要切實(shí)解決好市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入問題,公司目前的資質(zhì)狀況還不能與公司發(fā)展要求相適應(yīng),今年公司要上下齊配合,做好相關(guān)資質(zhì)申報(bào),資料升級(jí)準(zhǔn)備工作,提升公司相關(guān)資質(zhì)。
3.加強(qiáng)采購供應(yīng)管理,嚴(yán)格材料成本控制。一是要整頓和完善供應(yīng)商體系,規(guī)范物資設(shè)備采購渠道。二是堅(jiān)持材料采購貨比三家,常用材料尋源到廠家的采購原則,降低物耗成本。
4.加強(qiáng)人力資源工作。一是健全人力資源信息網(wǎng),吸收社會(huì)資源進(jìn)行資源儲(chǔ)備,選擇有實(shí)力的施工隊(duì)伍納入公司資源名錄。二是加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)工作,做好法律法規(guī)、技術(shù)技能的學(xué)習(xí)教育工作,提高全員素質(zhì)。
5.繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)自身建設(shè)。做好安達(dá)基地和海納龍的建設(shè)工作。
四、打造有“佳龍”特色的企業(yè)文化
企業(yè)文化建設(shè)是企業(yè)發(fā)展的催化劑,更是企業(yè)提高凝聚力和社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ),打造“佳龍”特色的企業(yè)文化是我們永恒的主題。
1.加大培訓(xùn)力度,打造學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)。保證作業(yè)層培訓(xùn)時(shí)間為72學(xué)時(shí),管理層培訓(xùn)時(shí)間為48學(xué)時(shí)。
2.積極參與各種社會(huì)公益活動(dòng)。
3.繼續(xù)增添優(yōu)秀員工繳納社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)。
4.做好弱勢(shì)群體的走訪慰問活動(dòng),構(gòu)建和諧企業(yè)
第五篇:歷年成人高考專升本大學(xué)語文真題及答案匯總
歷年成人高考專升本大學(xué)語文真題及答案匯總
一、選擇題
1.在教學(xué)中,通過學(xué)生觀察所學(xué)事物或教師語言的形象描述,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生形成所學(xué)事物、過程的清晰表象,豐富他們的感性認(rèn)識(shí),從而使他們能夠正確理解書本知識(shí)和發(fā)展認(rèn)識(shí)能力的原則是(A)。
A.直觀性原則 B.啟發(fā)性原則C.循序漸進(jìn)原則 D.鞏固性原則
2.教師在課堂上通過展示實(shí)物、直觀教具進(jìn)行演示實(shí)驗(yàn),使學(xué)生獲得知識(shí)的方法稱之為(D)。
A.實(shí)驗(yàn)法 B.講解法 C.討論法 D.演示法
3.下列關(guān)于教學(xué)方法和教學(xué)策略的關(guān)系敘述正確的是(D)。
A.教學(xué)策略受制于教學(xué)方法B.教學(xué)策略從層次上低于教學(xué)方法C.教學(xué)方法的采用不受教學(xué)策略的支配D.教學(xué)方法是教學(xué)策略的具體化 4.學(xué)校的中心工作是(A)。
A.教學(xué)工作 B.公共關(guān)系 C.行政工作 D.總務(wù)工作 5.教學(xué)活動(dòng)的本質(zhì)是(A)。
A.認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng) B.實(shí)踐活動(dòng) C.交往活動(dòng) D.課堂活動(dòng)
6.試圖用心理學(xué)的“統(tǒng)覺理論”原理來說明教學(xué)過程的教育家是(B)。A.夸美紐斯 B.赫爾巴特 C.杜威 D.凱洛夫 7.A8.A9.C10.C
11.在教學(xué)方法改革過程中,布魯納提出了(A)。
A.發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)教學(xué)法 B.探究一研討法C.綱要信號(hào)圖教學(xué)法 D.暗示教學(xué)法 12.學(xué)而時(shí)習(xí)之,溫故而知新,反映了(D)教學(xué)原則。A.系統(tǒng)性 B.啟發(fā)性 C.思想性 D.鞏固性
13.教師提出課題和一定材料,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自己進(jìn)行分析、綜合、抽象、概括等一系列活動(dòng),最后得出學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果的方法即(B)。
A.研究一探討法 B.發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)C.暗示教學(xué)法 D.范例教學(xué)法
14.通過準(zhǔn)備問題、面向全體學(xué)生交流、對(duì)過程及時(shí)總結(jié)是(C)運(yùn)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)。A.講授法 B.談話法 C.討論法 D.練習(xí)法
15.與啟發(fā)性原則在教學(xué)中貫徹要求不符的是(C)。A.激發(fā)學(xué)生積極思維 B.確立學(xué)生的主體地位 C.嚴(yán)格遵守職業(yè)道德 D.建立民主平等師生關(guān)系 16.教師教和學(xué)生學(xué)的統(tǒng)一活動(dòng)稱為(B)。A.教育 B.教學(xué) C.教授 D.學(xué)習(xí)
17.(A)的基本形式是在教師指導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生運(yùn)用書本知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問題。A.練習(xí)法 B.實(shí)驗(yàn)法 C.實(shí)習(xí)作業(yè)法 D.參觀法 18.前蘇聯(lián)教師沙塔洛夫提出的教學(xué)方法是(D)。
A.探究一研討法 B.發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)C.暗示教學(xué)法 D.綱要信號(hào)圖式教學(xué)法 19.孔子提出的“不憤不啟、不悱不發(fā)”指出了(B)教學(xué)原則。A.直觀性 B.啟發(fā)性 C.鞏固性 D.因材施教 20.“循序而漸進(jìn),熟讀而精思?!庇?C)提出。A.孔子 B.孟子 C.朱熹 D.老子 21.“由淺入深,由易到難,由簡(jiǎn)到繁。”體現(xiàn)了(C)教學(xué)原則。A.鞏固性原則 B.直觀性原則C.循序漸進(jìn)原則 D.啟發(fā)性原則
22.教師從學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況出發(fā),個(gè)別差異出發(fā),有的放矢進(jìn)行差別教學(xué),體現(xiàn)了教學(xué)的(D)。
A.直觀性原則 B.啟發(fā)性原則C.循序漸進(jìn)性原則 D.因材施教原則
二、填空題
1.學(xué)校進(jìn)行素質(zhì)教育的基本途徑是(教學(xué))。
2.教學(xué)是由(教師的教)和(學(xué)生的學(xué))兩方面活動(dòng)組成的。3.教學(xué)具有多種形態(tài),是(共性和多樣性)的統(tǒng)一。
4.教學(xué)任務(wù)的決定受教育目的、(學(xué)生的年齡特征)、(學(xué)科的特性)以及教學(xué)的時(shí)空條件等因素制約。
5.智力包括注意力、觀察力、記憶力、思維力和想象力,其中(思維力)是核心。6.學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)的特殊性表現(xiàn)在認(rèn)識(shí)的(間接性);、交往性、(教育性)和有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的認(rèn)識(shí)。7.學(xué)生的個(gè)體認(rèn)識(shí)始終是在教師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行、是有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的認(rèn)識(shí),“三體結(jié)構(gòu)”指作為中介的(教師)、作為主體的(學(xué)生)和作為客體的(課程和教材)。8.學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)是推動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一種(內(nèi)部動(dòng)力教育性)。
9.教學(xué)過程的結(jié)構(gòu)分為:(引起學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī))、領(lǐng)會(huì)知識(shí)、鞏固知識(shí)、運(yùn)用知識(shí)和檢查知識(shí)五個(gè)階段,其中領(lǐng)會(huì)知識(shí)是教學(xué)的中心環(huán)節(jié)。10.領(lǐng)會(huì)知識(shí)包括使學(xué)生(感知和理解教材)。11.我國的教學(xué)原則有(直觀性原則)、(啟發(fā)性原則)、(鞏固性原則)、(循序漸進(jìn)原則)、(因材施教原則)。
12、“因材施教”源于宋代朱熹的(“孔子施教,各因其才”)
13、中學(xué)常用的6種教學(xué)方法是(講授法)、(談話法)、(討論法)、(演示法)、(練習(xí)法)、(實(shí)驗(yàn)法)。
14、講授法可分為(講訴)、(講解)、(講演)。
15、談話法可分為復(fù)習(xí)談話和(啟發(fā)談話)兩種。
16、根據(jù)一定的教學(xué)目的和對(duì)教學(xué)過程規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)而制定的指導(dǎo)教學(xué)工作的基本制度是(教學(xué)原則)。
17、在教學(xué)中,教師要承認(rèn)學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,注意調(diào)動(dòng)他們的學(xué)習(xí)主動(dòng)性,引導(dǎo)他們獨(dú)立思考,積極探索,生動(dòng)活潑的學(xué)習(xí),自覺地掌握科學(xué)知識(shí)和提高分析問題和解決問題的能力,屬于(啟發(fā)性)原則。
18、重視組織各種復(fù)習(xí),體現(xiàn)了(鞏固性)原則。
19、“學(xué)不等”、“不凌節(jié)而施”,體現(xiàn)了(循序漸進(jìn))原則。
20、教師要從學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況,個(gè)別差異出發(fā),有的放失地進(jìn)行有差別的教學(xué),使每個(gè)學(xué)生都能揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短,獲得最佳的發(fā)展,是(因材施教)原則。
21.教學(xué)要以學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)為主導(dǎo),從理論與實(shí)際的聯(lián)系上去理解知識(shí),注意運(yùn)用知識(shí)去分析問題和解決問題,達(dá)到學(xué)懂會(huì)用、學(xué)以致用,是(理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際)原則。
22.學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下運(yùn)用知識(shí)去完成一定的操作,并形成技能、技巧的方法是(.練習(xí)法)。
23.學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下,利用一定的儀器設(shè)備,通過條件控制引起實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的某些變化,從觀察這些變化中獲得知識(shí)的方法是(實(shí)驗(yàn)法)。24.教學(xué)是學(xué)校的(中心工作),是貫徹國家的教育方針,實(shí)現(xiàn)教育目的的(基本途徑)。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.簡(jiǎn)述贊科夫的教學(xué)原則體系。
答:贊科夫是20世紀(jì)蘇聯(lián)著名的心理學(xué)家和教育家,他創(chuàng)立的發(fā)展性教學(xué)理論對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的教育理論與實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生了較大的影響。通過實(shí)驗(yàn),他提出以下五項(xiàng)教學(xué)論體系的新原則:(1)以高難度進(jìn)行教學(xué)的原則
這一原則在實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)體系中起決定性的作用。在教學(xué)內(nèi)容上,它要求增加系統(tǒng)的理論知識(shí)的分量;在教學(xué)方法上,要盡力使學(xué)生過緊張的甚至是沸騰的精神生活,學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考和推理,獨(dú)立地探求問題的答案。高難度并不意味著越難越好,困難的程度要控制在學(xué)生的最近發(fā)展區(qū)的范圍內(nèi)。
(2)在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)高速度前進(jìn)的原則
這一原則的實(shí)質(zhì)并不在于讓兒童在一節(jié)課上做盡可能多的例題和練習(xí),而是要求教學(xué)不斷向前運(yùn)動(dòng),以各方面內(nèi)容豐富的知識(shí)來充實(shí)學(xué)生的頭腦,為學(xué)生深入地理解所學(xué)的知識(shí)創(chuàng)造有利的條件。
(3)理論知識(shí)起主導(dǎo)作用的原則
這一原則是要讓那些說明現(xiàn)象的相互依存性及其內(nèi)在的本質(zhì)聯(lián)系的系統(tǒng)知識(shí),在小學(xué)教學(xué)內(nèi)容的結(jié)構(gòu)中占主導(dǎo)地位;要求學(xué)生在一般發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上,盡可能深入領(lǐng)會(huì)有關(guān)概念和規(guī)律性的知識(shí)。
(4)使學(xué)生理解學(xué)習(xí)過程的原則
一般教學(xué)論的自覺性原則是指向外部的,即把應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的知識(shí)、技能和技巧作為理解的對(duì)象。贊科夫提出教學(xué)要求學(xué)生理解的對(duì)象是學(xué)習(xí)過程,它是指向內(nèi)部的。
②教學(xué)內(nèi)容的評(píng)價(jià)。教學(xué)內(nèi)容一定要保證正確無誤,符合大綱,知識(shí)連貫,邏輯性強(qiáng)。內(nèi)容要密切聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)、生活、科學(xué)技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)等實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。注意知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)相統(tǒng)一。教學(xué)時(shí)突出重點(diǎn)、分散難點(diǎn),找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),能挖掘教材內(nèi)容的思想教育因素,寓思想教育于教學(xué)之中。
③教學(xué)方法和手段的評(píng)價(jià)。主要看教師授課所運(yùn)用的教學(xué)方法能否注意學(xué)生實(shí)際及學(xué)生心理、生理特點(diǎn),是否有利于學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)和提高能力;教學(xué)過程中能否注意情感和認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的結(jié)合,善于創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境,激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,注意對(duì)學(xué)生注意力、意志力的培養(yǎng);面向全體學(xué)生,是否注意調(diào)動(dòng)各類學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生主體作用;是否重視和加強(qiáng)教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),能科學(xué)、合理、有效地運(yùn)用直觀教具和現(xiàn)代化教學(xué)手段輔助教學(xué)。
④教學(xué)能力的評(píng)價(jià)。在課堂教學(xué)中,教師是否教態(tài)親切、語言簡(jiǎn)練、板書工整、布局合理;是否充分發(fā)揮教師的作用,課堂教學(xué)組織是否嚴(yán)密,安排是否合理、有序;師生是否配合默契;課堂氣氛是否生動(dòng)活潑、和諧,能否及時(shí)了解教學(xué)效果,并能根據(jù)實(shí)際情況隨時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)教學(xué)過程和內(nèi)容,具有較好的應(yīng)變能力;實(shí)驗(yàn)效果是否明顯;實(shí)驗(yàn)及使用電教手段時(shí)是否適用熟練、操作規(guī)范。⑤教學(xué)效果的評(píng)價(jià)。一堂成功的課應(yīng)該是:教學(xué)過程中的每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)始終圍繞教學(xué)目的和要求展開,能夠圓滿地完成教學(xué)任務(wù);在課堂中能對(duì)學(xué)生的提問顯示良好的反應(yīng),鞏固練習(xí)及書面檢查的正確率也比較高。
(2)對(duì)教師授課質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)遵循的原則
①客觀性原則。教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)要客觀公正、科學(xué)合理,不能主觀臆斷、摻雜個(gè)人情感,以致評(píng)價(jià)不符合實(shí)際情況。
②發(fā)展性原則。評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)著眼于學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步、動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展,著眼于教師的教學(xué)改進(jìn)和能力提高,以調(diào)動(dòng)師生的積極性,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。③指導(dǎo)性原則。教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)經(jīng)常給師生以教學(xué)效果的反饋信息,為教學(xué)指明方向和增添前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。
④計(jì)劃性原則。評(píng)價(jià)必須緊密配合教學(xué)工作有計(jì)劃地進(jìn)行,為教師和學(xué)生經(jīng)常而及時(shí)地提供教與學(xué)的反饋信息,以便有效地調(diào)節(jié)和改進(jìn)教學(xué)活動(dòng),提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
3.教學(xué)過程中學(xué)生作為學(xué)習(xí)的主體的能動(dòng)性表現(xiàn)在哪些方面? 答:在教學(xué)中,教師與學(xué)生之間的關(guān)系是教師為主導(dǎo)、學(xué)生為主體;學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,發(fā)揮著主體性、能動(dòng)性,其能動(dòng)性具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
(1)每個(gè)學(xué)生都有自己的興趣、愛好和需要,這會(huì)使學(xué)生在選擇外部信息的過程中具有能動(dòng)性和自覺性,選擇自己感興趣的事物;在所接受的外部要求的推動(dòng)和支配下,這種能動(dòng)性會(huì)加強(qiáng)。
(2)每個(gè)學(xué)生都有自己的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思維方式、情感意志、價(jià)值觀等,這些原有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、觀念會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)過程產(chǎn)生制約作用。學(xué)生只有在原有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上才能更好地理解和接受新的知識(shí);同時(shí),這些原有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也使學(xué)生對(duì)外部信息進(jìn)行內(nèi)部加工時(shí)具有獨(dú)立性、創(chuàng)造性。(3)在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,如果學(xué)生對(duì)某一課感興趣,他就會(huì)學(xué)得比較努力,而且效果也比較好。甚至學(xué)生對(duì)某一個(gè)教師有好感,該教師所教的課他也會(huì)認(rèn)真去學(xué)習(xí)。如果所學(xué)課程與學(xué)生原有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)有聯(lián)系,或者學(xué)生從內(nèi)心深處認(rèn)識(shí)到該課程的價(jià)值或?qū)υ撜n程有某種情感,他也會(huì)學(xué)得很努力,而且能有一定的創(chuàng)造性或創(chuàng)造的火花產(chǎn)生。
總之,在教學(xué)過程中,學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,具有能動(dòng)性。教師要很好地認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn),在教學(xué)中充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的能動(dòng)性,激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極主動(dòng)性,增強(qiáng)其求知欲、探索性,以提高教學(xué)效果。
4.簡(jiǎn)述教學(xué)過程中學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)的幾個(gè)階段。答:按照教師組織教學(xué)活動(dòng)中所要求實(shí)現(xiàn)的不同任務(wù),可以劃分出教學(xué)過程中學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)主要包括以下幾個(gè)不同階段:(1)引起學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)
學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)是推動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一種內(nèi)部動(dòng)力。學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)往往與興趣、求知欲和責(zé)任感聯(lián)系在一起。教師要使學(xué)生明確學(xué)習(xí)目的,啟發(fā)學(xué)生的責(zé)任感,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。(2)領(lǐng)會(huì)知識(shí)
這是教學(xué)的中心環(huán)節(jié)。領(lǐng)會(huì)知識(shí)包括使學(xué)生感知和理解教材。①教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過感知形成清晰的表象和鮮明的觀點(diǎn),為理解抽象概念提供感性知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)并發(fā)展學(xué)生相應(yīng)的能力。感知的來源包括:學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),直觀教具的演示、參觀或?qū)嶒?yàn),教師形象而生動(dòng)的語言描述和學(xué)生的再造想象以及社會(huì)生產(chǎn)生活實(shí)踐。
②理解教材,形成科學(xué)觀念。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在感知基礎(chǔ)上,通過分析、比較、抽象概括以及歸納演繹等思維方法的加工,形成概念、原理,真正認(rèn)識(shí)事物的本質(zhì)和規(guī)律。理解教材可以有兩種思維途徑:一是從具體形象思維向抽象邏輯思維過渡,二是從已知到未知,不必都從感知具體事物開始。(3)鞏固知識(shí)
