第一篇：胡壯麟語言學名詞解釋
1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics，anthropological linguistics,et 16.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
第二篇：胡壯麟語言學名詞解釋
1.design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2.Function: the use of language to communicate, to think , etc.Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential, differentiations, just as was often the case with phonetic vs.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, et 16.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.21.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22.Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24.Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(e.g.
46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is , those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called ‖contact‖ or ‖contiguous‖ assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different.59.Folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category:parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.61.concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents , such as the relation between, the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command, c-command for short.70.government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis, or the starting point, of the utterance.71.communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done, by means of the interaction between one person and another..74.textual function: the use of language that provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e.to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82.complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely, such as male, female, absent.83.gradable antonymy: members of this kind are gradable, such as long;short, big;small, fat;thin, etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy;sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc.85.relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other.The shorter, better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal, for example, there are cats, dogs, pigs, etc, 88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g.<+human> 89.compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction: semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, e.g.regret requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus, is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound, word, syntax, etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It assumes a ―recognition lexicon‖ in which each word is represented by a full and independent ‖recognition element‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.Frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition, from something someone has said, and so on.It includes things that, while not following logically, are implied, in an ordinary sense, e.g.in a specific context.99.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.100.language perception: language awareness of things through the physical senses, esp, sight.101.language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research, which studies the understanding of language.102.language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.103.language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.104.lexical ambiguity: ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: e.g.that of I saw a bat, where a bat might refer to an animal or, among others, stable tennis bat.105.macroproposition: general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106.modular: which a assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107.parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents, traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108.propositions: whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109.psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholinguistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind, and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word).110.psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar, etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed, in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars, to criteria of simplicity, elegance, and internal consistency.111.schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112.story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113.writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing development.114.communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc.governing the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsky’s concept of competence, in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.115.gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is‖genden difference‖
116.linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e.language determines thought.117.linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118.linguistic sexism: many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121.variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between speakers’ social starts and phonological variations.122.performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as opposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123.constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124.locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.Namely.the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.125.illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126.perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.127.conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment: relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other: e.g.‖ Mary is running‖ entails, among other things, ‖Mary is not standing still‖.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-entail.130.communicative principle of relevance: every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131.relevance: a property that any utterance, or a proposition that it communicates, must, in the nature of communication, necessarily have.132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale, i.e.Make your contribution necessary(G.Relation, Quantity2, Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133.division of pragmatic labor: the use of a marked creatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarked(simpler, less ‖effortful‖)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales: the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s representation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summary of a longer piece of discourse, and therefore even more backgrounded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator‖srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example, she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example, she thought that he would be late.143.Fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts: a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example, she thought that he would be late.146.Fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator’s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.Free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150.computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard, printer, screen, disk drives, programs, etc.151.computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.152.computer linguistics: a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call), refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154.programmed instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc.155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom, lab, or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quick access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word, sequence of words.Or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word, usually in a context, which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be annotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information，160.annotation: if corpora is said to be annotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.161.informational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately, applied to the type of activity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not inform(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships, between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information, such as document representatives, for the purpose of information retrieval.163.precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164.recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc 166.communicative competence: as defined by Hymes, the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus: the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experiences.168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.169.transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures, negative transfer of inference occurs and results in errors.170.validity: the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds of validity, i.e.content validity, construct validity, empirical validity, and face validity.171.rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability, i.e.stability reliability, and equivalence reliability.172.hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features, in terms of both frequency, i.e.over passing the speakers of higher social status, and overshooting the target, i.e.extending the use of a form in a linguistic environment where it is not expected to occur, For example，pronouncing ideas as [ai’dier], extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an environment where it’s not supposed to occur.173.discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.174.integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.
