第一篇：專八語法英語專業(yè)八級改錯對策

專八語法:英語專業(yè)八級改錯對策

校對與改錯是英語專業(yè)學(xué)生高年級考試（TEM-8）的第二部分。該部分采用主觀測試題型。該項目包含兩個部分：答題要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答題要求部分說明修改短文的三種方法：加入、刪去和改動某一單詞，并舉例說明。要求修改的短文長度為200字左右。短文的體裁和題材不超出學(xué)生所熟悉的范圍。短文內(nèi)含10個錯誤；錯誤都出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)有題號的行內(nèi)。錯誤一般涉及單個詞；每行只出現(xiàn)一個錯誤。要求修改的單詞既有功能詞（如介詞、冠詞等），也有實義詞（動詞、名詞等）。錯誤既涉及句內(nèi)也涉及句際。

校對與改錯部分的測試目的是檢查學(xué)生在實際語境中靈活運(yùn)用語言的能力。該項目考查學(xué)生的語法和詞匯知識，但更側(cè)重評估學(xué)生的綜合語言能力。校對改錯部分要求學(xué)生在15分鐘內(nèi)找出10個錯誤，并根據(jù)要求用三種方法之一改正錯誤。這一部分要求考生掌握三種知識：

(1.)語法知識

眾所周知，英語語言能力包括眾多因素，其中之一是語法知識。沒有系統(tǒng)的語法知識，學(xué)習(xí)者就很難全面、準(zhǔn)確地以口頭或書面的形式表達(dá)思維或意念。對于把英語作為外語的學(xué)生來說，語法知識的掌握尤為重要，因為它有助于提高語言的準(zhǔn)確性、邏輯性。鑒于此，校對改錯項目的一個測試點是檢驗高年級學(xué)生語法知識的掌握程度及其運(yùn)用能力。一般地說，該項目中要求改正的錯誤里包括一些語法錯誤。例如：

定語從句（1996年第三題），

情態(tài)動詞（1997年第一題），

冠詞（1997年第九題），

介詞（1998年第四題），

反身代詞（1998年第六題），等等。

校對改錯項目要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用已學(xué)過的語法知識，來判斷句子的正誤，找出語病，并作修正。

這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的一點是，TEM-8考試的這個項目不是孤立地測試學(xué)生的語法知識；它更偏重學(xué)生

運(yùn)用語法知識的能力，即怎樣把書本知識轉(zhuǎn)化成實際能力。因此，對于學(xué)生來說，在平時一

要鞏固已學(xué)過的語法知識，理清概念；二要注重提高運(yùn)用語言知識解決具體問題的能力。

(2.)詞匯與搭配

校對改錯項目的另一測試點是學(xué)生對常用詞匯、搭配和用法的了解及運(yùn)用。比如：

外層空間應(yīng)為outer space，而不是out space（1996年第 5題），

1997年試卷的第5題

departure．This is what his body wants to do，therefore（5）

（把therefore 改成加but）

1999年試卷的第5題

as an hour of gathering produces 240．（5）

（把a(bǔ)s改成while）

對第二類錯誤的判斷要求學(xué)生從篇章角度出發(fā)，把文中的句子看作表達(dá)一完整意思的有機(jī)體。只有這樣，學(xué)生才能找出錯誤所在。在歷年的考試中，學(xué)生大都能判斷出第一類錯誤，而對第二類錯誤（句際錯誤）的判斷準(zhǔn)確率就相對較低。歷年試卷中難易度系數(shù)偏低的題目也大都為此類錯誤。因此，學(xué)生平時要加強(qiáng)對篇章的理解能力的訓(xùn)練，了解、熟悉篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的特點：語段內(nèi)句子之間的關(guān)系、語段之間的關(guān)系；它們的類別；各種不同關(guān)系的表示法，等等。只有在此基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)生才能靈活正確地使用語言知識，做到準(zhǔn)確答題。

校對與改錯是英語專業(yè)學(xué)生高年級考試（TEM-8）的第二部分。該部分采用主觀測試題型。該項目包含兩個部分：答題要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答題要求部分說明修改短文的三種方法：加入、刪去和改動某一單詞，并舉例說明。要求修改的短文長度為200字左右。短文的體裁和題材不超出學(xué)生所熟悉的范圍。短文內(nèi)含10個錯誤；錯誤都出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)有題號的行內(nèi)。錯誤一般涉及單個詞；每行只出現(xiàn)一個錯誤。要求修改的單詞既有功能詞（如介詞、冠詞等），也有實義詞（動詞、名詞等）。錯誤既涉及句內(nèi)也涉及句際。

校對與改錯部分的測試目的是檢查學(xué)生在實際語境中靈活運(yùn)用語言的能力。該項目考查學(xué)生的語法和詞匯知識，但更側(cè)重評估學(xué)生的綜合語言能力。校對改錯部分要求學(xué)生在15分鐘內(nèi)找出10個錯誤，并根據(jù)要求用三種方法之一改正錯誤。這一部分要求考生掌握三種知識：

(1.)語法知識

眾所周知，英語語言能力包括眾多因素，其中之一是語法知識。沒有系統(tǒng)的語法知識，學(xué)習(xí)者就很難全面、準(zhǔn)確地以口頭或書面的形式表達(dá)思維或意念。對于把英語作為外語的學(xué)生來說，語法知識的掌握尤為重要，因為它有助于提高語言的準(zhǔn)確性、邏輯性。鑒于此，校對改錯項目的一個測試點是檢驗高年級學(xué)生語法知識的掌握程度及其運(yùn)用能力。一般地說，該項目中要求改正的錯誤里包括一些語法錯誤。例如：

定語從句（1996年第三題），

情態(tài)動詞（1997年第一題），

冠詞（1997年第九題），

第二篇：2014英語專八翻譯改錯954565870

2013年英語專八考試翻譯英譯漢答案

聯(lián)合國代表大會，中心政治論壇，由193個成員國組成，幾乎包括世界上所有國家，其中三分之二的國家為發(fā)展中國家，占世界總?cè)丝诘乃姆种?。通過決議非常困難，尤其是所有慣例決出的協(xié)議必須達(dá)成一致才能通過。結(jié)果就是，重要的協(xié)議總是被狹隘的特殊利益所挾持，并且大部分協(xié)議都只是用來使自己的利益最大化。但真正的問題是世界上主要國.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地開展。聯(lián)合國安理會，負(fù)責(zé)和平和安全，處理最重要的政治問題。安理會只有15個成員國，所以能經(jīng)常性地應(yīng)付危機(jī)。它曾一度由于冷戰(zhàn)對立而停擺，但已經(jīng)重新獲得了聯(lián)合國憲章給予的權(quán)利。

2013年英語專八考試改錯題答案

1.production改成producing

2.去掉the

3.去掉accurately前面的so

4.looking改為look

5.we前面加that

6.去掉colleague后面的has

7.their改成his

8.anyone改成 pure老師someone

9.evolved改成involved

10.were改成are

第三篇：GMAT語法改錯

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

第一篇 總論

一、GMAT句子改錯題的要求

GMAT句子改錯題在筆考時，一般有22道題，限時25分鐘完成，其基本要求如下：Direction：In each of the following sentences，some part of the sentence or the entire sentence isunderlined．Beneath each sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part．Thefirst of these repeats the original；the other four are different．If you think the original is the bestof these answer choices，choose answer A；otherwise，choose one of the others．Select the bestversion and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet．

This is a test of correctness and effectiveness of expression．In choosing answers，follow therequirements of standard written English；that is，pay attention to grammar，choice of words，and sentence construction．Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence；this an—swer should be clear mad exact，without awkwardness，ambiguity，redundancy，or grammaticalerror.在實行CAT考試后，該要求沒有變化，只不過題量減少了，約為16～18題。

二、GMAT改錯題的正確選項的特征

在GMAT中，改錯題與其他英語考試中的改錯題并不太一樣，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和有效性，而不像TOEFL，只著重語法錯誤。那么，初學(xué)者會問，就ETS而言，在GMAT改錯中，當(dāng)把正確答案替換到原句中，該句子應(yīng)具有什么樣的特征呢?筆者認(rèn)為，該句子至少有以下3個特征：

1．保證原句基本意思及保持原句重心。也就是說，句子的原意不能發(fā)生改變，同時原句的主從關(guān)系不能發(fā)生改變，作次要成分的不能充當(dāng)句子的主要成分，而句子的主要成分不能下降為從屬地位，作修飾成分。

2．意思單一，簡潔有效。即在句子中，不能出現(xiàn)模棱兩可、含糊不清的意思表示。同時表達(dá)盡量簡潔，不要I羅嗦，能用短語表達(dá)的，就不用從句；能用一個詞表示的，就不用詞組。

3．5個中的最優(yōu)。而并非最完美的表達(dá)。

下面：我們以一個例子來說明以上幾點：

F—l Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.(A)Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，(B)In her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，Beatrix Potter(C)In her book illustrations，which she carefully coordinated with her narratives,Beat—rix Potter(D)Carefully 000rdinated with her narratives，Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations,(E)Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinated them with her narra—tives and題解：A、B之所以錯，是因為它違反了意思單一原則，其中的coordinating分詞短語的修飾關(guān)系是模糊的，既可修飾illustrations，又可修飾后面的主句。D錯，是因為它違反了第一條原則：保證原句意思。其中coordinated過去分詞短語在句首，就表明了該短語修飾主語：Beatrix Porrer改變了句意。而E中，由于其將coordinate與capitalize并列作為主要謂語動詞，改變了本屬于從屬地位的coordinating短語，從而改變了句子重心(coordi-nate與capitalize兩個動作毫不相關(guān)，并列起來不恰當(dāng))。C意思單一，which從句限定修飾illustrations，主從關(guān)系明確，因而為正確答案。答案：C

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

至于第三個特征，我們將在以后的相關(guān)例子中提到。

三、GMAT解題方法

1．抓住明顯錯誤進(jìn)行排除：有時劃線部分中有明顯的語法錯誤或邏輯錯誤，我們就可由此作為突破口，進(jìn)行排除，縮小包圍圈。

F—2 The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike;vast quantities ofpeople were dangerously overextended，credit was absurdly easy to obtain,and most broderagehouses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on ―margin.‖

(A)rich and poor alike；vast quantities of people were dangerously overextended

(B)both rich and poor alike；large amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves(C)rich and poor alike；great numbers of people were dangerously overextended them—selves

(D)both rich and poor alike；vast amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves

(E)both rich and poor；great quantities of people were dangerously overextended

題解：看完劃線部分后，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個明顯的錯誤，即：A中用quantities來修飾可數(shù)名詞people，這在語法中是不能接受的，由此點錯誤，我們就可排除含有此錯誤點的A、E。同時，我們在對選項進(jìn)行掃描的過程中，又發(fā)現(xiàn)B、D用amount來修飾people，這同樣是不能接受的。因而我們又可排除B,D。僅剩C可選。B,D、E中：both rich and poor alike的表達(dá)是噦嗦的，因為both和alike在語義上有重復(fù)。在本句中，需要提出的是：rich和poor之前并未加the，也可表示一類人的含義。答案：C