通過各種各樣的復(fù)習(xí),對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過的材料進(jìn)行再記憶并在頭腦中形成鞏固的聯(lián)系。知識(shí)的鞏固是不斷吸收新知識(shí)、運(yùn)用知識(shí)形成技能的基礎(chǔ)。鞏固知識(shí)往往滲透在教學(xué)的全過程,不一定是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的環(huán)節(jié)。(4)運(yùn)用知識(shí)
學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)的目的在于運(yùn)用,教師要組織一系列的教學(xué)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生動(dòng)腦、動(dòng)口和動(dòng)手,以形成技能技巧,并把知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化成能力。(5)檢查知識(shí)
檢查學(xué)習(xí)效果的目的在于,使教師及時(shí)獲得教學(xué)效果的反饋信息,以調(diào)整教學(xué)進(jìn)程與要求;幫助學(xué)生了解自己掌握知識(shí)技能的情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)上的問題,及時(shí)調(diào)整自己的學(xué)習(xí)方式,改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)方法,提高學(xué)習(xí)效果。
5.簡(jiǎn)述教師在運(yùn)用講授法時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的基本要求。
答:講授法是教師運(yùn)用口頭語言系統(tǒng)地向?qū)W生傳授知識(shí)的方法。教師運(yùn)用講授法,應(yīng)當(dāng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)保證講授內(nèi)容的科學(xué)性和思想性。教師講授的概念、原理、事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)必須是正確的,這就要求教師認(rèn)真?zhèn)湔n和教學(xué)。
(2)講授要做到條理清楚、重點(diǎn)分明。講授的邏輯清楚,學(xué)生的理解才能夠清楚。
(3)講究語言藝術(shù)。教師的語言水平直接決定著講授法的效果,因此必須不斷注重和提高自己的語言修養(yǎng)。首先,要做到語言清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精煉,既邏輯嚴(yán)密又清楚明白;其次,要努力做到生動(dòng)形象、富于感染力;最后,還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意語音的高低、語速的快慢,講究抑揚(yáng)頓挫。(4)注意與其他教學(xué)方法配合使用。學(xué)生的注意時(shí)間有限,在整節(jié)課中完全采用講授法很難取得良好效果,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)善于將講授法與其他教學(xué)方法和手段交叉替換使用,避免學(xué)生因長(zhǎng)時(shí)間聽講出現(xiàn)疲勞和注意渙散現(xiàn)象。6.為什么說教學(xué)是一種特殊的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)? 答:教學(xué)活動(dòng)服從人類認(rèn)識(shí)的一般規(guī)律,即從感性到理性,再由理性到實(shí)踐。但是,教學(xué)活動(dòng)又是一種特殊的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng),這主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)是學(xué)生的認(rèn)識(shí)
教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)是學(xué)生個(gè)體的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng),在認(rèn)識(shí)的主體上與一般人類認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)有所不同。(2)教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)是間接的認(rèn)識(shí) 教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)具有間接性,它主要以掌握人類長(zhǎng)期積累起來的科學(xué)文化知識(shí)為中介,來間接地認(rèn)識(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界。
(3)教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)是有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的認(rèn)識(shí)
教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)需要在富有知識(shí)的教師引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,學(xué)生不能獨(dú)立完成這一過程;而一般的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)則不一定有他人的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。(4)教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)是教育性的認(rèn)識(shí)
在教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)過程中,學(xué)生會(huì)獲得多方面的知識(shí),其身心也會(huì)得到一定的發(fā)展,這體現(xiàn)了教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的教育性。(5)教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)具有簡(jiǎn)捷性
在教學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)中,走的是一條認(rèn)識(shí)的捷徑,是一種科學(xué)文化知識(shí)的再生產(chǎn)。它可以使學(xué)生少走許多彎路,直接繼承前人的科學(xué)成果,并使其得到發(fā)揚(yáng)。
四、論述題
1.中小學(xué)計(jì)算教育的任務(wù)是什么?試述計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)(CAI)的意義。答:(1)我國中小學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)教育的任務(wù)
中小學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)教育的任務(wù)是全面貫徹教育方針,為中小學(xué)教育改革和發(fā)展的總體目標(biāo)服務(wù),為提高全民族的科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)服務(wù),為21世紀(jì)我國中小學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)教育的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展打基礎(chǔ),逐步建立具有中國特色的中小學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)教育體系。其任務(wù)主要包括: ④通過計(jì)算機(jī)教育的各種活動(dòng),創(chuàng)造一個(gè)合適的計(jì)算機(jī)教育環(huán)境,以促進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)在學(xué)校教育教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用。這里所說的計(jì)算機(jī)教育環(huán)境包括硬件和軟件環(huán)境,包括教師和學(xué)生的計(jì)算機(jī)意識(shí)、應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)的能力和積極性等。軟硬件建設(shè)要符合教育教學(xué)的規(guī)律,符合國家頒發(fā)的教學(xué)大綱的要求和中小學(xué)教學(xué)的需要,符合我國的文化傳統(tǒng)和道德規(guī)范。②充分應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù),增強(qiáng)教與學(xué)的有效性。增強(qiáng)教與學(xué)的有效性就是提高教育教學(xué)質(zhì)量。通過計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助管理,利用計(jì)算機(jī)的交互性、快速響應(yīng)、能存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息、能將不同數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行快速轉(zhuǎn)換以及人工智能等功能,結(jié)合科學(xué)的教學(xué)方法可以做到大大增強(qiáng)教與學(xué)的有效性。
⑧為學(xué)生提供獲取知識(shí)和實(shí)踐技能的新途徑,幫助學(xué)生開發(fā)智力、發(fā)展能力,使學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)富于獨(dú)立性和創(chuàng)造性。這是素質(zhì)教育的需要,在計(jì)算機(jī)教育中要充分利用富于信息技術(shù)的教學(xué)環(huán)境,有計(jì)劃、有目的地促進(jìn)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的學(xué)習(xí)。
④計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)科教學(xué)要堅(jiān)持培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的能力和開發(fā)學(xué)生的智力。在教學(xué)的方法和目標(biāo)上,主要應(yīng)著眼于能力的培養(yǎng)和智力的開發(fā),不應(yīng)只計(jì)較點(diǎn)滴知識(shí)的得失,要使學(xué)生通過計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)能具備進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和技術(shù)的能力,適應(yīng)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展。(2)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)的意義
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)是指將許多教學(xué)所需的信息,編成軟件事先儲(chǔ)存在計(jì)算機(jī)里,在教學(xué)過程中,教師根據(jù)需要,方便、隨意和迅速地調(diào)用這些信息來為教學(xué)服務(wù),從而使計(jì)算機(jī)成為了一種強(qiáng)有力的教學(xué)輔助工具。其意義主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面: ①計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)活動(dòng)使得個(gè)別化教學(xué)將普遍實(shí)現(xiàn),每個(gè)學(xué)生通過計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),進(jìn)度快的可以捷足先登,進(jìn)度慢的可以穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打,各得其所,速度和時(shí)間的差異完全是個(gè)人的事情,不會(huì)與他人發(fā)生任何矛盾和沖突。在學(xué)習(xí)的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)上,通過設(shè)計(jì)合理的程序和借助網(wǎng)絡(luò),學(xué)生都能夠得到所需要的各種參考和幫助信息。所謂“一刀切”,“齊步走”的弊病可以在相當(dāng)程度上得以避免,教學(xué)將最大限度地適應(yīng)學(xué)生的個(gè)別差異。
②在運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)上,教師演示時(shí)機(jī)動(dòng)靈活、迅速方便、輕松省時(shí),使課堂教學(xué)容量增大,課堂教學(xué)的效率得以提高。在與傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)手段的比較上,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)的使用提高了教學(xué)質(zhì)量,使學(xué)生獲得了更多的知識(shí)。
⑧計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)利用其交互式功能隨意調(diào)出計(jì)算機(jī)中儲(chǔ)存的多媒體信息,供教師選用;圖文聲并茂,使傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)中難以表達(dá)的內(nèi)容十分生動(dòng)有趣、形象直觀地展現(xiàn)在學(xué)生面前,使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的注意力更加集中,對(duì)現(xiàn)象或過程的認(rèn)識(shí)理解更加深刻,因而記憶也就更加牢固。
第二,重視引導(dǎo)學(xué)生參加實(shí)際操作和社會(huì)實(shí)踐。為了克服從書本到書本,理論與社會(huì)實(shí)際脫節(jié)的弊病,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)教學(xué)的需要組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行一些參觀、訪問、社會(huì)調(diào)查,參加一些課外學(xué)科或科技小組的實(shí)際操作活動(dòng),或組織他們從事一些科學(xué)觀察、實(shí)驗(yàn)與小發(fā)明以及生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)等。讓學(xué)生多動(dòng)手,不僅有利于提高他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰?。還能促使他們多動(dòng)腦筋想問題。學(xué)生通過運(yùn)用知識(shí)于實(shí)踐,大大豐富了自己的直接經(jīng)驗(yàn),豐富和補(bǔ)充了書本知識(shí),提高了實(shí)際操作能力。
③正確處理知識(shí)教學(xué)與技能訓(xùn)練的關(guān)系。在教學(xué)中,只有將知識(shí)教學(xué)和技能訓(xùn)練兩者結(jié)合起來,學(xué)生才能深刻理解知識(shí),掌握技能,達(dá)到學(xué)以致用。如果只有教師講、學(xué)生聽,而無技能的訓(xùn)練,那么學(xué)生是否理解難以檢驗(yàn)。即使他們理解了,也缺乏動(dòng)手能力。當(dāng)然,如果教師不注意講清基本概念便要求學(xué)生進(jìn)行大量練習(xí)、作業(yè),那么學(xué)生一接觸作業(yè)便會(huì)感到困難,一般只會(huì)依葫蘆畫瓢,按例題解決那些簡(jiǎn)單的問題,碰上稍難的作業(yè)便依賴于人或干脆抄襲。④補(bǔ)充必要的鄉(xiāng)土教材。這是使學(xué)校教學(xué)與社會(huì)息息相通的重要措施。我國幅員廣大,南方與北方、沿海與內(nèi)地在自然條件、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化發(fā)展等各方面都有很大差異;即使在一個(gè)省內(nèi),城市與鄉(xiāng)村、平原與山區(qū)、富裕地區(qū)與貧困地區(qū)在許多方面都有差別;而且每個(gè)地方都有它特有的歷史文化、物產(chǎn)資源、風(fēng)土人情、生產(chǎn)建設(shè)。因此,在使用統(tǒng)一的教材時(shí),必須適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充鄉(xiāng)土教材,使教學(xué)不脫離地區(qū)實(shí)際,能為地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)服務(wù)。3.聯(lián)系實(shí)際論述教學(xué)中的因材施教原則。答:(1)因材施教原則的內(nèi)涵
因材施教原則是教學(xué)中應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循的重要原則之一。因材施教原則是指教師要從學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況、個(gè)別差異出發(fā),有的放矢地進(jìn)行有差別的教學(xué),使每個(gè)學(xué)生都能揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短、獲得最佳的發(fā)展。
(2)貫徹實(shí)施因材施教原則的基本要求 ①針對(duì)學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有區(qū)別的教學(xué)。了解學(xué)生個(gè)別特點(diǎn)是搞好因材施教的基礎(chǔ)。教師應(yīng)當(dāng)了解每個(gè)學(xué)生德智體發(fā)展的特點(diǎn),各學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)的情況與成績(jī),有何興趣、愛好與擅長(zhǎng)以及不足之處,然后有目的地因材施教。對(duì)反應(yīng)遲鈍的學(xué)生,要激勵(lì)他們積極進(jìn)行思考,勇于回答問題和進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)辯;對(duì)能力較強(qiáng)而態(tài)度馬虎的學(xué)生,要給他們一點(diǎn)難度較大的作業(yè),并嚴(yán)格要求他們注意精益求精;對(duì)語言表述缺乏條理的學(xué)生,要多讓他們?cè)谡n堂上作復(fù)述和發(fā)言,以克服其不足;對(duì)注意力不集中、學(xué)習(xí)不專心的學(xué)生,要多暗示、提醒、提問,培養(yǎng)他們的自控能力;對(duì)視、聽覺不好的學(xué)生,要照顧他們坐在比較適合的地方;對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)感到很輕松或很困難的學(xué)生,要加強(qiáng)個(gè)別輔導(dǎo),給能力強(qiáng)者開點(diǎn)“小灶”,增加課業(yè),對(duì)困難者給予特殊幫助或補(bǔ)課。
②采取有效措施使有才能的學(xué)生得到充分的發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)行的班級(jí)上課注重面向全體,往往搞大家齊步走而難于照顧到學(xué)生的特點(diǎn),使許多學(xué)生的才能發(fā)展受到局限。而現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展、國際上各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加強(qiáng),都要求學(xué)校教學(xué)應(yīng)注意從小培養(yǎng)有特殊才能的人。故現(xiàn)代教學(xué)要重視探索和采用一些特殊措施或制度,以保證早出人才、快出人才。如對(duì)有特殊才能的學(xué)生請(qǐng)有關(guān)學(xué)科的教師或校外專家進(jìn)行特殊的指導(dǎo)和培養(yǎng),讓他們參加一些有關(guān)的課外小組和校外活動(dòng)、有關(guān)的競(jìng)賽;在有條件的學(xué)校試行按能力分班教學(xué);開設(shè)一些選修課以照顧學(xué)生的興趣與愛好;允許成績(jī)優(yōu)異的學(xué)生跳級(jí),使他們的才能獲得充分的發(fā)展。(3)實(shí)施因材施教原則的意義
學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展各有其特點(diǎn),尤其在智力才能方面更有他們各自的興趣、愛好和擅長(zhǎng),只有因材施教才能揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短,把他們培養(yǎng)成為社會(huì)上各種有用的和杰出的人才。許多科學(xué)天才、體育明星、歌星、舞星等有特殊稟賦和才能的人,早在少年兒童時(shí)期便已開始顯露,這是因材施教的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。每個(gè)教師有職責(zé)去發(fā)現(xiàn)人才和培養(yǎng)這些人才。因材施教不僅能提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量,而且能為國家更好地培養(yǎng)人才。
4.結(jié)合教育教學(xué)實(shí)際,談?wù)勀銓?duì)“道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)”的內(nèi)涵和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的認(rèn)識(shí)。答:“道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)”出自《學(xué)記》,它概括了如何進(jìn)行啟發(fā)的寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn),有著豐富的內(nèi)涵和重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
(1)“道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)”的內(nèi)涵
“道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)”的中心是要求教師積極發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用,但不能代替學(xué)生思考,只要求“繼其志”。對(duì)其內(nèi)涵分析如下:
①道而弗牽。教師要積極引導(dǎo),但不要硬牽著學(xué)生走,這樣學(xué)起來就會(huì)自然和諧。不引導(dǎo)不行,硬牽著走也會(huì)失敗。
②強(qiáng)而弗抑。教師要積極督促,但不要強(qiáng)制和壓抑,這樣學(xué)起來就會(huì)安易順利。不督促檢查不行,強(qiáng)制學(xué)習(xí)也會(huì)挫傷學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性。⑧開而弗達(dá)。教師要為學(xué)生打開知識(shí)的大門提供鑰匙,但不要把知識(shí)通達(dá)不遺地全部塞給學(xué)生,要留有余地,啟發(fā)學(xué)生自己積極思考,這樣學(xué)生的思維能力就可以得到鍛煉和發(fā)展。(2)道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義
“道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)”的思想繼承和發(fā)展了孔子啟發(fā)教學(xué)的思想,強(qiáng)調(diào)了學(xué)生積極性、主動(dòng)性的重要性,對(duì)當(dāng)今教學(xué)有著很大的借鑒價(jià)值。④教學(xué)中要充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體性。隨著教育改革的深入,當(dāng)前教學(xué)實(shí)踐克服了一切以教師為中心的現(xiàn)象,開始重視學(xué)生的主體地位。在教學(xué)中,教師要尊重學(xué)生的主體能動(dòng)性,注意讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮自己的主體性;培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中主動(dòng)參與的能力,讓不同層次的學(xué)生獲得不同的提高;同時(shí)更好的發(fā)揮教育的作用。
②教師要充分發(fā)揮自己的作用。在教學(xué)過程中,教師既不能強(qiáng)制學(xué)生做他們不愿做的事情,也不能放任不管。教師要深刻了解自己的學(xué)生,根據(jù)學(xué)生的年齡特征對(duì)其提出比較合理的學(xué)習(xí)與成就目標(biāo);同時(shí),在學(xué)生遇到困難時(shí),對(duì)其進(jìn)行積極督導(dǎo),防止挫傷其積極性。
