第一篇:國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)訓(xùn)練題
國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)訓(xùn)練題
第一章 商品品名、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量與包裝
一、單選題
1、()樣品不能作為明確商品品質(zhì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因而對(duì)買賣雙方都沒(méi)有約束力。
A.參考樣 B.買方樣 C.賣方樣
2、()可以按“平均良好品質(zhì)”進(jìn)行買賣。A.機(jī)床 B.船舶 C.小麥 D.服裝
3、()可以采取“以毛作凈”的方式計(jì)重。A.裘皮 B.珠寶 C.礦石 D.蠶豆
4、嘜頭是運(yùn)輸包裝標(biāo)志中的()。
A.目的地標(biāo)志 B.主要標(biāo)志 C.原產(chǎn)地標(biāo)志 D.體積和重量標(biāo)志
5、()是國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織為適應(yīng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展的需要而制定的品質(zhì)管理和質(zhì)量保證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
A.ISO9000 B.WS C.UL D.B&W
6、()可以憑等級(jí)進(jìn)行買賣。
A.轎車 B.牙膏 C.男襯衫 D.鎢砂
7、憑樣交易,合同沒(méi)有其他規(guī)定,賣方所交貨物的品質(zhì)()。
A.可有合理誤差 B.可與樣品大致相符 C.必須與樣品完全一致
8、參考樣品是()。
A.作為今后交貨品質(zhì)的依據(jù) B.作為對(duì)等樣之用 C.供對(duì)方了解商品品質(zhì)之用
9、我出口葡萄酒一批,合同中規(guī)定該酒含酒精為16%±0.5%。這里的±0.5%是()。
A.溢短裝條款 B.合理溫差 C.品質(zhì)公差
10、凡屬“貨”、“樣”不能做到完全一致的商品,一般都不適宜()。A.憑樣品買賣 B.憑規(guī)格買賣 C.憑商品買賣
11、憑樣成交的出口商品的品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)力爭(zhēng)()。
A.Quality as per seller's sample B.Quality as per buyer's sample C.Quality as per sample
12、出口生絲、羊毛,計(jì)算重量的方法一般采用()。A.毛重 B.公量 C.理論重量 D.凈重
13、散裝貨如沒(méi)有規(guī)定數(shù)量伸縮幅度,按“UCP500”解釋().A.不能伸縮 B.公量 C.有5%的伸縮幅度
14、用科學(xué)的方法抽出商品中的水分,另加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水分求得的重量叫().
A.理論重量 B.公量 C.約定重量
15、合同中訂有品質(zhì)與數(shù)量條款,正確的應(yīng)是(). A.白秈米:碎粒(最高)25%,水分15%,1000公噸±2%. B.白秈米:碎粒(最高)25%,水分(最高)15%,1000公噸±2%.
C.白秈米:碎粒(最高)25%,水分(最高)15%,約1000公噸.
16、按照《公約》規(guī)定,賣方交貨數(shù)量如超過(guò)規(guī)定數(shù)量時(shí),()A.買方有權(quán)拒收超過(guò)的部分 B.買方有權(quán)拒收全部數(shù)量
C.買方可以收取或拒收超過(guò)的部分,但不得拒收整批貨物
17、按重量計(jì)價(jià)的商品,如合同未規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的方法,按慣例應(yīng)以()計(jì)價(jià).A.毛重 B.凈重 C.以毛作凈
18、定牌中性包裝是指在包裝上()A.沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)過(guò)別、地名、廠名和商標(biāo)牌號(hào) B.沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)過(guò)別,但有國(guó)外廠商名稱 C.沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)過(guò)別,但有買方指定的商標(biāo)牌號(hào)
19、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志一般由()出具.A.買方 B賣方 C.運(yùn)輸部門 20、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志是().A.商品包裝上的標(biāo)志 B.運(yùn)輸包裝上的標(biāo)志 C.運(yùn)輸工具上的標(biāo)志
21、包裝費(fèi)用一般由().A.買方負(fù)擔(dān) B.賣方負(fù)擔(dān) C.買賣雙方各半負(fù)擔(dān)
二、多選題
1、在規(guī)定品名條款時(shí)注意().A.必須考慮品名與運(yùn)費(fèi)的關(guān)系
B.盡可能使用國(guó)際上通用的名稱
C.正確反映商品的品質(zhì)和使用性能
D.以海關(guān)稅目表中的品名為準(zhǔn)
E.必須做到內(nèi)容明確,具體
2、國(guó)際貨物買賣合同中的包裝條款主要包括().A.包裝材料 B.包裝方式 C.包裝費(fèi)用
D.運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志 E.包裝由何方安排
3、如賣方同意接受賣方提供包裝時(shí),在合同的包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明()A.寄送包裝的方法 B.包裝費(fèi)用的支付方式
C.是否采用集裝箱運(yùn)輸方式
D.包裝費(fèi)用增加的部分應(yīng)由何方負(fù)擔(dān)E.送交包裝延遲的時(shí)間應(yīng)由何方負(fù)擔(dān)
4、在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,為了避免因交貨品質(zhì)與買賣合同稍有不符而造成爭(zhēng)議,而應(yīng)在合同的品質(zhì)條款中做出某些變通規(guī)定:包括()
A.品質(zhì)公差 B.機(jī)動(dòng)幅度
C.溢短裝條款 D.低于約定品質(zhì)者賠償損失 E.低于約定品質(zhì)的免責(zé)條款
5、商品品質(zhì)的內(nèi)在素質(zhì)包括()A.透明度 B.化學(xué)成分
C.機(jī)械性能 D.生物特征 E.色澤
6、商品品質(zhì)的外觀形態(tài)是()A.外形 B.款式
C.物理形態(tài) D.構(gòu)成材料 E.使用價(jià)值
7、根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)計(jì)量法》規(guī)定我國(guó)出口商品計(jì)量可采用()A.英制 B.美制
C.公制 D.國(guó)際單位制 E.包裝等
8、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志包括()A.目的地的名稱或代號(hào) B.收、發(fā)貨人的代號(hào)
C.件號(hào),批號(hào) D.生產(chǎn)廠家的代號(hào)
E.商品識(shí)別標(biāo)志
三、判斷題
1、如果賣方的貨物不符合合同規(guī)定的品名或說(shuō)明, 買方有權(quán)拒收, 撤消合同并提出損害賠償。()
2、合同中的品質(zhì)條款既是構(gòu)成商品說(shuō)明的重要部分,又是買賣雙方在交接貨物時(shí)對(duì)貨物品質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)定的依據(jù)。()
3、溢短裝條款中一般規(guī)定機(jī)動(dòng)幅度不得超過(guò)10%。()
4、包裝也是實(shí)現(xiàn)商品的價(jià)值與使用價(jià)值,促進(jìn)商品增值的一種手段。()
5、()由一方違反了合同中有關(guān)包裝條款的規(guī)定,另一方不得拒收貨物但可要求損失賠償。
6、在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,在買賣雙方洽商交易和簽定合同時(shí)很少見到具體商品,一般僅憑必要的描述來(lái)確定交易的標(biāo)的。()
7、在使用商品名稱時(shí)一般選用出口國(guó)通用的叫法。()
8、品名條款構(gòu)成合同的要件。()
9、品質(zhì)條款構(gòu)成合同的要件。()
10、品質(zhì)公差是國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)誤差。()
11、()如果合同沒(méi)有具體規(guī)定,則商品與合同規(guī)定之間的誤差不實(shí)用于國(guó)際公差的規(guī)定。
12、賣方為了維護(hù)自身的利益,可以在合同中規(guī)定:“賣方交貨品質(zhì)與合同不符,買方不得拒收貨物或撤消合同,但可向賣方提出索賠。()
13、我出口大豆一批,在合同中明確規(guī)定大豆的水份為14%,含油量18%,雜質(zhì)1%,不完善粒7%。這樣的規(guī)定既科學(xué)又合理,事后不會(huì)發(fā)生糾葛。()
14、憑賣方樣品洽談業(yè)務(wù),賣方在對(duì)外寄送樣品的同時(shí),應(yīng)留一復(fù)樣存放海關(guān),以便憑以核對(duì)放行。()
15、在出口貿(mào)易中,表示品質(zhì)的方法多種多樣,為了明確責(zé)任,最好采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買賣的做法。()
16、憑樣品買賣中,凡是樣品都能作為賣方交貨的品質(zhì)依據(jù)。()
17、出口合同中的品質(zhì)規(guī)格條款要訂得高一點(diǎn),以便提高出口商品的售價(jià),保證其銷路和信譽(yù)。()
18、在約定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度或品質(zhì)公差范圍內(nèi)的品質(zhì)差異,除非另有規(guī)定,一般不另行增減價(jià)格。()
19、一籮等于144打。()
20、1,000公斤等于2,204.62磅。()
21、我與外商按CIF條款每公噸500美元的價(jià)格成交某商品一批,合同規(guī)定數(shù)量可增減5%,由賣方?jīng)Q定。我按合同規(guī)定數(shù)量多裝5%,裝船時(shí)該商品國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格上漲10%,我可向可戶要求多裝部分按裝船時(shí)的市價(jià)計(jì)算,對(duì)方不得拒絕。()
22、出口棉布150,000碼。信用證規(guī)定布包裝,每包1,000碼,共150包。則在裝船時(shí)可援引《UCP500》中第39條b款之規(guī)定,即允許有5%的伸縮。()
23、品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度一般不計(jì)價(jià),數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度則要計(jì)價(jià)。()
24、訂立合同數(shù)量條款時(shí),可用”約“字代表溢短裝條款。()
25、凡在信用證上對(duì)貨物的餓數(shù)量、金額、單價(jià)前有”約“、或”大約“之類的字樣,其上下幅度可按10%掌握。()
26、溢短裝條款是指在裝運(yùn)數(shù)量上可增減一定幅度,在裝運(yùn)時(shí)該幅度可由賣方?jīng)Q定,也可由買方?jīng)Q定,但應(yīng)視合同中的具體規(guī)定而定。()
27、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志是商品包裝上的標(biāo)志。()
28、合同和信用證均規(guī)定散裝貨物,出于艙位不足,可以若干桶或袋裝補(bǔ)足合同和信用證規(guī)定的數(shù)量。()
29、定牌和定牌中性包裝實(shí)質(zhì)上的同一個(gè)概念。()30、”小心輕放“屬警告性標(biāo)志。()
31、一般包裝費(fèi)用應(yīng)在價(jià)格之外另行計(jì)收。()
32、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志,指示性和警告性標(biāo)志,除刷在外包裝上外,也應(yīng)該在運(yùn)輸單據(jù)中表示出來(lái)。()
33、我國(guó)在采用定牌和無(wú)牌出口時(shí),除非買賣雙方另有協(xié)議,一般都應(yīng)在出口商品和包裝上標(biāo)明”中國(guó)制造“字樣。()