第三篇：[語言學]胡壯麟版《語言學教程》名詞解釋
胡壯麟《語言學教程》術語表 第一章
phonology音系學 grammar語法學 morphology形態(tài)學 syntax句法學 lexicology詞匯學
general linguistics普通語言學 theoretical linguistics理論語言學 historical linguistics歷史語言學 descriptive linguistics描寫語言學 empirical linguistics經驗語言學 dialectology方言學 anthropology人類學 stylistics文體學 signifier能指 signified所指 morphs形素
morphotactics語素結構學/形態(tài)配列學
syntactic categories句法范疇 syntactic classes句法類別序列 sub-structure低層結構 super-structure上層結構 open syllable開音節(jié) closed syllable閉音節(jié) checked syllable成阻音節(jié) rank 等級 level層次
ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能論
sing-song theory唱歌說 yo-he-ho theory勞動喊聲說 pooh-pooh theory感嘆說 ta-ta theory模仿說
animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模聲說
Prague school布拉格學派 Bilateral opposition雙邊對立 Mutilateral opposition多邊對立 Proportional opposition部分對立 Isolated opposition孤立對立 Private opposition表缺對立 Graded opposition漸次對立 Equipollent opposition均等對立 Neutralizable opposition可中立對立 Constant opposition恒定對立 Systemic-functional grammar系統(tǒng)功能語法
Meaning potential意義潛勢 Conversational implicature會話含義 Deictics指示詞 Presupposition預設 Speech acts言語行為 Discourse analysis話語分析 Contetualism語境論 Phatic communion寒暄交談 Metalanguage原語言 Applied linguistics應用語言學 Nominalism唯名學派 Psychosomatics身學
第二章
trachea/windpipe氣管 tip舌尖 blade舌葉/舌面 front舌前部 center舌中部 top舌頂 back舌后部 dorsum舌背 root舌跟 pharynx喉/咽腔 laryngeals喉音 laryngealization喉化音 vocal cords聲帶 vocal tract聲腔 initiator啟動部分
pulmonic airstream mechanism肺氣流機制
glottalic airstream mechanism喉氣流機制
velaric airstream mechanism腭氣流機制
Adam’s apple喉結 Voiceless sound清音 Voiceless consonant請輔音 Voiced sound濁音 Voiced consonant濁輔音 Glottal stop喉塞音 Breath state呼吸狀態(tài) Voice state帶音狀態(tài) Whisper state耳語狀態(tài) Closed state封閉狀態(tài) Alveolar ride齒齦隆骨 Dorsum舌背 Ejective呼氣音 Glottalised stop喉塞音 Impossive內爆破音 Click/ingressive吸氣音
Segmental phonology音段音系學 Segmental phonemes音段音位 Suprasegmental超音段 Non-segmental非音段 Plurisegmental復音段 Synthetic language綜合型語言 Diacritic mark附加符號 Broad transcription寬式標音 Narrow transcription窄式標音 Orthoepy正音法 Orthography正字法 Etymology詞源
Active articulator積極發(fā)音器官 Movable speech organ能動發(fā)音器官 Passive articulator消極發(fā)音器官 Immovable speech organ不能動發(fā)音器官 Lateral邊音
Approximant [j,w]無摩擦延續(xù)音 Resonant共鳴音
Central approximant中央無摩擦延續(xù)音
Lateral approximant邊無摩擦延續(xù)音
Unilateral consonant單邊輔音 Bilateral consonant雙邊輔音 Non-lateral非邊音
Trill [r]顫音 trilled consonant顫輔音rolled consonant滾輔音 Labal-velar唇化軟腭音 Interdental齒間音 Post-dental后齒音 Apico-alveolar舌尖齒齦音 Dorso-alveolar舌背齒齦音 Palato-alveolar后齒齦音 Palato-alveolar腭齒齦音 Dorso-palatal舌背腭音 Pre-palatal前腭音 Post-palatal后腭音 Velarization軟腭音化 Voicing濁音化 Devoicing清音化 Pure vowel純元音 Diphthong二合元音 Triphthong三合元音 Diphthongization二合元音化 Monophthongization單元音化 Centring diphthong央二合元音 Closing diphthong閉二合元音 Narrow diphthong窄二合元音 Wide diphthong寬二合元音 Phonetic similarity語音相似性 Free variant自由變體 Free variation自由變異
Contiguous assimilation臨近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation鄰接同化 Regressive assimilation逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation先行同化 Progressive assimilation順同化 Reciprocal assimilation互相同化 Coalescent assimilation融合同化 Partial assimilation部分同化 Epenthesis插音 Primary stress主重音 Secondary stress次重音 Weak stress弱重音 Stress group重音群 Sentence stress句子重音 Contrastive stress對比重音 Lexical stress詞匯重音 Word stress詞重音 Lexical tone詞匯聲調 Nuclear tone核心聲調 Tonetics聲調學
Intonation contour語調升降曲線 Tone units聲調單位 Intonology語調學
Multilevel phonology多層次音系學 Monosyllabic word多音節(jié)詞 Polysyllabic word單音節(jié)次 Maximal onset principle最大節(jié)首輔音原則
第三章 詞匯
liaison連音
contracted form縮寫形式 frequency count詞頻統(tǒng)計 a unit of vocabulary詞匯單位 a lexical item詞條 a lexeme詞位 hierarchy層次性 lexicogrammar詞匯語法 morpheme語素
nonomorphemic words單語素詞 polymorphemic words多語素詞 relative uninterruptibility相對連續(xù)性 a minimum free form最小自由形式 the maximum free form最大自由形式 variable words 可變詞 invariable words不變詞 paradigm聚合體
grammatical words(function words)語法詞/功能詞
lexical words(content words)詞匯詞/實義詞
closed-class words封閉類詞 opened-class words開放類詞 word class詞類 particles小品詞 pro-form代詞形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容詞 pro-verb(do/did)代副詞 pro-adverb(so)代動詞
pro-locative(there)代處所詞/代方位詞 determiners限定詞 predeterminers前置限定詞 central determiners中置限定詞 post determiners后置限定詞 ordinal number序數詞 cardinal number基數詞 morpheme詞素 morphology形態(tài)學 free morpheme自由詞素 bound morpheme黏著詞素 root詞根 affix詞綴 stem詞干
root morpheme詞根語素 prefix前綴 infix中綴 suffix后綴
bound root morpheme黏著詞根詞素 inflectional affix屈折詞綴 derivational affix派生詞綴 inflectional morphemes屈折語素 derivational morphemes派生語素 word-formation構詞 compound復合詞
endocentric compound向心復合詞 exocentric compound離心復合詞 nominal endocentric compound名詞性向心復合詞
adjective endocentric compound形容詞性向心復合詞
verbal compound動詞性復合詞
synthetic compound綜合性復合詞 derivation派生詞 morpheme語素 phoneme音位