③教師要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,發(fā)揮其學(xué)習(xí)潛力。在教學(xué)過程中,教師不能把所有的知識(shí)都通通扔給學(xué)生,要給學(xué)生留有適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間來思考問題,提高其思維能力;或者在講授某一內(nèi)容時(shí),讓學(xué)生聯(lián)想相關(guān)知識(shí)、讓其進(jìn)行小組討論等,拓寬其思路;教師還可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自我檢查、自我評(píng)價(jià)的能力,對(duì)自身學(xué)習(xí)過程中的情感、認(rèn)知能力及行為能力做出合理的評(píng)價(jià),讓學(xué)生在自我評(píng)價(jià)的過程中不斷地自我反思、自我完善等。這樣可以充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)潛力,促使學(xué)生積極思考,提高其能力?!伴_而弗達(dá)”就很好地體現(xiàn)了這一意義??傊?,“道而弗牽,強(qiáng)而弗抑、開而弗達(dá)”具有豐富的教育內(nèi)涵,對(duì)當(dāng)今教育有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。教育工作者要對(duì)這一原則有深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),并將其與當(dāng)前教學(xué)實(shí)際相結(jié)合,以充分發(fā)揮其意義。
5.試述教學(xué)過程的基本特點(diǎn)。
答:教學(xué)過程是教師依據(jù)教學(xué)目的、任務(wù)和學(xué)生身心發(fā)展的特點(diǎn),通過指導(dǎo)學(xué)生有目的、有計(jì)劃地掌握系統(tǒng)的文化知識(shí)和基本技能,發(fā)展學(xué)生智力和體力,形成科學(xué)世界觀及培養(yǎng)道德品質(zhì)、發(fā)展個(gè)性的過程。其基本特點(diǎn)主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)與直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)相結(jié)合 間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)與直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)相結(jié)合,反映教學(xué)中傳授系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)文化知識(shí)與豐富學(xué)生感性知識(shí)的關(guān)系,理論與實(shí)踐的關(guān)系,知與行的關(guān)系。
①學(xué)生以學(xué)習(xí)間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主。教學(xué)中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主要是間接經(jīng)驗(yàn),并且是間接地去體驗(yàn)。學(xué)生主要是通過“讀書”、“接受”現(xiàn)成的知識(shí),然后再去“應(yīng)用”和”證明“。這是一條認(rèn)識(shí)的捷徑,可以避免人類曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過的曲折和失敗,使學(xué)生能用最短的時(shí)間掌握大量的系統(tǒng)的文化科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),同時(shí),還可以使學(xué)生在新的起點(diǎn)上繼續(xù)認(rèn)識(shí)客觀世界,繼續(xù)開拓新的認(rèn)識(shí)領(lǐng)域。
②學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)要以直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)。要使人類的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為學(xué)生真正理解掌握的知識(shí),必須依靠個(gè)人以往積累的或現(xiàn)時(shí)獲得的感性經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),原因在于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的書本知識(shí)是以抽象的文字符號(hào)表示的,是前人生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐和社會(huì)實(shí)踐的認(rèn)識(shí)和概括,而不是來自學(xué)生的實(shí)踐與經(jīng)驗(yàn)。他們接受這種知識(shí)是完全必要的。(2)掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相統(tǒng)一
掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相互依存、相互促進(jìn)。二者統(tǒng)一在同一教學(xué)活動(dòng)中。教學(xué)不僅要使學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)技能,而且要發(fā)展學(xué)生的智力和能力。重視教學(xué)的發(fā)展性,是新時(shí)代的要求。①掌握知識(shí)是發(fā)展智力的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)能力的發(fā)展有賴于知識(shí)的掌握。知識(shí)為智力提供了廣闊的領(lǐng)域,只有具備了某方面的知識(shí),才有可能從事某方面的思維活動(dòng),同時(shí)知識(shí)中也包含有認(rèn)識(shí)方法的啟示。
②智力發(fā)展是掌握知識(shí)的重要條件。學(xué)生具有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)能力,是他們進(jìn)一步掌握文化科學(xué)知識(shí)的必要條件。學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)的速度與質(zhì)量,依賴于學(xué)生原有智力水平的高低。教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)啟發(fā)學(xué)生運(yùn)用自己潛在的能力,使學(xué)生在掌握知識(shí)的過程中發(fā)展認(rèn)識(shí)能力。認(rèn)識(shí)能力具有普遍的遷移價(jià)值,它不但能有效地提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效率和知識(shí)質(zhì)量,推動(dòng)學(xué)生進(jìn)一步掌握知識(shí),而且有利于促使學(xué)生將知識(shí)應(yīng)用于社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng),從而獲得完全的知識(shí)。③掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相互轉(zhuǎn)化的內(nèi)在機(jī)制。知識(shí)不等于智力,學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)的多少并不完全表明其智力的高低,而發(fā)展學(xué)生的智力也不是一個(gè)自發(fā)的過程。必須探索二者之間的差異以及相互轉(zhuǎn)化的過程和條件,以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在掌握知識(shí)的同時(shí),有效地發(fā)展他們的智力和認(rèn)識(shí)能力。
(3)教學(xué)過程中知、情、意的統(tǒng)一
在教學(xué)過程中,學(xué)生的知、情、意相互作用,同時(shí)介人,這就需要處理好知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)與思想、情感、意志培養(yǎng)的關(guān)系問題。知、情、意是教學(xué)過程內(nèi)在的因素,它們的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展不僅與教學(xué)內(nèi)容、也與教學(xué)過程的組織、方法的運(yùn)用相關(guān),教師教學(xué)的責(zé)任感、價(jià)值觀、思想作風(fēng)、言行舉止以及校園環(huán)境、人際關(guān)系等,對(duì)這些方面的發(fā)展也有重要影響。(4)教師主導(dǎo)作用與學(xué)生能動(dòng)性結(jié)合
教學(xué)活動(dòng)是教師的教和學(xué)生的學(xué)組成的雙邊活動(dòng)。教學(xué)是教師教學(xué)生去學(xué),學(xué)生這個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)主體是教師組織的教學(xué)活動(dòng)中的學(xué)習(xí)主體,教師對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)起主導(dǎo)作用。①教師在教學(xué)過程中處于組織者的地位,應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮教師的主導(dǎo)作用。教師的主導(dǎo)作用表現(xiàn)在:教師的指導(dǎo)決定著學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的方向、內(nèi)容、進(jìn)程、結(jié)果和質(zhì)量,起引導(dǎo)、規(guī)范、評(píng)價(jià)和糾正的作用。教師的教還影響著學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方式以及學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)主動(dòng)積極性的發(fā)揮,影響著學(xué)生的個(gè)性以及人生觀、世界觀的形成。
②學(xué)生在教學(xué)過程中作為學(xué)習(xí)主體的地位,應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生參與教學(xué)的主體能動(dòng)性。在教學(xué)中,學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,其能動(dòng)性具體表現(xiàn)在:受學(xué)生本人興趣、需要以及所接受的外部要求的推動(dòng)和支配,學(xué)生對(duì)外部信息選擇的能動(dòng)性、自覺性;受學(xué)生原有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思維方式、情感意志、價(jià)值觀等制約,學(xué)生對(duì)外部信息進(jìn)行內(nèi)部加工的獨(dú)立性、創(chuàng)造性。
③建立合作、友愛、民主平等的師生交往關(guān)系。教學(xué)過程是師生共享教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的過程,在此過程中,師生共同明確教學(xué)目標(biāo),交流思想、情感,實(shí)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)。在師生交往活動(dòng)中,教師要善于創(chuàng)設(shè)和諧情境,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生合作學(xué)習(xí);教師要善于體驗(yàn)或引起學(xué)生的興趣和需要,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極學(xué)習(xí),主動(dòng)參與,善于從學(xué)生的年齡特征和個(gè)別差異出發(fā),對(duì)學(xué)生提出嚴(yán)格的要求;善于洞察學(xué)生的內(nèi)心世界,尊重學(xué)生的個(gè)性和才能,善于引起學(xué)生在思想和情感上的共鳴,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自我調(diào)控能力,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生大膽創(chuàng)新,同時(shí)創(chuàng)設(shè)自我表現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì),使學(xué)生不斷獲得成功體驗(yàn)。
一、選擇題
1.制度化教育建立的典型表征是(B)。
A.學(xué)校的產(chǎn)生 B.學(xué)制的建立 C.教育實(shí)體的出現(xiàn) D.定型的教育組織形式出現(xiàn)
2.推動(dòng)教育學(xué)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力是(D)的發(fā)展。
A.教育規(guī)律 B.教育價(jià)值 C.教育現(xiàn)象 D.教育問題
3.提出“泛智”教育思想,探討“把一切事物教給一切人類的全部藝術(shù)”的教育家是(B)。
A.培根 B.夸美紐斯 C.赫爾巴特 D.贊科夫
4.“我們敢說日常所見的人中,十分之九都是他們的教育所決定的?!边@一觀點(diǎn)出自洛克的(B)。
A.《大教學(xué)論》 B.《教育漫話》 C.《愛彌兒》 D.《普通教育學(xué)》
5.“活到老學(xué)到老”是現(xiàn)代教育(C)特點(diǎn)的要求。
A.大眾性 B.公平性 C.終身性 D.未來性
6.教育學(xué)的研究對(duì)象是(A)。
A.教育問題 B.教育價(jià)值 C.教育事實(shí) D.教育規(guī)律
7.最早在大學(xué)里開設(shè)教育學(xué)課程的是(A)。
A.康德 B.培根 C.夸美紐斯 D.赫爾巴特
8.被稱之為“現(xiàn)代教育學(xué)之父”的教育家是(A)。
A.赫爾巴特 B.康德 C.培根 D.夸美紐斯
9.教育學(xué)史上第一個(gè)正式提出并把教育起源問題作為一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)問題來認(rèn)識(shí)的是(B)。
A.神話起源說 B.生物起源說 C.心理起源說 D.勞動(dòng)起源說
10.主張根據(jù)兒童的興趣和能力去設(shè)計(jì)教育活動(dòng)的教育家是(D)。
A.柏拉圖B.洛克 C.華生D.杜威
11.“出自造物主之手的東西都是好的,而一到人手里,就全變壞了”。這一論點(diǎn)出自(B)。
A.洛克的《教育漫話》 B.盧梭的《愛彌兒》
C.康德的《論演說家的培養(yǎng)》 D.赫爾巴特的《普通教育學(xué)》
12.教育從生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)中第一次分離的標(biāo)志是(A)。
A學(xué)校的產(chǎn)生B剩余產(chǎn)品的出現(xiàn)C有了國家D創(chuàng)造了文字
13.()被公認(rèn)為第一本現(xiàn)代教育學(xué)著作,書中赫爾巴特強(qiáng)調(diào)必須有“一種教育者自身所需要的科學(xué),有科學(xué)與思考力”并與相鄰學(xué)科取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短。
A《大教學(xué)論》B《普通教育學(xué)》C《民主主義與教育》D《康德論教育》
14.教育是一種社會(huì)歷史現(xiàn)象,產(chǎn)生于生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng),其根本目的在于促使學(xué)生個(gè)體的全面發(fā)展,提倡教勞結(jié)合,教育科學(xué)的方法以唯物辯證法和歷史唯物主義為基礎(chǔ),這一觀點(diǎn)是()的認(rèn)識(shí)。
A.實(shí)用主義教育學(xué) B.制度教育學(xué) C.實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué) D.馬克思主義教育學(xué) 15.在一定的社會(huì)背景下發(fā)生的促使個(gè)體的社會(huì)化和社會(huì)的個(gè)性化的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)即()。
A.教育 B.教學(xué) C.德育 D.智育
16.在我國,“教育”最早見于(C)。
A.《論語》 B.《大學(xué)》 C.《孟子》 D.《學(xué)記》
17.()取代傳統(tǒng)的“教”與“學(xué)”是我國教育現(xiàn)代化和傳統(tǒng)教育學(xué)范式現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)換的一個(gè)語言學(xué)標(biāo)志。
A.教授 B.教育 C.教育學(xué) D.教學(xué)
18.教育學(xué)研究的任務(wù)是()。
A.教育現(xiàn)象 B.教育事實(shí) C.教育問題 D.教育規(guī)律
19.我國近代第一個(gè)正式實(shí)施的學(xué)制是()。
A.壬寅學(xué)制 B.癸卯學(xué)制 C.壬戌學(xué)制 D.六三三制
20.()主要是在歐洲產(chǎn)生并發(fā)展的。
A.分支學(xué)制 B.多軌學(xué)制 C.單軌學(xué)制 D.雙軌學(xué)制
21.對(duì)教育規(guī)律與教育方針兩者關(guān)系的看法正確的是()。
A.教育規(guī)律和教育方針都是人們主觀意志的體現(xiàn) B.正確的教育方針反映了教育的客觀規(guī)律
C.教育方針能替代教育規(guī)律
D.教育方針政策是教育學(xué)研究的主要對(duì)象和最終依據(jù)
22.對(duì)教育學(xué)與教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)匯編看法錯(cuò)誤的一項(xiàng)是()。
A.教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)匯編多為教育實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的匯集,它同時(shí)也揭示了教育規(guī)律
B.教育學(xué)應(yīng)該重視教育經(jīng)驗(yàn),將教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)提高到理論高度
C.教育學(xué)不能等同于教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的介紹,同時(shí)也不能僅僅滿足于教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的介紹
D.從教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)中總結(jié)教育規(guī)律,可以豐富和發(fā)展教育學(xué)
二、填空題
1.義務(wù)教育依據(jù)“法律規(guī)定”,具有(義務(wù))性、免費(fèi)性、(強(qiáng)迫)性。
2.教育學(xué)是一門以(教育現(xiàn)象;)、教育問題為研究對(duì)象,探索(教育規(guī)律)的科學(xué)。
3.教育制度的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了從前制度化教育到制度化教育,再到(非制度化教育)。
4.制度化教育指向形成系統(tǒng)的(各級(jí)各類學(xué)校)。
5.明確提出以馬克思主義為理論指導(dǎo)的是前蘇聯(lián)教育理論家(凱洛夫),他的作品是(《教育學(xué)》)。
6.中國近代制度化教育的標(biāo)志是清朝末年的廢科舉、興學(xué)校,中國近代系統(tǒng)完備的學(xué)制系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生于1902年的(壬寅學(xué)制)以及1903年的(癸卯學(xué)制)。
7.庫姆斯的非正規(guī)教育的概念,伊里奇非學(xué)?;^念都是(非制度化)教育思潮的代表。
8.中國早在4000多年前的(夏代)就有了學(xué)校教育的形態(tài)。
9.20世紀(jì)初實(shí)用主義教育學(xué)的代表人物,也被作為現(xiàn)代教育的代言人是美國的(杜威),他的代表作是(《民主主義與教育》)。
10.古代的庠、序都是指(樂;數(shù))。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.簡(jiǎn)述現(xiàn)代教育制度發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。
答.20世紀(jì)以來,尤其是二戰(zhàn)以后,世界的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技和文化領(lǐng)域都發(fā)生了前所未有的深刻變化,現(xiàn)代教育進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的歷史時(shí)期,各國的現(xiàn)代教育制度也呈現(xiàn)出一些共同發(fā)展趨勢(shì):
(1)加強(qiáng)學(xué)前教育并重視與小學(xué)教育的銜接
在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前,學(xué)前教育很少被納入國家教育系統(tǒng),但現(xiàn)在很多國家都已經(jīng)將學(xué)前教育納入了國家教育系統(tǒng),并重視其與小學(xué)教育的銜接。
(2)強(qiáng)制普及義務(wù)教育,延長(zhǎng)義務(wù)教育年限
義務(wù)教育是國家用法律形式規(guī)定的、對(duì)一定年齡兒童免費(fèi)實(shí)施的某種程度的學(xué)校教育。19世紀(jì)末,歐美一些國家開始實(shí)行初等義務(wù)教育并逐步延長(zhǎng)義務(wù)教育年限?,F(xiàn)在世界上180多個(gè)國家有2/3以上實(shí)行9年或9年以上的義務(wù)教育制度。
(3)普通教育與職業(yè)教育朝著互相滲透的方向發(fā)展
普通教育主要以升學(xué)為目標(biāo)、以基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)知識(shí)為主要內(nèi)容;而職業(yè)教育則以就業(yè)為主要目標(biāo)、以從事某種職業(yè)或生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的知識(shí)和技能為主要教學(xué)內(nèi)容。二戰(zhàn)前,世界各國普遍推行雙軌制的教育制度,即為升學(xué)做準(zhǔn)備和為就業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備的兩種教育制度并行存在,且兩種制度之間幾乎不相通。這種雙軌制存在著嚴(yán)重的弊端,使學(xué)生缺乏重新選擇的機(jī)會(huì),限制了學(xué)生的發(fā)展。二戰(zhàn)后,兼顧升學(xué)與就業(yè)、給學(xué)生提供多種選擇機(jī)會(huì)的綜合中學(xué)的比例逐漸增加,出現(xiàn)了普通教育職業(yè)化、職業(yè)教育普通化的趨勢(shì)。
(1)啟發(fā)教育實(shí)踐工作者的教育自覺性,使他們不斷領(lǐng)悟教育的真諦
學(xué)習(xí)教育學(xué)理論,并同實(shí)際教育現(xiàn)象相聯(lián)系,能夠啟發(fā)教育工作者去發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、解決問題,在這一過程中,逐漸培養(yǎng)起對(duì)教育問題的敏感性。從現(xiàn)實(shí)教育問題的解決和探討中,逐漸揭示教育的本質(zhì),領(lǐng)悟到教育的真諦。
(2)獲得大量的教育理論知識(shí),擴(kuò)展教育工作的理論視野
學(xué)習(xí)教育學(xué)主要是掌握系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜的教育學(xué)理論知識(shí),這是從事教育工作的先決條件,沒有這方面的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,很難開展教育實(shí)際工作。有了理論知識(shí)在實(shí)際中的指導(dǎo),教育工作者可以用來解決教育難題,不斷擴(kuò)展自己的視野,反過來擴(kuò)充自身的理論知識(shí)。
(3)養(yǎng)成正確的教育態(tài)度,培植堅(jiān)定的教育信念
學(xué)習(xí)了教育學(xué)之后,可以幫助教育工作者掌握知識(shí),解決實(shí)際教育問題,從而逐步培養(yǎng)其正確的教育態(tài)度。在以后的工作和學(xué)習(xí)中,能夠很好的運(yùn)用教育學(xué)知識(shí)于實(shí)際中,培植教育者堅(jiān)定的教育信念和對(duì)教育工作的熱愛。
(4)提高教育實(shí)際工作者的自我反思和發(fā)展能力
對(duì)理論的探索和實(shí)際問題的解決有助于教育工作者反思能力的成長(zhǎng),往往在實(shí)際的解決問題背后培養(yǎng)起對(duì)教育的信念和看法,從而在未來的發(fā)展中奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。
(5)為成為研究性的教師打下基礎(chǔ)
教師主要負(fù)責(zé)教學(xué)工作,但是隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展,教師應(yīng)該發(fā)展成為教學(xué)者和研究者的集合。既具有實(shí)際的教學(xué)能力,又具有研究能力,解決實(shí)際問題,對(duì)教育學(xué)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)就有助于教師在這方面的成長(zhǎng),真正為教師成長(zhǎng)為研究型的教師打下基礎(chǔ)。
3.馬克思主義教育學(xué)的基本觀點(diǎn)是什么?