34、本國(guó)有關(guān)商品包裝和標(biāo)簽的規(guī)定,通常不適用于從外國(guó)進(jìn)口的商品。()
四、填空題
1、商品的品質(zhì)是指商品()和()的綜合。
2、以說(shuō)明表明商品品質(zhì)的方法有:----,---,---,---。
3、數(shù)量條款的內(nèi)容主要包括---和 ---。按重量成交的商品還需訂明---。
4、中性包裝包括 ---和---。
5、根據(jù)一般的商業(yè)慣例,通常計(jì)算重量的方法有以下五種:--,--,--,--,--。
6、運(yùn)輸包裝的標(biāo)志按目的用途可分為三類:--,--,--。
7、在規(guī)定品質(zhì)的表示方法時(shí)應(yīng)視商品的特性而言,一般地說(shuō),凡能用科學(xué)的指標(biāo)說(shuō)明其質(zhì)量的商品,適于--,--買賣。有些難以規(guī)格化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的商品,如工藝品等適于--買賣。有些質(zhì)量好并具有一定特色的名優(yōu)產(chǎn)品適于--或--買賣,具有地方風(fēng)味的產(chǎn)品則可憑 --買賣。
8、《UCP500》規(guī)定,除非信用證規(guī)定貨物的指定數(shù)量不得有增減外,在所支付款項(xiàng)不得超過(guò)信用證金額的條件下,貨物數(shù)量準(zhǔn)許有--的增減幅度。但是當(dāng)信用證規(guī)定數(shù)量以--或
--記數(shù)時(shí)此項(xiàng)增減不適用。信用證的數(shù)量采用”大約“詞語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)解釋為數(shù)量不超過(guò)--的增減幅度。
9、國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同商品需要采用不同的計(jì)量單位,通常使用的有下列六種:
10、在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中采用的度量制度有(1),(2),(3),(4)。就表示重量噸而言,實(shí)行--的國(guó) 家一般采用長(zhǎng)噸,1長(zhǎng)噸=--公斤,實(shí)行--的國(guó)家一般采用短噸,1短噸= --公斤。
11、國(guó)際貿(mào)易中表示商品品質(zhì)的方法可分為二大類,一是用--,包括 ----;二是用 --表示,包括----。
12、憑賣方樣品成交的出口商品提供樣品應(yīng)注意: ---。
13、憑買方樣品成交時(shí)應(yīng)注意: ---。
14、憑樣品交易中的出口商對(duì)于”貨“、”樣“難于一致的商品,應(yīng)在合同中加列---的字樣或類似的條款。
15、憑樣品買賣的基本要求是:(1);(2)。
16、在按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)洽談交易時(shí)應(yīng)說(shuō)明---以免發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議。
17、品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度的規(guī)定辦法有三:(1)--;(2)--;(3)--。
18、對(duì)出口商品品質(zhì)的要求包括:(1)--;(2)--;(3)--;(4)--。
19、商品的品質(zhì)條件是進(jìn)出口合同中的 ---,賣方所交貨物的品質(zhì)如不合乎合同的規(guī)定,買方有權(quán) --并要求 --。20、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易合同中數(shù)量條款的基本內(nèi)容是--和 --
21、目前國(guó)際上常用的度量衡制有--,--、--和--.我國(guó)目前使用的是--。
22、國(guó)際貿(mào)易中計(jì)算重量的方法主要有--、--、--和--。計(jì)算皮重的方法有 --、--、--和--
23、我按每箱100美元的價(jià)格出售商品1000箱,合同規(guī)定”數(shù)量允許有5%上下,由賣方?jīng)Q定?!霸摋l款是 --條款。我最多可裝--箱,最少應(yīng)裝--箱。如我實(shí)際裝運(yùn)1030箱,對(duì)方應(yīng)付我貨款 --美元。
24、對(duì)溢短裝部分的貨物價(jià)格,通常有如下幾種確定方法:(1)按 --計(jì)算;(2)按--計(jì)算;(3)按 --計(jì)算。若合同中未明確按何種方法計(jì)價(jià)時(shí),根據(jù)國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例應(yīng)按 --計(jì)算。
25、國(guó)際貿(mào)易中商品包裝的主要功能是:
(1)--;(2)--;(3)--;(4)--。
26、我國(guó)商品包裝遵循的原則是:科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、--。
27、包裝條款的主要內(nèi)容有:
28、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志又稱 --,一般由三個(gè)部分組成,依次分別是:(1)--,(2)--,(3)--。
29、按國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織建議的嘜頭,第一行應(yīng)刷 --,第二行刷 --,第三行刷--,第四行刷--。
30、不注明生產(chǎn)國(guó)別﹑地名﹑廠名,也不讕明原有商標(biāo)和牌號(hào)的商品包裝稱為--。
31、商品包裝按用途不同,可分為 --和--。
32、對(duì)易破碎﹑殘損﹑變質(zhì)的商品,應(yīng)作出 --標(biāo)志,以便引起有關(guān)方面注意。
33、采用中性包裝是為了打破某些國(guó)家或地區(qū)對(duì)某些商品實(shí)行 --和--合理的 限制或其它一些 政策。它是推銷出口商品的一種手段。
34、中性包裝有--和--兩種做法
35、我們采用定牌,是為了利用買方的 --和他們的--,以提高商品售價(jià)和擴(kuò)大銷路。
36、在我國(guó)出口業(yè)務(wù)中定牌的做法有:(1)、;(2)、;(3)、。
五、計(jì)算題
1.某出口商品共210箱,每箱毛重9.3公斤,每箱體積為42*30.5*30(厘米),求該批商品的毛重共多少公噸?體積共多少立方米?合多少立方英尺?如每箱的皮重為2.3公斤,試求該批貨物的凈重共多少公噸?
2.如按每箱100美元的價(jià)格售出某商品1000箱,合同規(guī)定”數(shù)量允許有±5%,由賣決定“。試問(wèn):(1)”數(shù)量允許有±5%“ 是什么條款?(2)我方最多可裝多少箱?最少應(yīng)裝多少箱?(3)如我方實(shí)際裝運(yùn)1030箱,對(duì)方應(yīng)付我方貨款多少?
3.某國(guó)外客戶要求我出口公司報(bào)1000長(zhǎng)噸大米的出口價(jià),但我國(guó)出口大米一般用噸計(jì)量,問(wèn)應(yīng)換算成多少噸對(duì)外報(bào)出?又出口大米一般用麻袋包裝,每袋凈重100千克,如按以上條件達(dá)成交易,應(yīng)用多少麻袋來(lái)裝這批大米?
4.某公司出口生絲,買賣雙方約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率為11%。現(xiàn)有生絲105公噸,經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)定,回潮率為13%。問(wèn)符合雙方約定回潮率的重量應(yīng)為多少公噸?
5.已知某種鋼板每平方米的理論重量如下:
厚度(毫米)重量(公斤)
0.2 1.57
0.25 1.963
0.3 2.355 現(xiàn)有鋼板500張,每張長(zhǎng)度為5,000毫米,寬度為500 毫米,厚度為0.25 毫米,求該批貨物的總重量。(1平方米=1,000,000平方毫米)
6.某公司出口水產(chǎn)品10公噸。合同規(guī)定為箱裝,每箱凈重為40磅,總數(shù)量可以有5%的機(jī)動(dòng)幅度。問(wèn)在信用證金額也有5%增減的情況下,該批貨物最多能裝多少箱?最少應(yīng)裝多少箱(已知1磅=0.45359公斤)
六、案例分析
1、某公司在一筆出口合同中,規(guī)定由我方出嘜頭,因此,我備貨時(shí)就刷好嘜頭,但到裝船國(guó)外來(lái)證又指定嘜頭,問(wèn)在這種情況下應(yīng)如何處理?
2、某外商欲購(gòu)我”菊花“牌手電鉆,但要求改為”鯊魚“牌,并不得注明”Made in China“。問(wèn)可否接受?并應(yīng)注意什么問(wèn)題?
3、我出口某化工原料,共500公噸。合同規(guī)定為麻袋裝。但到了船時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)麻袋裝的只有450公噸,其作50公噸只好以塑料袋的充抵。問(wèn)這樣做妥當(dāng)嗎?
4、我出口水果罐頭一批,合同規(guī)定為紙箱裝,每箱30聽,共80箱。但我發(fā)貨時(shí)改為每箱24聽,共100箱,總聽數(shù)相等。問(wèn)這樣做妥當(dāng)嗎?
5、我出口處行車800輛。合同規(guī)定木箱裝,來(lái)證亦為”Packed in wooden case“但在Case之后加有C.K.D.字樣,我未注意,結(jié)果單據(jù)按證照打。貨到國(guó)外后被海關(guān)罰款并多上關(guān)稅。問(wèn)我有無(wú)責(zé)任?
6、我與中東某國(guó)商人憑規(guī)格成交出口貨物一批,簽訂合同后的第三天我向?qū)Ψ郊某鲐洏?,并聲明”所交貨物與樣品基本一致“,一月后向?qū)Ψ桨l(fā)貨,貨到后外商來(lái)電稱:”貨物與樣品品質(zhì)相差10%“,并出具當(dāng)?shù)貦z驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)證明,要求我方降價(jià)10%。請(qǐng)對(duì)此案做一分析。
7、我與英商憑樣成交一批高檔瓷器,復(fù)驗(yàn)期為60天,貨到中外經(jīng)英商復(fù)驗(yàn)后未提出任何異議,但事隔一年買方來(lái)電稱瓷器全部出現(xiàn)”釉裂“,只能削價(jià)銷售,要求我方按原成交價(jià)賠償60%,我接電后立即查看留存之復(fù)樣,亦發(fā)現(xiàn)釉下有裂紋,問(wèn)我可否考慮?
8、我某公司通過(guò)香港商人與法國(guó)巴黎某公司憑牌名成交一批商品,合同由巴黎某公司簽字,港商要求我方寄樣品至香港及巴黎總公司各一份,此后接到法商開業(yè)信用證證內(nèi)規(guī)定:買方巴黎總公司認(rèn)可樣品抄作為議付單據(jù)之一。我經(jīng)辦人員未提出異議,將貨物裝運(yùn)出品,僅憑該香港分公司樣品認(rèn)可電抄送銀行議付,遭開證行拒付,問(wèn)應(yīng)該受什么教訓(xùn)?
9、我憑規(guī)格向西德出口一批大麻。我在成交前曾向買方寄過(guò)樣品,成交后又電告對(duì)方貨物與樣品相似,貨到國(guó)外后,買方提出貨物質(zhì)量與樣品不符并要求賠償損失,問(wèn)我應(yīng)否賠償?
10、我出品凍鴨一批,合同規(guī)定需按伊斯蘭教方法宰,但我用的是先進(jìn)的”鉗殺法“結(jié)果貨到國(guó)外遭拒收,問(wèn)其原因何在并應(yīng)如何處理?
11、我向某國(guó)出品純毛紡織品數(shù)批,買方一一收貨從未提出異議,但數(shù)月后買方寄來(lái)服裝一套,聲稱用我毛料制成的服裝色差嚴(yán)重,要求賠償,問(wèn)應(yīng)如何對(duì)待?
12、我出品白砂糖一批,合同規(guī)定質(zhì)量以96°旋光度為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),每低1°按FOB售從折讓1.5%,不夠 1°時(shí)按比例計(jì)算,若低于93°,買方有權(quán)拒收,問(wèn)這樣的條款是否公平合理?
13、某出品公司憑買方樣品成交金屬門拉手一批,合同規(guī)定須俟買方認(rèn)可回樣后,方能發(fā)支,我方多次試制回樣均未得到買方的認(rèn)可,故難如期裝運(yùn),事后,買方以我延誤船期要求索賠,問(wèn)我方如何處理?
14、某出品公司向美國(guó)出品自行車3000輛,合同規(guī)定黑色,墨綠色,湖藍(lán)色各1000輛不生分運(yùn),發(fā)運(yùn)時(shí)始發(fā)現(xiàn)墨綠色的庫(kù)存僅有950輛,于是便以黑色車50輛頂替,問(wèn)這樣有無(wú)問(wèn)題?
15、某公司對(duì)外出口紅棗一批,合同與來(lái)證均規(guī)定為三級(jí)品,發(fā)貨時(shí)方知三級(jí)紅棗已無(wú)庫(kù)存,便以二級(jí)品頂替并在發(fā)票上注明:”二級(jí)紅棗仍按三級(jí)計(jì)價(jià)“問(wèn)這種以好頂次,原價(jià)不變的做法妥當(dāng)嗎?