2.利用未劃線部分尋找暗示和啟發(fā)。有時候僅就選項部分而言，會有幾個選項在表達(dá)上和句意上都是無可挑剔的。在此種情況下，再進(jìn)行選項比較已毫無意義，而應(yīng)該把目光放寬一些，到未劃線部分中去尋找一些暗示。比如說劃線部分與未劃線部分在人稱上是否一致，在數(shù)上是否一致等等。這些暗示會使你確認(rèn)，這幾個選項中僅有一個正確。

F一3 Without hearing a word of—what is being—said or shouted，an experienced trader on thefloor of the stock exchange can listen to the hum of voices around them and tell what ishappening．(A)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader

(B)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，experienced traders

(C)Even though the person has not heard a word of what is being said or shouted，anexperienced trader

(D)Even when the person has not heard a word that is being said or shouted，experiences traders(E)In spite of not hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader題解：根據(jù)下一篇所講的內(nèi)容，我們會很容易排除C,D、E(此處排除這三個選項的原因由大家在學(xué)完第二篇內(nèi)容后自行解決)。對于選項A、B，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者都說得通，只不過A中用單數(shù)主語，B用復(fù)數(shù)主語。此時，我們就需再回到未劃線部分，搜索能為我們證實A、B中某一個必對而另一個必錯的線索。當(dāng)讀到句末的around them時，我們的目光會為之一亮。them從句意講，指代主句主語，同時them所指代的應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，因而A錯B對。答案：B

3.利用對稱性解題：英語在行文上，像我們漢語一樣，也講究前后的對稱性。而這一點在比較句中，對照，對比句中和平行結(jié)構(gòu)中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，即要求盡可能在語法功能上、表達(dá)形式上前后一致。我們則可通過未劃線部分中的表達(dá)形式及語法功能確定劃線部分中與之相對應(yīng)部分的語法功能及表達(dá)形式，很快排除錯誤選項。

F一4 At ground level，ozone is a harmful pollutant，but．in the stratosphere it shields the earthGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

from the most biologically harmful radiation emitted by the Sun，radiation in the ultravio-let band of the spectrum．

(A)in the stratosphere

(B)in the stratosphere，in which

(C)it is in the stratosphere in、which

(D)in the stratosphere where

(E)it is in the stratosphere and

題解：由but表明前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，即存在著對比。but之前的地點狀語是at ground level因而but之后用in the stratosphere，無論從結(jié)構(gòu)上還是形式上均與at ground level對稱。選A是正確的，B,D使but分句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。E改變句意，而C與but之前的形式缺乏對應(yīng)關(guān)系，表達(dá)啰嗦。

答案：A

4．以薄弱環(huán)節(jié)作為切入點：在GMAT改錯中，劃線部分中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤就是代詞指代混亂和限定性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞指代混亂。因而，如果劃線部分中出現(xiàn)了此兩類詞，在未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯錯誤之前，我們應(yīng)以此兩類詞為切人點，通過確認(rèn)其真實指代對象與其語法指代對象是否一致來排除錯誤選項。

F一5 The Gorton—Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they willdelay access to funds from deposited checks.(A)that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from

deposited checks．

(B)a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a

deposited check．

(C)that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from depositedchecks。

(D)a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds

from a deposited check。

(E)that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check

is to be delayed．

題解：劃線中出現(xiàn)了兩個代詞：they和their，首先需要確認(rèn)其指代對象。在their之前未出現(xiàn)過復(fù)數(shù)名詞，而僅出現(xiàn)單數(shù)名詞a bank，從句意判斷，their本應(yīng)指代the bank。由此矛盾，我們可判斷their屬誤用，應(yīng)用its替代；同理第--4“they也應(yīng)用it替代。由此我們可排除含their或they的A、B、E。C、D比較，D有兩個缺陷：(1)require的用法不妥；(2)itscustomers和之后的a deposited check在數(shù)上是不一致的。而C中：require + that從句(帶虛擬語氣動詞)的用法正確，its customers和之后的checks在數(shù)上一致。答案：C

5．通過比較答案來尋找解題思路：有時候，劃線部分既無明顯錯誤，又無對稱性可言，也不存在代詞指代問題。一眼看過去，劃線部分似乎沒有什么毛病，此時，我們就需要對5個選項進(jìn)行比較，找出5個選項中的主要差異(1～2個)，分析并代回原句中。從句意、表達(dá)上進(jìn)行對比，確認(rèn)句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)，排除錯誤選項。

F一6 The technical term‖pagination‖is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers, assemblethe page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing．

(A)is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers，assemble

(B)refers to a process that allows editors，rather than printers，to assemble

(C)is a process 1caving the editors，rather than printers，to assemble

(D)refers to a process which allows editors，but not to printers，the assembly of

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(E)has reference to the process leaving to editors，instead of the printer，assembling題解：第一遍讀劃線部分時，似乎看不出什么錯誤，但通過對5個選項進(jìn)行比較后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個差異：(1)謂語動詞用系動詞is，還是用行為動詞refer to。(2)that從句中：謂語動詞用leave還是allow。把第(1)個差異代人原句中，is代回―這個術(shù)語是一個過程”refer to代人原句，意為：―這個術(shù)語指一個過程“。從邏輯搭配上看，后者優(yōu)于前者，且表達(dá)句意，而前者句意模糊，不易理解。斷定此點后，我們就排除 A、C。同理，把差異(2)代入。allow明顯要比leave更適合與a process搭配。由此排除E。B、D比較，D有3個缺陷：(1)allow用法不當(dāng)，應(yīng)使用allow sb．to do sth．的結(jié)構(gòu)；(2)but not to printers不如B中用rather thanprinters準(zhǔn)確、簡潔。(3)公理中，我們提到過，除非先行詞為介賓，which不引導(dǎo)限制性從句，此處D違反了此原則。(詳看緊接著的公理部分)答案：B

對于以上5種方法，作者在此提出兩點說明。

(1)以上5種思路僅是解題基本方法，并未囊括也不可能囊括GMAT改錯中的所有方法。這是一個case-by-case，對有些題大家完全可以采用其他更快捷、更準(zhǔn)確的方法來解題。(2)對于以上5種基本方法，希望大家不要僵化地、孤立地使用，而應(yīng)該靈活、有機(jī)地將5種方法結(jié)合在一起，達(dá)到更快、更準(zhǔn)的解題目的。

四、GMAT公理

所謂公理，也就是經(jīng)過人們長期實踐檢驗、不需要證明同時也無法去證明的客觀規(guī)律，如我們在初中平面幾何開篇所學(xué)的―兩點之間可以畫一條直線，并且只可以畫一條直線‖，―三點確定一個平‖等公理。而正是在這些公理的基礎(chǔ)上，才建立起平面幾何這門學(xué)科。同樣，在我們的GMAT改錯中，存在一些不言自明、經(jīng)過實踐總結(jié)的規(guī)律，它們對我們的解題有極大幫助，我們把它們命名為―GMAT公理‖。不過，這里的公理，并不像平面幾何的公理一樣，可以放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)，即：使用這些公理，有些可以保證我們100％的正確性，而有些可能只能保證95％以上的正確性，另外的5％，可能需要與句意共同考慮來選擇一個最優(yōu)。畢竟，GMAT改錯是一種對語言表達(dá)的有效性、簡潔性的考核，是有靈活性的，而不像平面幾何那樣是一門要求嚴(yán)密邏輯的科學(xué)。不過就這些GMAT公理在解題中所起到的巨大貢獻(xiàn)而言，它們的那些微小的局限性可忽略不計。

下面是對這些公理的具體敘述。

1．在我們通常使用的there be句型中，以下幾種表達(dá)必定錯。(1)there could be done sth.(2)there be sth．done(3)there being+名詞詞組(4)there was sth．(抽象性表動作的名詞)，如there was a transmission的表達(dá)不對。一般來說GMAT中there be僅用于―某處有某物‖，而此物是指一具體名詞，如 wolf，stone，star，而不是指 抽象名詞：如 conversion，relation等。(其中done代表過去分詞。)

2．在表示某人有某種能力做某事的意思，最佳答案的選擇依據(jù)是，can do>be able to do>has(have)ability to do>has(have)a capability of doing…。(其中―>‖指―優(yōu)先于”，有can do就不用含有be able to do的選項，在選項中不含有can do時，再找有be able to的選項，依此類推。

3．在從句中，以下連接詞或引導(dǎo)詞值得特別注意：

(1)which(或代詞 it)絕對不可指代前面的整個句子，而此用法在一般語法書中均是可以接受的

(2)because不可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；

(3)賓語從句中引導(dǎo)詞that一般不能省略；

(4)if絕不可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，如要表示―是否“，只能用whether引導(dǎo)；

(5)對不作為介詞賓語的事物做限定性修飾，只用that而不用which。而which僅用于引導(dǎo)對介賓進(jìn)行修飾的限定性從句和引導(dǎo)非限定性從句。

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

4．在require、demand等表―建議，命令”意義的詞之后的that從句，要求用虛擬語氣動詞，即動詞原形，不加should。

5．絕不可以單獨使用this，these來指代前面出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，而絕對要通過換用其他人稱代詞，或重復(fù)前面出現(xiàn)的名詞或者改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)來避免這樣非正式且模糊的指代。如sth．of this kind，like this／these等模糊表達(dá)均要用such + n．(n．即重復(fù)this，these所指代的對象)來取代，意為―這些…‖。另外，在“such．that‖結(jié)構(gòu)中，such只修飾具體名詞，而不修飾抽象名詞(女I rapidity，severity)。

6．絕對不可以單獨使用that指代前面的單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，而一般是用that of+n．結(jié)構(gòu)指代或換用其他表達(dá)方式。(可參看第十一章中 it／they，one／ones，that／ttx~指代的區(qū)別)

7．當(dāng)我們需要舉例時，一律用such as結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用like。

8．在GMAT改錯題中，ETS傾向于用主動語態(tài)而非用被動語態(tài)，也就是說，當(dāng)用主動或用被動語態(tài)的選項在語法和句意上都無錯誤時，選擇用主動語態(tài)表達(dá)的選項，即―主動優(yōu)先原則”。

9．在GMAT中，關(guān)于being的以下使用必錯：(1)being + n．(2)being + adj．(3)as being+n．／adj／v-ing，因為在以上表達(dá)中，being屬多余。

10．當(dāng)我們對一動賓結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行替代時，不用do it，一律用do so。