答:馬克思主義教育學(xué)興起于19世紀(jì)末,直到今天仍然對(duì)教育產(chǎn)生著重要的影響,其基本觀點(diǎn)主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面:
(1)教育與社會(huì)的關(guān)系
①教育是與人類的生產(chǎn)聯(lián)系在一起的,既取決于生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)條件也取決于生產(chǎn)關(guān)系。社會(huì)或社會(huì)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系決定著教育,制約著教育的發(fā)展、社會(huì)性質(zhì)以及社會(huì)職能的實(shí)現(xiàn),并要求教育為這些關(guān)系服務(wù),發(fā)揮教育的社會(huì)功能。
②教育同時(shí)具有相對(duì)的獨(dú)立性和繼承性,受多重因素制約,教育對(duì)于無產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命和徹底解放具有重要意義。只有共產(chǎn)主義代替資本主義,才能消滅資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和一切階級(jí)的教育。教育改革和社會(huì)變革之間是一種辯證統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系。
(2)教育與社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的關(guān)系
社會(huì)生產(chǎn)對(duì)教育作用的變化是一個(gè)歷史發(fā)展的過程,隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,對(duì)教育的需求和作用都發(fā)生了變化。教育規(guī)模和發(fā)展速度、教育內(nèi)容、方法和組織形式也發(fā)生了相應(yīng)的變化,教育在社會(huì)生產(chǎn)體系中的地位和作用也越來越重要。教育是勞動(dòng)力生產(chǎn)和再生產(chǎn)的重要手段,是科學(xué)知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力的重要手段,學(xué)校是科學(xué)知識(shí)再生產(chǎn)的重要場(chǎng)所。
(3)論人的本質(zhì)和個(gè)性形成
馬克思認(rèn)為人的本質(zhì)包括兩方面:①人的本質(zhì)是勞動(dòng);②人的本質(zhì)在其現(xiàn)實(shí)性上,是一切社會(huì)關(guān)系的總和。在個(gè)性形成的問題上,馬克思主義批判了遺傳決定論和環(huán)境決定論,科學(xué)地解決了遺傳、環(huán)境和教育在人的發(fā)展中的辯證關(guān)系。
(4)論人的全面發(fā)展與教育的關(guān)系
人的全面發(fā)展是馬克思主義教育理論的核心。人的全面發(fā)展,即勞動(dòng)者智力和體力兩方面,以及智力的各方面和體力的各方面都得到發(fā)展,達(dá)到體力勞動(dòng)和腦力勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合,這是人的全面發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。但從更深層次看,它也是指一個(gè)人在志趣、道德、個(gè)性等方面的發(fā)展,即作為一個(gè)真正“完整的”、“全面性”的人的發(fā)展,而且使每個(gè)社會(huì)成員得到自由的、充分的發(fā)展,還必須向全體社會(huì)成員施以普遍的全面教育,包括智育、綜合技術(shù)教育、體育和德育,以及實(shí)行教育與真正自由的生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合。
(5)論教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合的重大意義
①教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合不但是提高社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的一種方法,而且是造就全面發(fā)展的人的惟一方法,是改造現(xiàn)代社會(huì)最強(qiáng)有力的手段之一。
②大工業(yè)的發(fā)展客觀上先是要求將生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)與教育結(jié)合起來,使工人盡可能受到適應(yīng)勞動(dòng)職能變更的教育,再是要求將教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合,以培養(yǎng)能多方面發(fā)展的勞動(dòng)者。
③機(jī)器大工業(yè)生產(chǎn)是建立在現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上的,這就為通過科學(xué)這一中介,將教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)有機(jī)結(jié)合提供了基礎(chǔ)。
④綜合技術(shù)教育,這一使兒童和少年了解生產(chǎn)各個(gè)過程的基本原理,同時(shí)使他們獲得運(yùn)用各種生產(chǎn)工具的技能,為教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合提供了重要的“紐帶”。
4.簡(jiǎn)述現(xiàn)代教育的特征。
答:現(xiàn)代教育是迄今為止教育發(fā)展的最高階段,也是人類教育發(fā)展的一個(gè)十分重要的階段,出現(xiàn)了許多新質(zhì)、新特點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)代教育的特征主要包括以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)現(xiàn)代教育的公共性
現(xiàn)代教育的公共性是指現(xiàn)代教育越來越成為社會(huì)的公共事業(yè),是面向全體人民,而不是面向一部分人的,是為全體人民服務(wù)的,而不是僅為一小部分人服務(wù)的。與之相關(guān)的就是現(xiàn)代教育的公平性,即現(xiàn)代教育要為每一位受教育者提供同樣的機(jī)會(huì)和服務(wù),努力做到受教育機(jī)會(huì)的均等,并制定切實(shí)可行的措施保證實(shí)際上的公平。這就是說,現(xiàn)代教育的公共性也就是現(xiàn)代教育的大眾性,現(xiàn)代教育應(yīng)該是大眾教育。應(yīng)該堅(jiān)決廢除教育的等級(jí)性和特權(quán)性。這樣說并不是要否認(rèn)教育對(duì)少數(shù)精英人才的培養(yǎng),但是對(duì)精英人才的選擇不是根據(jù)他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)、出身和地位,而是根據(jù)他們的才智和志向,并且,精英人才的選拔不應(yīng)該以犧牲大眾教育的質(zhì)量為代價(jià),應(yīng)該在提高大眾素質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上選擇精英、培育精英。
(2)現(xiàn)代教育的生產(chǎn)性
現(xiàn)代教育的生產(chǎn)性是指現(xiàn)代教育越來越與人類的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)結(jié)合起來,越來越與生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生密切的、多樣化的關(guān)系。生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展也對(duì)教育系統(tǒng)提出了新的要求,一個(gè)重要的標(biāo)志就是職業(yè)教育得到了很大的發(fā)展。人們?nèi)找嬲J(rèn)識(shí)到:今天的教育就是明天的經(jīng)濟(jì),教育已經(jīng)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的杠桿。教育的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能得到了世界各國政府的充分重視,教育改革因此被作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略性條件。教育不僅是改變?nèi)藗兙裆畹囊环N重要力量,還是改變?nèi)藗兊奈镔|(zhì)生活的一種重要力量。
(3)現(xiàn)代教育的科學(xué)性
現(xiàn)代教育的科學(xué)性主要包括兩方面:一方面,科學(xué)教育是現(xiàn)代教育的基本內(nèi)容和最重要的方面;另一方面,現(xiàn)代教育的發(fā)展也受教育科學(xué)的指導(dǎo),日益擺脫教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的束縛。
(4)現(xiàn)代教育的未來性
現(xiàn)代教育的未來性包括兩方面:一方面是現(xiàn)代教育的價(jià)值取向、目標(biāo)定位等會(huì)對(duì)未來社會(huì)和個(gè)體的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生非常大的影響;另一方面是指現(xiàn)代教育的發(fā)展不僅要考慮到當(dāng)前社會(huì)和個(gè)體發(fā)展的要求,從當(dāng)前社會(huì)和個(gè)體的發(fā)展需要出發(fā),并且要考慮到未來社會(huì)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)對(duì)教育提出的要求,教育要面向未來,未雨綢繆。
(5)現(xiàn)代教育的國際性
現(xiàn)代教育的國際性是指現(xiàn)代教育應(yīng)該從態(tài)度、知識(shí)、情感、技能等方面培養(yǎng)受教育者從小就為一個(gè)國際化的時(shí)代做準(zhǔn)備,也就是要面向世界。
(6)現(xiàn)代教育的終身性
現(xiàn)代教育的終身性是指現(xiàn)代教育不局限于學(xué)齡階段,而是貫穿人的一生,現(xiàn)代教育的改革應(yīng)該著眼于創(chuàng)造一個(gè)適合于終身學(xué)習(xí)的社會(huì),滿足不同年齡段的受教育者的教育需求。
5.簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下教育學(xué)研究中常用的教育研究方法。
答:常用的教育學(xué)的研究方法有歷史法、調(diào)查法、實(shí)驗(yàn)法、統(tǒng)計(jì)法等。
(1)歷史法
歷史法就是要從事物發(fā)生和發(fā)展的過程中去進(jìn)行考察,以弄清它的實(shí)質(zhì)和發(fā)展規(guī)律的方法。它包括史料的搜集、對(duì)史料的鑒別、對(duì)史料進(jìn)行分類三步驟。運(yùn)用歷史法研究教育問題時(shí),要注意堅(jiān)持全面分析的方法,要把歷史分析和階段分析結(jié)合起來,要正確處理批判與繼承的關(guān)系。
(2)調(diào)查法
教育調(diào)查法是了解教育情況、研究教育問題的基本方法。它對(duì)于制定教育規(guī)劃、檢查教育質(zhì)量、總結(jié)教育經(jīng)驗(yàn),都起著重要的作用。教育調(diào)查分為全面調(diào)查、重點(diǎn)調(diào)查、抽樣調(diào)查和個(gè)案調(diào)查。在運(yùn)用調(diào)查法研究教育問題時(shí),要確定好調(diào)查的目的,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)查對(duì)象,擬出調(diào)查提綱,計(jì)劃好調(diào)查的步驟和方法。調(diào)查的方法是多種多樣的,經(jīng)常采用的有幾種,如觀察、談話、查閱學(xué)生作業(yè)和教育文件資料、問卷等。
(3)教育實(shí)驗(yàn)法
教育實(shí)驗(yàn)法是研究者根據(jù)對(duì)改善教育問題的設(shè)想,創(chuàng)設(shè)某種環(huán)境,控制一定條件進(jìn)行教育實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的方法。教育實(shí)驗(yàn)法一般分為三種:?jiǎn)谓M實(shí)驗(yàn)法、等組實(shí)驗(yàn)法、循環(huán)實(shí)驗(yàn)法。
(4)統(tǒng)計(jì)法
統(tǒng)計(jì)法是數(shù)量分析的一種方法,它對(duì)于各種工作,都有著重要意義。統(tǒng)計(jì)法包括對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)資料的搜集、整理、計(jì)算和分析等一系列的方法,舉凡統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表的制作,各種集中量數(shù)、差異量數(shù)和相關(guān)系數(shù)的計(jì)算,總體參數(shù)的估計(jì)和差異性的顯著性檢驗(yàn)等所運(yùn)用的方法,都是統(tǒng)計(jì)的方法。研究教育問題時(shí),可根據(jù)需要有選擇地采用。
6.教育學(xué)創(chuàng)立的標(biāo)志是什么?