16、某出口蘋果酒一批,信用證上的貨名為”Apple Wine“,制單時(shí)亦用此貨名,但貨到國(guó)外遭海關(guān)扣罰,因該批酒的內(nèi)外包裝上均用的是:”Cider“。于是外商要求我賠償其罰款損失。問(wèn)我有無(wú)責(zé)任?
17、仍以上題為例,”Cider"中文的含義也是蘋果酒,為什么進(jìn)口國(guó)的海關(guān)要扣留罰款呢?
18、我進(jìn)口特種鋼板50公噸,合同規(guī)定6尺,7尺,8尺,9尺,10尺五種尺平均搭配,但來(lái)貨全為6尺一種規(guī)格,問(wèn)我應(yīng)如何處理?
19、某公司向日本出品驢肉一批,合同規(guī)定第箱凈重16.6公斤,共有1500箱,合24.9公噸.貨到國(guó)外經(jīng)日本海關(guān)查驗(yàn)每箱凈重為20公斤,共合30公噸,海關(guān)認(rèn)為進(jìn)口商以多報(bào)少.問(wèn)這將會(huì)出現(xiàn)何種后果? 20、某出口公司與外商當(dāng)面成交出口大米10000公噸,但在合同上寫的是10000噸。問(wèn)這有何不可?
21、按凈重計(jì)量定價(jià)的貨物,在制單時(shí)對(duì)貨物的毛重是否可以估算填寫?
22、某單位出口羊毛一批,合同規(guī)定按公量計(jì)算,其計(jì)算公司為:公量=實(shí)際重量(1-實(shí)際回潮率)(1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率)問(wèn)此公式是否正確?
23、大雨后散裝出口煤一批,來(lái)證規(guī)定為10,000公噸±5%,不準(zhǔn)分批。以商檢局發(fā)的離岸重量證書為準(zhǔn)。我實(shí)裝貨9,600公噸,取得商檢證。到目的港后,收貨人聲稱水份過(guò)高,實(shí)收重量只有9100公噸,要求更正數(shù)量重新制單。應(yīng)如何處理?
24、我向海灣某港口出口凍羊肉類20公噸,每公噸FOB價(jià)值400美元。合同規(guī)定數(shù)量可增減10%。國(guó)外按時(shí)來(lái)證,證中規(guī)定金額為8,000美元,數(shù)量約20公噸。我按規(guī)定22公噸發(fā)貨裝運(yùn),但持單到銀行辦理議付進(jìn)遭拒付。問(wèn)銀行拒付是否有理?問(wèn)出口單位有無(wú)補(bǔ)救辦法?
25、某筆交易合同訂明由我方提供雙層舊麻袋裝,裝船時(shí),因缺這種麻袋就自行換成單層新麻袋,也沒(méi)有要求對(duì)方額外支付費(fèi)用,但對(duì)方認(rèn)為我方包裝不符規(guī)定,向我方索賠。請(qǐng)問(wèn)對(duì)方是否有理?
第二篇:國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)真題
國(guó)貿(mào)實(shí)務(wù)真題(一)
一.單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共20小題,每小題1分,共20分)
1、我方出口大宗商品,按CIF Singapore 成交,運(yùn)輸方式為Voyage Charter,,我方不愿承擔(dān)卸貨費(fèi)用,則我方應(yīng)選擇的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的變形是()。A、CIF Liner Terms Singapore B、CIF Landed Singapore C、CIF Ex Ship’s Hold Singapore D、CIF Ex Tackle Singapore
2、按照《INCOTERMS2000》的解釋,以FOBST成交,則買賣雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分界限是()。
A、貨交承運(yùn)人 B、貨物越過(guò)裝運(yùn)港船舷
C、貨物在目的港卸貨后 D、裝運(yùn)港碼頭
3、山東渤海公司與日本東洋株式會(huì)社在萬(wàn)國(guó)博覽會(huì)上簽訂了一份由日方向中方提供BX2-Q船用設(shè)備的買賣合同,采用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)是DES。運(yùn)輸途中由于不可抗力導(dǎo)致船舶起火,雖經(jīng)及時(shí)搶救,仍有部分設(shè)備燒壞,則()應(yīng)來(lái)承擔(dān)燒壞設(shè)備的損失。
A.東洋株式會(huì)社 B.山東渤海公司 C.船公司 D.保險(xiǎn)公司
4、在CIF條件下,Bill of Lading對(duì)運(yùn)費(fèi)的表示應(yīng)為()。
A.Freight Prepaid B.Freight Collect C.Freight Pre-payable D.Freight Unpaid
5、在進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中,能夠作為物權(quán)憑證的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)有()。
A.Rail Waybill B.Bill of Lading C.Air Waybill D.Parcel Post Receipt
6、預(yù)約保險(xiǎn)以()代替投保單,說(shuō)明投保的一方已辦理了投保手續(xù)。A、B/L B、Shipping advise from abroad C、Mate,s receipt D、Sales contract
7、我某公司與外商簽訂一份CIF出口合同,以L/C為支付方式。國(guó)外銀行開來(lái)的信用證中規(guī)定:“Latest shipment 31st, May, L/C validity till 10th, June.”我方加緊備貨出運(yùn),于5月21日取得大副收據(jù),并換回正本已裝船清潔提單,我方應(yīng)不遲于()向銀行提交單據(jù)。
A.5月21日 B.5月31日 C.6月10日 D.6月11日
8、某批出口貨物投保了CIC 的WPA,在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中由于雨淋致使貨物遭受部分損失,這樣的損失保險(xiǎn)公司將()。
A、負(fù)責(zé)賠償整批貨物 B、負(fù)責(zé)賠償被雨淋濕的部分 C、不給于賠償
C、該證必須經(jīng)修改才能使用 D、裝運(yùn)期可視為與有效期相差一個(gè)月
18、根據(jù)《CISG》的規(guī)定,OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE的生效采?。ǎ?/p>
A、投郵生效原則 B、簽訂書面合約原則 C、口頭協(xié)商原則 D、到達(dá)生效原則
19、OCEAN BILL OF LADING中對(duì)貨物的描述()。
A、必須與L/C完全相同 B、必須使用貨物的全稱 C、只要與L/C對(duì)貨物的描述不相抵觸,可以用貨物的統(tǒng)稱 D、必須與商業(yè)發(fā)票的填寫完全一致
20、在寄售協(xié)議下,貨物的所有權(quán)在寄售地出售前屬于()。
A、代理人 B、寄售人 C、代銷人 D、包銷人
二、多項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題,每小題2分,共20分)
(每小題列出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有二至四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是符合題目要求的,多選、少選、錯(cuò)選均無(wú)分)
1.根據(jù)《INCOTERMS2000》的解釋,以下()是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用劃分點(diǎn)相分離的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)。
A.CFR B.CIF C.CPT D.FCA
2、某公司向國(guó)外某客商出口50噸小麥,合同規(guī)定: 5% MORE OR LESS AT THE SELLER'S OPTION.賣方實(shí)際交貨時(shí)多交了2噸,買方可就賣方多交的2噸貨物作出()的決定。
A、收取52噸貨物 B、拒收52噸貨物 C、收取多交貨物的1噸 D、拒收多交的2噸貨物
3、在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,More or less clause包括的內(nèi)容有()A、溢短裝的百分比 B、溢短裝的選擇權(quán)
C、溢短裝部分的作價(jià) D、買方必須收取溢短裝的貨物
4、共同海損的構(gòu)成條件有()。A、必須確有共同危險(xiǎn)
B、采取的措施是有意的、合理的 C、犧牲和費(fèi)用的支出是非常性質(zhì)的
D、構(gòu)成共同海損的犧牲和費(fèi)用的開支最終必須是有效的
5、根據(jù)《CISG》的規(guī)定,發(fā)盤內(nèi)容必須十分確定,所謂十分確定,指在發(fā)盤中,應(yīng)包括的要素有()。
A、貨物的名稱 B、貨物數(shù)量或規(guī)定數(shù)量的方法 C、交貨時(shí)間和地點(diǎn) D、貨物的價(jià)格或規(guī)定確定價(jià)格的方法
6、以下關(guān)于進(jìn)料加工的說(shuō)法中正確的是()。
知必須在受盤人發(fā)出接受通知之前送達(dá)到受盤人。()
7.《The Hague Rules》規(guī)定,向船公司提出索賠的期限是貨物到達(dá)目的港交貨后1年。()
8.買方來(lái)電表示接受發(fā)盤,但要求將D/P at sight改為D/P after sight遠(yuǎn)期,賣方緘默,此時(shí)合同成立。()
9.Bill of Exchange的抬頭人通常是Payer,Commercial Invoice的抬頭人是Consignee,Insurance Policy的抬頭是the Insured。()
10、拍賣貿(mào)易方式屬于一種現(xiàn)貨買賣,一旦拍賣成交,無(wú)論在何種情況下,拍賣人和貨主都對(duì)商品的品質(zhì)不承擔(dān)異議和索賠的責(zé)任。()。
第三篇:自考國(guó)際貿(mào)易與實(shí)務(wù)簡(jiǎn)單題
簡(jiǎn)答題部分
一、貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的作用?答a 成為從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易的行為準(zhǔn)則,明確彼此在貨物交接方面所應(yīng)承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、責(zé)任和費(fèi)用。這就大大簡(jiǎn)化了交易手續(xù),縮短了洽商時(shí)間,從而節(jié)約了費(fèi)用開支。
b 有利于交易雙方進(jìn)行比價(jià)和加強(qiáng)成本核算。
C 有利于妥善解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端。
二、班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)?答:
1、船舶行駛的航線、??康母劭诙际枪潭ǖ?;
2、船舶按船期表航行,船舶開航、到港時(shí)間都較為固定;
3、船公司按照預(yù)先公布的班輪運(yùn)價(jià)表收取運(yùn)費(fèi),運(yùn)費(fèi)率相對(duì)固定;
4、在班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)中包括裝卸費(fèi)用,由船方負(fù)擔(dān);
5、班輪承運(yùn)貨物比較靈活,不論貨物多少,只要有艙位都能接受裝運(yùn)(少量、件雜貨)。
三、提單的性質(zhì)和作用?答:
1、是承運(yùn)人或其代理人出據(jù)的貨物收據(jù),證實(shí)其以按提單的記載收到托運(yùn)人的貨物;
2、是代表貨物所有權(quán)的憑證;
3、是承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人雙方訂立的運(yùn)輸契約的證明。
四、多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)和聯(lián)運(yùn)提單的區(qū)別?
區(qū)別 使用范圍 簽發(fā)人 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、責(zé)任
多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù) 各種運(yùn)輸 多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人 全程
聯(lián)運(yùn)提單 由海運(yùn)和其他方式組成的聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸 承運(yùn)人、船長(zhǎng)、船東 第一程運(yùn)輸
五、我國(guó)基本險(xiǎn)別除外責(zé)任的重要內(nèi)容?
答:
1、被保險(xiǎn)人的故意行為、過(guò)失所造成的損失;
2、屬于發(fā)貨人的責(zé)任所引起的損失;
3、在保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任開始承擔(dān)之前,被保險(xiǎn)貨物已經(jīng)存在品質(zhì)不良或者數(shù)量短少;
4、被保險(xiǎn)貨物的自然損耗、本質(zhì)缺陷、特性、市價(jià)跌落、運(yùn)輸延遲所引起損失費(fèi)用;
5、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)條款和罷工險(xiǎn)條款所規(guī)定的責(zé)任以及除外責(zé)任。
六、影響成交價(jià)格的因素?答:
1、商品的質(zhì)量和檔次;
2、運(yùn)輸距離;
3、交貨地點(diǎn)和交貨條件;
4、季節(jié)性需要的變化;
5、成交數(shù)量;
6、支付條件和匯率變動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);
7、國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的走勢(shì);
8、交貨期的遠(yuǎn)近、市場(chǎng)銷售習(xí)慣、消費(fèi)者的愛好。
七、實(shí)際全損的情況有哪些?