11．介詞短語：on account of，because of，despite(in spite of)，as a result of之后只跟簡單的名詞短語。若其后跟的是動名詞或名詞所有格+動名詞短語，或名詞短語之后用一復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)在分、詞來修飾時，應(yīng)改為與其相同意義的連詞because，although等引導(dǎo)的從句形式。12．幾種簡潔的表達(dá)方式：

(1)n．that is(are)adj．必然要換為adj．+n．的名詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，如：a man who is poor的選項必錯，而應(yīng)選含有a poor man的選項.(2)當(dāng)表示謂語部分，尤其是表示實義動詞的含義時，就直接用其動詞形式表示，而不要用名詞形式或形容詞形式表示，如：be a cause一定會被cause(動詞)替代；be suggestive of就一定會被suggest所替代。

(3)一些常見詞的替換方式：not any一定會被no替代；that which一定會被what替代；having been done會被done(作限定詞)所替代.13．平行結(jié)構(gòu)的最后一個成分之前必定有一個連詞and，0r，neither，nor或as well as，否則此并列結(jié)構(gòu)必存在問題。如：to do A，do B，do C的表達(dá)就必然錯誤，而必然是被to doA，do B，and do C或to do A，to do B，and to do C替代。

14．在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，對于―不是…而是‖的結(jié)構(gòu)，ETS傾向于用rather than，而很少用instead of。在具體實戰(zhàn)中，若5個選項中存在這兩個詞組的互換，請直接在含rather than的選項中找答案，除非含rather than的結(jié)構(gòu)有語法或邏輯錯誤，再到含有instead of的選項中找答案。

15．若在題中的劃線部分(即A選項)中出現(xiàn)情態(tài)動詞，那么在最后的正確答案中必須有此情態(tài)動詞或類似語氣的詞出現(xiàn)。實戰(zhàn)中，此原則可轉(zhuǎn)化為：不含此情態(tài)動詞或類似語氣詞的選項均為錯誤選項，立即排除.GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

第二篇 實戰(zhàn)篇

通過上一篇的簡單概述，我們對GMAT的改錯要求，相應(yīng)的解題技巧和原則有了初步的了解。但是，僅有上述的條條框框，顯然不足以讓我們這些MBA精英順利攻陷ETS的防線，正如一個光懂紙上談兵而無任何實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗的將軍在戰(zhàn)場上只能鎩羽而歸一樣。因而在本篇中，筆者試圖通過分類，把繁多而復(fù)雜的改錯真題匯集在一個個小的section中，對典型題型進(jìn)行詳細(xì)剖析，使讀者能盡快掌握GMAT改錯題的規(guī)律，逐步提高大家的實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗，能夠迅速把握ETS“排兵布陣‖的套路，并識破其設(shè)置的各種―路障‖，從而在本部分取得好成績，為最后攻陷ETS防線打下堅實基礎(chǔ)。

在此指導(dǎo)思想下，本篇的布局結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

一、本篇分12個section

二、在每一個section中，首先是一些必要語法知識的補(bǔ)充(考慮到大多數(shù)商業(yè)人士的語法知識已經(jīng)比較模糊)；接著是該類下的小分類及典型題型剖析，其中包括題解、解題技巧和語法點提示，最后是一些練習(xí)題及練習(xí)題的答案。

三、學(xué)完本篇之后，會有3個test用來做?？?綜合本篇中所有考試重點)。

需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是：

1．本書著重實用，其分類體系與一般語法書分類不完全一致。

2．讀者在使用此書時，應(yīng)先做題后看題解。

第一章 名詞詞組與動名詞

一提到名詞，大家腦海中可能會蹦出名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)與不可數(shù)等概念。在 GMAT改錯中，這些較少成為考試的重點，更多而且更難的是，ETS經(jīng)?？疾槲覀儗γ~的強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)性和動名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動作性的深入理解及名詞詞組的中心詞(或核心詞)的辨認(rèn)。而這些恰恰是我們在平常學(xué)習(xí)較少或根本未考慮的問題，并且這些考點在選項中迷惑性特別大，以致我們GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

初學(xué)時覺得每個選項都差不多，不知應(yīng)該選哪一個。為此，我們將對以上幾個難點分別給以詳細(xì)解釋。一、一般抽象名詞與動名詞之間的選擇

一般來說，我們認(rèn)為動名詞可以充當(dāng)名詞，但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一種動作；而我們說的一般抽象名詞，表明的則是一種狀態(tài)，或者是動作的結(jié)果。比如說，動名詞burning強(qiáng)調(diào)燃燒這個動作，而combustion則強(qiáng)調(diào)這種燃燒動作的結(jié)果，表明了一種狀態(tài)。For example：1—1 Contrary to earlier conjectures，it may be that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a

result of burning fossil fuels would cool the globe by reducing the amount of solar energy

absorbed by snow．

(A)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning

(B)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of

(C)increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of

(D)carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that increased from burnying

(E)atmospheric carbon dioxide that increased from burning

題解：題意是由于化石燃料的燃燒而增加的大氣中的CO2會通過減少雪吸收的太陽能量而降低全球溫度。A中as a result of使用不妥，因為該詞組總是作為狀語來修飾整個句子的，而不能修飾一個名詞，此處修飾dioxide是不對的；接著通過B、C的提示，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)B、C用combustion代替burning。剛才我們已提過，前者指結(jié)果，而后者指動作。那么，究竟是―燃燒這個動作導(dǎo)致了CO2的增加‖呢?還是―燃燒后的結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了CO2的增加‖呢?對比后，我們覺得后者是合乎邏輯的。由于確定了用combustion代替burning，則A、D、E均為錯；B、C用resulting from代替了as a result of，改正了此處錯誤。B、C中最大的區(qū)別在于是用過去分詞increased還是increasing修飾CO2，我們知道，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、持續(xù)的動作，而過去分GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

詞作定語表示被動、完成的動作。在本句中，CO2后的resulting from

已充分表明increase是被動動作，因而我們選B不選C。另外，C中把原句的atmospheric改為后置的in the atmosphere修飾，是不簡潔的，B中的increased和atmospheric共同修飾CQ是很簡潔的表達(dá)方式。答案．B

解題技巧：GMAT中，在選擇用increased還是用increasing修飾名詞時，幾乎都用increased語法點提示：it may be that．．． …是可能的

1—2 Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing

number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to

specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their

crops for buying necessities．

(A)selling their crops for buying

(B)the sales of their crops for buying

(C)their selling of crops SO as to buy

(D)their selling crops for buying of

(E)the sale of their crops to buy 題解：本題中有三個語法點值得注意：rather than短語在句首，continue用原形與主語中的began相對應(yīng)(在第五章平行結(jié)構(gòu)中有對rather than的用法詳述)，specialize in sth．及usesth．to do sth．。在這里，仍然是在考查用selling還是用sales的選擇。同上題一樣，在心 中默問自己：cash proceeds 是來自銷售這個動作 selling 呢，還是來自于銷售谷物后的結(jié)果sales?從邏輯上講，用sales更好，再加上Use的用法，我們可選擇E。其實，在考試現(xiàn)場，如果你熟悉use的用法的話，那么只有一個選項可供選，即E。答案：E

語法點提示：specialize in sth．； Use sth．to do sth．

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

二、動名詞的名詞化

指當(dāng)某一動詞無相應(yīng)的同源名詞形式，但又需要用它來表示一個狀態(tài)性動作時，可通過在該動詞的．ing形式前面加上冠詞a或者the來達(dá)到此目的。需引起注意的是，如一動詞有相應(yīng)的名詞形式，就應(yīng)直接用名詞形式而不是用動名詞形式。如increasing就不能作名詞形式，因為inc般瞬本身可作名詞。另外某些動名詞已成為名詞形式：如lending(借貸)，就可直接使用。

1—3 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused

reversals in the Earth‘s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents

80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A)splitting apart continents

(B)the splitting apart of continents

(C)split apart continents

(D)continents split apart

(E)continents that were split apart

題解：根據(jù)句意看，劃線部分應(yīng)該表明一種狀態(tài)，是指80 million years ago的那次分離，只有這樣才能與其余部分并列起來形成平行結(jié)構(gòu)(第五章．)：磁極的顛倒，冰川時期的開始，大陸的分離及火山的爆發(fā)。由此可排除A，它是動名詞詞組，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作，與其余名詞詞組的都不匹配；C．是一個動賓詞組，結(jié)構(gòu)上不對應(yīng)；D是一個句子，結(jié)構(gòu)不對；E與原句意思相差太遠(yuǎn)，原句指那次分離，E卻指被分離的大陸；因而只有B是最正確，通過在splitting前加上 the 表明了是發(fā)生在 8 億年前的那一次分離，而不是其他時期的分離。apart ofcontinents短語對the splitting作修飾。答案：B

1-4 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead toGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

lowering interest rates, as well as lowering tears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, anda weakening of the dollar.(A)lowing interest rates，as well as lowering fears about inflation，(B)a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation，(C)a lowering of interest rates，along with fears about inflation，(D)interest rates being lowered，along with fears about inflation，(E)interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered，with

題解：劃線部分其實是一個并列賓語中的一個部分。根據(jù)劃線部分后的―股票和債券市場的止跌回穩(wěn)及美元的疲軟”，可以斷定劃線部分的意思是：利率的降低和對通貨膨脹的恐懼的降低。由此可推斷出D、E中的中心詞為interest rates不對，因為未劃線的平行結(jié)構(gòu)中均是抽象名詞(a rally，a weakening)為中心詞，而interest rates是一具體名詞，且D中的along withfears about inflation與原意的―恐懼的減少‖剛好相反；E中with是無根據(jù)的，破壞了平行結(jié)構(gòu)；A是動名詞詞組，符合狀態(tài)性名詞并列的要求；B、C的a lowering達(dá)到了名詞化效果，但C中的along with介短語含義是模糊的，它有可能指利率降低伴隨著恐懼減少，更可能是指lead to的一個賓語部分，即導(dǎo)致恐懼，這正好與原意相反。而B中interest rates和fears之間加上and，并在and之后補(bǔ)上of，表明了即兩者同時的降低，正確表達(dá)了原意。注意此處：在fear之前補(bǔ)出of的重要性，明確fears about inflation是of的賓語，進(jìn)而修飾a lowering。另外，未劃線部分的a weakening of dollar實際上已提示我們劃線部分應(yīng)采用與其相同的形式。答案：B

三、名詞的泛指和特指

名詞的泛指和特指在英語表達(dá)中非常重要，兩者的用法及意義是不同的。一般來說，特指明確，范圍窄，不會產(chǎn)生歧義；而泛指模糊，范圍寬會有歧義。要表明一個名詞特指，通GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

常手法是在前面加冠詞the、物主代詞或其他限定詞；而要表明一個名詞泛指，則在前面加a或不加限定詞(可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù))，兩者所用場合不同，混用必然導(dǎo)致錯誤。