morphonology形態(tài)語音學 morphophomemics形態(tài)音位學 morphemic structure語素結構 phonological structure音素結構 monosyllabic單音節(jié) polysyllabic多音節(jié)
phonological conditioned音位的限制 morphological conditioned形態(tài)的限制
coinage/invention新創(chuàng)詞語 blending混成法 abbreviation縮寫法 acronym首字母縮寫法
back-formation逆序造次/逆構詞法 analogical creation類比構詞法 borrowing借詞法 loanword借詞 loanblend混合借詞 loanshift轉移借詞 loan translation翻譯借詞 loss脫落 addition添加 metathesis換位 assimilation同化
contact assimilation接觸性同化 contiguous assimilation臨近性同化 theory of least effort省力理論 non-contiguous assimilation非臨近性同化
distant assimilation遠距離同化 morpho-syntactic change形態(tài)-句法變化
morphological change形態(tài)變化 syntactical change句法變化 finite element有定成分 semantic change語義變化 multisemous多種意義 broadening詞義擴大 narrowing詞義縮小 meaning shift詞義轉移 class shift詞性變換 folk etymology俗詞源
orthographic change拼寫的變化 conversion變換/變碼 domain范圍/領域 meaning shift意義轉移
split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造詞語 clipping截斷法 metanalysis再分化 finiteness定式
proximate(this)近指代詞 obviative(that)遠指代詞
non-productivity/unproductive非多產性
semiotics符號學
paradigmatic relations聚合關系 associative relations聯(lián)想關系 syntagmatic relations組合關系 sequential relations序列關系 logogram語標 register語域
passive vocabulary消極詞匯 lexis/vocabulary詞匯表
第四章 句法 number數 gender性 case格 nominative主格 vocative呼格 accusative兵格 genitive屬格 dative與格 ablative離格 tense 時 aspect體 perfective完成體 imperfective未完成體
concord/agreement一致關系/協(xié)同關系
government支配關系 the governor支配者 the governed被支配者 signified能指 signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship組合關系 paradigmatic relationship聚合關系 associative relationship聯(lián)想關系 animate noun有生名詞 the two axes兩根坐標坐標軸 immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法 linear structure線性結構 hierarchical structure層級結構 construction結構體 constituent成分 substituability替換性
labeled tree diagram標簽樹形圖 endocentric/headed construction向心結構/中心結構
exocentric construction離心結構 subordinate construction主從結構 coordinate construction并列結構 recapitulation再現(xiàn) the declarative陳述句 the interrogative疑問句 dative movement與格移位 morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則 constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則 affix hopping詞綴越位 nominalization名物化 object-deletion賓語刪除 subject-deletion主語刪除 categories語類 lexicon詞庫
temporal subject表時間的主語
syntactic limitation句法限制 standard theory標準理論 trace theory語跡理論 the same index帶同標志 government管轄 binding約束
a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng) a principle system原則系統(tǒng) constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制 plain English普通英語 anaphor照應語 pronominal指代語
r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語
INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化 reciprocals(each other)相互代詞 accessible subject可及主語 local domain局部語域 binding domain約束語域 logophoricity主人公視角 CS(computational system)計算系統(tǒng) Merger合并 move移動 theme主位 rheme述位
empty subject空主語 objective order客觀順序 subjective order主觀順序
actual sentence division實義句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀
communicative dynamism(CD)交際動力
bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法 representative function表達功能 expressive function表情功能 appellative/vocative function稱呼功能 conative function意欲功能 poetic function詩學功能 ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人際功能 textual function語篇功能 transitivity及物性 actor動作者
mood system語氣系統(tǒng)
the finite verbal operator限定部分 residue剩余部分 indicative直陳語氣 imperative祈使語氣
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）
relational process(a process of being)關系過程（屬性過程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言語過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程
第四章 句法
number數 gender性 case格
nominative主格 vocative呼格 accusative兵格 genitive屬格 dative與格 ablative離格 tense 時 aspect體 perfective完成體 imperfective未完成體
concord/agreement一致關系/協(xié)同關系
government支配關系 the governor支配者 the governed被支配者 signified能指 signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship組合關系 paradigmatic relationship聚合關系 associative relationship聯(lián)想關系 animate noun有生名詞 the two axes兩根坐標坐標軸 immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法 linear structure線性結構 hierarchical structure層級結構 construction結構體 constituent成分 substituability替換性
labeled tree diagram標簽樹形圖 endocentric/headed construction向心結構/中心結構
exocentric construction離心結構 subordinate construction主從結構 coordinate construction并列結構 recapitulation再現(xiàn) the declarative陳述句 the interrogative疑問句 dative movement與格移位 morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則 constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則 affix hopping詞綴越位 nominalization名物化 object-deletion賓語刪除 subject-deletion主語刪除 categories語類 lexicon詞庫