答:教育學(xué)是隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展和人類教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的豐富而逐漸形成和發(fā)展起來的一門科學(xué)。獨(dú)立形態(tài)的教育學(xué)創(chuàng)立的標(biāo)志如下:
(1)研究對(duì)象方面,教育問題成為一個(gè)專門的研究領(lǐng)域。教育問題從哲學(xué)、政治、倫理、宗教等問題中獨(dú)立出來,形成了專門的研究領(lǐng)域。
(2)從使用的概念和范疇看,已經(jīng)形成了專門反映教育本質(zhì)和規(guī)律的教育概念、范疇以及概念和范疇的體系。
(3)研究方法方面,有了“科學(xué)的”研究方法。人們開始系統(tǒng)地思考教育問題,經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的研究方法在教育學(xué)獨(dú)立時(shí)期開始盛行。
(4)研究結(jié)果方面,出現(xiàn)了一些專門的、系統(tǒng)的教育學(xué)著作。如夸美紐斯的《大教學(xué)論》、英國哲學(xué)家洛克的《教育漫話》、盧梭的《愛彌兒》、赫爾巴特的《普通教育學(xué)》等。
(5)從組織機(jī)構(gòu)來看,出現(xiàn)了專門的教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)。
這些標(biāo)志并不是同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的,而是在比較長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)逐漸形成的。因此,教育學(xué)的創(chuàng)立也不是瞬間完成的,而是一個(gè)歷史的過程,前后經(jīng)歷了200多年的時(shí)間。
四、論述題
1.試述教育國際化的時(shí)代背景、內(nèi)涵及意義。
答:教育國際化是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后國際間相互交流、研討、協(xié)作,解決教育上共同問題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),其出現(xiàn)的時(shí)代背景、內(nèi)涵和意義分別如下:
(1)教育國際化的時(shí)代背景
教育國際化的出現(xiàn)有著深刻的時(shí)代背景,主要表現(xiàn)在:
①經(jīng)濟(jì)國際化,全球范圍的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和合作,推動(dòng)了各國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展;
②新技術(shù)革命的迅速發(fā)展極大地推動(dòng)了科技國際化,全球科技競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈,科技合作日益頻繁,經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技國際化推動(dòng)了各領(lǐng)域的國際化;
③網(wǎng)絡(luò)的使用越來越普遍,這些都為教育國際化奠定了基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)又推動(dòng)了教育國際化趨勢(shì)的加強(qiáng)。
(2)教育國際化的內(nèi)涵
①教育國際化是指一個(gè)國家或地區(qū)的教育發(fā)展越來越呈現(xiàn)出國際性的特點(diǎn),是指在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、貿(mào)易自由化地推動(dòng)下,在國際教育貿(mào)易市場(chǎng)開放的前提下,教育資源在國際間進(jìn)行配置,教育要素在國際間加速流動(dòng),教育國際交流與合作日益頻繁,世界各國教育相互影響、相互依存的程度不斷提高,各國教育相互交流、相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、相互包容、相互激蕩,共同促進(jìn)世界的繁榮和發(fā)展。
②各國在人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的確定、教育內(nèi)容的選擇以及教育手段和方法的采用等方面不僅要滿足來自本國、本土化的要求,還要適應(yīng)國際間產(chǎn)業(yè)分工、貿(mào)易互補(bǔ)等經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流與合作的新形勢(shì)。
③教育國際化的核心或者本質(zhì),說到底就是在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、貿(mào)易自由化的大背景下,各國都想充分利用國內(nèi)和國際兩個(gè)教育市場(chǎng),優(yōu)化配置本國的教育資源和要素,搶占世界教育的制高點(diǎn),培養(yǎng)出在國際上有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的高素質(zhì)的人才,為本國的最高利益服務(wù)。其最終目的是培養(yǎng)具有國際意識(shí)、國際交往能力、國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的人才,這種人才能立足于本土,放眼于世界,積極主動(dòng)地參與國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
(3)教育國際化的意義
教育國際化對(duì)發(fā)展中國家的教育具有雙重意義,它既為發(fā)展中國家的教育發(fā)展帶來了機(jī)遇,也使其面臨沖擊和挑戰(zhàn)。
①發(fā)展的機(jī)遇。教育國際化所帶來的機(jī)遇主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
第一,教育的國際化使教育市場(chǎng)開放,彌補(bǔ)了發(fā)展中國家教育資源的不足。
第二,教育國際化使國際教育會(huì)議的舉行日益頻繁,國際間學(xué)校之間的合作和交流更加頻繁。這樣可以增強(qiáng)各國教育和學(xué)術(shù)的交流,吸取他國教育的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),促進(jìn)國內(nèi)教育發(fā)展。
第三,國際交流與合作有利于學(xué)習(xí)國外先進(jìn)科技知識(shí)和教育管理方式。
第四,教育國際化推動(dòng)了國內(nèi)教育的現(xiàn)代化改革。
②沖擊和挑戰(zhàn)。教育國際化在帶來機(jī)遇的同時(shí),也對(duì)其形成了沖擊和挑戰(zhàn),具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
第一,發(fā)達(dá)國家對(duì)發(fā)展中國家的歧視,加劇了國際間教育的不平等。
第二,國際商業(yè)化思潮對(duì)我國傳統(tǒng)教育觀念會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良的影響。
第三,教育市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的日益加劇,會(huì)對(duì)一些競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不強(qiáng)的學(xué)校產(chǎn)生一些消極影響。
第四,發(fā)達(dá)國家在政治、文化和價(jià)值領(lǐng)域上對(duì)發(fā)展中國家的滲透會(huì)擴(kuò)大。
總之,教育國際化是時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要,是教育發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),它對(duì)教育發(fā)展具有機(jī)遇和沖擊雙重影響。在此,任何國家都要做好應(yīng)付它的準(zhǔn)備,要對(duì)教育國際化形成科學(xué)、全面的認(rèn)識(shí),以充分發(fā)揮其積極作用,減少其消極作用。
2.教育學(xué)獨(dú)立的條件是什么?獨(dú)立時(shí)期的標(biāo)志性教育著作有哪些?
答:教育學(xué)是隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展和人類教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的豐富而逐漸形成和發(fā)展起來的一門學(xué)科。在教育尚處于萌芽和經(jīng)驗(yàn)階段時(shí),作為總結(jié)教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)、具有一定理論體系的教育學(xué)是不可能出現(xiàn)的,教育學(xué)還沒有成為獨(dú)立學(xué)科。隨著資本主義生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和科學(xué)的進(jìn)步,資產(chǎn)階級(jí)為了培養(yǎng)他們所需要的人才,在教育上提出了他們的主張,采取了一些新的措施,并且形成了一些教育著作,促使教育學(xué)逐漸形成了獨(dú)立的學(xué)科體系。
(1)教育學(xué)獨(dú)立的條件
①前教育學(xué)時(shí)期教育知識(shí)的豐富積淀。在教育學(xué)獨(dú)立之前,人們已經(jīng)在教育實(shí)踐過程中積累了大量零散的、不成體系的教育知識(shí)。這是教育學(xué)最終能形成一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科所必需的寶貴資料,為教育學(xué)的獨(dú)立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
②17—19世紀(jì)教育實(shí)踐,特別是師范教育發(fā)展的客觀需要。17~19世紀(jì)間,隨著資本主義的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了一些新型的學(xué)校。學(xué)校的發(fā)展,需要新的教師和新的教育教學(xué)方法,師范教育應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,所有這些都促成了教育學(xué)的獨(dú)立。
③近代以來科學(xué)分門別類發(fā)展的總趨勢(shì)和一般科學(xué)方法論的奠定。近代以前,哲學(xué)是一切科學(xué)的母體。近代以來,人類在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都積累了豐富的資料,許多學(xué)科于是從哲學(xué)母體中分化出來,采用實(shí)證科學(xué)的方法,教育學(xué)的獨(dú)立和科學(xué)化也是不可避免的事。
④近代一些著名學(xué)者和教育家們的不懈努力。教育學(xué)的獨(dú)立凝聚了好幾代教育家的心血,正是他們的不懈探索才最終使教育認(rèn)識(shí)從教育術(shù)的階段上升為教育學(xué)的階段。
(2)教育學(xué)獨(dú)立時(shí)期的標(biāo)志性著作
①英國學(xué)者培根在《論科學(xué)的價(jià)值和發(fā)展》一文中,首次把“教育學(xué)”作為一門獨(dú)立的科學(xué)提出;
②捷克教育學(xué)家夸美紐斯出版了近代第一本系統(tǒng)的教育學(xué)著作《大教學(xué)論》;
③英國哲學(xué)家洛克出版了《教育漫話》,提出了完整的“紳士教育”理論;
④法國思想家盧梭出版了《愛彌兒》,深刻地表達(dá)了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)教育思想;
⑤德國哲學(xué)家康德在《康德論教育》一書中明確提出“教育的方法必須成為一種科學(xué)”和“教育實(shí)驗(yàn)”的主張;
⑥瑞士教育家裴斯泰洛齊寫作了《林哈德和葛篤德》,提出“使人類教育心理學(xué)化”的主張;
⑦德國心理學(xué)家和教育學(xué)家赫爾巴特被認(rèn)為是“現(xiàn)代教育學(xué)之父”,他的《普通教育學(xué)》被公認(rèn)為第一本現(xiàn)代教育學(xué)著作。
3.分別寫出夸美紐斯、赫爾巴特、拉伊、杜威的1—2種代表性著作,并簡(jiǎn)單介紹其思想。
答:(1)夸美紐斯的《大教學(xué)論》及其思想
夸美紐斯的《大教學(xué)論》是近代最早的一部教育學(xué)著作。在這部著作中,他提出了普及初等教育,主張建立適應(yīng)學(xué)生年齡特征的學(xué)校教育制度,論證了班級(jí)授課制度,規(guī)定了廣泛的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,提出了教學(xué)的便利性、徹底性、簡(jiǎn)明性與迅捷性的原則,高度地評(píng)價(jià)了教師的職業(yè),強(qiáng)調(diào)了教師的作用。這些主張,在反對(duì)封建教育,建立新的教育科學(xué)方面,都起了積極的作用。
(2)赫爾巴特的《普通教育學(xué)》及其思想
赫爾巴特的《普通教育學(xué)》是一本自成體系的教育學(xué)著作,它標(biāo)志著教育學(xué)已開始成為一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科。該書分為緒論、教育的一般目的、興趣之多方面(教學(xué))、品格之道德力量(德育)四個(gè)部分。他從迎合德國反動(dòng)貴族階級(jí)利益的倫理學(xué)出發(fā),提出“教育的最高目的是道德”;他以心理學(xué)為基礎(chǔ),規(guī)定了教學(xué)步驟:明了、聯(lián)合、系統(tǒng)、方法;他強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)的教育作用。赫爾巴特的《普通教育學(xué)》曾一度風(fēng)行世界,對(duì)許多國家的教育起了很大的影響。
(3)拉伊的《實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué)》及其思想
拉伊的《實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué)》完成了對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué)的系統(tǒng)論述。拉伊的實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué)的理論基礎(chǔ)是生物學(xué),他認(rèn)為每一種生物都是按照:“感受——整理-表現(xiàn)(或表達(dá))”這一公式來活動(dòng)的。他把這一公式應(yīng)用到教育過程中來,主張學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí),首先是通過觀察,獲得印象,構(gòu)成知覺(感受);其次是把所獲得的印象和知覺進(jìn)行加工(整理);最后付諸于行動(dòng)(表現(xiàn))。他特別重視“表現(xiàn)”這一步,認(rèn)為學(xué)校應(yīng)該把主要注意力放在學(xué)生的閱讀、講話、寫作、體驗(yàn)、繪畫、唱歌、舞蹈、戲劇等活動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)上。他嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)舊的經(jīng)院式的教學(xué)僅僅集中在學(xué)生的感受方面,而輕視學(xué)生的加工整理方面,忽略學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)方面。實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué)采用實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法研究教育,無疑是教育學(xué)的一個(gè)進(jìn)步。但是,實(shí)驗(yàn)教育學(xué)者把人和動(dòng)物同等看待,把兒童的發(fā)展解釋為純生物學(xué)的過程,忽視了人的社會(huì)性,卻是錯(cuò)誤的。
(4)杜威的《民主主義與教育》及其思想
杜威的《民主主義與教育》從實(shí)用主義出發(fā),反對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的教育以學(xué)科教材為中心和脫離實(shí)際生活;主張讓學(xué)生在實(shí)際生活中學(xué)習(xí),提出“教育即生活”、“教育即生長(zhǎng)”、“學(xué)校即社會(huì)”和“從做中學(xué)”。他的這種學(xué)說是以“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”為基礎(chǔ),以行動(dòng)為中心,帶有狹隘經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的色彩。
2010年教師資格證考試中學(xué)教育學(xué)模擬試題及答案(7)
一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(在每個(gè)小題列出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)是符合題目要求的,請(qǐng)將其代碼填寫在題干后的括號(hào)內(nèi)。錯(cuò)選、多選或未選均無分。本大題共15小題,每小題2分,共30分。)
1.洛克的代表作(C)中反映了他的“紳士教育”思想。
A.《人類理智論》B.《論信仰自由書》 C.《教育漫話》 D.《教育學(xué)綱要》
2.教師的教育機(jī)智充分表現(xiàn)了教師勞動(dòng)的(D)特點(diǎn)。
A.示范性 B.連續(xù)性C.復(fù)雜性D.創(chuàng)造性
3.教師在教育學(xué)生時(shí),必須了解學(xué)生的年齡特征,因此要求教師的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)有(D)。A.系統(tǒng)的馬列主義理論修養(yǎng) B.精深的專業(yè)知識(shí) C.廣博的文化基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) D.必備的教育科學(xué)知識(shí)
4.下列哪項(xiàng)構(gòu)成課程的理論基礎(chǔ)對(duì)于課程的影響最為長(zhǎng)久?(A)
A.哲學(xué) B.心理學(xué) C.教學(xué)論 D.社會(huì)學(xué)
5.下列哪一項(xiàng)不屬于教育評(píng)價(jià)中的宏觀范圍?(D)
A.教育目標(biāo) B.教育結(jié)構(gòu) C.教育管理體制 D.辦學(xué)條件
6.在中國古代社會(huì)中,被作為教學(xué)的基本教材和科舉考試依據(jù)的是(A)。
A.“四書”“五經(jīng)” B.“六藝” C.“七藝 D.“八股文”
7.教育家馬卡連柯所倡導(dǎo)的“平行教育”,反映的是(D)的德育原則。
A.知行統(tǒng)一 B.尊重信任與嚴(yán)格要求學(xué)生相結(jié)合 C.一致性與連貫性相統(tǒng)一 D.集體教育與個(gè)人教育相結(jié)合 8.在封建社會(huì),主要采用(A)的教學(xué)組織形式。
A.個(gè)別教育 B.班級(jí)授課 C.分組教學(xué) D.道爾頓制
9.教師通過創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的環(huán)境和自身的教育因素,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行熏陶和感染以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好思想品德的德育方法是(D)。
A.品德評(píng)價(jià)法 B.榜樣示范法 C.實(shí)際鍛煉法 D.陶冶教育法
10.既通過對(duì)集體的管理去間接影響個(gè)人,又通過對(duì)個(gè)人的直接管理去影響集體,這是班主任班級(jí)管理模式中的(D)。
A.自由管理 B.民主管理 C.常規(guī)管理 D.平行管理
11.學(xué)校全體成員或部分成員習(xí)得且共同具有的思想觀念和行為方式稱為(C)。
A.學(xué)校精神 B.學(xué)校制度 C.學(xué)校文化 D.學(xué)校傳統(tǒng)
12.下列哪種教學(xué)組織形式主張教師不再向?qū)W生傳授系統(tǒng)知識(shí),而是輔導(dǎo)學(xué)生自學(xué)和獨(dú)立作業(yè)?(D)
A.復(fù)式教育 B.分組教學(xué) C.個(gè)別教學(xué) D.道爾頓制
13.為個(gè)人全面發(fā)展提供了科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐的是(C)。
A.教育 B.德育 C.教學(xué) D.智育
14.備課是教師的課前準(zhǔn)備,備課內(nèi)容不包括(C)。
A.鉆研教材 B.了解學(xué)生 C.課外輔導(dǎo) D.制定教學(xué)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
15.哪個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)目的在于使學(xué)生做好上課前的各種準(zhǔn)備?(B)
A.布置課外作業(yè) B.組織教學(xué) C.檢查復(fù)習(xí)D.講授新教材
二、填空題(本大題共20個(gè)空,每空1分,共20分。)
1.瑞士教育家裴斯泰洛齊是(要素教育)的代表,被稱為19世紀(jì)中期以后到20世紀(jì)世界新教育運(yùn)動(dòng)的開創(chuàng)人,其教育代表作是(《林哈德與葛篤德》)。
2.與人的生命有共同外延并已擴(kuò)展到社會(huì)各個(gè)方面的連續(xù)性教育是(終身教育)。
3.(社會(huì)主義制度)是實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)條件,(教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合)是培養(yǎng)全面發(fā)展的人的唯一途徑。
4.(促進(jìn)人的身心發(fā)展)是教育的直接目的。(能否遵循人的身心發(fā)展的規(guī)律)是教育工作能否達(dá)到預(yù)期目的的關(guān)鍵。
5.個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的動(dòng)因論有:(內(nèi)發(fā)論)、(多因素)外鑠論、(相互作用論)。
6.所謂(人的價(jià)值),是指人在世界中的地位得到肯定,人的作用得到發(fā)揮,人的尊嚴(yán)得到保證。
7.實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育,就是全面貫徹黨的教育方針,以(.提高民族素質(zhì))為根本主旨。
8.(目標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)模式)是在泰勒的“評(píng)價(jià)原理”和“課程原理”的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。
9.一般說來,教育科學(xué)研究過程包括研究的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì)、(研究的組織與實(shí)施)、成果的分析與總結(jié)三個(gè)大的環(huán)節(jié)。
10.社會(huì)模仿模式主要是由(班杜拉)創(chuàng)立的。
11.影響師生關(guān)系的環(huán)境主要有兩個(gè)方面,一是學(xué)校的人際關(guān)系環(huán)境,二是(課堂組織環(huán)境)。
12.個(gè)體在與環(huán)境之間相互作用中所表現(xiàn)出來的(個(gè)體主觀能動(dòng)性),是促進(jìn)個(gè)體發(fā)展從潛在的可能狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)實(shí)狀態(tài)的決定性因素。
13.科學(xué)技術(shù)對(duì)教育的影響首先表現(xiàn)在對(duì)教育的(動(dòng)力)作用,其次能為教育指明方向。
14.外鑠論的基本觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,人的發(fā)展主要依靠(外在的力量),諸如環(huán)境的刺激和要求、他人的影響和學(xué)校的教育等。中國古代外鑠論的代表人物是(茍子)。
15.(課程資源)是課程建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ),它包括教材以及學(xué)生家庭、學(xué)校和社會(huì)生活中一切有助于學(xué)生發(fā)展的各種資源。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.簡(jiǎn)述原始教育的特點(diǎn)。
(1)原始教育是同生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)生活密切結(jié)合的教育。
(2)原始教育是普及平等的教育。
(3)原始教育的內(nèi)容是社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)、生活需要適應(yīng)的。
(4)原始教育的形式、方法和手段極為簡(jiǎn)單。
2.生產(chǎn)力對(duì)教育的決定作用體現(xiàn)在哪些方面?