1—5C0nsuinerS may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances，butmany of them can be harmful to health especially ii they are used improperly.(A)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be

(B)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being

(C)A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being

(D)A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as(E)Household cleaning products may not be thought of，by consumers, as

題解：在本句中考到一個習(xí)慣用法：think of sth．a(chǎn)s sth．。A、B、C中think of sth．to be或think of sth．being都不符合習(xí)慣；E在明顯有動作執(zhí)行者customers的情況下，用了被動語態(tài)。我們在第一篇―公理‖中已強(qiáng)調(diào)主動優(yōu)先于被動，D為正確答案。你會說，D中用a customer而原句是customers，兩者并不一致。上面我們說過，a customer和customers均為泛指，含義上是無區(qū)別的，都代表一類人：顧客。答案：D

1—6 In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste，compact disc manufacturersare attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package theirproduct．

(A)the disposable plastic box in which they

(B)the disposable plastic box where they

(C)a disposable plastic box in which to

(D)disposable plastic boxes inside which they

(E)the disposable plastic boxes in which to

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

題解：把劃線部分的定語從句還原，就是：they package their products in boxes。因而A沒有錯誤；同時可看出D是錯的，介詞inside的使用不準(zhǔn)確。此句的關(guān)鍵在于：判定disposableplastic box是特指還是泛指。從句意上看，這種盒子是現(xiàn)有的，并用于包裝特定產(chǎn)品的，顯然應(yīng)該用特指，因而在前面應(yīng)加the，由此排除C；B中用where是模糊的，在GMAT公理中，我們已強(qiáng)調(diào)在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，in which或其他介詞+which一定優(yōu)先于where；只剩A和E，E有the，且in which to的表達(dá)方式很簡潔，E豈不比A更好?但E的缺陷在于它用了復(fù)數(shù)形式boxes而非A中的單數(shù)box，A表明現(xiàn)有的這一種盒子，在特指的情況下包括了很廣的范圍(整個compact disc行業(yè))，而E中的the boxes卻把范圍縮小了，似乎表明某一批或某一時期的這么多的盒子，顯然A反映了原意。從集合角度理解為：the box，表示全集，theboxes是the box的一個子集。答案：A

四、名詞詞組中的核心詞

所謂核心詞，即除去名詞詞組中的所有修飾成分所剩下的那個名詞，它正確表達(dá)了原句的主要意思。比如說：在a of b中，a就是核心詞，而b不是。這一點，我們中國學(xué)生經(jīng)常忽略，開始理解起來也不太容易。而ETS就喜歡在此點上出題，把一些修飾詞名詞化，而把核心名詞形容詞化，或?qū) of b結(jié)構(gòu)換成b of a結(jié)構(gòu)，從而造成混淆，導(dǎo)致考生失分。1—7 Following the nutrition board‘s advice on salt consumption would mean a virtual end of theof salt in cooking, and avoidance of obviously salty foods, and reducing the reliance on processedfoods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium.(A)reducing the reliance processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium(B)reducing the reliance on processed foods containing often hidden but significant amounts ofsodium

(C)a reduction of the reliance on processed food, containing as they do often hidden sodium inGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

significant amounts

(D)a reduced reliance on the significant amounts of hidden sodium often contained in processedfoods

(E)a reduced reliance on processed foods that contain significant but often hidden amounts ofsodium

題解：根據(jù)前面知識，可以看出，劃線部分與前面的a virtual end和鋤avoidance是并列的，因而以reducing開頭的選項必錯(它需要名詞化)，所以A、B可排除；C中名詞詞組的中心詞是reduction，D、E中均為reliance，根據(jù)句意理解，劃線部分的名詞詞組的核心詞，應(yīng)該是reliance而不是reduction。如果你覺得對于此點不好理解，我們可以暫時回避此問題。繼續(xù)看C項，發(fā)現(xiàn)另一個致命錯誤：containing +as從句的表達(dá)不夠簡潔，不如用一形容詞短語，由此可以確認(rèn)C錯；再看D、E，在介詞on后面，你又會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個中心詞的選擇問題，是reliance on sodium還是reliance on foods，不過，這個選擇比起前一個中心詞選擇簡單得多，顯然應(yīng)該是后者，而D弄錯了reliance的對象，注意E對sodium的修飾語做了小修改，significant和hidden amounts of是對sodium的并列修飾，中間用but often(but表轉(zhuǎn)折，often修飾hidden)連接，清楚而準(zhǔn)確地表明了―大量的但卻總是隱藏的鹽“的含意。答案：E

五、對抽象名詞的解釋：是用of that同位語從句呢?

一般來說，抽象名詞后可用of或that對其做詳細(xì)解釋，但何時應(yīng)用of短語，何時應(yīng)用that同位語從句并無一定論(類似的抽象名詞：如likelihood，possibility，theory，hypothesis等)。在這里，我們給出三條原則進(jìn)行判定。

1．根據(jù)我們上面所說的中心詞原則，通過對選項中的of后的內(nèi)容(核心詞)與that從句內(nèi)容比較，一般都能從意思上判定出。

2．a(chǎn) fact后一般跟that同位語，importance一般后面跟of介詞短語做解釋，conclusionGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

ofsth．指sth．的結(jié)局或結(jié)果，而conclusion that是對conclusion的具體解釋。

3．實用原則：如發(fā)現(xiàn)抽象名詞之后的of短語是一個簡短的名詞詞組，則此結(jié)構(gòu)必正確；若of短語之后是一個復(fù)雜的名詞短語(套著從句或其他繁冗的修飾成分)或是一個較長的動名詞短語，選項基本上都改為that從句修飾，因為這樣簡潔而準(zhǔn)確，而用of短語修飾是笨拙的，且辭不達(dá)意。另外，如果題目是在抽象名詞之后劃線，選項中有用of或有用that從句對其進(jìn)行解釋。答案均為含that從句的選項。

1—8 The brochure notes that in the seminar the—importance that communication is atwo-way．process will be emphasized.(A)importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized

(B)importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized(c)importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis

(D)fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance

(E)emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important

題解：根據(jù)我們上面提到的第二條原則，A是錯的(在GMAT中出現(xiàn)的importance的句子，都無一例外地使用importance of結(jié)構(gòu)。B選項符合我們的原則。C與B幾乎一樣，惟一區(qū)別是用being代替B中的as，在上一篇―公理‖中我們提到過，being屬多余，在GMAT很少用，出現(xiàn)的地方幾乎都是錯誤選項(惟有兩句例外，碰到時我們會提到)。D中用fact +that同位語從句與B的名詞短語比起來，顯得冗長和笨拙，并且它改變了原意(交流是一個雙向過程的重要性)，改成了―交流是雙向的并且是重要的‖，這種對原意的篡改是不能接受的；E中being的使用是絕對錯誤的，同時，它也改變了原句句意，原句認(rèn)為：??交流是雙向的重要性將會在討論中被強(qiáng)調(diào)‖，而E改成了―在討論中，交流的雙向性是重要的這一話題將是重點‖，顯然―討論中的強(qiáng)調(diào)問題”與―重點‖并不完全一致。答案：B

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

1—9 Stable interest rates on long—term bonds are the financial market‘s vote of confidence in theFederal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.(A)in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation

(B)that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under 00ntrol

(C)for the Federal Reserve，that it would keep control of inflation

(D)that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

(E)that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

題解：根據(jù)核心詞原則，A表示對美聯(lián)儲的信心。而句意卻是：這種信心，即美聯(lián)儲能把通貨膨脹控制下來的信心。同時，A中的keep in control of sth．的用法不對，應(yīng)是keep sth．undercontrol。另外補(bǔ)充一種用法take(gain)control of對…控制；lu-1~C錯，同時C的介詞用錯，用in而不是for，即confidence in sth．，其中的that從句不知作什么成分。通過以上排除，剩下B、D、E(注：其實通過剛才的第三條原則，可以很快到達(dá)這一步)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)D、E中共同的結(jié)構(gòu)是被動語態(tài)，且還出現(xiàn)了動作的執(zhí)行者by the Federal Reserve，根據(jù)GMAT傾向主動原則，B為正確答案。

六、對名詞的幾種修飾方法

1．n．+ adj．短語，如：the jobs available to Women

2．n．+介詞短語，如：a child with reading problems

3．a(chǎn)dv．+V．-ed+n．，如：seemingly limited number

4．n．+v．-ed短語或-ing短語

5．n．，V．-ed短語或-ing短語，that從句(對名詞的復(fù)雜修飾，有二重修飾，第一重是分詞短語的修飾，第二重是限定性從句的修飾)，如例7—8

6·n.，which從句，of sth．(同樣是二重修飾，第一重是which的非限定性從句修飾，第GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

二重是介詞短語of sth．的修飾)

1—10 Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly changeits genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at aninvading microbe or foreign substance．(A)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at

(B)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically to

(C)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，all specifically targeted at

(D)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，all of them targeted specifically to

(E)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically at

題解：根據(jù)未劃線部分的an invading microbe及每個選項中都有的specially，可斷定targeted分詞短語修飾單數(shù)形式each，而不是復(fù)數(shù)形式all，由此可排除c、D；在A、B中名詞短語seeming unlimited number表明seeming和unlimited共同修飾number，即為―看上去的、不受限制的數(shù)量?！鳨中，seemingly unlimited number 表明seemingly修飾形容詞u11limited，unlimited修飾名詞number，意為―看上去不受限制的數(shù)量‖，顯然，A、B中該名詞短語的意思不符合邏輯，而E的表達(dá)清楚。另外，target是與at搭配，而不與to連用。答案：E

語法點提示：本句有兩個習(xí)慣表達(dá)，win sth．for sth．／doing sth．因…而獲得…； targetat 把…作為目標(biāo)。

七、動名詞

語法準(zhǔn)備：動名詞的構(gòu)成：動詞+ing；在語法功能上有名詞的性質(zhì)，但強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；動名詞主語、表語及動詞或介詞的賓語；有些動詞短語是由―動詞+to‖構(gòu)成，這個to不是不定式的符號，而是介詞，后面要跟動名詞，如：adhere to(堅持、粘附)，attribute to(歸因)，contributeto(促成，捐助)，resort to(求助)，assent to(同意),aspire to(渴望)，appeal to(吸引)，attach to(隸GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

屬，附著)，yield to(屈服于)，look forward to(期望)，object to(反對)等；有些動詞定額管理只能跟動名詞作賓詞，如：advocate appreciatc avoid deny enjoy fancy imagine justifymiss postpone practice prevent quit resist risk suggest warrant 等。

1——11 Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go towardslower taxes or increased spending on social programs.(A)over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending

(B)over whether a budget surplus should go towards lowering taxes or increasing spending