temporal subject表時間的主語 syntactic limitation句法限制 standard theory標準理論 trace theory語跡理論 the same index帶同標志 government管轄 binding約束
a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng) a principle system原則系統(tǒng)
constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制 plain English普通英語 anaphor照應語 pronominal指代語
r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語
INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化 reciprocals(each other)相互代詞 accessible subject可及主語 local domain局部語域 binding domain約束語域 logophoricity主人公視角 CS(computational system)計算系統(tǒng)=derivational procedure推導系統(tǒng) Merger合并 move移動 theme主位 rheme述位
empty subject空主語 objective order客觀順序 subjective order主觀順序
actual sentence division實義句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀
communicative dynamism(CD)交際動力
bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法 representative function表達功能 expressive function表情功能 appellative/vocative function稱呼功能 conative function意欲功能 poetic function詩學功能 ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人際功能 textual function語篇功能 transitivity及物性 actor動作者
mood system語氣系統(tǒng)
the finite verbal operator限定部分 residue剩余部分 indicative直陳語氣 imperative祈使語氣
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）
relational process(a process of being)關系過程（屬性過程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言語過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程
empiricism經驗主義（洛克，白板說）rationalism 理性主義（笛卡爾）mentalism心靈主義 new empiricism新經驗主義(Bloomfield)
priori先天綜合判斷（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡爾語言學派 Syntactic structure(SS)早期轉換句法時期
Standard theory(ST)標準理論時期 Extended Standard theory(EST)擴展的標準理論
Revised Standard theory(REST)擴展的休正標準理論
The theory of government and binding(GB theory)管轄和約束理論時期（管約論）
Minimalist program(MP)最簡方案時期
Structural description結構描寫式 Performance system應用系統(tǒng) Modular theory模塊理論 Spell-out拼寫
Language faculty語言機制/官能 Mental organ心智器官
Knowledge of language 語言知識 Meaning potential 意義潛勢 Context culture 文化語境 Field語場 Tenor語旨 Mode語式 pivot words軸心詞 mental construct心理構念
theoretical cognitive psychology理論認知心理學
psychological faculty心理官能 autosyn/autogram/autoknow語法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系統(tǒng)性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism類型學功能主義
extreme functionalism極端的功能主義
external functionalism外部功能主義 integrative functionalism一體化功能注主義
exceptional case marking例外格標記 specifier標定成分
fall-category maximal projection全語類的最大投射
two-segment category兩節(jié)語類 complement domain補足語區(qū)域 minimal domain最小區(qū)域 internal domain內部區(qū)域 checking domain檢驗區(qū)域 sisterhood姐妹關系
minimizing chain link最小語鏈聯(lián)結 representational system表達系統(tǒng) strict cyclic principle嚴格的層級條件 structure-preserving principle結構保存原則
C-commanding condition成分統(tǒng)領條件
articulatory-perceptual system發(fā)音-聽音系統(tǒng)
conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系統(tǒng)
interface conditions中介條件 full-interpretation完全解釋原則
procrastination邏輯形式操作優(yōu)先原則
greed句法操作自利原則
the shortest linkage principle最短聯(lián)接原則
the shortest movement principle最短移位原則 primary
complement/modifier(referential NP)一級補語位/修飾語位(定指名詞短語)
secondary complement(non-referential NP)二級補語位(非定指名詞短語)empty category principle空范疇原則 aspect checking特征驗證 aspect feature基本體貌特征 ASPP is functional projection.ASPP 是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支
across the board extraction抽取跨界移動
principles-and-parameters framework原則與參數語法
head parameter中心語參數 logical form(LF)邏輯形式 phonetic form(PF)語音形式 spell-out拼讀
phonological component音韻部分 overt component顯性部分 covert component隱性部分 core computation核心運算
asymmetric c-command不對稱成分統(tǒng)制
linear correspondence axiom線形對應定理
adjunction加接 determiner限定詞 concatenate聯(lián)結 linearization線性化
functional parameterization hypothesis功能參數設定假設 right-branching右向分支 X’(V,N,A,P)詞項
X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二階投射結構 Y’’=指示語specifier Z’’=補述語complement IP=屈折短語inflection phrase XP=general phrase structure CHL人類語言的運算系統(tǒng)=computational system for human language
LCA線性對應定理=linear correspondence axiom Xmin=X0=最小投射
第四篇：語言學名詞解釋
胡壯麟《語言學教程》課后答案 Define the following terms: 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2.function: the use of language to communicate, to think ,etc.Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential, differentiations, just as was often the case with phonetic vs.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e.laying down rules for language use.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics.16.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.21.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22.Voicing: pronouncing a sound(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.23.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24.Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.