(1)生產(chǎn)力水平?jīng)Q定教育的規(guī)模和速度。(2)生產(chǎn)力水平制約著教育結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。
(3)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平制約著教育的內(nèi)容和手段。(4)教育相對(duì)獨(dú)立于生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展水平。
3.簡(jiǎn)述個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律。
(1)個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的不均衡性;(2)個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的順序性;
(3)個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的階段性;(4)個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的個(gè)別差異性;
(5)個(gè)體身心發(fā)展的互補(bǔ)性。
4.影響人發(fā)展的因素有哪些,其基本作用是什么?
(1)遺傳因素。它是指人從上一代繼承下來的生理解剖上的特點(diǎn),它是人的身心發(fā)展的生理前提,為人的身心發(fā)展提供了可能性。
(2)環(huán)境因素。它是圍繞在人周圍的,對(duì)個(gè)體自發(fā)地發(fā)生影、響的外部世界。包括自然環(huán)境和社會(huì)環(huán)境。環(huán)境是人的身心發(fā)展的外部的客觀的條件,對(duì)人的發(fā)展起著一定的制約作用。
(3)學(xué)校教育。它是有目的有計(jì)劃地影響人發(fā)展的一種活動(dòng),它對(duì)人的發(fā)展,特別是對(duì)年輕一代的發(fā)展起著主導(dǎo)作用。
(4)個(gè)體的主觀能動(dòng)性。學(xué)生個(gè)體的主觀能動(dòng)性是其身心發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。人的主觀能動(dòng)性是通過人的活動(dòng)表現(xiàn)出來的。離開人的活動(dòng),遺傳素質(zhì)、環(huán)境和學(xué)校教育所賦予的一切發(fā)展條件,都不可能成為人們發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)。從個(gè)體發(fā)展的各種可能性變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)性這個(gè)意義上來說,個(gè)體的活動(dòng)是個(gè)體得到發(fā)展的決定性因素。
5.簡(jiǎn)述現(xiàn)代教育制度的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
(1)加強(qiáng)學(xué)前教育并重視與小學(xué)教音的銜接。(2)強(qiáng)化普及義務(wù)教育、延長(zhǎng)義務(wù)教育年限。
(3)普通教育與職業(yè)教育朝著相互滲透的方向發(fā)展。(4)高等教育的類型日益多樣化。
(5)學(xué)歷教育與非學(xué)歷教育的界限逐漸淡化。(6)教育制度有利于國際交流。
6.教師應(yīng)如何備課?
(1)鉆研教材。包括鉆研教學(xué)大綱、教科書和閱讀有關(guān)的參考書。
(2)了解學(xué)生。包括了解學(xué)生原有知識(shí)技能的質(zhì)量、他們的興趣、需要與思想狀況、學(xué)習(xí)方法和學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣等。
(3)制定教學(xué)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃。包括制定學(xué)期教學(xué)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃、課題計(jì)劃、課時(shí)計(jì)劃。
四、論述題
1.在集體教學(xué)過程中,盡管教師意識(shí)到了要平等對(duì)待學(xué)生,但在實(shí)際中并不能很好的做到。教師會(huì)不自覺得更加關(guān)注少數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)好的學(xué)生,從而忽視了大部分的成績(jī)一般的學(xué)生。請(qǐng)論述教師應(yīng)該怎樣避免這種情況的發(fā)生?
在集體教學(xué)中,教師雖然意識(shí)到要平等、民主的對(duì)待每一個(gè)學(xué)生,但會(huì)不可避免的只對(duì)部分成績(jī)較好的同學(xué)關(guān)注和鼓勵(lì),而忽略了大部分成績(jī)一般的學(xué)生,這樣就產(chǎn)生了不公平的現(xiàn)象。因此,要想消除這種現(xiàn)象,教師在教學(xué)過程中應(yīng)該做到:
(1)削減班級(jí)人數(shù),推行班級(jí)規(guī)模小型化,改換座位排列方式。教育實(shí)踐也進(jìn)一步證明,班級(jí)規(guī)模會(huì)以潛在的方式影響學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)與行為,而只有小型化班級(jí)才有助于學(xué)生成績(jī)的提高,也有助于學(xué)生情感的豐富和發(fā)展,有助于課堂教學(xué)公平的買現(xiàn)。因此,改換學(xué)生座次的排列方式也是促進(jìn)課堂教學(xué)公平的一個(gè)重要舉措。
(2)實(shí)施靈活多樣的教學(xué)組織形式。在班級(jí)授課制下,課堂要求的一致性與學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)可能的差異性始終是一對(duì)矛盾。為解決這個(gè)問題,其中一個(gè)有效課堂組織形式就是對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)行分層教學(xué),即根據(jù)學(xué)生的差異實(shí)施靈活多樣的教學(xué)組織形式,將學(xué)習(xí)可能性大致相似的學(xué)生組合在一起,班內(nèi)形成若干個(gè)分層學(xué)習(xí)小組,然后教師采用分層教學(xué)的方法,使全體學(xué)生都得到適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)。另外,教師要根據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和班級(jí)具體情況,恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇師生問答式、對(duì)組式、4人小組式、小組集體式、全班式等多種課堂組織形式,以促使全體學(xué)生都能夠在原有的基礎(chǔ)上得到發(fā)展。
(3)科學(xué)合理地進(jìn)行教師評(píng)價(jià)。傳統(tǒng)的“應(yīng)試教育”主導(dǎo)下的教師評(píng)價(jià),把學(xué)生考試成績(jī)同學(xué)校對(duì)教師的獎(jiǎng)懲、評(píng)聘直接掛鉤,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)教師實(shí)行“末位淘汰”。教師評(píng)價(jià)直接影響著教師對(duì)待學(xué)生的方式,從而直接關(guān)系到課堂教學(xué)的公平。課堂的教學(xué)內(nèi)容難度、教學(xué)方式都以優(yōu)秀生為參照,全然不顧那些發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后的學(xué)生,顯露出課堂教學(xué)的極端不公平。因此,促進(jìn)課堂教學(xué)公平的實(shí)現(xiàn),應(yīng)科學(xué)合理地評(píng)價(jià)教師的勞動(dòng),使教師評(píng)價(jià)體現(xiàn)出教師勞動(dòng)“育人”的根本特點(diǎn),體現(xiàn)出教師勞動(dòng)的創(chuàng)造性、個(gè)體性以及教師勞動(dòng)成果的集體性、滯后性等特點(diǎn)來,希摒棄那種唯學(xué)生考試成績(jī)是舉的片面的教師評(píng)價(jià)方式。
(4)提高教師待遇,提升教師精神境界。一方面,我們不能脫離人生命的本質(zhì)而奢談人精神境界的提升,應(yīng)切實(shí)保障教師正當(dāng)合理的物質(zhì)利益并努力提高教師待遇,為良好的師德和師風(fēng)的確立奠定可靠的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ);另一方面,有了合理的物質(zhì)利益保障,并非意味著教師崇高的精神境界就會(huì)自然而然地形成,還應(yīng)
加強(qiáng)師德建設(shè),提升教師精神境界。一個(gè)對(duì)教育有著堅(jiān)定的事業(yè)心和對(duì)育人滿腔熱忱的教師,自然會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生充盈著滿腔喜悅,關(guān)注每個(gè)學(xué)生的全面成長(zhǎng)。
(5)建立民主平等的師生關(guān)系。教師理應(yīng)以一種平常的心態(tài)來看待自己,與學(xué)生建立起一種互尊互愛民主平等的師生關(guān)系。同時(shí),還應(yīng)樹立一種正確的學(xué)生觀:每個(gè)學(xué)生都是擁有獨(dú)立人格、發(fā)展的個(gè)體,都具有極大的可塑性,蘊(yùn)藏著巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。?dāng)然,由于影響課堂教學(xué)公平的因素是多方面的,加之某些主觀因素的難以控制,這就決定了充分實(shí)現(xiàn)課堂教學(xué)公平將是一項(xiàng)艱巨的事情。不過我們?nèi)匀粓?jiān)信,隨著人們民主平等意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)和課堂教學(xué)改革的深入,課堂教學(xué)不公平現(xiàn)象將會(huì)逐步得到糾正,將會(huì)最大可能地保證平等地對(duì)待每一位學(xué)生,使每個(gè)受教育者得到全面和諧的發(fā)展。
2.如何理解掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相統(tǒng)一的規(guī)律?
掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相互依存、相互促進(jìn)、二者統(tǒng)一在教學(xué)活動(dòng)中。
(1)掌握知識(shí)是發(fā)展智力的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)能力的發(fā)展有賴于知識(shí)的掌握。
(2)智力發(fā)展是掌握知識(shí)的重要條件。學(xué)生具有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)能力,是他們進(jìn)一步掌握文化科學(xué)知識(shí)的必要條件。學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)的速度和質(zhì)量,依賴于學(xué)生原有智力水平的高低。
(3)掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相互轉(zhuǎn)化的內(nèi)在機(jī)制。知識(shí)與智力的相互轉(zhuǎn)化,應(yīng)注意以下條件。
第一,傳授給學(xué)生的知識(shí)應(yīng)該是科學(xué)的規(guī)律性的知識(shí)。
第二,必須科學(xué)地組織教學(xué)過程。
第三,重視教學(xué)過程中學(xué)生的操作與活動(dòng),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的參與意識(shí)與能力,提供學(xué)生積極參與實(shí)踐的時(shí)間和空間。
第四,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的個(gè)性品質(zhì),重視學(xué)生的個(gè)別差異。
2012年山東省《中學(xué)教育學(xué)》全真模擬試題及答案(6)
一、不定項(xiàng)選擇題(每題l分,共30題,每題有一個(gè)或多個(gè)答案,多選或少選均不得分)1.廣義教育的構(gòu)成因素(ABD)。
A.家庭教育 B.學(xué)校教育C.社區(qū)教育 D.社會(huì)教育 E.自我教育
2.西方古代第一本專門論述教育的著作是(CE)。
A.《大教學(xué)論》 B.《普通教育學(xué)》 C.《論演說家的教育》
D.《民主主義與教育》E.《雄辯術(shù)原理》
3.當(dāng)代較有影響的教育理論有(ABCE)。
A.蘇霍姆林斯基的全面和諧教育理論 B.布盧姆的掌握學(xué)習(xí)理論 C.贊可夫的實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)論體系 D.杜威的現(xiàn)代教育理論 E.布魯納的結(jié)構(gòu)課程理論
4.古希臘把三藝作為教育內(nèi)容,這三藝是指(BCD)。A.四書 B.文法C.修辭 D.辯證法E.論語
5.規(guī)范文化主要有下列三種表達(dá)方式(BDE)。
A.環(huán)境文化 B.組織形態(tài)C.設(shè)施文化 D.規(guī)章制度E.角色規(guī)范
6.教育對(duì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的促進(jìn)作用表現(xiàn)在(ABD)。
A.為政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度培養(yǎng)所需人才 B.是影響政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的輿論力量 C.推動(dòng)國家的制度建設(shè) D。可以促進(jìn)民主 E.促進(jìn)社會(huì)的變革
7.科學(xué)技術(shù)對(duì)教育的影響,首先表現(xiàn)為對(duì)教育的(B)。
A.規(guī)范作用 B.動(dòng)力作用C.引導(dǎo)作用D.爆發(fā)作用E.提升作用
8.美國行為主義心理學(xué)家華生在行為主義一書中寫道:給我一打健康的嬰兒,一個(gè)由我支配的特殊的環(huán)境,讓我在這個(gè)環(huán)境里養(yǎng)育他們,我可擔(dān)保,任意選擇一個(gè),不論他父母的才干傾向愛好如何,他父母的職業(yè)及種族如何,我都可以按照我的意愿把他們訓(xùn)練成為任何一種人物:醫(yī)生、律師、藝術(shù)家、大商人,甚至乞丐或強(qiáng)盜。這是(B)。
A.遺傳決定論的觀點(diǎn) B.環(huán)境決定論的觀點(diǎn)C.家庭決定論的觀點(diǎn)
D.兒童決定論的觀點(diǎn)E.教育決定論
9.專門培養(yǎng)教師的師范教育最早出現(xiàn)在(D)。
A.原始社會(huì) B.奴隸社會(huì) C.封建社會(huì) D.資本主義社會(huì)E.社會(huì)主義社會(huì)
10.制定我國教育目的的理論基礎(chǔ)是(E)。
A.個(gè)體本位論 B.社會(huì)本位論 C.資本主義制度 D.社會(huì)主義制度E.馬克思關(guān)于人的全面發(fā)展學(xué)說
11.教育目的的功能有(ABE)。
A.導(dǎo)向功能 B.評(píng)價(jià)功能C.強(qiáng)制功能 D.示范功能E.激勵(lì)功能
12.“學(xué)生是人”是指(CD)。
A.學(xué)生是具有發(fā)展的可能性的人 B.學(xué)生是具有可塑性的人
C.學(xué)生是具有思想感情的個(gè)體 D.學(xué)生是具有能動(dòng)性的個(gè)體 E.學(xué)生是具有發(fā)展的需要的人
13.《兒童權(quán)利公約》基本精神體現(xiàn)的原則(ABCE)。
A.兒童利益最佳原則 B.尊重兒童尊嚴(yán)原則
C.尊重兒童觀點(diǎn)與意見原則D.保護(hù)兒童原則 E.無歧視原則
14.在教育活動(dòng)中,教師負(fù)責(zé)組織引導(dǎo)學(xué)生沿著正確的方向,采用科學(xué)的方法,獲得良好的發(fā)展,這句話的意思是說(C)。
A.學(xué)生在教育活動(dòng)中是被動(dòng)的客體
B.教師在教育活動(dòng)中是被動(dòng)的客體
C.要充分發(fā)揮教師在教育活動(dòng)中的主導(dǎo)作用
D.教師在教育活動(dòng)中是不能起到主導(dǎo)作用 E.學(xué)生在教育活動(dòng)中起主體作用
15.根據(jù)課程任務(wù),課程分為下列類型(ADE)。
A.研究型課程 B.知識(shí)型課程 C.技能型課程 D.基礎(chǔ)型課程 E.拓展型課程
16.按課程的設(shè)計(jì)形式,課程可以分為(AB)。
A.學(xué)科課程 B.活動(dòng)課程 C.國家課程 D.必修課程 E.地方課程
17.生成性目標(biāo)取向追求的是(C)。
A.普遍主義 B.唯科學(xué)主義 C.實(shí)踐理性 D.解放理性 E.存在主義
18.我國中學(xué)常用的教學(xué)方法(ABC)。
A.講授法 B.談話法 C.討論法 D.借鑒法 E.文獻(xiàn)法
19.柏克赫斯特創(chuàng)立的學(xué)制是(D)。
A.個(gè)別教學(xué)制 B.班級(jí)授課制 C.分組教學(xué)制 D.道爾頓制 E.特朗普制
20.主張教師不再向?qū)W生傳授系統(tǒng)知識(shí),而是輔導(dǎo)學(xué)生自學(xué)和獨(dú)立作業(yè)的教學(xué)組織形式是(D)。
A.復(fù)式教育 B.分組教學(xué) C.設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué) D.道爾頓制 E.個(gè)別教學(xué)
21.根據(jù)一節(jié)課所完成的任務(wù),課的類型可以分為(D)。
A.理論課和實(shí)踐課 B.講授課和練習(xí)課 C.新授課和鞏固課
D.單一課和綜合課 E.自習(xí)課和輔導(dǎo)課
22.學(xué)生思想品德的心理結(jié)構(gòu)要素是(ABCD)。
A.道德認(rèn)知B.道德行為 C.道德情感 D.道德意志 E.德育內(nèi)容
23.愛國主義情感和集體主義情感屬于(C)的道德情感。
A.直覺的 B.想象的 C.倫理的 D.行為的 E.理性的24.“教育者應(yīng)先受教育”說明轉(zhuǎn)化后進(jìn)生的(C)。
A.揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)原則 B.對(duì)事不對(duì)人原則 C.潛移默化原則 D.可接受性原則 E.啟發(fā)性原則
25.優(yōu)秀班主任首先應(yīng)立足于增強(qiáng)(B)。
A.教學(xué)意識(shí) B.育人意識(shí) C.成就意識(shí) D.創(chuàng)新意識(shí) E.角色意識(shí)
26.班級(jí)成員在服從班集體的正確決定和承擔(dān)責(zé)任的前提下,參與班級(jí)管理的方式是(C)。A.常規(guī)管理 B.平行管理 C.民主管理 D.目標(biāo)管理 E.過程管理
27.研究成果表述的目的是(ABCDE)。
A.接受社會(huì)鑒定評(píng)價(jià) B.促進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作 C.促進(jìn)新問題的探索
D.提高研究者的分析能力和表達(dá)能力 E.深化研究擴(kuò)展成果
28.教育科學(xué)研究的來源有(ABCD)。
A.教育科學(xué)實(shí)踐中的問題 B.對(duì)已有教育理論的質(zhì)疑
C.對(duì)教育現(xiàn)狀的分析和研究 D.教育科學(xué)研究規(guī)劃
E.隨遇課題
29.改革開放后第三次全教會(huì)討論了(B)。A.《教育改革和發(fā)展綱要》 B.《深化教育改革全面推進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育的決定》
C.《關(guān)于教育體制改革的決定》 D.《義務(wù)教育投資實(shí)施細(xì)則》E.《中華人民共和國教育法》
30.教師在教育工作中要做到循序漸進(jìn),這是因?yàn)?C)。
A.學(xué)生只有機(jī)械記憶的能力 B.教師的知識(shí)能力是不一樣的
C.教育活動(dòng)中要遵循人的身心發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律 D.教育活動(dòng)完全受到人的遺傳素質(zhì)的制約
E.文化科學(xué)發(fā)展的普遍規(guī)律
二、填空題(每題l分,共15分)
1.西方教育學(xué)傳統(tǒng)始于古希臘的蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德。.2.教育者和受教育者連接起來的中介是教育影響。
3.赫爾巴特出版的《普通教育學(xué)》標(biāo)志著教育學(xué)的誕生。
4.青年期是個(gè)體身心兩方面逐步走向成熟的時(shí)期,人的社會(huì)化在青年期基本完成,青年將取得公民的資格,成為社會(huì)的正式成員。
5.學(xué)校文化建設(shè)的關(guān)鍵人物是校長(zhǎng),他是學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、組織者和法人代表。
6.生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展是引起社會(huì)生活一切方面發(fā)展變化的最基本、最內(nèi)在的因素,因而也是教育發(fā)展的決定性因素。
7.學(xué)校的辦學(xué)目標(biāo)和辦學(xué)理想是學(xué)校文化的集中體現(xiàn)。
8.培養(yǎng)具有創(chuàng)新精神和實(shí)踐能力的新一代人才是素質(zhì)教育的時(shí)代特征。
9.素質(zhì)教育的實(shí)踐者歸根結(jié)底是校長(zhǎng)和教師,所以他們是實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育的關(guān)鍵。
10.1995年12月12日頒布的《教師資格條例》規(guī)定,持有國家頒布的教師資格證書者才能被聘任。
11.課程計(jì)劃中以綱要的形式編寫的、有關(guān)學(xué)科教學(xué)內(nèi)容的指導(dǎo)性文件稱為課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或教學(xué)大綱。
12.教學(xué)是進(jìn)行全面發(fā)展教育,實(shí)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的基本途徑。
13.德育的基本途徑是思想品德課和其他學(xué)科教學(xué)。
14.當(dāng)代最具有影響的德育模式有認(rèn)知模式、體諒模式、社會(huì)模仿模式。
15.應(yīng)用性研究是指解決某種特定領(lǐng)域的實(shí)際問題的研究,具有直接的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
三、判斷說明題(先判斷正誤,再改錯(cuò);判斷錯(cuò)誤不得分;每題5分,共25分)1.初等義務(wù)教育普遍實(shí)施于近代?!?/p>
2.在以班級(jí)授課制為基本教學(xué)組織形式的今天,信息技術(shù)有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)教育的個(gè)陛化。√ 3.學(xué)校教育對(duì)個(gè)體發(fā)展的影響具有即時(shí)價(jià)值但難有延時(shí)價(jià)值?!?/p>
4.學(xué)生主體性的形成,既是教育的目的,也是教育成功的條件。√
5.常言道,做事先做人,因此學(xué)校的中心工作是德育?!?/p>
四、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.編制課程計(jì)劃的主要原則是什么?