(C)about a budget surplus going towards lower taxes or increasing spending

(D)about if lower taxes should come from budget surplus or spending increases

(E)concerning a budget surplus and its going towards lower taxes or increased spending

題解：劃線句意：預(yù)算是否應(yīng)該用于降低稅收或增加在公益性項目上的毫出。根據(jù)GMAT公理，if不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，因而A錯，A中另一錯誤是lower taxes和increased spending詞組強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，而題意強(qiáng)調(diào)動作：降低稅收或增加支出；D用if是錯的，且if從句中意思也大大改變；C、E中介詞towards后的詞組仍未能體現(xiàn)動作化名詞的要求，且它們強(qiáng)調(diào)的核心詞與原旬核心詞相差甚遠(yuǎn)；B糾正A中的兩個錯誤：whether替換了if，towards之后用動名詞短語作介詞賓語替換了名詞短語，清楚準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了原句意思。答案：B

語法點提示：go towards sth．(一部分錢)用于做…；debate over sth.關(guān)于…的辯論，concerning(介詞)，意為關(guān)于…

EXERCI SES

16題，限時20分鐘

E1—1 Once an apolitical confrontation of the world‘s best athletes，the Summer Olympics have

been increasingly politicized in recent years as the superpowers have denied many of theGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

best athletes access to competition．

(A)been increasingly politicized

(B)been increasing politicization

(C)been of increased politicization

(D)politicized，increasingly，(E)increased politicization

E1—2 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden

downturns in the market，hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses，loosing the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still be

undercapitalized．

(A)loosing the interest rates in Washington，and fearing the company may still beundercapitalized

(B)loosening the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the company still being

undercapitalized

(C)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and fearing that the company may

still be undercapitalized

(D)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the still undercapitalizedcompany

(E)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear that the company may

still be undercapitalized

E1—3 Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades

were the high cost of land，the pressure of housing and commercial development，andGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and

California.(A)basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia

(B)basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida andCalifornia(C)basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida andCalifornia

(D)a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia

(E)a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and CaliforniaEl一4 School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central—city areas

have contributed，according to a recent study，to significant increases in housing

integration, which, in turn reduces any future need for busing.(A)significant increases in housing integration，which, in turn, reduces

(B)significant integration increases in housing，which, in turn, reduces

(C)increase housing integration significantly，which, in turn, reduces

(D)increase housing integration significantly，in turn reducing

(E)significantly increase housing integration，which, in turn, reduce

E1—5 South Korea has witnessed the world‘s most dramatic growth of Christian congregations：

church membership is expanding by 6．6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth

coming from conversions rather than the population increasing.GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(A)coming from conversions rather than the population increasing

(B)coming from conversions rather than increases in the population

(C)coming from conversions instead of the population‘s increasing

(D)is from conversations instead of population increases

(E)is from conversions rather than increasing the increases

E1—6 Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bondyields to the dividends available on common stocks.(A)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to

(B)among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to

(C)between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with

(D)among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and

(E)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with

E1—7 A ―calendar stick‖carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the firstevidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem on systematic astronomical observation.(A)that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem

(B)of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars andbasing them

(C)of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians,basing them

(D)of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendarsGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

based

(E)that the North American Indians developed advanced full-—year calendars based

E1—8 Gall‘s hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different partsof the brain is widely accepted today.(A)of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain iswidely accepted today

(B)of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widelyaccepted tobay

(C)that different mental functions ale localized in different parts of the brain is widely

accepted today

(D)which is that there are different functions localized in different parts of the brain is

widely accepted today

(E)which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized

in different parts of the brain

E1—9 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions hascreateda growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services moreefficiently and at lower cost．

(A)The rising of costs

(B)Rising costs

(C)The rising cost

(D)Because the rising cost

(E)Because of rising cost

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

E1—10 The decision by one of the nation‘s largest banks to admit to$30 billion in potential

losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developingcountries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the fund．

(A)increasing the pressure

(B)the increasing pressure

(C)increased pressure

(D)the pressure increased

(E)the pressure increasing

E1—11 In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminalcharges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than$16 million in civil damages forcars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.(A)cars that were test—driven with their odometers disconnected

(B)cars that it had test—driven with disconnected odometers

(C)its cars having been test—driven with disconnected odometers

(D)having test—driven cars with their odometers disconnected

(E)having cars that were test—driven with disconnected odometers

El一12 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting thetheory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact t—h—at contributed to the extinction ofthe dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago．

(A)supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that

(B)supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact

(C)that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact andGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

that

(D)in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by meteorite impact and that

(E)of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and

E1—13 Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice．which datesfrom the eighth century，was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders．

(A)to keep from

(B)to keep it from

(C)to avoid

(D)in order that it would avoid

(E)in order to keep from

E1—14 As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate，less people will enter the laborforce in the 1980‘sthandid in the 1960‘s and 1970‘s ,a twenty-year period during which peopleborn after the war swelled the ranks of workers.(A)lass people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than(B)le88 people will be entering the labor force in 1980‘S as

(C)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S as

(D)fewer people will be entering the labor force in the 1980‘S as

(E)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than

E1—15 It appears illogical to some people that West Germany．which bans such seeminglesser evils as lawn-moving on Sundays，still has some 4，000 miles of highway with no speedlimit．

(A)which bans such seeming lesser evils as

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(B)which bans such seemingly lesser evils as

(C)which is banning such seeming lesser evils like

(D)banning such evils that seem lesser，for example

(E)banning such seeming lesser evils like

E1—16 In 1933 the rubber，clothing，and shipbuilding industries put into effect a six．hourworkday，believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought was an economy made overproduction by advances in technology．

(A)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought Was

(B)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation instead of a temporary expedient．forwhat many observers thought Was

(C)believing that it Was not a temporary expedient but a seeming permanent accommodationto what many observers thought of as a

(D)not as a temporary expedient but as a seemingly permanent accommodation towhat many observers thought Was

(E)not as a temporary expedient but believing it a seemingly permanent accommodation forwhat many observers thought

The keys to Exercises 1．A 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．E 8．C 9．C 10．C11．D12．B 13．C 14．E 15．B 16．D

練習(xí)題題解：

E1—1答案：A D、E中的主動語態(tài)不對，句意是強(qiáng)調(diào)―政治化‖這一動作，而不是一固定的狀態(tài)。

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

E1—2答案：E本句是一組名詞詞組的并列，而劃線部分的動名詞短語在形式上與前面部分不一致，需要名詞化，給loosening加一個不定冠詞a，fearing可用名詞形式a fear替換，另a fear的內(nèi)容用一名詞詞組是表達(dá)不了的，而應(yīng)用同位語從句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充解釋。

E1—3答案：D本句是一組名詞詞組的并列，而劃線部分的動名詞短語在形式上與前面的部分不一致，需要名詞化，排除A、B、C。E錯，its所指不清；同時，importing短語在system之后變成了―進(jìn)口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的系統(tǒng)‖改變句意，D表達(dá)了正確意思：該系統(tǒng)是以從佛羅里達(dá)和加州的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品為基礎(chǔ)。E1—4答案：A B中，integration本是被housing修飾，卻改為修飾increase；改變了句意。C、D、E中的significantly都表明increase為動詞，但contribute t0結(jié)構(gòu)中t0為介詞，而非動詞不定式的標(biāo)志。

E1—5答案：B既然A、C中的increasing作為名詞使用，并有population修飾就應(yīng)用自己的名詞形式increase.D、E中，本來原句是用一名詞短語對―6．6％的增長‖做一補(bǔ)充解釋，D、E卻把其改為句子，使得結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化。同時，兩個句子之間無任何連詞，構(gòu)成run一on句(僅用逗號連接的句子，錯)。還有，population increases和increasing the population的表達(dá)都不符合習(xí)慣，應(yīng)為increases in the population。

E1—6答案：C根據(jù)兩者之間用between而不用among、兩者之間比較用compare with而不用compare to的原則，可迅速排除A、B、D。剩下C、E，二者在語法上都是完全正確的，這時我們就應(yīng)從邏輯上考慮，究竟用comparison還是用comparing，我們知道，前者表示一種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果，而后者則強(qiáng)調(diào)比較這個動作，那么，在投資上，我們選擇股票或國庫券的根據(jù)是基于兩者的收入比較之后的結(jié)果上呢，還是基于比較這兩種收入的動作上呢?顯然，應(yīng)是前者，選C。這是在GMT中很典型的題，考慮究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)―動作‖還是―狀態(tài)‖。

El一7答案：E本句是考抽象名詞之后用of短語，還是用that，從句進(jìn)行解釋。根據(jù)GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

該節(jié)第三條原則，排除B、C、D。A中，have developed表示的現(xiàn)在完成時不對，basing表達(dá)不妥。

E1—8答案：c同上題一樣，hypothesis之后是一串復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，A、B錯；D、E中用which引導(dǎo)的限定性從句使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，且which一般不引導(dǎo)限定性從句(可查閱公理)。

E1—9答案：C A中rising有自己的名詞形式rise，在這里用rising作名詞是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。B中costs與謂語動詞has不一致，D使句子無主句，E使主句無主語。

E1—10答案：C A、D、E中，increasing或者increased的位置都不對。B中用the是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，因為前面并未出現(xiàn)過pressure，加the特指是不必要的。同時，在本章第一個例題就提到過，選含有increased而不是含有increasing的選項。

E1一11答案：D test—driven是形容詞，本可直接修飾cars，因此，A、E中，用that從句修飾cars使得表達(dá)不夠簡潔，同時使cars和with短語的緊密關(guān)系被分裂開來。C中，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成 式不能作名詞的修飾成分(可查閱第七章內(nèi)容)，因而C錯。B的意思是―為那些車支付$16rillion，邏輯不通。而原句意為：他(這個制造商)使本應(yīng)帶有數(shù)碼表的測試車與其數(shù)碼表分離，為此行為，他需支付$16 million；D中的‘have sth．done結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)了此意，for表原因。

E1—12答案：B A、C、E中，theory之后用of修飾，改變了句子重心，變成了―森林火的理論‖，應(yīng)排除。而在D中，第二個that從句的先行詞找不到，同時，前句的同位語從句與這里的定語從句不可以構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，且in support of沒有supporting簡潔。B中的that從句是同位語從句，ignited過去分詞短語修飾fire。

語法點提示：a contribute to b a導(dǎo)致了b的發(fā)生

E1—13答案：C keep from在此處與avoid是同義的，可互相替換，但keep from的完整GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是keep sb．(sth．)from doing sth．，A項keep之后缺賓語，因此排除A，其余3個選項均比C復(fù)雜，所以選C，avoid之后跟動名詞-ing形式。

E1—14答案：E people是可數(shù)名詞，用less來修飾people絕對錯誤，應(yīng)改用fewer，排除A、B。由于fewer的存在，決定了此句是比較狀語，C、D中未有無比較連詞―than‖出現(xiàn)，錯。