46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact” or ” contiguous” assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different.59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase, resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.61.concord: also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such as the relation between, the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.68.surface structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command-command for short.70.government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis, or the starting point, of the utterance.71.communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles, which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done, by means of the interaction between one person and another..74.textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e.to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82.complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonym are complementary to each field completely, such as male, female, absent.83.gradable antonymy: members of this kind are gradable, such as long: short, big;small, fat;thin, etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonym in that the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy;sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc.85.relational opposites: converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other.The shorter, better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal, for example, there are cats, dogs, pigs, etc, 88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g <+human> 89.compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction: semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, e.g.regret requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus, is the study of the truth conditions for propositions: how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance, that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic: also predicate calculus, which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound, word, syntax, etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It assumes a “recognition lexicon” in which each word is represented by a full and independent” recognition element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal, all elements matching it are fully activated, and, as more of the signal is received, the system tries to match it independently with each of them, Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition, from something someone has said, and so on.It includes things that, while not following logically, are implied, in an ordinary sense, e.g.in a specific context.99.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.100.language perception: language awareness of things through the physical senses, esp, sight.
第五篇：語言學名詞解釋
語言學常識----語言學名詞解釋
名詞解釋。
1、語言學：①～是以語言作為專門研究對象的一門獨立的科學；②從方法上分為歷史…、比較…、歷史比較…、描寫…；從研究對象上可分為個別…和普通…；③19世紀初的歷史比較學標志著語言學的誕生。
2、語文學：…是為給古代文化遺產——政治歷史文學等方面的經典書面著作作注釋，目的是使人們可以讀懂古書的一門尚未獨立的學科。
3、小學：指我國古代傳統(tǒng)的文學學、音韻學和訓詁學,雖然我國古代沒有語文學，但一般認為…屬于語文學的范圍。
4、訓詁：是解釋字義和研究它的演變的一門學科，其目的是從詞義方面來解釋古書的文字。
5、專語語言學：以某種具體的語言為研究對象的語言學稱為…。
＊共時語言學和歷時語言學：根據語言體系的穩(wěn)固和變化,把語言研究分為共時的和歷時的研究,共時…研究的是在特定時期內相對穩(wěn)固的語言體系,如對現(xiàn)代漢語的研究;歷時…研究的則是描寫語言體系的歷史演變,如對漢語發(fā)展史的研究。
＊普通語言學：是對人類語言從理論方面進行研究的一門學科，它探索各種語言所共有的規(guī)律以及各種語言在結構上的共同特點。
＊歷史語言學：用歷史的方法來考察語言的歷史演變、研究它的變化規(guī)律的語言學稱為…。＊比較語言學：用比較的方法，對不同的語言進行對比研究，找出它們相異之處或共同規(guī)律的叫…。
6、表層結構和深層結構：表層結構和深層結構相對，表層結構賦予句子以一定的語音形式，即通過語音形式所表達出來的那種結構，表層結構是由深層結構轉換而顯現(xiàn)的；深層結構是賦予句子以一定的語義解釋的那種結構。
7、語言：是從言語中概括出來的音義結合的詞匯系統(tǒng)和語法系統(tǒng)。
＊言語：是說的行為和結果。＊說話：是人們運用語言工具表達思想所產生的結果。
8、語言層級性（二層性）：語言是一種分層裝置。語言結構要素的各個單位，在語言結構中，并非處在同一個平面上，而是分為不同的層和級。語言可分為二層——底層是一套音位和由音位組成的音節(jié)；上層分為三級：第一級是詞素，是構詞材料'；第二級是詞，是造句材料；第三級是句子，是交際的基本單位。
＊語言的線條性：是指在交際過程中，語言符號或者作為符號的形式的聲音，只能一個跟著一個依次出現(xiàn)，隨著時間的推移而逐漸延伸，絕不能在同一時間里說出兩個符號或兩個聲音。
＊任意性：語言符號的音義結合是任意的，音義之間交沒有必然的、本質的聯(lián)系，也就是它們之間的結合是不可論證的，是約定俗成的。
＊依存性：語言符號的音義結合是任意的，但一經社會約定俗成后,音義之間就具有互相依存的關系，不得任意更改。
9、語言發(fā)展的漸變性：指語言從舊質過渡到新質不是經過爆發(fā)，不是經過消滅現(xiàn)存的語言和創(chuàng)造新的語言，而是經過新質要素的逐漸積累，舊質要素的逐漸死亡來實現(xiàn)的。語言結構的體系的演變只能采取漸變，不能爆發(fā)突變。
＊語言發(fā)展的不平衡性：指語言結構體系發(fā)展變化是不平衡的，即詞匯、語義、語音、語法的發(fā)展速度是不一樣的。與社會聯(lián)系最直接的詞匯、語義變化最快，語音次之，語法最慢。
10、思維：是人腦能動地反映客觀現(xiàn)實的機能和過程。根據思維活動的不同形態(tài)可分為三種類型：直觀動作思維、形象思維、抽象思維。
11、社會：指生活在一個共同的地域中、說同一種語言、有共同的風俗習慣和文體傳統(tǒng)的人類共同體，即一般所說的部落、部族和民族。
＊社會現(xiàn)象：指那些與人類共同體的一切活動——產生、存在和發(fā)展密切聯(lián)系的現(xiàn)象。
12、符號：是一個社會全體成員共同約定用來表示某種意義的記號、標記。
＊語言符號：又是由音義結合構成的，代表或指稱現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象的符號。
13、組合關系：詞和詞組合起來的語言鏈條關系叫…。
＊聚合關系：在語言鏈條的某一環(huán)節(jié)上能夠互相替換的詞具有某種相同的作用,它們自然地聚集成群,這種關系叫…。
14、語音：是由人類器官發(fā)出的能載負一定意義的聲音；是人們賴以實現(xiàn)信息交際過程的物質材料。
15、音素：人類語言從音質角度劃分的最小的語音單位。
音標：記錄音素的標寫符號。
國際音標：由《國際語音協(xié)會》1888年8月制訂公布,被各國語言工作者采用的,不帶民族特色的記錄語音的語音符號。
16、基音·陪音：聲音大都是由許多頻率不同的純音構成的復合波，其中頻率最低的那個純音叫基音，其它叫陪音。
樂音·噪音：基音的頻率和陪音的頻率之間總是保持一種整數倍的比例關系的聲音，它的波形總是有規(guī)律的叫樂音；不具備整數倍關系，波形不規(guī)則的叫噪音。
共振峰：一個音的陪音經過共振腔時,一部分引起共振腔里空氣的共振,從而得到強化的一簇陪音聚集而成的高峰叫…。