答:(1)以教育目的與任務(wù)為前提,體現(xiàn)課程結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。(2分)(2)以科學(xué)的課程理論為依據(jù),體現(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)性與多樣性。(1分)(3)以學(xué)生的發(fā)展水平為基礎(chǔ),體現(xiàn)知識(shí)的銜接性和學(xué)生的可接受性。(1分)(4)以課堂教學(xué)為主,全面安排各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。(1分)2.簡(jiǎn)要說明對(duì)“掌握知識(shí)與發(fā)展智力相結(jié)合”這一規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)。
答:掌握知識(shí)和發(fā)展智力相互依存、相互促進(jìn),兩者統(tǒng)一于一般教學(xué)活動(dòng)中:(1分)(1)掌握知識(shí)是發(fā)展智力的基礎(chǔ);(2分)(2)發(fā)展智力是掌握知識(shí)的重要條件。(2分)3.試述中學(xué)德育過程的規(guī)律。
答:(1)德育過程是促使學(xué)生的知、情、意、行互動(dòng)發(fā)展的過程。(1分)(2)德育過程是組織學(xué)生的活動(dòng)和交往的過程。(1分)(3)德育過程是促進(jìn)學(xué)生的思想品德矛盾積極轉(zhuǎn)化的過程。(2分)(4)德育過程是一個(gè)學(xué)生自我教育能力逐步提高的過程。(1分)4.簡(jiǎn)述一個(gè)好的班集體具有哪些特征。
答:(1)堅(jiān)定正確的政治方向與明確的奮斗目標(biāo)。(2分)(2)健全的組織機(jī)構(gòu)與堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心。(1分)(3)嚴(yán)格的規(guī)章制度與嚴(yán)明的組織紀(jì)律。(1分)(4)正確的集體輿論與良好的班風(fēng)。(1分)
五、論述題
1.試述創(chuàng)新教育及其在素質(zhì)教育中的地位。
答:創(chuàng)新教育是素質(zhì)教育的核心,它是教育對(duì)知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)向人才培養(yǎng)提出挑戰(zhàn)的回應(yīng)。它是旨在激發(fā)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識(shí),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力的教育。(3分)(1)創(chuàng)新能力不僅是一種智力特征,更是一種人格特征,是一種精神狀態(tài)。創(chuàng)新能力離不開智力活動(dòng),離不開大量具體的知識(shí),但創(chuàng)新能力決不僅僅是智力活動(dòng),它不僅表現(xiàn)為對(duì)知識(shí)的攝取、改組和運(yùn)用,表現(xiàn)為新技術(shù)的發(fā)明及新思想的產(chǎn)生,而且是一種追求創(chuàng)意的意識(shí),是一種發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、積極探求的心理傾向,是一種善于把握機(jī)會(huì)的敏銳性,是一種積極改變自己并改變環(huán)境的應(yīng)變能力。(4分)(2)創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)是素質(zhì)教育的核心,是素質(zhì)教育區(qū)別于應(yīng)試教育的根本所在。面對(duì)多樣的、多變的世界,任何一個(gè)人、一種職業(yè)、一個(gè)社會(huì)都缺少不了創(chuàng)新能力。對(duì)教育來說,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新能力不是一般性的要求,更不是可有可無的事,而應(yīng)成為教育活動(dòng)的根本追求,成為素質(zhì)教育的核心。應(yīng)試教育不僅加重學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān),犧牲多數(shù)學(xué)生的發(fā)展,更重要的是應(yīng)試教育忽視甚至是扼殺學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力。因此,能不能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力是應(yīng)試教育和素質(zhì)教育的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。(4分)(3)重視創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)也是現(xiàn)代教育與傳統(tǒng)教育的根本區(qū)別之所在。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì),知識(shí)創(chuàng)造、更新速度的急劇加快,改變著以知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)、積累為目的的教育活動(dòng)。知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)成為手段,成為認(rèn)識(shí)科學(xué)本質(zhì)、訓(xùn)練思維能力、掌握學(xué)習(xí)方法的手段。在教學(xué)過程中,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“發(fā)現(xiàn)”知識(shí)的過程,而不是簡(jiǎn)單地獲得結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是創(chuàng)造性地解決問題的方法和探究精神的形成。在這樣的教學(xué)過程中,學(xué)生的應(yīng)變能力、創(chuàng)新能力也就在解決問題的過程中得到了培養(yǎng)和發(fā)展。(4分)2.試述師生關(guān)系的主要觀點(diǎn),并談?wù)剳?yīng)如何處理師生關(guān)系。
答:教育發(fā)展史上對(duì)待師生關(guān)系,主要有兩種對(duì)立觀點(diǎn):教師中心論和兒童中心論。教師中心論以赫爾巴特為代表,其主要觀點(diǎn)是:“學(xué)生的成長(zhǎng)完全依仗教師對(duì)于教育教學(xué)活動(dòng)的指導(dǎo),教師在教育教學(xué)過程中起主宰作用”。兒童中心論主要代表人物是美國杜威,主要觀點(diǎn)是:“教育的目的是促進(jìn)兒童的成長(zhǎng),所以教育要從學(xué)生的興趣和需要出發(fā),整個(gè)教育過程都要圍繞著兒童轉(zhuǎn)”。(3分)教師中心論僅僅看到了教師的主導(dǎo)作用,但忽視了學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,在教育實(shí)踐中使教育活動(dòng)脫離學(xué)生的實(shí)際,以致難以到達(dá)預(yù)期的效果。兒童中心論則過分夸大了學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,忽視了學(xué)生是教育對(duì)象這一基本事實(shí),結(jié)果會(huì)導(dǎo)致教育質(zhì)量下降。(2分)正確的觀點(diǎn)是師生關(guān)系是辯證統(tǒng)一的。既要重視教師的主導(dǎo)作用,又要重視學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性。(1分)(1)教學(xué)上的授受關(guān)系:①從教育內(nèi)容的角度說,教師是傳授者,學(xué)生是接受者;②學(xué)生主體的形成,既是教育的目的,也是教育成功的條件;③對(duì)學(xué)生指導(dǎo)、引導(dǎo)的目的是促進(jìn)學(xué)生的自主發(fā)展。(3分)(2)人格上的平等關(guān)系:①學(xué)生作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的社會(huì)個(gè)體,在人格上與教師是平等的;②真正的民主的師生關(guān)系是一種朋友式的友好與幫助的關(guān)系。(3分)(3)社會(huì)道德上的相互促進(jìn)關(guān)系:①師生關(guān)系從本質(zhì)上講是一種“人一人”關(guān)系,是師生間思想交流、情感溝通、人格感化的社會(huì)互助關(guān)系;②教師對(duì)學(xué)生的影響不僅體現(xiàn)在知識(shí)和智力上,而且體現(xiàn)在思想和人格上。(3分)
四、名詞解釋
1.教育方針:是教育目的的政策性表達(dá),是一個(gè)國家教育工作總的要求,反映一個(gè)國家教育的根本性質(zhì)、總的指導(dǎo)思想和教育工作的總方向。
2.教育方法:是教師和學(xué)生在教育過程中為達(dá)成一定的教育目標(biāo)而采用的有一定內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的活動(dòng)方式與手段的組合。
3.教育影響:即教育過程中教育者作用于學(xué)生的全部信息,既包括了信息的內(nèi)容,也包括了信息傳遞和反饋的形式,是形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一。
4.學(xué)制:是學(xué)校教育制度的簡(jiǎn)稱,指一個(gè)國家各級(jí)各類學(xué)校的系統(tǒng),它規(guī)定各級(jí)各類學(xué)校的性質(zhì)、任務(wù)、入學(xué)條件、修業(yè)年限、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制以及它們之間的相互關(guān)系等。
5.課堂教學(xué):又稱班級(jí)授課制,是將學(xué)生按年齡和知識(shí)水平,分成固定人數(shù)的班級(jí),教師以班為單位,按固定的時(shí)間表,分科進(jìn)行連續(xù)教學(xué)活動(dòng)的一種組織形式。
五、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.教師的任務(wù)是什么? 【答案要點(diǎn)】人民教師的根本任務(wù)是教書育人。更具體地講,教師要全面貫徹德、智、體、美、勞全面發(fā)展的教育方針,對(duì)學(xué)生全面負(fù)責(zé),做好教育和教學(xué)工作,努力提高教育質(zhì)量,以保證全面完成教書育人這一根本任務(wù)。2.教育目的有什么意義? 【答案要點(diǎn)】教育目的是教育活動(dòng)的出發(fā)點(diǎn),一切教育工作都要依據(jù)教育目的來計(jì)劃和安排。教育制度的建立、教學(xué)內(nèi)容的確定、教學(xué)方法的選擇及教學(xué)組織形式的選擇等,都要受教育目的制約。教育目的又是教育活動(dòng)的最終目標(biāo),是檢查和評(píng)價(jià)教育效果的依據(jù)。所以制定教育目的是進(jìn)行教育工作的首要問題。教育目的具有社會(huì)制約性,一定社會(huì)的教育目的是由一定社會(huì)的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)所決定的,也受一定社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和文化科學(xué)發(fā)展水平的制約。確定教育目的還要考慮到受教育者身心發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)和教育內(nèi)部各種因素的影響。3.如何才能出一份好的考試試卷? 【答案要點(diǎn)】應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn):
(1)要緊扣教學(xué)大綱和教材,側(cè)重對(duì)對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本技能的考察,不出偏題怪題。
(2)試題內(nèi)容要全面,要有理解性的、記憶性的、技能性和創(chuàng)造性的試題;既能夠檢查對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的掌握,又能檢查靈活運(yùn)用知識(shí)的能力;要盡可能擴(kuò)大知識(shí)覆蓋面,又要突出重點(diǎn)。(3)試題既要從教材和學(xué)生的實(shí)際出發(fā),又要注意體現(xiàn)發(fā)展方向。好的試題能夠啟迪兒童的智慧,誘發(fā)兒童鍛煉提高自己分析解決問題能力的自覺性。4.一個(gè)健全的班集體必須具備哪些條件?