1、保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物完全滅失;
2、保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的喪失(控制權(quán)——海盜劫走);
3、保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物發(fā)生質(zhì)變,失去原有使用價(jià)值;
4、船舶失蹤達(dá)到一定時(shí)期。
八、托收結(jié)算方式的利弊?答:
1、利——有利于調(diào)動(dòng)買方訂購(gòu)貨物的積極性,從而有利于賣方擴(kuò)大出口。
2、弊——由于托收屬于商業(yè)信用,存在收不回貨款的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是托收方式中的承兌交單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,故賣方對(duì)此方式的采用應(yīng)持慎重態(tài)度。
3、注意事項(xiàng):
A.要切實(shí)了解買方的資信
情況和經(jīng)營(yíng)作風(fēng),成交金額不宜超過(guò)其信用程度;
B.了解進(jìn)口國(guó)家的貿(mào)易管制和外匯管制條例,以免貨到時(shí)由于不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)口或收不到外匯造成的不應(yīng)有損失;
C.了解進(jìn)口國(guó)家的商業(yè)慣例,以免由于當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣做法影響安全迅速收匯;
D.應(yīng)爭(zhēng)取CIF條件成交,除辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)外,還應(yīng)投保賣方利益險(xiǎn);
E.對(duì)托收交易要建立健全的管理制度,定期檢查,及時(shí)催收清理,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題立即采取措施,以免或減少可能發(fā)生的損失。
九、信用證的使用程序?答:
1、買賣雙方在合同中約定憑信用證付款;
2、買方向當(dāng)?shù)劂y行申請(qǐng)開證,并按合同內(nèi)容填寫開證申請(qǐng)書和繳納開證押金或提供其他保證。
3、開證行按申請(qǐng)書內(nèi)容開證,并通過(guò)通知行交與受益人;
4、賣方收到信用證后,如審核無(wú)誤,即按信用證要求發(fā)貨,并開出匯票和備妥各種單據(jù)向有關(guān)銀行議付貨款;
5、議付行講匯票和單據(jù)寄給開證行或信用證指定的付款行索償;
6、開證行收到單據(jù)后,即通知買方付款贖單。
十、延期付款、分期付款的區(qū)別?
區(qū)別 貨款交付 所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移 利息問(wèn)題 分期付款 在交貨時(shí)付清或者基本付清 只要付清最后一筆貨款,所有權(quán)就轉(zhuǎn)移 買方?jīng)]有利用賣方資金,不存在利息問(wèn)題
延期付款(貨價(jià)較高)大部分貨款在交貨后一個(gè)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)分期攤付 貨物所有權(quán)一般在交貨時(shí)即轉(zhuǎn)移 買方利用了賣方的資金,所以就存在買方需要支付利息的問(wèn)題。
十一、使用仲裁解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端的好處?
答:
1、仲裁具有一定的靈活性,以雙方自愿為基礎(chǔ),由雙方當(dāng)事人約定仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)并自行選定仲裁員;
2、程序較為簡(jiǎn)單,仲裁員一般是熟悉國(guó)際貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)的專家或者知名人士,故仲裁解決問(wèn)題較快;
3、仲裁費(fèi)用比訴訟費(fèi)用低;
4、仲裁氣氛緩和,不影響爭(zhēng)議雙方繼續(xù)發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系;
5、仲裁是終局性裁決,敗訴方不得上訴,必須執(zhí)行裁決。(訴訟——帶有強(qiáng)制性、程序復(fù)雜、有傷和氣不利于雙方今后貿(mào)易關(guān)系的發(fā)展、費(fèi)用較高)
十二、商檢證書的作用? 答:
1、作為證明賣方所交貨物的品質(zhì)、重量(數(shù)量)、包裝、衛(wèi)生條件是否符合合同的依據(jù);
2、作為買方對(duì)品質(zhì)、重量、包裝等條件提出異議、拒收貨物、要求索賠、解決爭(zhēng)端的憑證;
3、作為賣方向銀行議付貨款的單據(jù)之一;
4、作為海關(guān)驗(yàn)關(guān)放行的憑證。
十三、發(fā)盤的必備條件有哪些? 答:
1、發(fā)盤應(yīng)向一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上特定的人提出;
2、發(fā)盤的內(nèi)容必須十分明確(標(biāo)明貨物的名稱、明示或默
示地規(guī)定貨物的數(shù)量或者規(guī)定數(shù)量的方法、明示或默示地規(guī)定貨物的價(jià)格或者確定價(jià)格的方法);
3、必須表明發(fā)盤人對(duì)其發(fā)盤一旦被接受人接受即受約束的意思。
十四、發(fā)盤效力的終止有哪些? 答:
1、在發(fā)盤規(guī)定的有效期內(nèi)未被接受,或者雖未規(guī)定有效期但是在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)未被接受;
2、發(fā)盤被發(fā)盤人依法撤銷;
3、被收盤人拒絕或者還盤之后;
4、發(fā)盤后,發(fā)生了不可抗力事件;
5、發(fā)盤人或者受盤人在發(fā)盤被接受以前喪失行為能力。
十五、國(guó)際保理業(yè)務(wù)的特點(diǎn)? 答:
1、必須是商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)與商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)之間貨物銷售生產(chǎn)的應(yīng)收賬款,該應(yīng)收賬款不屬于個(gè)人或家庭消費(fèi)或者類似使用性質(zhì);
2、該商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)必須將應(yīng)收賬款的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給保理商;
3、保理商必須履行的職能:以貸款或者預(yù)付款的形式向供貨商融通資金、管理與應(yīng)收賬款有關(guān)的賬戶、收取應(yīng)收賬款、對(duì)債務(wù)人的拒付提供壞帳擔(dān)保;
4、應(yīng)收賬款的轉(zhuǎn)讓通知必須送交債務(wù)人。:
十六、在大陸法中損害賠償責(zé)任成立的條件是什么? 答:
1、必須要有損害事實(shí)(一般須由請(qǐng)求損害賠償?shù)囊环匠鼍咦C明);
2、必須有歸責(zé)于債務(wù)人的原因(這是大陸法承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任的基本原則和前提條件);
3、損害發(fā)生的原因與損害之間必須有因果關(guān)系(損害是由于債務(wù)人應(yīng)予負(fù)責(zé)的原因造成的)。
十七、寄售的特點(diǎn)以及利弊? 答:
1、特點(diǎn):寄售人與代銷人是委托代售的關(guān)系;是憑實(shí)物進(jìn)行的現(xiàn)貨交易;代銷人不承擔(dān)任何風(fēng)險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用,貨物售出前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用均由寄售人承擔(dān)。
2、優(yōu)點(diǎn):對(duì)寄售人來(lái)說(shuō),有利于開拓市場(chǎng)和擴(kuò)大銷路,還可根據(jù)市場(chǎng)供求掌握有利的推銷時(shí)機(jī);有利于調(diào)動(dòng)那些有推銷能力、經(jīng)營(yíng)作風(fēng)好、但資金不足的客戶的積極性;大大節(jié)省了交易時(shí)間,減少了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用,為買主提供了便利。
3、缺點(diǎn):承擔(dān)的貿(mào)易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大; 資金周轉(zhuǎn)期長(zhǎng)、收匯不夠安全。
十八、展賣的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)點(diǎn)? 答:特點(diǎn)——把出口商品的展覽和推銷有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái),邊展邊銷,以銷為主。
有點(diǎn):
1、有利于宣傳出口商品,擴(kuò)大影響,招攬潛在買主,促進(jìn)交易;
2、有利于建立和發(fā)展客戶關(guān)系,擴(kuò)大銷售地區(qū)和范圍。
3、有利于開展市場(chǎng)調(diào)研,聽取消費(fèi)者的意見,改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
十九、拍賣的特點(diǎn)? 答:
1、是一種公開競(jìng)買的現(xiàn)貨交易;
2、是在一定的機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)又組織的進(jìn)行;
3、具有自己獨(dú)特的法律和規(guī)章。
二十、期貨交易的特點(diǎn)? 答:
1、以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)期貨合同作為交易的標(biāo)的;
2、特殊的清算制度;
3、嚴(yán)格的保證金制度。
二十一、補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易的特點(diǎn)?答:
1、它是在信貸的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的,設(shè)備引進(jìn)方要承擔(dān)利息;
2、設(shè)備供應(yīng)方必須承諾回購(gòu)對(duì)方產(chǎn)品或者勞務(wù)的義務(wù);
3、是一種通過(guò)商品交易起到利用外資作用的交易方式。
二十二、對(duì)銷貿(mào)易的利弊?答:優(yōu)點(diǎn)——有利于發(fā)展中國(guó)家沖破貿(mào)易壁壘,擴(kuò)大出口,并且在不增加外債的情況下,換取急需的技術(shù)、設(shè)備和物資。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也可以通過(guò)對(duì)銷貿(mào)易,以較優(yōu)惠的價(jià)格獲得原材料。缺點(diǎn):
1、它是在互惠的原則下進(jìn)行的,使得交易對(duì)象的選擇和交易的達(dá)成以及履約出現(xiàn)很大的困難。
2、在對(duì)銷貿(mào)易的方式下,市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的作用收到很大削弱,價(jià)格往往與正常價(jià)格有很大的偏離,對(duì)一國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),難以獲得社會(huì)勞動(dòng)的最大節(jié)約。
二十三、在我國(guó),國(guó)際電子商務(wù)和一般電子商務(wù)相比其特殊性表現(xiàn)在哪些方面?