E1—15答案：B由例題1～i0的思路，可以斷定應(yīng)用seemingly修飾形容詞lesser，而不應(yīng)用seeming 修飾evils，排除A、C、E。D中用such…for example，不僅結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難懂，也不夠簡潔，不如用such as來舉例。B恰當(dāng)。

E1—16答案：D同上，seemingly permanent accommodation的修飾關(guān)系才是正確的，排除A、B．C。再由not…but的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，排除E，同時E中accommodation之后用for是不恰當(dāng)?shù)模瑧?yīng)用to。

語法點提示：accommodation to sth． 包容，容納某物

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

第二章 主謂一致

主謂一致，簡而言之，就是指謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如：如果主語是it，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式(如have，were，are，do)就肯定錯，而只能用單數(shù)形式動詞(如has。was，is，does三等)。在GMAT改錯中，主謂一致總是考核重點。對于主謂一致原則的熟練掌握，會使你很快排除一些選項，縮小包圍，擴(kuò)大命中率。

但是，關(guān)于主謂一致的問題，有繁多的條款需要分別予以區(qū)分，在這里我們列出GMAT中經(jīng)?？嫉囊恍┲髦^一致原則，希望大家牢牢記住。

語法準(zhǔn)備：

總則：謂語只跟主語的中心詞取得一致．中心詞前后的修飾詞不起作用。

1．―there be‖句型中be用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，由后面的真正主語而定。

2．倒裝句的謂語與后面的主語保持一致；在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中對主語進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時，記住who后的謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)要與wll0前面的真正主語保持一致，如：It was Mary who does the jobwell．(does對應(yīng)Mary)。

3．―one of，結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，―two of‖就要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語。

4．單個的動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，謂語用單數(shù)，若用and連接上述相同的兩個成分，謂語才用復(fù)數(shù)。5．單個的名詞從句作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)；如果用and或both and連接兩個以上的成分作主語．謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

6．有時用and連接的兩個名詞是指同一個人、同一件事，而且and后面的名詞前又無冠詞(如：My 110use and home)謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)；如果后面那個名詞前面加上了冠詞，主語則變成了復(fù)數(shù)，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)。如：My friend and the classmate Jane；如果and后面的名詞前加了not，主語又變成單數(shù)，謂語要用單數(shù)形式，如The farmer，and not the city dweller，is hurtwhen food price falls．

7．單數(shù)主語由下列詞組修飾時，謂語不受這些修飾詞組的影響，仍用單數(shù)形式：along with。as well as，accompanied by，besides，combined with，in addition to，including(包括)，ratherthan(而不是)，no less than(與…一樣)，together with(與…一起)，with(與…)，for example 如He，rather than we，does the job。

8．由下列連詞連接兩個名詞作主語，謂語要與其相鄰的詞保持一致。如：either…or,neither…nor，not only…but(also)，nor，or。如Either offices or the classroom need。cleaning．

9．量詞修飾的主謂一致：

(1)‖form(type，kind)of+主語‖，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由主語的單復(fù)數(shù)定；

(2)―half(rest，plenty，part，fifty percent，etc．)of+主語‖中，如主語是可數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，主語是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)。

(3)―an amount(sum)of+不可數(shù)名詞‖作主語，謂語只用單數(shù)；―quantity of+不可數(shù)名詞‖作主語時，謂語只用單數(shù)；而―a large sums of或quantities of+可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)：―a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞‖作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)(意為：大量的…)；―the numberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞‖作主語，謂語用單數(shù)(意為：…的數(shù)量)。

注意：在選項中若發(fā)現(xiàn)有amount和number的替換，little和few的替換或many和much的替換，請一定注意看其修飾的對象是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)。若為前者，只能用number或few或many修飾；若為后者，則只能由amount，little或much修飾(而―numbers of+可數(shù)名詞‖的修飾必錯)。

例如：Some new types of buses are now on show．

The total amount of money is$100．

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes．

10．不定代詞，物主代詞作主語時的主謂一致：

(1)―both(few，many，several)of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞‖中，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；

(2)―all(80me，none，most，any)of+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(或不可數(shù)名詞)‖時謂語要看所修飾的名詞，若為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式，若為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)形式。

(3)―either(neither)of‖修飾名詞作主語，謂語要用單數(shù)形式。

(4)no修飾名詞作主語時，看名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式；若名詞為單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)；若名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

(5)another，each one，no one，neither，the other，each(each of)，either，everything(one，-body)，anything(-one，-body)和something(-one，-body)作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。

(6)若是―名詞或代詞+each‖作主語時，謂語動詞的形式與each之前名詞的形式保持一致，不受each的影響，如：The students each have a book． 11．定語從句中的主謂一致：

(1)在―n．of n．that定語從句‖中，that從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。一般來說，of之前的名詞是先行詞，但有時of之后的名詞也可作that從句的先行詞(這需從邏輯上判斷)。

(2)在―one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that(who)從句‖中，從句中的動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，因為此時that的先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，而在―the only one(the first one)of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that(who)從句‖中，從句中的動詞一般用單數(shù)，因為此時that的先行詞是單數(shù)名詞one。

12．專有名詞，表示時間、距離、度量的名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

13．帶有-ics結(jié)尾的科學(xué)名稱若表示學(xué)科時，謂語用單數(shù)；若表示一種實踐活動時，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)，如：statistics(作學(xué)科)翻譯為―統(tǒng)計學(xué)‖，作為后者，指―統(tǒng)計資料‖，此時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

14．一些外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：

(1)以．is結(jié)尾的詞變復(fù)數(shù)時-is改為-as：analysis-analyses，crisis---crises；

(2)以-um結(jié)尾的詞變復(fù)數(shù)時-um改為-a：bacterium--bacteria，datum—data；

(3)以-on結(jié)尾的詞變復(fù)數(shù)時-on改為-a：criterion--criteria；

(4)以-us結(jié)尾的詞變復(fù)數(shù)時-us改為-i：nucleus--nuclei，stimulus---stimuli；

(5)以-a結(jié)尾的詞變復(fù)數(shù)時．a(chǎn)改為-ae：lava-lavae，formula--formulae；

(6)以-ex/-ix結(jié)尾的詞變復(fù)數(shù)時-ex/-ix改為一ices，index-indices； 例題詳解：

2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans，American Indians，and HispanicAmericans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while thenumber of other students who enter the field fallen．

(A)has steadily increased，while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen

(B)has steadily increased，while other students entering the field have declined in number

(C)increased steadily，while there Was a decline in the number of other students entering thefield

(D)have steadily increased，while the number of other students entering the field has fallen

(E)have steadily increased，while that of other students who enter the field fell

題解：跳過enrollments之后的of到states之間的部分(這一長串都是對enrollments的修飾)。本句的結(jié)構(gòu)就極其簡單。A、B錯，因為主語enrollments是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語應(yīng)用have，而不是has；C中的increased所反映的時態(tài)不對，因為since 1986這一時間狀語及句意都表明該句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)；E前半段是正確的，但在while從句中有兩處明顯的錯誤：(1)thatGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

指代不正確，主句中的enrollments是復(fù)數(shù)形式，避免重復(fù)的指示代詞應(yīng)用those，而非that；(2)while從句中用了過去時態(tài)而非題意需要的現(xiàn)在完成時；D中前后都用完成時態(tài)，前面用have對應(yīng)enrollments，后面用has對應(yīng)the number of詞組，因而是正確的。

請注意：在D中while從句中，students后的修飾詞從A中的who從句改為了一個分詞短語。這一變動使得D項更加簡潔，強(qiáng)調(diào)enter的動作與has fallen的動作是同時的，而從句只能表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)(從句與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別會在分詞一章重點提及)。答案：D

解題技巧：在GMAT改錯中，我們經(jīng)常需要把復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單化，即拋除一切修飾部分，抓主干，找出主謂，在主謂一致的判別中該技巧尤其重要。

語法點提示：enrollment一詞在作―入學(xué)或注冊人數(shù)‖解釋時為可數(shù)名詞，而在作為―參加‖的意思時．為不可數(shù)名詞。

2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid—to-late 1800‘s have made someBlack inventions difficult to trace to their originators．

(A)have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators

(B)have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(C)have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(D)has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators

(E)has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

題解：本題較為簡單，考主謂一致與make的用法。用上題思路，簡化句子，發(fā)現(xiàn)主語是the lack。因而A、B、C均錯，它們的謂語動詞是have；在D、E中正確的選擇基于對make用法的了解：make it adj．+to do sth．是一種慣用法，因而選D；E中的make it adj．+indoing sth．是不符合習(xí)慣的。答案：D

語法點提示：lack一詞可作及物動詞或不可數(shù)名詞(常用of短語補(bǔ)充解釋)，make的用法一般是：make sth．sth．使…成為…，make it adj．+to do sth．表明使做某事是…的(it指代后面的動詞不定式短語)。2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land。Cleveland is but one of alarge number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way toimprove the quality of urban lire and attract new businesses．

(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(B)is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(C)are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(D)are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life andattracting

(E)are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban lifeand attract

題解：題干中的but在此作副詞，可譯為―只不過‖(與only比較一下)。根據(jù)前述的第11條中的第(2)點，可知此題that指代communities而不是but one，因而A、B在that從句中用is是錯誤的；D中雖是用are作謂語，但其中的its water fronts顯然與that所指代的communities在指代上不相配，D錯；在C、E之間做選擇涉及對短語look to與look at的區(qū)分，前者一般是：look to sth．to do sth．譯為―指望…做…‖，而后者look at sth．譯為看…99，根據(jù)題意，應(yīng)該選用 look to(指望這些濱水區(qū)能提高城市生活質(zhì)量和吸引新的生意)，因而E錯；C在that從句中用了&re，正確使用了look to結(jié)構(gòu)，在attract之前省略了to(與to improve并列)，并省去了多余的as a way。在考試現(xiàn)場，如不知look to的用法，我們?nèi)钥捎闷渌毕菖懦?E：as a way 后的 they 指代含糊不清，從語法上講傾向于指代communities而不是water fronts.答案：C

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

語法點提示：plan作名詞，其后經(jīng)常用動詞不定式修飾；but的這種副詞用法及l(fā)ookto sth．to do sth．用法。2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded thatmuch of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from theincineration of wastes．