【答案要點(diǎn)】一個(gè)健全的班集體所必須具備的條件是:統(tǒng)一的行動(dòng)目的,相應(yīng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu),維護(hù)集體所必須的紀(jì)律,形成輿論等。5.制約課程的主要因素是什么? 【答案要點(diǎn)】制約課程的主要因素是:
(1)一定歷史時(shí)期社會(huì)發(fā)展的要求及提供的可能;(2)一定時(shí)代人類文化及科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展水平;(3)學(xué)生的年齡特征、知識(shí)、能力基礎(chǔ)及其可接受性;(4)課程理論。
六、論述題
1.你如何理解教師的主導(dǎo)作用和學(xué)生的主體作用之間的關(guān)系?(10分)【答案要點(diǎn)】教師是“聞道在先”、“術(shù)業(yè)有專攻”的專門教育者。教師本身的知識(shí)水平、所處的地位、肩負(fù)的責(zé)任使教師在教與學(xué)這對(duì)矛盾中起主導(dǎo)作用。學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,學(xué)習(xí)過程是學(xué)生能動(dòng)地反映現(xiàn)實(shí)的過程,教師是不能代替的。教師的主導(dǎo)作用與學(xué)生的主體作用是辯證統(tǒng)一的,是不相矛盾的。教師的主導(dǎo)作用體現(xiàn)在善于調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體作用。
2.什么是尊重信任和嚴(yán)格要求相結(jié)合的原則?怎樣貫徹這一原則?(12分)【答案要點(diǎn)】尊重信任和嚴(yán)格要求相結(jié)合的原則是指對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思想品德教育,要把尊重信任和嚴(yán)格要求結(jié)合起來,在尊重信任的基礎(chǔ)上向?qū)W生提出教育要求,使教師提出的要求更好地轉(zhuǎn)化為學(xué)生的自覺行動(dòng)。正確貫徹尊重信任和嚴(yán)格要求相結(jié)合的原則最基本的要求是:(1)教師必須深深地?zé)釔圩约旱慕逃龑?duì)象,充分尊重學(xué)生,相信學(xué)生。(2)教師要以高度的責(zé)任感對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行管理教育——嚴(yán)格要求,啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)。
七、實(shí)例分析
指出下面實(shí)例中教師的言行符合或違背什么教學(xué)原則?并簡(jiǎn)要解釋。
一位教師教“因式分解’’這一單元時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)差別較大,于是對(duì)八位成績(jī)好的學(xué)生提出了不同的要求,讓他們到圖書館自學(xué)《因式分解及其應(yīng)用》一書。經(jīng)過自學(xué),他們不但完成了規(guī)定的習(xí)題作業(yè),而且還集體選編了幾十道有代表性的習(xí)題。教師將這些習(xí)題有選擇地按程度分別介紹給其他同學(xué)練習(xí)和討論,進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了全班的學(xué)習(xí),使全班提前五課時(shí)完成了“因式分解”單元的教學(xué)任務(wù)。
【答案要點(diǎn)】這位教師的做法符合因材施教的教學(xué)原則,因?yàn)樗慕虒W(xué)是從學(xué)生的實(shí)際出發(fā),正確對(duì)待了學(xué)生間的個(gè)別差異,提出了不同的要求,從而使全體學(xué)生(包括差生在內(nèi))都得到高效率的發(fā)展。
2012年教師資格考試中學(xué)教育學(xué)試題及答案(三)
中學(xué)教育學(xué)試題及答案(三)
一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本題共15小題,每題只有一個(gè)正確答案,多選、錯(cuò)選、不選均不得分。每小題2分,共30分。)1.古代教育的特征是(C)。
A.公立教育系統(tǒng)的建立 B.初等義務(wù)教育的實(shí)施 C.教育的象征性功能占主導(dǎo)地位 D.教育的終身化
2.科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力,促進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)再生產(chǎn)的最主要途徑是(A)。A.學(xué)校教育 B.高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用 C.科學(xué)理論的產(chǎn)生 D.完善的社會(huì)制度 3.內(nèi)發(fā)論者一般強(qiáng)調(diào)人的身心發(fā)展的力量主要源于(A)。
A.人自身的內(nèi)在需要 B.社會(huì)環(huán)境的要求 C.教育要求的內(nèi)化 D.個(gè)體的理想和目標(biāo) 4.我國制定教育目的的理論基礎(chǔ)是(B)。
A.《義務(wù)教育法》 B.馬克思主義關(guān)于人的全面發(fā)展的學(xué)說 C.我國優(yōu)秀的教育傳統(tǒng) D.西方先進(jìn)的教育教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)
5.在教學(xué)過程中,素質(zhì)教育強(qiáng)調(diào)的是(B),而不是簡(jiǎn)單地獲得結(jié)果。A.記憶知識(shí) B.發(fā)現(xiàn)知識(shí) C.積累知識(shí) D.搜集知識(shí)
6.教師專業(yè)發(fā)展的階段性表明,教師任職期間應(yīng)接受(C)。A.高等教育 B.在職培訓(xùn) C.繼續(xù)教育 D.終身教育 7.下列關(guān)于“網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育”特點(diǎn)描述不正確的是(D)。
A.“平等的”開放式教育、B.興趣選擇 C.跨年齡段、跨時(shí)空教育’ D.可觀感強(qiáng) 8.教育改革的核心是(C)。
A.內(nèi)容改革 B.方法改革 C.課程改革 D.途徑改革 9.最早提出“教學(xué)過程最優(yōu)化”教學(xué)思想的是(B)。A.贊可夫 B.巴班斯基 C.蘇霍姆林斯基 D.凱洛夫
10.提出“明了、聯(lián)想、系統(tǒng)、方法”四段教學(xué)法的是(A)。A.赫爾巴特 B.夸美紐斯 C.洛克 D.杜威
11.下列屬于試題編寫過程的核心環(huán)節(jié)的是(B)。A.選擇題型 B.命題 C.確定評(píng)分方法 D.閱卷 12.下列不是貫徹直觀性原則的要求是(D)。
A.正確選擇直觀教具和現(xiàn)代化教學(xué)手段 B.直觀要與講解相結(jié)合 C.重視運(yùn)用語言直觀 D.重視組織各種復(fù)習(xí)13.下列說法,錯(cuò)誤的是(C)。
A.教師對(duì)學(xué)生的德育影響,必須經(jīng)過他們主體的選擇、吸取與能動(dòng)的實(shí)踐活動(dòng),才能轉(zhuǎn)化為他們的品德
B.自我教育能力是德育的一個(gè)重要條件,只有注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的這種能力,學(xué)生品德內(nèi)部矛盾才能轉(zhuǎn)化
C.學(xué)校的德育工作必須主要放在調(diào)節(jié)學(xué)生品德發(fā)展的外部環(huán)境方面 D.德育要注意發(fā)揮知、情、意、行的整體功能
14.當(dāng)代教育理論中流行最為廣泛、占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位的德育學(xué)說是(A)。A.認(rèn)知模式 B.體諒模式C.社會(huì)模仿模式 D.管理模式
15.班主任與學(xué)生共同確定班級(jí)總體目標(biāo),并轉(zhuǎn)化為小組目標(biāo)和個(gè)人目標(biāo),使其與班級(jí)總目標(biāo)融為一體,以此推進(jìn)班級(jí)管理活動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)班級(jí)目標(biāo)的管理方式,屬于班級(jí)(B)。A.民主管理 B.目標(biāo)管理 C.平行管理 D.松散管理
二、名詞解釋(本題共4小題,每小題3分,共12分。)1.教育目的的價(jià)值取向:是指教育目的的提出者或從事教育活動(dòng)的主體依據(jù)自身的需要對(duì)教育價(jià)值作出選擇時(shí)所持的一種傾向。2.形成性評(píng)價(jià):是在教學(xué)進(jìn)程中對(duì)學(xué)生的知識(shí)掌握和能力發(fā)展的及時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)。它包括在一節(jié)課或一個(gè)課題教學(xué)中對(duì)學(xué)生的口頭提問和書面測(cè)驗(yàn),使教師與學(xué)生都能及時(shí)獲得反饋信息。其目的是更好地改進(jìn)教學(xué)過程,提高質(zhì)量。
3.傳授一接受教學(xué):是指教師通過語言傳授和示范操作使學(xué)生接受、掌握系統(tǒng)知識(shí)與技能的教學(xué)。問題發(fā)現(xiàn)教學(xué):是指在教師引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生通過對(duì)問題的獨(dú)立研究來發(fā)現(xiàn)、獲取知識(shí)的教學(xué)。
4.道爾頓制:1920年,美國的教育家柏克赫斯特女士在馬薩諸塞州道爾頓中學(xué)創(chuàng)建了一種新的教學(xué)組織形式,人們稱之為道爾頓制。按道爾頓制,教師不再上課時(shí)向?qū)W生系統(tǒng)講授教材,而只為學(xué)生分別指定自學(xué)參考書、布置作業(yè),由學(xué)生自學(xué)和獨(dú)立完成作業(yè),有疑難時(shí)才請(qǐng)教師輔導(dǎo),學(xué)生完成一定階段的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后向教師匯報(bào)學(xué)習(xí)情況和接受考查。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.簡(jiǎn)述教學(xué)目標(biāo)在學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)中的作用。答:教學(xué)目標(biāo)是評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)優(yōu)劣的唯一標(biāo)志,所謂學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)實(shí)質(zhì)上就是判斷學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)是否達(dá)到或在何種程度上達(dá)到了教學(xué)目標(biāo)的要求。只有根據(jù)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),才能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生按教學(xué)目標(biāo)來改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)、提高自己,才能促進(jìn)他達(dá)到和超出教學(xué)目標(biāo)的要求,成為合格或優(yōu)質(zhì)人才。
2.簡(jiǎn)述電化教學(xué)的基本功能。答:電化教學(xué)的基本功能有兩個(gè):
(1)它能不受時(shí)間、空間、微觀、宏觀的限制,將教學(xué)內(nèi)容中涉及到的事物、現(xiàn)象、過程全部再現(xiàn)于課堂,讓學(xué)生通過事物固有的信息。通過事物的形、聲、色、變化和發(fā)展等,去獲取知識(shí),認(rèn)識(shí)世界。而不是通過信息的抽象、事物的符號(hào),去獲取知識(shí)。
(2)它能提供代替的經(jīng)驗(yàn),使抽象概念半具體化,具體事物半抽象化,從而使教學(xué)、學(xué)習(xí)變得容易,既容易轉(zhuǎn)向具體實(shí)際化,也容易轉(zhuǎn)向抽象概念化。由于電化教學(xué)具有上述的優(yōu)異功能,因此,它能在整個(gè)教學(xué)中發(fā)揮積極的作用。3.簡(jiǎn)述學(xué)校衛(wèi)生保健工作的意義和任務(wù)。
答:做好衛(wèi)生保健工作,防治疾病,改變對(duì)身體有害的外部環(huán)境因素,才能促進(jìn)學(xué)生身體的正常發(fā)育,不僅可以為體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的正常開展創(chuàng)造條件,而.且會(huì)直接影響到學(xué)校整個(gè)教育計(jì)劃的完成。衛(wèi)生保健工作的情況如何,也是反映一個(gè)國家精神文明程度的標(biāo)志之一。對(duì)建設(shè)社會(huì)主義精神文明方面具有重要意義。學(xué)校衛(wèi)生保健工作的主要任務(wù)是保護(hù)學(xué)生身體健康,增強(qiáng)其體質(zhì)。
4.現(xiàn)階段我國的教育目的及基本精神是什么?
答:現(xiàn)階段我國的教育目的是:以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造精神和實(shí)踐能力為重點(diǎn),造就“有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀(jì)律”的德、智、體、美、勞等全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的建設(shè)者和接班人?,F(xiàn)階段我國教育目的的基本精神是:(1)要求培養(yǎng)的人是社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的建設(shè)者和接班人,因此要堅(jiān)持政治思想、道德素質(zhì)與科學(xué)文化知識(shí)能力的統(tǒng)一;(2)要求學(xué)生在德、智、體等方面全面發(fā)展,要求堅(jiān)持腦力與體力兩方面的和諧發(fā)展;(3)適應(yīng)時(shí)代要求,強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生個(gè)性的發(fā)展,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造精神和實(shí)踐能力。
四、論述題
論述教育的相對(duì)獨(dú)立性。
答:教育的相對(duì)獨(dú)立性是指教育具有自身的規(guī)律,對(duì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力具有能動(dòng)作用。表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
(1)教育是一種轉(zhuǎn)化活動(dòng)的過程。教育是培養(yǎng)人的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng),它要解決的問題是把人類積累的生產(chǎn)斗爭(zhēng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和社會(huì)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為受教育者個(gè)體的精神財(cái)富,形成受教育者的個(gè)性,這是教育所獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)。教育過程是一種轉(zhuǎn)化活動(dòng)的過程。這一轉(zhuǎn)化活動(dòng)的過程和應(yīng)采取的步驟,例如使受教育者從感知到理解、鞏固和運(yùn)用所學(xué)的東西,是不同于政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展規(guī)律的,它是與人們的精神活動(dòng)的規(guī)律密切相聯(lián)的。教育自身的許多規(guī)律,是人類長(zhǎng)期教育實(shí)踐認(rèn)識(shí)的結(jié)果,隨著人類教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的豐富和認(rèn)識(shí)水平的提高,對(duì)教育規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí),由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜,由低級(jí)到高級(jí),逐漸豐富,逐漸深化。這種帶規(guī)律性的認(rèn)識(shí)成果,如啟發(fā)教學(xué)、循序漸進(jìn)、因材施教、長(zhǎng)善救失、教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)、以身作則等許多教學(xué)、教育的原則和方法,都不會(huì)因政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力的變化而被否定,它對(duì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平而言是相對(duì)獨(dú)立的。如果不了解教育自身的特點(diǎn),就不能全面地把握教育的規(guī)律,有效地進(jìn)行教育活動(dòng)。(2)教育具有歷史繼承性。
教育不能脫離社會(huì)的物質(zhì)生活條件而憑空產(chǎn)生。但它一經(jīng)產(chǎn)生,便具有了相對(duì)獨(dú)立性,有了自己獨(dú)立的發(fā)展道路,后來的教育要在以前教育的基礎(chǔ)上向前發(fā)展。教育的思想、制度、內(nèi)容和方法,盡管受當(dāng)時(shí)的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平所制約,同時(shí)又是從以往的教育發(fā)展而來的,都與以往的教育有著淵源的關(guān)系,都帶有自己發(fā)展歷程中的烙印,也就是說,教育是具有歷史繼承性的。如尊師愛生,大、中、小學(xué)分段,語言、文字、文法、修辭的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,講述、談話的教學(xué)方法,班級(jí)授課的教學(xué)組織形式等,是具有歷史繼承性的,是在以前的教育遺產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,正因?yàn)槿绱耍谕瑯拥恼谓?jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平的國度里,有著不同特色的教育;不同民族的教育具有不同的傳統(tǒng)和特點(diǎn)。
(3)教育具有與政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的不平衡性。教育與政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展并非完全同步,這有兩種情況:一種情況是由于人們的思想意識(shí)往往落后于存在,教育的思想和內(nèi)容也往往落后于政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,另一種情況是由于認(rèn)識(shí)了社會(huì)發(fā)展的規(guī)律,根據(jù)社會(huì)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),預(yù)見到教育發(fā)展的方向,在舊的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度下,也可能出現(xiàn)新的教育思想。
五、案例題
1.著名哲學(xué)家黑格爾當(dāng)年從神學(xué)院畢業(yè)的時(shí)候,他的老師給他寫過一則評(píng)語:“黑格爾,健康狀態(tài)不佳。中等身材,不善辭令,沉默寡言。天賦高,判斷力健全,記憶力強(qiáng)。文字通順,作風(fēng)正派,有時(shí)不太用功,神學(xué)有成績(jī),雖然嘗試講道不無熱情,但看來不是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的傳道士。語言知識(shí)豐富,哲學(xué)上十分努力?!?/p>
問題:黑格爾的老師的評(píng)語有什么特點(diǎn)?你認(rèn)為該怎樣給學(xué)生寫評(píng)語? 答:黑格爾的老師的評(píng)語,以比較藝術(shù)的方式,讓孩子和家長(zhǎng)知道缺點(diǎn)與不足的地方,這樣有利于孩子的進(jìn)步,評(píng)語以平靜的語氣,力求寫出“這個(gè)人”來,遵循了以下三個(gè)原則:(1)寫給學(xué)生看。(2)寫出“這個(gè)人”。(3)寫“這個(gè)人”的“新起點(diǎn)”。評(píng)語應(yīng)運(yùn)用發(fā)展的眼光,通過鼓勵(lì)的方式讓學(xué)生交流,對(duì)學(xué)生的發(fā)展和取得的成績(jī)表示認(rèn)同,使學(xué)生形成健康的自我認(rèn)識(shí),更好地把握自己未來的發(fā)展,更體現(xiàn)一定的“教育性”。
2.(1)一次,一位教師講“人類的起源”,說了人類是從猿進(jìn)化而來的,大體年代是什么時(shí)候,一個(gè)學(xué)生在下面說:“你看見了?”有些學(xué)生也隨之發(fā)笑。這位老師說:“是的,我看見你昨天還是一個(gè)猴子,今天就變成學(xué)生了”,全班哄堂大笑。
(2)某老師在講《量變和質(zhì)變》一課時(shí),為了揶揄某些輕視量變,平時(shí)不注意練基本功,只想一鳴驚人的人,也為了反證量變的重要性,引用了一場(chǎng)父子之間的對(duì)話: 子:“爸爸,您看了我寫的悲劇劇本竟掉下了眼淚,這下我要出名了?!?父:“我能不掉眼淚嗎?劇本里1/2是錯(cuò)別字!”學(xué)生轟然發(fā)笑。
問題:請(qǐng)比較以上兩例中學(xué)生發(fā)笑的效果,并對(duì)兩位老師的做法作簡(jiǎn)要評(píng)價(jià)
答:適當(dāng)?shù)慕虒W(xué)幽默不但可以調(diào)節(jié)課堂氣氛,而且會(huì)提高教學(xué)的形象感,加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的印象,有助于學(xué)生理解,但應(yīng)注意有效教學(xué)。案例(1)中的老師面對(duì)學(xué)生不太善意的提問,的確很機(jī)智。但是這顯然是一個(gè)無效的教學(xué)案例。首先,學(xué)生們對(duì)教師的回答不過一笑了之,沒有增強(qiáng)印象,獲得感性認(rèn)識(shí)。其次,教師隨口而出的話語也很可能挫傷學(xué)生的自尊心,打消學(xué)生的求知欲。教師的行為不符合教學(xué)規(guī)范。案例(2)中的老師很顯然經(jīng)過了精心的教學(xué)預(yù)設(shè)。所舉的例子不但有助于教學(xué),而且使學(xué)生在笑過之后有所思考。做到了教育與教學(xué)的完美結(jié)合,讓學(xué)生在輕松中學(xué)習(xí),在愉快后反思,是一次成功的課堂教學(xué)。