答:
1、國(guó)際電子商務(wù)主要是針對(duì)國(guó)際經(jīng)貿(mào)的電子商務(wù)活動(dòng);
2、國(guó)際電子商務(wù)一般涉及政府的行政管理部門、貿(mào)易伙伴、相關(guān)的商業(yè)部門;
交易的行為和過(guò)程本身并不直接針對(duì)市場(chǎng)上的消費(fèi)者;
3、國(guó)際電子商務(wù)的具體運(yùn)作涉及的部門和范圍要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于或大于一般的電子商務(wù),其相關(guān)的協(xié)調(diào)工作和法律慣例規(guī)范都是國(guó)際性的;
4、在我國(guó)國(guó)際商務(wù)的發(fā)展將具有社會(huì)連動(dòng)和示范效應(yīng)
名詞解釋部分:
1、貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)——在長(zhǎng)期的國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)踐中產(chǎn)生的、用來(lái)表明商品的價(jià)格構(gòu)成,說(shuō)明貨物交接過(guò)程中有關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、責(zé)任、費(fèi)用劃分問(wèn)題的專門術(shù)語(yǔ)。
2、象征性交貨——賣方只要按期在約定的地點(diǎn)完成裝運(yùn),并向買方提交合同規(guī)定的、包括貨物權(quán)憑證在內(nèi)的有關(guān)單證,就算完成了交過(guò)義務(wù),而無(wú)須保證到貨。賣方憑單交貨、買方憑單付款。
3、良好平均品質(zhì)——一定時(shí)期內(nèi)某地出口貨物的平均品質(zhì)水平,一般指中等貨而言。(指農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的每個(gè)生產(chǎn)的中等貨、指某一季度或者某一裝船月份在裝運(yùn)地發(fā)運(yùn)的同一種商品的“平均品質(zhì)”)
4、品質(zhì)公差——國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)的誤差。在工業(yè)制成品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)一定的誤差有時(shí)是難以避免的。
5、品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度——某些初級(jí)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定,為了便于交易順利進(jìn)行,在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí),可另訂一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度,允許賣方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。
6、溢短裝條款——賣方在交貨時(shí),可按合同中的數(shù)量多交或少交一定的百分比,他一般是在數(shù)量條款中加訂的。(散裝貨:糧食、礦砂等)
7、中性包裝——即不標(biāo)明生產(chǎn)國(guó)別、地名、廠商名稱,也不標(biāo)明商標(biāo)或者品牌的包裝。(無(wú)牌中性包裝、定牌中性包裝)
8、定牌——賣方按照買方要求在其出售的商品或者包裝上面標(biāo)明買方指定的商標(biāo)或品牌。
9、滯期費(fèi)——負(fù)責(zé)裝卸貨物的一方,如果未按約定的裝卸時(shí)間和裝卸率完成任務(wù),需要向船方繳納延誤船期的罰款。
10、速遣費(fèi)——如果負(fù)責(zé)裝卸貨物的一方在約定的裝卸時(shí)間內(nèi)提前完成任務(wù),有利于加快船舶周轉(zhuǎn),則可以從船方取得獎(jiǎng)金。
11、OCP條款——陸上運(yùn)輸通??傻竭_(dá)的地點(diǎn)。OCP地區(qū)是以落基山脈為界,其以東地區(qū)均定為內(nèi)陸地區(qū)范圍。從遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)向美國(guó)OCP地區(qū)出口貨物,如按OCP條款達(dá)成交易,出口上可以享受較低的OCP海運(yùn)優(yōu)惠費(fèi)率,進(jìn)口商在內(nèi)陸運(yùn)輸中也可以享受OCP優(yōu)惠費(fèi)率。
12、提單(B/L)——是承運(yùn)人或其代理人在收到貨物后簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的一種證件,它體現(xiàn)了承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人之間的相互關(guān)系。
13、聯(lián)運(yùn)提單——在由海運(yùn)和其他運(yùn)輸方式所組成的聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸時(shí)使用,他是由承運(yùn)人(或其其代理人)在貨物啟運(yùn)地簽發(fā)運(yùn)往貨物最終目的地的提單,并收取全程運(yùn)費(fèi)。
14、過(guò)期提單——提單晚于貨物到達(dá)目的港;向銀行交單時(shí)間超過(guò)提單簽發(fā)日期21天。
15、多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)——證明多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同以及證明多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人接管貨物并且負(fù)責(zé)按照合同條款交付貨物的單據(jù),它由多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人簽發(fā),這種單據(jù)應(yīng)依發(fā)貨人的選擇,或?yàn)榭赊D(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù),或?yàn)椴豢赊D(zhuǎn)讓的單據(jù)。
16、共同海損(GA)——載貨的船舶在海上遇到災(zāi)害、事故,威脅到船貨等各方面的共同安全,為了解除這種威脅,維護(hù)船貨安全,是航程得以繼續(xù)完成,船方有意識(shí)地、合理地采取措施,造成某些特殊損失或者支出
特殊額外費(fèi)用。
17、艙至艙條款——保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任自被保險(xiǎn)貨物運(yùn)離保險(xiǎn)單所載明的啟運(yùn)地倉(cāng)庫(kù)貨儲(chǔ)存處所開始,包括正常運(yùn)輸中的海上、陸上、內(nèi)河、駁船運(yùn)輸在內(nèi),直至該項(xiàng)貨物運(yùn)抵保險(xiǎn)單所載明的目的地收貨人的最后倉(cāng)庫(kù)或者儲(chǔ)存處所,或者被保險(xiǎn)人用作分配、分派、非正常運(yùn)輸?shù)钠渌麅?chǔ)存處所為止。但被保險(xiǎn)人的貨物在最后到達(dá)卸載港卸離海輪后,保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任以60天為限.18、聯(lián)合憑證——是一種更為簡(jiǎn)化的保險(xiǎn)憑證。在我國(guó),保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)在外貿(mào)企業(yè)的商業(yè)發(fā)票上加注保險(xiǎn)編號(hào)、險(xiǎn)別、金額,并加蓋保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)印戳,即作為承保憑證,其余項(xiàng)目以發(fā)票所列為準(zhǔn)。此種憑證不能轉(zhuǎn)讓,目前只適用于香港地區(qū)一些中資銀行由華商開來(lái)的信用證。
19、保險(xiǎn)單——是保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)被保險(xiǎn)人的承保證明,是規(guī)定保險(xiǎn)人和被保險(xiǎn)人雙方各自權(quán)力和義務(wù)的契約,當(dāng)被保險(xiǎn)貨物遭受承保范圍內(nèi)的損失時(shí),它又是保險(xiǎn)索賠了理賠的主要依據(jù)。20、對(duì)等樣品——賣方可以根據(jù)買方提供的樣品,加工復(fù)制出一個(gè)類似的樣品交給買方確認(rèn),這種經(jīng)確認(rèn)后的樣品稱為回樣(確認(rèn)樣品)。
21、價(jià)格調(diào)整條款——在定約時(shí)只規(guī)定初步價(jià)格,同時(shí)規(guī)定,如原材料價(jià)格和共資等發(fā)生變化,按原材料價(jià)格和工資等的變化來(lái)計(jì)算合同的最終價(jià)格。(主要適用于類似生產(chǎn)加工周期較場(chǎng)的機(jī)器設(shè)備等商品的合同)
22、匯票(Draft)—一個(gè)人向另外一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的要求見票時(shí)或者在將來(lái)的固定時(shí)間,或者可以確定的時(shí)間,對(duì)某人或其指定的人或持票人支付一定金額的無(wú)條件的書面支付命令。
23、背書——轉(zhuǎn)讓匯票權(quán)利的一種手續(xù),就是由匯票抬頭人在匯票背面簽上自己的名字,或再加上受讓人的名字,并把匯票交給售讓人的行為。
24、支票(Check)——是以銀行為付款人的即期匯票,即存款人簽發(fā)給銀行的無(wú)條件支付一定金額的委托命令,出票人在支票上簽發(fā)一定的金額,要求受票的銀行于見票時(shí),立即支付一定金額給特定人或持票人。
25、付款交單D/P——出口人的交單是以進(jìn)口人的付款為條件。即期付款交單——銀行提示即期匯票和單據(jù),進(jìn)口人見票時(shí)即應(yīng)付款,并在付清貨款后取得單據(jù)。
遠(yuǎn)期付款交單——銀行提示遠(yuǎn)期匯票,進(jìn)口人審核無(wú)誤后在匯票上進(jìn)行承兌,于匯票到期日付清貨款后再領(lǐng)取貨運(yùn)單據(jù)。
26、承兌交單D/A——出口人的交單以進(jìn)口人在匯票上承兌為條件,進(jìn)口人在匯票到期時(shí),方履行付款義務(wù)。(只適用于遠(yuǎn)期匯票的托收)
27、信托收據(jù)——進(jìn)口人借單時(shí)提供的一種書面信用擔(dān)保文件,用來(lái)表示愿意以代收行的受托人身份代為提貨、保管、存艙、保險(xiǎn)、出售,并承認(rèn)貨物所有權(quán)仍歸銀行。
28、信用證L/C——銀行開立的有條件的承諾付款的書面文件,也是開證行對(duì)受益人的一種保證,只要受益人履行信用證所規(guī)定的條件,即受益人只要提交符合信用證所規(guī)定的各種單據(jù),開證行就保證付款。(銀行信用)
29、背對(duì)背信用證(轉(zhuǎn)開信用證)——受益人要求原證的通知行
或其他銀行以原證為基礎(chǔ),另開一張內(nèi)容相似的新的信用證。30、對(duì)開信用證——兩張信用證的開證申請(qǐng)人互以對(duì)方為受益人而開立的信用證。開立信用證是為了達(dá)到貿(mào)易平衡,以防止對(duì)方只出不進(jìn)或者只進(jìn)不出。
31、備用信用證——是一種特殊形式的信用證,是開證銀行對(duì)受益人承擔(dān)一項(xiàng)義務(wù)的憑證。開證行保證在開證申請(qǐng)人未能履行其應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)時(shí),受益人只要憑備用信用證的規(guī)定向開證行開具匯票,并隨附開證申請(qǐng)人未履行義務(wù)的聲明或證明文件,即可得到開證行的償付。
32、保函(保證書L/G)——銀行、保險(xiǎn)公司、擔(dān)保公司、個(gè)人應(yīng)申請(qǐng)人的請(qǐng)求,向第三方受益人開立的一種書面信用擔(dān)保憑證,保證人對(duì)申請(qǐng)人的債務(wù)或應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。
33、定金——合同
一方當(dāng)事人根據(jù)合同的約定預(yù)先付給另一方當(dāng)事人一定數(shù)額的金錢,以保證合同的訂立、合同的成立、擔(dān)保合同的履行、保留合同的解除權(quán)等。
34、不可抗力——買賣合同簽訂以后,不是由于合同當(dāng)事人的過(guò)失或者疏忽,而是由于發(fā)生了合同當(dāng)事人無(wú)法預(yù)見、預(yù)防、避免、控制的事件,以至于不能履行或者不能如期履行合同,發(fā)生意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的責(zé)任或者推遲履行合同。(免責(zé)條款)
35、發(fā)盤(要約)——凡是向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的特定的人提出訂立合同的建議,如果其內(nèi)容十分確定并且表明發(fā)盤人有在其發(fā)盤一旦得到接受就受其約束的意思,即構(gòu)成發(fā)盤。
36、接受(承諾)——受盤人在發(fā)盤規(guī)定的時(shí)限內(nèi),以聲明或者
行為表示同意發(fā)盤提出的各項(xiàng)條件。實(shí)質(zhì)上是對(duì)發(fā)盤表示同意。
37、逾期接受——不是有效的接受。如接受通知未在發(fā)盤規(guī)定的時(shí)限內(nèi)送達(dá)發(fā)盤人,或者發(fā)盤沒(méi)有規(guī)定時(shí)限,且在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)未曾送達(dá)發(fā)盤人。
38、大副收據(jù)——貨物裝船后,承運(yùn)船舶的大副簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的,表明已收到貨物并已裝船的貨物收據(jù),托運(yùn)人憑此收據(jù)可向船公司或其代理人交付運(yùn)費(fèi)并換取正式提單。
(是劃分船貨雙方責(zé)任的重要依據(jù),是換取提單的依據(jù))
39、定期結(jié)匯——議付行根據(jù)向國(guó)外付款行索償所需要時(shí)間,預(yù)先確定一個(gè)固定的結(jié)匯期限,并與出口企業(yè)約定該期限到期后,無(wú)論是否已經(jīng)收到國(guó)外付款銀行的貨款,都將主動(dòng)安當(dāng)日外匯牌價(jià)將票款金額折成人民幣撥交出口企業(yè)。
40、國(guó)際保理(承購(gòu)應(yīng)收賬款業(yè)務(wù))——在使用托收、賒銷等非信用證方式結(jié)算貨款時(shí),保理商向出口商提供的一項(xiàng)集買方資信調(diào)查、應(yīng)收款管理和追帳、貿(mào)易融資、信用管理于一體的綜合性現(xiàn)代金融服務(wù)。
41、經(jīng)銷——進(jìn)口商根據(jù)他與國(guó)外出口商達(dá)成的協(xié)議,在規(guī)定的期限和地域內(nèi)購(gòu)銷指定商品的一種做法。
獨(dú)家經(jīng)銷——經(jīng)銷商在協(xié)議規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)和地域內(nèi),對(duì)指定商品享有獨(dú)家經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)力。一般經(jīng)銷——經(jīng)銷商不享有獨(dú)家專營(yíng)權(quán),供貨商可以在同一時(shí)期、地區(qū)內(nèi),委派幾家商號(hào)來(lái)經(jīng)銷同類商品。
42、代理——代理人按照本人的授權(quán),代表本人與第三人訂立合同或者從事其它法律行為,而由本人直接負(fù)責(zé)由此所產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利與義務(wù)
43、寄售——是一種委托代售的貿(mào)易方式,寄售人先將準(zhǔn)備銷售的貨物運(yùn)往國(guó)外寄售地,委托當(dāng)?shù)卮N人按照寄售協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件代為銷售后,再由代銷人向貨主結(jié)算貨款。
44、套期保值(海琴)——在賣出或買入實(shí)際貨物的同時(shí),在期貨市場(chǎng)上買入或賣出同等數(shù)量的期貨。
45、對(duì)銷貿(mào)易——在互惠的前提下,由兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的貿(mào)易方達(dá)成協(xié)議,規(guī)定一方的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品可以部分或者全部都以相對(duì)的出口產(chǎn)品來(lái)支付。
46、電子商務(wù)——通過(guò)電子信息技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連技術(shù)、現(xiàn)在通信技術(shù),使得交易涉及的各方當(dāng)事人借助電子方式聯(lián)系,而無(wú)需依靠紙面文件、單據(jù)的傳輸,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)交易過(guò)程的電子化。
47、國(guó)際電子商務(wù)——企業(yè)通過(guò)利用電子商務(wù)運(yùn)作的各種手段從事的國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng),它反映的是現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)所帶來(lái)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易過(guò)程的電子化。
第四篇:國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)綜合訓(xùn)練總結(jié)報(bào)告
重慶科技學(xué)院
學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)(實(shí)訓(xùn))總結(jié)報(bào)告
學(xué)院:__法政與經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院_專業(yè)班級(jí):國(guó)貿(mào)2011級(jí)3班 _學(xué)生姓名:__段強(qiáng)_________ 學(xué)號(hào):_2011443909實(shí)習(xí)(實(shí)訓(xùn))地點(diǎn):H201報(bào)告題目:____國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)綜合訓(xùn)練總結(jié)報(bào)告_報(bào)告日期:2013 年7 月12 日
指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ): __________________________________________
成績(jī)(五級(jí)記分制):
指導(dǎo)教師(簽字):
國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)綜合訓(xùn)練總結(jié)報(bào)告
前言:
改革開放以來(lái),特別是我國(guó)加入WTO以后,我國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易正在不斷發(fā)展和加強(qiáng),因此需要越來(lái)越多的專門人才參與其中,而身為國(guó)際貿(mào)易專業(yè)的我們,要想成為這個(gè)大行業(yè)的專門人才,很有必要熟悉外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),而外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中的各個(gè)流程,包括開始的訂立買賣合同,再到備貨、租船訂艙、報(bào)檢、報(bào)關(guān)、裝運(yùn)、保險(xiǎn)、結(jié)匯以及索賠等,都要涉及相關(guān)單證的制作與流轉(zhuǎn)。這正是我們學(xué)院開展為期兩周實(shí)訓(xùn)課的目的。