16、主動發(fā)音器官和被動發(fā)音器官：在發(fā)音器官中，有些如唇、舌、聲帶等是能夠活動的叫主動～；有些如口腭等不能活動的叫被動。
17、音位：具體語言或方言里最小的能區(qū)別詞的語音形式和意義的語音類型單位。音(質)段音位：以音素為材料，從音質角度來分析的音位叫…。
非音(質)段音位：有區(qū)別詞的語音形式的作用的音高、音重、音長叫…。
音位體系：一種語言的音位總是以一定的方式互相獨立而又互相聯(lián)系，構成個完整的體系，叫…。
音位變體：屬于同一音位的幾個音素是這個音位的變異形式，叫…。
對立和互補：是語言里音與音之間的兩種重要關系，是考察一個音素在具體語言中的作用的根據。彼此對立的音素,起著區(qū)別詞的語音形式的作用；彼此相似而互補的音素，可能被語言社會當作同一個語音使用。
音位條件變體：各個音位變體出現(xiàn)條件受環(huán)境等條件的制約，叫…。
音位自由變體：音位之間的相互替換是自由的，沒有條件限制，叫…。
18、語流音變：音位和音位組合的時候，或者由于受鄰音的影響，或者由于說話時快慢、高低、強弱的不同，可能發(fā)生不同的變化，這種變化叫～。常見的～有同化、異化、弱化、脫落。
同化：語流中兩個鄰近的不同的音，其中一個受到另一個的影響而變得跟它相同或相近，叫…。
異化：語流中兩個鄰近的相同或相近的音，其中一個受到另一個的影響而變得不同或不相近，叫…。
弱化：語流中一個較強的音由于所處的地位或受鄰音的影響而變成一個較弱的音，叫…。脫落：語流中有些較弱的或不重要的音在發(fā)音時丟失了，或者為了發(fā)音的方便而省去某些音，叫…。
19、音節(jié)：由音位組成的語音中最小的結構單位，也是聽覺上能夠自然辨別出來的最小語音單位。
音質：也叫音色，指聲音的品質或個性。
區(qū)別特征：有區(qū)別音位的作用的發(fā)音特征叫～。
元音舌位圖：四個極點圍成一個四邊形叫…，變更口腔的形狀所能發(fā)出的絕大部分元音都在這個圖的范圍之內。
四呼：韻母按開頭的元音發(fā)音口形可分為…。齊口呼：以/ i/為主要元音或介音；合口呼：以/u/為主要元音或介音；撮口呼：以/y /為主要元音或介音；開口呼：沒有韻頭而以/a o e /為韻母的主要元音。
20、語（詞）素：語言中音義結合的最小單位，是不能獨立運用的構詞要素。
詞：語言中能獨立運用的最小單位。
詞匯：一種語言中所有的詞和成語等固定用語的總匯叫—…
基本詞匯：詞匯體系中，標志著與人們世世代代的日常生活有密切關系的事物的詞以及表示事物關系的常用虛詞的總匯叫…；…是詞匯中的主要部分，具有常用性、穩(wěn)固性、能產性等特點。
一般詞匯：詞匯中基本詞匯以外的詞構成…，其特點是變化迅速。缺少歷史穩(wěn)固性。詞根：詞的核心部分，詞的意義主要是由它體現(xiàn)出來的。（詞根和詞綴叫構詞語素）詞干：一個詞除去詞尾的部分叫做…。
詞綴：只能粘附在詞根上構成新詞的語素，它本身不能單獨構成詞。
詞尾（變詞語素）：加在詞的末尾，只能改變一個詞的形式，而不能構成新詞。詞組：實詞與實詞之間具有直接聯(lián)系的相對獨立的詞群叫…。
句群：是由句子與句子組成的，具有相對獨立性和完整性的，語法中的最大單位。單純詞：由一個詞根語素（有的語言里加上詞尾）構成的詞叫…。
合成詞：由兩個或兩個以上的構詞語素組成的詞叫…
復合詞：詞根語素按一定的規(guī)則組合起來構成的合成詞叫…。
派生詞：由詞根語素和詞綴組合起來構成的詞叫…。
組合的遞歸性：因為語法的組合結構一層套一層，所以同樣的結構規(guī)則盡可以重復使用而不致造成結構上的混亂叫…。
獨體字和合體字：只有一個構字成分的字是獨體字；有兩個或兩個以上構字成分的字是合體字。
通用--專用詞：不受語體限制，能在各種語體通行無阻的詞叫通用詞；專用于不同語體的詞叫專用詞。
表情--非表情詞：只指稱事物、表達概念,并不附帶說者對詞所代表的事物的態(tài)度叫非表情詞；附帶說者態(tài)度的叫表情詞。
21、語法意義：由詞的語法關系產生的意義叫…。
詞匯意義：由人們對現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象的反映以及由此帶來的人們對現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象的主觀評價，叫…。理性意義：以現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象為基礎，不涉及人們主觀態(tài)度的詞義，叫…。
本義：詞的有歷史可查的最初的意義叫…，它是產生其他意義的基礎。
基本意義：詞在語言長期使用中所固定下來的、最常見、最主要的意義叫…。
派生意義：由本義衍生出來的意義叫…。
隱喻和換喻：引申的兩種方式。隱喻建立在兩個意義所反映的現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象的某種相似的基礎上；換喻的基礎是兩類現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。
轉義：以詞的本義來比喻另一事物，因而雙轉生出另一種意義，這就叫…。
單義詞和多義詞：一個詞的意義可以只概括反映某一類現(xiàn)實現(xiàn)象，也可概括反映相互有聯(lián)系的幾類現(xiàn)象，前者叫單義詞，后者叫多義詞。
同義詞和反義詞：幾個聲音不同而意義相同或基本相同的詞叫同義詞；語言中意義相反的詞
叫反義詞。
22、語言意義：指語言體系中所固有的意義，特點是抽象、概括、多義、相對穩(wěn)定。言語意義：指在特定的交際環(huán)境中，人們在使用語言交流思想時雙方所理解的特定意義和臨時意義，特點是個別、單義、多變。
23、語法形式：表達語法意義的外部形式。