(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes

(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come

(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans areexposed to comes

(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed tocome

(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come

題解：A、B、C用much of，D、E用many of，根據(jù)上述第9條原則，我們幾乎可以立刻斷定本題是在考主謂一致。跳過修飾詞，實際上是用much of dioxins還是many of dioxins的 選擇，盡管我們很可能不知道dioxins是何意思，但從其形式上看，它是復(fù)數(shù)形式，因而應(yīng)用many 0f(1ioXinS，從而排除A、B、C；D中有兩個缺陷：(1)在首篇GMAT公理中我們說過，n．+that is(are)adj．這種表達(dá)不簡潔，均要改為adj．+n．的名詞短語形式，D中的dioxins that are currently controlled表達(dá)屬于此類；(2)dioxin是介詞to的賓語，在正規(guī)書面表達(dá)中，如果對dioxin用定語從句修飾，應(yīng)該把to提前在引導(dǎo)詞which之前(不用that)，而在D選項中，用了that引導(dǎo)，to未提前；而E避免了這兩處錯誤，是正確答案。答案：E

語法點提示：be exposed to暴露于…

2—5 Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，allowsfor more open space in areas where—little water or—services exist.(A)little water or services exist

(B)little water or services exists

(C)few services and little water exists

(D)there is little water or services available

(E)there are few services and little available water

題解：根據(jù)第5條原則，and連接主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式，C錯；根據(jù)第8條原則，由or連接主語，謂語形式與最近的主語保持一致，B錯；A、D、E根據(jù)主謂一致原則是對的。再深入思考。我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)1ittle water 0r services這種表達(dá)是模糊的，有可能造成歧義，即little不僅修飾water，同時還修飾services而顯然，services是復(fù)數(shù)形式，不可能用little來修飾，因而A、D都錯；E彌補(bǔ)了這個缺陷，用few修飾services和用little修飾water，中間用and連接，表明兩者是共存關(guān)系，而非其中之一的關(guān)系。答案：E

EXERCISES

17題，限時20分鐘

E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle．

(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four，three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle．

(C)Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the UnitedStates．

(D)In the United States，three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States，bicycles are also owned bythree．

E2—2Two valence states of u枷um，one with a deficit of four electrons and the other onewith a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium‘s behavior．

(A)the 0ther one with a deficit of six，Occurs in nature and contributes

(B)the other one a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute

(C)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contributes

(D)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute

(E)one with six，occurs in nature and contributes

E2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease．Remain controversial, althoughstatistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity．

(A)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B)remain controversial，although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial，although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy toE2—4 Green anole lizards。familiar to school children as chameleons，have recently becomefamiliar to biologists as an exce11ent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction betweenstimuli with hormones．

(A)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(B)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and

(C)being excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(D)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(E)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and

E2—5 Several recent studies suggest that a child born into a family whose members haveallergies will probably themselves develop allergies following the onset of a minor viral infection.(A)a child born into a family whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies

(B)children born into families whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies

(C)a child born into a family the members of which have allergies will probably develop anallergy

(D)in those families where members have allergies，children will probably develop allergiesthemselves

(E)children born into fl family in which there are allergies will themselves probably developan allergy E2—6The major areas of medicine in which lasers are effective．Is in the cutting and closingof blood vessels, and in the destruction of tumors．

(A)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and in the destruction

(B)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and also the cases of destroying

(C)are the cutting，closing of blood vessels，and in the destroying

(D)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destruction

(E)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destroying

E2—7 Discrimination in wages paid in occupations that are predominantly male over theGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

predominantly female have given rise to substantial differentials between the wages ofhousepainters and secretaries and between the wages of parking—lot attendants and libraryassistants．

(A)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over the predominantly femalehave

(B)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over those that are predominantlyfemale have

(C)that favors predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female have

(D)that favors predominantly male occupations over those that ale predominantly femalehas(E)in predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female has

E2—8 Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts，a major goal of educationreformers and many states in the 1970‘s has not significantly reduced the gaps existing betweenthe richest and poorest districts．

(A)has not significantly reduced the gaps existing

(B)has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists

(C)has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists

(D)have not significantly reduced the gap that exists

(E)have not been significant in a reduction of the gap existing

E2··9The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensurethe safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant，but it approved the installationbecause it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken．

(A)no amount of money or staff members

(B)neither vast amounts of money nor staff members

(C)neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members

(D)neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff

(E)no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money E2—10Each of Hemingway‘s wives---Hadley Bichardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh-were strong and interesting women，very different from the often pallid womenwho populate his novels．

(A)Each of Hemingway‘s、7lrives—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh——were strong and interesting women，(B)Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each of themHemingway‘s wives—were strong and interesting women，(C)Hemingway‘s wives一Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn, and MaryWelsh—were all strong and interesting women．

(D)Strong and interesting women—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each a wife of Hemingway, was

(E)Strong and interesting women--Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh—every one of Hemingway‘s wives were

E2—11 Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but about50 percent greater than the rate of price increases for other items included in theconsumer priceindex．

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(A)Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were

(B)Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was

(C)In 1986 inflation in medical costs were slowed for fifth consecutive year but were(D)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year in which inflation in medical costs slowed but

(E)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year that inflation in medical costs were slowed, but theywere

E2—12 While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing, operations，many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgradingdata-processing equipment and with the development and rnaintenance of new products andtechnical staff are prohibitive．

(A)cost associated with

(B)costs associated with

(C)costs arising from

(D)cost of

(E)costs of

E2—13 The record of the past is always incomplete，and the historian who writes about itinevitably reflects the preoccupations of their own time．

(A)the historian who writes about it inevitably reflects

(B)the historian writing about it will inevitably reflect

(C)a historian writing about it inevitably reflects

(D)writing about it，it is inevitable for historians to reflect

第四篇：英語專業(yè)八級短語

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英語專業(yè)八級

1.abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。

2.be absent from….缺席，不在

3.absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉

4.absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被動語態(tài)):be absorbed in 全神貫注于…近:be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on

5.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有

6.access(to)(不可數(shù)名詞)能接近,進(jìn)入,了解

7.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地, 8.of one’s own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主動地

9.in accord with 與…一致 / out of one’s accord with 同….不一致

10.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地

11.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根據(jù)

12.on one’s own account

1)為了某人的緣故, 為了某人自己的利益

2)(=at one’s own risk)自行負(fù)責(zé)

3)(=by oneself)依靠自己

on account 賒賬;on account of 因為;on no account不論什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.13.take…into account(=consider)把...考慮進(jìn)去

14.give sb.an account of 說明, 解釋(理由)

15.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解釋, 說明.16.on account of(=because of)由于,因為.17.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)絕不要,無論如何不要(放句首時句子要倒裝)18.accuse…of…(=charge…with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控,控告

19.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)習(xí)慣于.20.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉

21.act on 奉行,按照…行動;act as 扮演;act for 代理

22.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己適應(yīng)于

23.adapt…(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改編, 改寫(以適應(yīng)新的需要)24.in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之

25.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外

26.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;堅持, 遵循

27.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗鄰的, 臨近的28.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)調(diào)節(jié);適應(yīng);

29.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)…的可能，留有…的余地.30.in advance(before in time)預(yù)告, 事先.31.to advantage 有利的,使優(yōu)點更加突出地.真人外教一對一 徐小平老師鼎力推薦

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32.have an advantage over 勝過.have the advantage of 由于…處于有利條件

have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事

33.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.34.agree with 贊同(某人意見)agree to 同意

35.in agreement(with)同意, 一致

36.ahead of 在…之前, 超過…;…………….ahead of time 提前.37.in the air 1)不肯定, 不具體.2)在謠傳中.38.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的.39.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)總共, 總計

40.after all 畢竟,到底;(not)at all 一點也不;

all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大體上說;be all in 累極了;all but 幾乎.41.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考慮到, 估計到.42.amount to(=to be equal to)總計, 等于.43.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)對…負(fù)責(zé).44.answer to(=conform to)適合,符合.45.be anxious about 為…焦急不安;或anxious for 46.apologize to sb.for sth.為…向…道歉

47.appeal to sb.for sth.為某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.對某人有吸引力

48.apply to sb.for sth.為…向…申請;apply for申請;apply to 適用.49.apply to 與…有關(guān);適用

50.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)贊成, approve vt.批準(zhǔn)

51.arise from(=be caused by)由…引起.52.arrange for sb./sth.to do sth.安排…做…

53.arrive on 到達(dá);arrive at 到達(dá)某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到達(dá)某地(大地方);54.be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth.done)以…為羞恥

55.assure sb.of sth.(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保證, 使…確信.56.attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)縛, 系 ,結(jié)

57.make an attempt at doing sth.(to do sth.)試圖做…

58.attend to(=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顧;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料

59.attitude to/ toward …對…的態(tài)度.看法

60.attribute…to…(=to believe sth.to be the result of…)把..歸因于.., 認(rèn)為..是..的結(jié)果

61.on the average(=on average, on an average)平均

62.(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意識到,知道.63.at the back of(=behind)在…后面

64.in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on one’s back(=be ill in bed)臥病不起.65.at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.)支持,維護(hù);have sb.at one’s back 有…支持, 有…作后臺

66.turn one’s back on sb.(=turn away from sb.in an impolite way)不理睬(某人),背棄，真人外教一對一 徐小平老師鼎力推薦

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拋棄

67.behind one’s back 背著某人(說壞話)68.be based on / upon 基于

69.on the basis of 根據(jù)…, 在…基礎(chǔ)上

70.beat…at 在…運(yùn)動項目上打贏

71.begin with 以…開始.to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(經(jīng)常用于開始語)72.on behalf of(=as the representative of)以…名義

73.believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth./sb.to be true)相信,依賴,信仰.74.benefit(from)受益,得到好處.75.for the benefit of 為了…的利益(好處)76.for the better 好轉(zhuǎn)

77.get the better of(=defeat sb.)打敗, 勝過.78.by birth 在出生上,論出身,按血統(tǒng) at birth 在出生時;give birth to 出生

79.blame sb.for sth.因…責(zé)備某人.blame sth.on sb.把…推在某人身上

80.in blossom開花(指樹木)be in blossom開花(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài))come into blossom開花(強(qiáng)調(diào)動作)

81.on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火車或飛機(jī)

82.boast of(or about)吹噓

83.out of breath 喘不過氣來

84.in brief(=in as few words as possible)簡言之

85.in bulk 成批地,不散裝的86.take the floor 起立發(fā)言

87.on business 出差辦事.88.be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth.忙于做某事

89.last but one 倒數(shù)第二.90.but for(=without)要不是.表示假設(shè)

91.buy sth.for…money 用多少錢買

92.be capable of 能夠, 有能力

be capable of being +過去分詞:是能夠被…的

93.in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens;anyhow)無論如何

94.in case(=for fear that)萬一;

95.in case of(=in the event of)如果發(fā)生…萬一

in the case of 至于…, 就…而言

96.in no case在任何情況下都不(放句首倒裝句)97.be cautious of 謹(jǐn)防

98.center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在…上

99.be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定.100.for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地 人文知識

1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to

真人外教一對一 徐小平老師鼎力推薦

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their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位學(xué);在語言或一門語言中，對有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認(rèn)的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué), 音系學(xué)