正文:
這次實(shí)訓(xùn)學(xué)習(xí)和了解的單據(jù)大體上包括如下幾種:
1.合同(Contract)
合同適用于大宗業(yè)務(wù),其內(nèi)容較為詳細(xì),條款全面完整。合同中除了列明商品品名、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量、包裝、價(jià)格、裝運(yùn)、保險(xiǎn)、支付等主要交易條款之外,通常還包括商檢、索賠、不可抗力、仲裁等條款。進(jìn)口使用銷售合同,進(jìn)口時(shí)使用購(gòu)買合同。
2.確認(rèn)書(Confirmation)
確認(rèn)書作為書面合同的一種,主要適用于小批量貨物,其內(nèi)容較合同簡(jiǎn)略,通常只包括交易的主要條件,如品名、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量、包裝、價(jià)格、裝運(yùn)、保險(xiǎn)、支付等。出口使用銷售確認(rèn)書,進(jìn)口使用購(gòu)貨確認(rèn)書。
3.信用證(Letter of Credit,L/C)
信用證是開證行根據(jù)進(jìn)口人的請(qǐng)求和指示向出口人開立的一定金額的在一定期限內(nèi)憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)付款的書面保證文件。信用證開立的依據(jù)為合同,一旦開立便獨(dú)立于合同。
4.商業(yè)發(fā)票(Commercial Invoice)
商業(yè)發(fā)票是出口商對(duì)所裝運(yùn)貨物的情況進(jìn)行的詳細(xì)描述,并憑以向買方收取貨款的一種價(jià)目總清單,是全套進(jìn)出口貨物單據(jù)的核心。商業(yè)發(fā)票填制的內(nèi)容主要包括貨物的品名、規(guī)格、單價(jià)、數(shù)量、總價(jià)等。
5.裝箱單(Packing List)
裝箱單是商業(yè)發(fā)票的補(bǔ)充單據(jù)。他列明了信用證或合同中買賣雙方約定的有關(guān)包裝事宜的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),如包裝件數(shù)、規(guī)格、嘜頭(運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志)等,便于國(guó)外的賣方對(duì)進(jìn)出口商品包裝及數(shù)量的了解和掌握。
6.海運(yùn)提單(Ocean Bill of Lading,B/L)
提單是船方或其代理人接管貨物或貨物裝船后簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的貨物收據(jù),以及承運(yùn)人據(jù)以保證交付貨物的憑證。
7.報(bào)關(guān)單
進(jìn)出口貨物報(bào)關(guān)單是指進(jìn)出口貨物的收、發(fā)貨人或其代理人,按照海關(guān)規(guī)定的格式對(duì)進(jìn)出口貨物的實(shí)際情況做出的書面申明,以此要求海關(guān)對(duì)其貨物按適用的海關(guān)制度辦理通關(guān)手續(xù)的法律文書。
8.不可撤銷跟單信用證申請(qǐng)書(Irrevocable Document Credit Application)
當(dāng)進(jìn)口方與出口方簽訂國(guó)際貿(mào)易貨物進(jìn)出口合同并確認(rèn)以信用證為結(jié)算方式后,即由進(jìn)口方填寫信用證申請(qǐng)書向有關(guān)銀行(開證行)申請(qǐng)開立信用證。
9.出口貨物訂艙委托書
出口方在出口貨物時(shí)在報(bào)關(guān)前委托船公司或者貨運(yùn)代理公司代為祖租船訂艙填寫的一種單據(jù)。
10.出境貨物報(bào)檢單
根據(jù)國(guó)家相關(guān)法律規(guī)定,有國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局及其各地的檢驗(yàn)檢疫分支機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)大宗的、關(guān)系國(guó)計(jì)民生的重點(diǎn)進(jìn)出口商品、容易發(fā)生質(zhì)量問(wèn)題的商品、涉及安全衛(wèi)生的商品以及國(guó)家指定由檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一執(zhí)行檢驗(yàn)的商品等實(shí)施強(qiáng)制性檢驗(yàn)檢疫,以維護(hù)國(guó)家的信譽(yù)及利益。法定檢驗(yàn)檢疫的商品的貨主或其代理人應(yīng)當(dāng)在檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)向報(bào)關(guān)地出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)檢,填寫出境貨物報(bào)檢單是報(bào)檢時(shí)必須履行的手續(xù)。
11.投保單(Insurance Slip)
投保單是投保人向保險(xiǎn)人申請(qǐng)訂立保險(xiǎn)合同的書面要約。投保人須如實(shí)填寫,列明投保的主要條件,一經(jīng)保險(xiǎn)人接受,便成為保險(xiǎn)合同的一部分。
12.裝運(yùn)通知(Shipping Advice)
裝運(yùn)通知指出口商在貨物裝船后發(fā)給進(jìn)口方的包括貨物詳細(xì)裝運(yùn)情況的通知。其目的在于讓進(jìn)口方做好籌資、付款和接貨的準(zhǔn)備(某些交易條件下好讓買方及時(shí)辦理保險(xiǎn))
13.匯票(Draft,Bill of Exchange)
匯票是出票人簽發(fā)的,委托付款人在見票時(shí)或者在指定日期無(wú)條件支付確定的金額給付款人或者持票人的票據(jù)。
在這次國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)實(shí)訓(xùn)課中,我們認(rèn)識(shí)到單證業(yè)務(wù)雖然使外貿(mào)的過(guò)程運(yùn)行起來(lái)更加便捷,但表面簡(jiǎn)單的單證業(yè)務(wù)其實(shí)真正實(shí)踐起來(lái)卻非常不容易,制單必須做到正確、及時(shí)、完整、簡(jiǎn)潔、整潔,相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)員必須小心謹(jǐn)慎且熟練制單或者審核單據(jù),單證工作的完成質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到買賣雙方的利益。例如:在以信用證為結(jié)算方式的交易中,賣方交貨時(shí)向開證行提交的單據(jù),如果不能做到“單單一致,單證一致”會(huì)導(dǎo)致開證行拒付,即使賣方還有時(shí)間去修改單據(jù),在這期間會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的不必要的費(fèi)用,所以制單不準(zhǔn)確將會(huì)影響到賣方順利取得貨款。
包括單證工作在內(nèi)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易工作因?yàn)槠鋰?guó)際性,所以從事這方面的工作對(duì)于我們的英語(yǔ)能力是一種考驗(yàn),需要我們能夠識(shí)別和理解合同單證中大量的條款信息。通過(guò)這次的實(shí)訓(xùn)課,我們不僅學(xué)到了很多技能,并且英語(yǔ)水平得到了很大的擴(kuò)展和提高。
國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)訓(xùn)練已然結(jié)束,這兩周以來(lái)我們收獲頗豐,即使如此,但我們學(xué)到的并不是全部,行百里者半九十,制單和審單作為我們將來(lái)職業(yè)生涯里一項(xiàng)非常有用的技能,我們必要在以后花更多時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐。
致謝。
第五篇:國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語(yǔ)教程課后題答案
Key Chapter1 I.Answer my questions 1.International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries.Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2.Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3.To gain profit.4.To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5.There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6.It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation(eg.the United States)and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7.Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8.Yes.There are great differences between them.1)direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad.It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets.Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting.And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2)While portfolio investments are not under control.And they are used primarily for financial purposes.Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9.MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise.Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation)and TNC(transnational corporation).10.Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11.The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12.It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.13.This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.14.Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15.It is a way of doing business in which one party(the franchiser)the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1.J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese 1 購(gòu)買力 11 經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇;恢復(fù) 2 潛在銷售量 12 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退 3 加價(jià),漲價(jià) 13 間接投資 4 國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng) 14 有形貨物 5 制成品 15 有形進(jìn)出口 邊際利潤(rùn) 16 收入及支出;歲入及歲出 7 市場(chǎng)占有率 17 超額能力 貿(mào)易歧視 18 貿(mào)易中間人(商);經(jīng)紀(jì)人 9 時(shí)機(jī)選擇 19 全部包建的工程承包方式 10 經(jīng)銷周期 20 許可證協(xié)定
IV Translate the following into English 1.Trade is often the ?engine? of growth.However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth.A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable.Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization;the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency;the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country.In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service.This is a kind of invisible trade.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others.In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3.There exist different ways of conducting international business.Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time.In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved.And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4.There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction.Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis.Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money.Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import needs.But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2 I.Answer the following questions(Omited)II.Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text: 1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;3.commission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture;10.subsidiary III.Translate the followings into English 1).Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient.He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs.As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved.One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best.While one hunted, another fished.The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are
self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient.Nations have utilized different economic resources;people have developed different skills.This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons.The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world.Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East.Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries.Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries.It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style.Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2).The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade.Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity.The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex
transactions.By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances.This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3 I.Translate the followings from Chinese into English: 1 terms of payment 2 written form of contract 3 execution of the contract 4 sales contract 5 purchase confirmation 6 terms of transaction 7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract 9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract 11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract 13 the contracting parties 14 special clause 15 general terms and conditions II.Answer the following questions in English: 1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties.And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written.The former refers to direct discussions abroad;written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.It generally contains: 1)the title.The type of the contract is indicated in the title;2)the contract proper.It is the main part of a contract;3)the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer;4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III.Translate the following into Chinese: 合同是在雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制定的,而協(xié)議又是雙方進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判的結(jié) 果。商務(wù)談判有口頭談判和書面談判兩種形式??陬^談判是通過(guò)參加商品交易會(huì),派遣貿(mào)易小組,出國(guó)或邀請(qǐng)客戶本國(guó)進(jìn)行的面對(duì)面討論,而通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話所 進(jìn)行的商務(wù)討論也屬于口頭談判。IV.Case Study 1 The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because:(a)this was a CIF contract;(b)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed this responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.2 This contract was not concluded effectively.Item 1 of Article 19 of the CISG indicates, “ A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection to the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.In this case, though Mr.Johnson accepted Mr.Anderson's offer, his acceptance contained some additions to and modifications of the offer;for example, Mr.Anderson asked for ” telegraphic transfer“, Mr.Johnson sent the money to the bank to be kept there.According to Item 3 of Article 19 of the CISG, alteration to the mode of payment is material one, thus Mr.Johnson might keep silent and reject the acceptance.Chapter4 I(Omited)II 1)F.Price terms, or trade terms, are used to indicated the different liabilities, cost and risks of the buyer and the seller.2)F.Warsaw-Oxford rules specialize in explaining CIF contracts.3)T.4)T.5)F.On CIP terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he hands over the goods to the carrier at the place of shipment, although he has to pay the freight rate and insurance premium.6)T.7)T.8)F.By CFR Landed is meant that the seller pays for unloading the goods at the port of discharge.9)T.10)F.On FAS terms the seller needs only to put the goods within the reach of the ship?s tackle.He is not responsible for loading the goods on board.III.Judgment a)Incorrect.On FOB terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China.b)Incorrect.On CIF terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods reach the destination;the terms should be followed by the port of destination.c)Correct.d)Incorrect.On CIP terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods reach the destination;the terms should be followed by the port of destination.e)Correct.f)Correct.g)Incorrect.On FOB terms the seller?s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China.h)Incorrect.On DES terms the seller must put the goods under the actual control of the buyer at the port destination;a port of destination should be attached to DES.i)Incorrect.On DDP terms the seller must physically deliver the goods to the buyer at a named place in the import country, that is, a named place of destination should be added to DDP terms.j)Correct.IV.Translation 1)please refer to INCOTERMs(19900 2)you must load the goods on board in accordance with the stipulations of the INCOTERMS 3)In reference to the consignment of June 5 4)but our business is on cash payment whether the customs are new or old 5)meeting each other halfway and allowing you a 10% discount 6)the lowest FOB Liverpool prices of the following articles.7)Our prices are subject to change without notice 8)As this is a big order, we hope you can make a 5% discount off the list price 9)Because of the frequent change of the market prices, it is not possible for us to keep the prices open for a whole week 10)to receive your cable offer of July 15 for 300 dozen shirts of sample No.1302 CIF New York at USD 35 per dozen V.Case Study 1)It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods.In this case, the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms, according to which, the seller?s responsibilities ended when he loaded the goods on board the ship and paid the freight and insurance premium;the risk separation was the side of the ship;that is to say, the risks were transferred to the buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on board the ship.Since the documents presented by the seller were right and proper, the seller could directly get paid form the Issuing Bank of the L/C.However, part of the goods got lost because of rough sea.Does this mean that the buyer suffered loss? It is definitely not the case because there are other two sub-contracts existing on CIF terms-I/P and Bill of Lading.In this case the buyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to take delivery of the goods.Obviously, the actual reason for the buyer?s refusal to accept the goods in this case was that the prices of the goods were going down.This is, certainly, unjustified.2)In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller(Company E)ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W?s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.Chapter5 I.Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms: 1 本身所具有的特性 2 光澤、造型、結(jié)構(gòu) 3 耐用性 4 可銷售性 5 社會(huì)屬 6 消毒 7 適用性 8 衛(wèi)生 9 規(guī)格 10 水產(chǎn)品 跨國(guó)公司 12 保證生活質(zhì)量
II.Two columns are given for you to decide which method is best suited for a certain commodity.Please match them.1 A , 2 C, 3 D, 4 E, 5 B, 6 G, 7 F, 8 H III.單項(xiàng)選擇題
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.D 22.D 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.B IV.多項(xiàng)選擇題
1.AE 2.ABE 3.ABC 4.CDE 5.AC 6.ABD 7.BCE 8.ACDE 9.BD 10.AC 11.BC 12.AC 13.BCDE 14.CD 15.AB 16.CDE 17.ABCDE V.案例分析
1、答:買方的要求不盡合理。理由如下:
采用FOB 術(shù)語(yǔ)成交,一般由買方負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙。賣方可以接受賣方的委托代為 租船訂艙,但賣方不承擔(dān)租不到船的責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。就此案例來(lái)說(shuō),因公司代為租 船沒(méi)有租到,買方又不同意更換條件,因此,該公司不承擔(dān)因自己未租到船而延 誤裝運(yùn)的責(zé)任,買方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以,買方的要求不合理,責(zé)任 和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)該由買方自己承擔(dān)。
2、答:我方不能因床單受潮而拒付貨款,也不能向賣方提出索賠。理由如下:(1)采用CIF 術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí),屬于象征性交貨,賣方是憑單交貨,買方是憑單付 款,只要賣方如期向買方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù),即使貨物在運(yùn)輸途中 損壞或滅失,買方也必須旅行付款義務(wù)。反之,如果賣方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求,即使貨物完好無(wú)損地運(yùn)達(dá)目的地,買方仍有權(quán)拒付貨款。就此案例而言,賣方提 交了全套合格單據(jù),我方應(yīng)支付貨款。
(2)在CIF 條件下,買賣雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移界限以船舷為界。貨物越過(guò)船舷后的風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。就本案例可以看出,貨物越過(guò)船舷之前是完好的,因此賣方不 承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我方據(jù)此不能向賣方提出索賠,可依據(jù)所投險(xiǎn)別向保險(xiǎn)公司提出索賠。
3、答:該公司可向賣方提出索賠。理由如下:
按CFR 條件成交時(shí),盡管貨物在海運(yùn)途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已轉(zhuǎn)移給買方,但買方為降低 自己的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn),這取決于賣方是否及時(shí)向買方發(fā)出裝運(yùn)通知。據(jù)慣 例解釋,如果賣方未及時(shí)向買方發(fā)出裝運(yùn)通知,導(dǎo)致買方未能及時(shí)辦理保險(xiǎn)手續(xù),由此引起的損失由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。就本案例而言,該公司貨物部分丟失是由于賣方未 發(fā)出裝船通知而公司未辦理保險(xiǎn)手續(xù)而引起的損失,故此,該公司應(yīng)向賣方提出 索賠。
4、答:此項(xiàng)損失應(yīng)由買方承擔(dān),買方不應(yīng)該向該公司提出索賠。
以CPT 術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移以貨交承運(yùn)人為界,即賣方將貨物交給指定承運(yùn) 人,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)即由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移至買方,買方可投貨物保險(xiǎn)以確保損失最小。就本案例而 言,該公司已將貨物交給承運(yùn)人,運(yùn)輸途中及后期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均由買方自己承擔(dān),因此,該公司可拒絕買方的索賠要求。
5、答:按照CIP 條件成交,賣方要承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)和運(yùn)費(fèi)。因?yàn)镃IP 條件適合于各 種運(yùn)輸方式,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是在承運(yùn)人控制貨物時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移,所以賣方要負(fù)責(zé)辦理交貨地點(diǎn)到 指定目的地的全程運(yùn)輸,而不僅僅是水上運(yùn)輸,因此賣方應(yīng)支付全程運(yùn)費(fèi)。就本 案例而言,賣方支付了海上運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用,但并沒(méi)有將貨物送往指定目的地,因此 還需支付鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用。由此,我方應(yīng)支付貨款,但不需支付鐵路運(yùn)費(fèi),賣方 行為不盡合理。
Chapter6 I.Here given in the following are short forms for some units of measure and weight.Please give the complete form of each: 1)噸 2)盎斯 3)磅 4)品脫 5)碼 6)加侖 7)令 8)公斤 9)克 10)平方米
II.Please read the statements carefully, and then give your choice True or False.1.T 2.F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.7.F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which ??contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party ??” 8.T 9.F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper?s quicker loading and unloading of the goods.10.T III.Please give the following definitions for the names in English: 1.Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodity itself and the tare(the package weight).That?s to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods.2.Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare.In international trade if the goods are sold by weight, the net weight is often used.3.Actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities.4.Average tare: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages.5.Customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognizer weight which can be used to represent the weight of such packages.6.Computed tare: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weighing.IV.簡(jiǎn)答題