語法范疇：由詞的變化形式所表示的意義方面的聚合叫…。
語法方式：把表達語法意義的語法形式概括成的類別叫～。
24、語法：是詞法和句法的匯集，包含詞的構形、構詞規(guī)則和詞組合成句、名組合成句群的規(guī)則。
構詞法：指在詞根基礎上按一這的構詞規(guī)則創(chuàng)造新詞的方法。
構形法：指以一個詞為中心的多種變形來表示某種語法意義的方法。
24、詞類：具體說是具有相同語法功能的一類詞的集合，抽象地說是一組分布環(huán)境的總和。形態(tài)(詞形變化)：同一個詞與不同的詞組合就不同的變化，這些不同的變化形成一個聚合叫…。
內部屈折：指詞內部的語音形式的變化。
25、顯性意義：通過詞形變化、輔助詞和詞序所反映出來的各種語法關系叫～,分為陳述、支配、修飾、平行關系。
隱性意義：指隱藏在顯性意義后面的各種語法關系，通常表現(xiàn)為“施事—動作和動作—施事”等關系。
26、上限結構和下限結構：單句與單句組合成復合句叫上限結構；下限結構即單句，包括非主謂句和主謂句，人稱句和非人稱句，名詞句、動詞句和形容詞句。
27、直接成分：句子分析中，每一層中直接組合起來構成一個更大的語法單位的兩個組成成分叫…。
句子成分分析法：從句法結構的關系意義出發(fā)，對句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫～，即用各種方法標出基本成分（主語、謂語、賓語）和次要成分（狀語、補語）。
直接成分分析法：是對句法結構組合形式層次性的分析,把句子的各個部分不斷地一分為二,直到不能再切為止。
28、孤立語：又叫詞根語，缺乏詞形變化；特點是詞序嚴格、虛詞重要、復合詞多、派生詞少；以漢語為代表。
粘著語：有豐富的詞形變化，通過詞本身形式的變化表示各種語法關系的語言；日語、為其代表。
屈折語：以詞形變化作為表示語法關系的主要手段的語言；特點是有豐富的詞形變化來表示詞與詞之間的關系；以俄語、英語為代表。
復綜語：又叫編插語，突出特點是分不出詞和句子。詞和句子合二為一，一個詞的構成部分同時又是另一個詞的組成部分，許多個成分互相編插組合在一起，難分你我。
29、句法同義和句法多義：幾種句子格式表示相同或相近的結構意義，叫句法同義；同一個句式所表示的幾種不同的結構意義，叫句法多義。
30、語境：指使用語言時的環(huán)境。分為狹義和廣義兩種：狹義指書面語的上下文或口語的前言后語所形成的言語環(huán)境；后者是指言語表達時的具體環(huán)境（既可指具體場合、也可指社會環(huán)境）。
義素：對詞的一個義項的語義特征進行分析以后得到的最小的語義單位。
義項：一個詞往往有幾個意義，每一個意義就是一個義項，在詞典中表現(xiàn)為一個條目。義場：由具有某些共同義素的一群詞類聚而成的場。
31、文字：標記語言的書寫符號體系。
字母：拼音文字的最小書寫單位。
表音文字：標記語言聲音的文字叫…。
意音文字：同時兼采表意、表音兩種方法的造字法。
象形文字：是記事圖畫簡化的結果，是標記語言中詞的初期的文字體系。
表意文字：通過圖形或符號的組合來表達詞或詞素的意義的文字體系叫…。
自源文字：指從創(chuàng)立文字起就獨立發(fā)展起來的文字。
借源文字：指借用或參照其他文字的形體或體系而建立起來的亭子。
32、社會變體：不同社會集團在言表達方式上的差異叫…，是言語社團的一種標志。風格變體：語言因使用場合的不同而表現(xiàn)出不同的的變異叫…。
社會方言：社會內部不同年齡、性別、職業(yè)、階級、階層的人們在語言使用上表現(xiàn)出來的一些變異叫…。
地域方言（方言）：是全民語言在不同地域上的分支。
親屬語言：從同一種語言分化出來的幾種獨立的語言，彼此有同源關系，叫…。
譜系分類：根據語言的親屬關系對語言所作的分類叫～；按親屬關系的親疏遠近分為語族、語支、語群。
34、意譯詞：用本族語言的構詞材料和規(guī)則構成新詞，把外語時某個詞意義移植進來叫…。仿譯詞：用本族語言的材料逐一翻譯原詞的語素,不但把它的意義，而且把它的內部構成形式也轉植過來叫…。
35、語言的融合：隨著不同民族的接觸或融合而產生的一種語言現(xiàn)象，指一種語言排擠和替代其他語言而成為不同民族的共同交際工具叫…。
語言分化：語言在發(fā)展過程中，一種語言逐漸分化成幾種語言的狀態(tài)叫…。
語言整化：指語言在發(fā)展過程中，幾種語言或幾種語言因素逐漸接近、統(tǒng)一起來叫…。語言混合：語言的語音系統(tǒng)和語義系統(tǒng)是幾種言的混合，這種現(xiàn)象叫…。
36、共同語：又叫“通語”，它是一個民族或部族內部共同使用的語言。
民族交際語：在多民族的國家里，各民族間共同使用的語言叫…。
國際交際語：不同國家間由于交際的需要，選擇一種或數種語言作為共同使用的交際工具，在國際會議上確定的不同國家間共同使用的語言叫…。
世界語：由波蘭醫(yī)生柴門霍夫在1887年創(chuàng)造的一種國際輔助語。
雙語：指被融合民族的成員一般會講兩種語言：本族語和在融合中占優(yōu)勢的那種語言。洋徑浜（皮欽語）：指當地人在和外來商人、水手、傳教士等打交道的過程中一種變了形的外語。
混合語（克里奧耳語）：在一定條件下，洋涇浜也可能被社會采用為主要的交際工具，由孩子們作為母語來學習，洋涇浜就變成了…。
37、尖音和團音：漢語音韻學、方言學經常運用的兩個術語；舌面前塞擦音、擦音與齊、撮二呼的組合叫團音；舌尖前塞擦音、擦音與齊、撮二呼的組合叫尖音；
歷史比較法：根據語音對應關系，比較方言或親屬語言之間的差別來擬測原始“母語”的方法叫…。
類推：語法中有齊整劃一的趨勢和抗拒這種趨勢的矛盾，前者是語法演變中經常起作用的力量叫～…
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