3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科

4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學(xué)，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)

5.acronym : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種,一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊員。

7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻, 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）

8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之?！被颉罢麄€世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修飾法, 一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀 cruel kindness 10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行詩體, 一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式，通常有一種傳統(tǒng)的押韻形式, 莎士比亞用過此詩體。

13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚語主要出現(xiàn)在非正式的、游戲性的話語中的一種語言，基本由存在時間很短的派生詞和修辭構(gòu)成，它們被故意地用來取代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的詞語以達(dá)到生動、幽默、無禮或其它效果

14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語，尤指用作集團(tuán)或運(yùn)動的口號的用語。

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行話, 一個行業(yè)、職業(yè)或類似的團(tuán)體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語言.terminology

16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陳腔濫調(diào), 陳腐的或平庸的評論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時好象它是新穎的或有意義的

17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸張法,一種比喻，使用夸張來強(qiáng)調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如在我能睡一年或這書有一噸重

18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象聲詞, 詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行動的聲音.19.hypotaxis: 從屬關(guān)系

20.parataxis: 并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指 短語或分句間不用連詞，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超驗主義, 一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運(yùn)動，與拉爾夫?沃爾多?愛默生和瑪格麗特?富勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實體，超越于經(jīng)驗和科學(xué)之處，通過直覺得以把握

22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美國

23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué), 語言或某一語言中對于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語音；例如 child和 joy的第一個音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair 名利場 was written William Makepeace Thackray

26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼爾．阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫．奧爾德林、邁克爾．柯林斯

27.The title of the national anthem 國歌 of Canada is O Canada.此種類型題同學(xué)們可自己多找?guī)讉€國家。

28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.詞源學(xué)

30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭

31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披頭士或甲殼蟲樂隊in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游記, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的馬 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.詞素, 一種含有一個單詞的有意義的語言單位，如-ed在單詞 walked中，不能被劃分為更

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小的有意義單位

35.The name of the famous stadium露天體育場 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon溫布爾登[英國英格蘭東南部城市](位于倫敦附近, 是著名的國際網(wǎng)球比賽地)

37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食譜, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香腸

38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（強(qiáng)制）.聯(lián)合抵制, 聯(lián)合起來拒絕使用、購買或經(jīng)銷以示抗議、不滿或作為強(qiáng)制的手段

39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.種族隔離, 強(qiáng)制實行種族的社會分離政策及實踐，如在學(xué)校、居住和工業(yè)中，尤指在白人居多的社會中實行有色人種歧視的政策

40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.種族隔離制, 南非共和國實行的一種官方的種族隔離政策，包括在政治、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)諸方面對非白色人種的歧視.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.種族或宗教融合, 在社會或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無限制的平等的關(guān)系中；取消種族隔離

42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 語言中最小的語音單位，如英語里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b 46.polysemy: 一詞多義

47.patron saint：保護(hù)圣徒, 守護(hù)神

48.Parentese: 父母語

49.back formation: 逆構(gòu)詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構(gòu)成新詞 typewriter → typewrite 50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.語素變體, 語素的一種變體形式，如語音學(xué)的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語復(fù)數(shù)語素的語素變體.聽力新聞詞匯

政治新聞常用詞匯

absolute majority 絕對多數(shù) ad hoc committee 特別委員會 advisory body 咨詢機(jī)構(gòu) anti-establishment反政府情緒 all-embracing agreement包羅萬象的協(xié)定 arbitration 調(diào)停

bipartisan diplomacy兩黨一致的對外政策 carrot-and-stick 威脅利誘政策

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deadlock 僵局 shoe-string majority 微弱多數(shù) embargo 禁運(yùn) summit conference 首腦會議 abstain from voting棄權(quán) air of tension 緊張氣氛 administrative authorities行政當(dāng)局 amendment 修正案 apartheid 種族隔離 bare majority勉強(qiáng)過半數(shù)

briefing meeting 簡要新聞發(fā)布會 nonaligned country不結(jié)盟國家 congressional hearing(美國)國會意見聽證會

diplomatic immunity 外交豁免權(quán) shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交

經(jīng)貿(mào)新聞常用詞匯

accumulated deficit 累計赤字 active trade balance 貿(mào)易順差 business slump 生意蕭條 dull market 蕭條的市場 economic takeoff 經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛 broker 經(jīng)紀(jì)人 reciprocal trade agreement 互惠貿(mào)易政籠 dividend 紅利

wholesale dealer批發(fā)商 economic recession 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退 gold standard金本位 devaluation 貶值

American Selling Price美國銷售價格 retailer零售商 price index 物價指數(shù) deficiency虧損 across-the-board tariff cut talks 全面削減關(guān)稅會談

demand and supply balance 供求平衡 gold reserve 黃金儲備 price-curbing policy抑制物價政策

tycoon 巨頭 petrodollar石油美元

non-confidence motion 不信任案 stalled peace talks陷入僵局的和談 adverse trade balance 貿(mào)易逆差 economic sanction 經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁 switch trade 轉(zhuǎn)手貿(mào)易 fiscal year 財政

balance of trade貿(mào)易平衡 cash transaction 現(xiàn)金交易 fluctuating salary 附加工資，浮動工資

軍事新聞常用詞匯

active armed forces 現(xiàn)役武裝部隊 blanket bombing 地毯武轟炸 administration party 執(zhí)政黨 ambassador-at-large 巡回大使 anti-inflation measures 制止通貨膨脹的措施 agenda 議程

back number過時的人或物 bluff diplomacy恫嚇外交 closed-door meeting秘密會議 diplomatic channel外交途徑 memorandum備忘錄 showdown 攤牌

unanimous resolution一致通過的決議 belligerent powers 交戰(zhàn)國 military expansion軍備擴(kuò)張 beam weapons激光束武器 scud missile飛毛腿導(dǎo)彈 aircraft carrier航空母艦

around-the-clock bombing 日夜不停的轟炸 general armistice全面停戰(zhàn)

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adopted by consensus 經(jīng)過協(xié)商一致通過 alien domination外國統(tǒng)治 amicable relations 友好關(guān)系 apple of discord 引起不和的爭端 behind-the-scene maneuvering 幕后操縱 budget committee預(yù)算委員會 communiqué 公報 diplomatic maneuvers 外交策略

arms build-up 軍備集結(jié) unconditional surrender無條件投降 armament race軍備競賽 mushroom cloud蘑菇云 scout plane偵察飛機(jī) airlift troop空降部隊 destroyer驅(qū)逐艦 sweeper掃雷艇

chemical weapon化學(xué)武器 armored corps裝甲兵團(tuán) ABM(anti-ballistic missile)反彈道導(dǎo)彈

marine corps海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊 submarine潛水艇 nuclear weapon核武器

AAM(air-to-air missile)空對空導(dǎo)彈

科技、教育、文化、衛(wèi)生新聞常用詞匯

academia 學(xué)術(shù)界 academic year學(xué)年

brain drain 人才外流 open classroom討論式教學(xué) atomic energy原子能 comet彗星 extraterrestrial外星的 hardware硬件 dispensary藥房 laboratory實驗室 injection注射 blood type血型 dysentery痢疾 chicken pox水痘 anemia貧血 euthanasia安樂死

industrial disease職業(yè)病 cramming system填鴨式教學(xué)法 astronomer 天文學(xué)家 chip晶體片 constellation星座 galaxy銀河系

coeducation男女同 ambulance救護(hù)車 surgical department外科 inoculate注射預(yù)防針 disinfectant消毒劑 malaria瘧疾 plague鼠疫 tumor腫瘤

genetic engineering遺傳工程學(xué) audio-visual aids視聽教具 AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)愛滋病 CAI(computer-assisted instruction)計算機(jī)輔助教學(xué) 文體、娛樂新聞常用詞匯

athletics運(yùn)動 record-holder記錄保持者 referee(足球、拳擊)裁判員 goalkeeper足球守門員 a drawn game和局 semifinal半決賽 hurdle跳欄 elimination海汰賽 hamper因故停賽 columnist專欄作家 primetime黃金時間 athlete運(yùn)動員

sprint短跑 umpire(壘球、網(wǎng)球)裁判員 linesman邊線裁判員 trial預(yù)賽

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final決賽 relay race接力賽

feint假動作 intermission中場休息 audience rating收視率 acrobatics雜技 overture序曲 symphony交響曲 newsreel新聞片 rehearsal排練 relay轉(zhuǎn)播 serenade夜曲

philharmonic愛樂 film festival電影節(jié) telecast電視轉(zhuǎn)播 karaoke卡拉OK

社會生活、宗教；法律新聞常用詞匯

assault襲擊 scandal誹謗，丑聞 hijack劫機(jī) detention拘留 surrender oneself自首 verdict判決 bail保釋 electrocute電刑 accused被告 accuser原告 criminal case刑事案件 subpoena傳票

acquit宣判無罪 commutation of sentence減刑 population explosion人口爆炸 addict吸毒上癮者 Buddhism佛教 Hinduism印度教 Protestant新教 bishop主教

fraud詐騙 embezzlement挪用公款 contempt of court蔑視法庭 confess供認(rèn) juror陪審員 sentence判刑

capital punishment死刑 supreme court最高法庭 witness證人 barrister大律師 civil case民事案件 indictment起訴 amnesty大赦 dropout逃避現(xiàn)實者 feminine liberation婦女解放 Christianity 基督教 Islamism伊斯蘭教 Catholic天主教 Baptism浸理會 mosque清真寺

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第五篇：英語專業(yè)八級作文

旅游高峰中國旅游景點是否該高收費

Nowadays, with the quick development of economy, we are embracing a tourism boom in China.More and more people want to spend their holidays in some famous tourism attractions and get themselves relaxed.Under this circumstance, whether the price of admission tickets in scenic spots should be charged high becomes a heated topic.In my opinion, the tickets price should be set at an affordable level for most of Chinese people and should not be too expensive, and the following are my reasons: First of all, all the natural and cultural tourism attractions are heritages which belong to the whole Chinese people, as a result, every citizen should have equal access to these spots.And affordable tickets price is a guarantee for this basic right.If the ticket price is too expensive, it actually means that the citizens who have lower income are deprived of their right to these places of interest.Secondly, tourism can make an important contribution to economic development, since tourism can create employment opportunities and boost the local economy.In this regard, affordable tickets price will help to attract more visitors and better finance the local economy as well as finance the protection of cultural and natural heritage.The last but not least, tourism helps to keep traditions alive and increase visitor appreciation of the natural and cultural heritage, which will give them a sense of national pride.Hence, affordable tickets price will provide this chance for most Chinese people instead of just the rich ones, and this is beneficial to the whole nation.All in all, affordable tickets price in scenic spots is beneficial to both the development of tourism and the development of local and national economy, and it is a wise decision to set the tickets price at an affordable level.