1.答:數(shù)量條款規(guī)定了買賣雙方交貨數(shù)量及與之有關(guān)的權(quán)利和義務(wù),他涉及 成交數(shù)量的確定、計(jì)量單位和計(jì)量方法的規(guī)定及數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度等內(nèi)容。為訂好數(shù) 量條款,應(yīng)依據(jù)政策的規(guī)定和經(jīng)營(yíng)意圖,根據(jù)需要和可能,按外商資信情況和市 場(chǎng)行情變化,正確掌握進(jìn)出口商品的成交數(shù)量,以利于合同的履行。
2.答:(1)大宗農(nóng)、副產(chǎn)品、礦產(chǎn)品及一部分工業(yè)制成品慣于采用按重量 計(jì)算,一些貴重商品也慣于采用重量單位。
(2)按數(shù)量計(jì)算適用于大多數(shù)工業(yè)制成品,尤其是日用消費(fèi)品、輕工業(yè)品、機(jī)械產(chǎn)品及一部分土特產(chǎn)品。
(3)按長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算多用于金屬繩索、布匹,綢緞等商品買賣。(4)面積單位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。
(5)體積單位僅用于木材、天然氣及化學(xué)氣體的買賣。
(6)容積單位中的蒲式耳是美國(guó)用來(lái)計(jì)量各種谷物的,公升和加侖多用于 液體商品。
(7)有些國(guó)家對(duì)某些商品有自己習(xí)慣的或法定的計(jì)量單位。例如棉花許多 國(guó)家以”包“為單位,糖以”袋“為單位。
3.答:(1)毛重。是商品本身加包裝重量。
(2)凈重。是商品本身實(shí)際重量,不包括皮重。計(jì)算皮重時(shí)有按實(shí)際皮重、平均皮重、習(xí)慣皮重、約定皮重計(jì)算等四種做法。
(3)公量。有些商品因較強(qiáng)的吸濕性導(dǎo)致重量不穩(wěn)定,對(duì)此類商品可用科
學(xué)的方法除去其所含實(shí)際水分,然后再加上國(guó)際公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量。即公量=干 量+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量。
(4)理論重量。對(duì)按固定規(guī)格形狀和尺寸所生產(chǎn)和買賣的商品可從其件數(shù) 推算總重量,此總重量即為理論重量。一般只作為計(jì)算實(shí)際重量的參考。(5)法定重量和實(shí)物凈重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接觸商品的包裝
物料的重量,而除去這部分重量所表示出來(lái)的純商品重量即為實(shí)物凈重。此方法 大多用于海關(guān)征稅。
4.答:數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度是指賣方可按買賣雙方約定的某一具體數(shù)量多交或少 交若干的幅度。他的規(guī)定方法有:
(1)合同中明確具體的規(guī)定數(shù)量的機(jī)動(dòng)幅度。它既可只簡(jiǎn)單規(guī)定機(jī)動(dòng)幅度,也可在此基礎(chǔ)上約定由誰(shuí)選擇及作價(jià)原則。
(2)合同中為明確規(guī)定數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度,但將數(shù)量定為約數(shù)?!陡鷨涡庞米C統(tǒng) 一慣例》規(guī)定約數(shù)的增減幅度不超過(guò)10%。
(3)合同中未明確規(guī)定數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度。此時(shí)賣方交貨數(shù)量原則上應(yīng)與合同
完全一致,但《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》500 號(hào)出版物規(guī)定貨物數(shù)量允許有5%的 伸縮。
5.答:(1)目前對(duì)在機(jī)動(dòng)幅度范圍內(nèi)超出或低于合同數(shù)量的多裝或少裝部 分,一般按合同價(jià)格計(jì)價(jià)結(jié)算。
(2)為防止有權(quán)選擇溢短裝的當(dāng)事人利用行市變化有意多裝或少裝而獲取
額外好處,有的合同規(guī)定多裝或少裝部分不按合同價(jià)格計(jì)算,而代之以按裝船日 的行市或目的地的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格計(jì)算。
(3)若雙方未能就裝船日或到貨日或是市場(chǎng)價(jià)格取得協(xié)議,則可交由仲裁 機(jī)構(gòu)解決。
(4)有的合同還規(guī)定多交或少交貨物中一部分按合同價(jià)格計(jì)算,其余部分 按裝船時(shí)或到貨時(shí)的市價(jià)計(jì)算。IV.Case study 1[Answer]: According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be
concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won?t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.2[Answer]: According to Item 2 of Article 21 of CISG: “If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.In this case, in order to avoid unnecessary loss, the Chinese company should telephone or dispatch immediately a notice informing that the acceptance is ineffective as it is late.__
Chapter7 I.For the false statements, please state True or False 1.(T)2.(F)3.(F)4.(F)5.(F)6.(F)7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)II.Put the following into English: 1.consuming taste 2.gift packing 3.prettify commodities 4.portable packing 5.social customs 6.transparent packing 7.creative design 8.suspensible packing III.Suppose you are an exporter and your business place is in China, please make the judgment if the following statements are correct or not and give your reasons.1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(F)5.(T)6.(T)7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)10.(T)IV.簡(jiǎn)答題
1.答:包裝重要性體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
(1)是實(shí)現(xiàn)商品價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值的重要手段,是商品生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)之間的橋 梁。
(2)出口商品需經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)距離輾轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸,有時(shí)需多次裝卸、搬運(yùn)和存儲(chǔ),包 裝可保證商品質(zhì)量和數(shù)量完整,方便貨物裝卸、搬運(yùn)、儲(chǔ)存。
(3)商品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程,包裝是最后一道工序;在流通領(lǐng)域中,包裝具有保護(hù)
商品、美化商品、宣傳商品、提高售價(jià)的重要作用,并可作為對(duì)外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的重要手 段。約定包裝條件的意義在于:
(1)不僅起到保護(hù)和美化商品作用,且包裝本身還是貨物說(shuō)明的組成部分。(2)按一些國(guó)家法律解釋,如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件,另一方有權(quán) 提出索賠,甚至拒收貨物。
2.答:(1)必須適應(yīng)商品特性。
(2)必須適應(yīng)各種不同運(yùn)輸方式的要求。
(3)必須考慮有關(guān)國(guó)家的法律規(guī)定和客戶要求。
(4)要保證包裝牢固的前提下節(jié)省費(fèi)用,便于各環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行操作以 免使貨物遭受損失。
3.答:(1)按包裝方式,可分為單件運(yùn)輸包裝和集合運(yùn)輸包裝,后者又分 為集裝包和集裝袋。
(2)按包裝造型,可分為箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。
(3)按包裝材料,可分為紙制,金屬、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制 品及竹、柳、草制品包裝等。
(4)按包裝質(zhì)地,可分為軟性,半硬性和硬性包裝。(5)按包裝程度,可分為全部包裝和局部包裝。
4.答:(1)便于陳列展銷,以吸引顧客和供消費(fèi)者選購(gòu)。(2)便于識(shí)別商品,以便消費(fèi)者了解,看貨成交。(3)便于攜帶和使用,為消費(fèi)者提供方便。
(4)要有藝術(shù)吸引力,以便吸引顧客、提高售價(jià)、擴(kuò)大銷路。
5.答:(1)包裝的裝潢畫面要美觀大方,富有藝術(shù)吸引力,突出特點(diǎn),圖 案和色彩要適應(yīng)有關(guān)國(guó)家民族習(xí)慣和愛好,便于擴(kuò)大出口。
(2)包裝上的文字說(shuō)明應(yīng)同裝潢畫面緊密配合,互相襯托,以達(dá)到宣傳和 促銷目的,使用文字應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)明扼要,并能讓顧客看懂,必要時(shí)可中、外文并用。(3)包裝上標(biāo)簽應(yīng)注意有關(guān)國(guó)家的標(biāo)簽管理?xiàng)l例,尤其是食品、藥品、服 裝。
(4)銷售包裝還應(yīng)注意條形碼技術(shù)的使用問(wèn)題。
6.答:(1)有效提高結(jié)算效率和準(zhǔn)確性,也方便了顧客。
(2)有利于提高國(guó)際間貿(mào)易信息傳遞的準(zhǔn)確性,使交易雙方及時(shí)了解對(duì)方 商品有關(guān)資料和本國(guó)商品在對(duì)方的銷售情況。
(3)條形碼的使用是有效促使名優(yōu)商品打入許多國(guó)家超級(jí)市場(chǎng)的前提條件。7.答:定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有:
(1)世界許多國(guó)家超級(jí)市場(chǎng)、大百貨公司和專業(yè)商店在其經(jīng)營(yíng)出售商品上 標(biāo)有本商店使用的商標(biāo)或品牌,以擴(kuò)大本企業(yè)知名度并顯示該商品身價(jià)。(2)出口廠商為利用買方經(jīng)營(yíng)能力及商業(yè)信譽(yù)和品牌聲譽(yù),以提高商品售 價(jià)和擴(kuò)大銷路,也采用定牌生產(chǎn)。我國(guó)出口貿(mào)易中定牌生產(chǎn)具體做法有:
(1)在商品或包裝上,打印上外商所指定的商標(biāo)或品牌,而不標(biāo)明生產(chǎn)國(guó) 別和出口廠商名稱。
(2)在商品或包裝上,表明我國(guó)的商標(biāo)或品牌,同時(shí)加注國(guó)外商號(hào)名稱或 表示其商號(hào)的標(biāo)記。
(3)在商品或包裝上,采用買方指定商標(biāo)或品牌,同時(shí)注明”中國(guó)制造“字樣。8.答:制定原因?yàn)椋?/p>
(1)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容較多。(2)有時(shí)要加進(jìn)一些不必要項(xiàng)目。
(3)各國(guó)和各種運(yùn)輸方式之間對(duì)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的要求差異較大,不能適應(yīng)國(guó)際 貨物流動(dòng)量的增加和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的開展,不利于電子計(jì)算機(jī)在運(yùn)輸和單證流轉(zhuǎn)方面 的應(yīng)用。作用有:
(1)減少了運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容,節(jié)省出口成本、時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。(2)提高計(jì)算機(jī)操作和審單效率,加速船舶和資金周轉(zhuǎn)。
(3)消除因運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容過(guò)多和繁雜而可能造成的失誤和困難,保證交貨 的順利進(jìn)行。10.答:
(1)對(duì)包裝要求應(yīng)當(dāng)明確具體,做到明確規(guī)定包裝材料、造型、規(guī)格。除
傳統(tǒng)商品外不宜采用”按慣常方式包裝“等含糊包裝術(shù)語(yǔ)。另外,除非買賣雙方對(duì) 具體內(nèi)容事先充分交換意見或在長(zhǎng)期業(yè)務(wù)往來(lái)中就問(wèn)題取得一致認(rèn)識(shí),包裝條款 一定要明確具體。
(2)應(yīng)訂明包裝費(fèi)用由何方負(fù)擔(dān)。按慣例,包裝費(fèi)用一般在貨價(jià)之內(nèi),包 裝條款中無(wú)須另行訂明。若買方堅(jiān)持要求對(duì)原本不需包裝的商品實(shí)施特殊包裝,導(dǎo)致包裝費(fèi)用超出正常,增加產(chǎn)品成本,或包裝物料剛好構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品成本增加時(shí),則需訂明包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)。若賣方同意接受買方提供包裝,包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明寄 送包裝方法,包裝送達(dá)日期,送交包裝延遲責(zé)任及運(yùn)送包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)等內(nèi)容。進(jìn) 口合同中對(duì)包裝技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的商品通常在單價(jià)后注明”包括包裝費(fèi)用“,以免發(fā)生 糾紛。
(3)明確由何方提供運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志。按慣例,運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志可由買方提供,也可由
賣方?jīng)Q定。賣方?jīng)Q定時(shí)可不訂入合同,或只訂明”賣方標(biāo)志“,由賣方設(shè)計(jì)后通知 買方。買方提供時(shí)應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定買方提供時(shí)間,如超過(guò)時(shí)間賣方可提出其他補(bǔ) 救方法。
(4)明確包裝不良應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任。保險(xiǎn)公司一般不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良造成的損
失。在包裝條款中,應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善所造成損失的索賠問(wèn)題作適當(dāng)規(guī)定,以防止進(jìn) 口貨物因包裝不良受到損失,對(duì)儀器、機(jī)器設(shè)備進(jìn)口時(shí)使用的包裝條款,更應(yīng)就 索賠問(wèn)題作出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。V.案例題
1、答:(1)外商做法是否合理應(yīng)從兩個(gè)方面來(lái)看。(2)一般來(lái)講,保險(xiǎn)公 司不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良所造成的損失。所以在進(jìn)口合同條款中外商應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善造 成的損失的索賠問(wèn)題做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。若買方已做出規(guī)定,包裝不良造成損失由賣 方負(fù)責(zé),那么外商的做法是合理的。若買方未作具體規(guī)定,則外商做法不盡合理,應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決,或提交仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)解決。
2、答:(1)按國(guó)際貿(mào)易習(xí)慣,嘜頭由買方提供時(shí)在合同中應(yīng)規(guī)定買方提供 時(shí)間。如超過(guò)時(shí)間,賣方可提出其他補(bǔ)救辦法,如自行規(guī)定嘜頭。(2)該公司在
此情況下應(yīng)致電買方詢問(wèn)延誤原因,請(qǐng)其快速電告所設(shè)計(jì)嘜頭,否則將由該公司 自行規(guī)定。
3、答:(1)我方據(jù)此提出拒收或索賠是完全合理的。(2)在國(guó)際貨物買賣 中,如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件,另一方有權(quán)提出索賠,甚至可以拒收貨物。由此可知,雖然外商交貨數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定數(shù)量相符,但他的行為違反了合同中的 包裝條款,已構(gòu)成違約,我方可以提出拒收或索賠。__ Chapter8 I、單項(xiàng)選擇題
1、C
2、B
3、D
4、A
5、B
6、A
7、C
8、D
9、A
10、B
11、B
12、D
13、C II、多項(xiàng)選擇題
1、ABCE
2、ABC
3、BCD
4、ABCDE
5、BCE
6、ABC
7、ABCDE
8、ABCE
9、AC
10、ABCE 11.ABCDE III、名詞解釋
1、出口總成本:是外貿(mào)企業(yè)為出口商品支付的國(guó)內(nèi)總成本。它的構(gòu)成因素有進(jìn) 貨成本和國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用。如是需繳納出口稅的商品,還應(yīng)包括出口稅。
2、出口換匯成本:指某商品出口凈收入一個(gè)單位的外匯所需要的人民幣成本。是衡量外貿(mào)企業(yè)和進(jìn)出口交易盈虧的重要指標(biāo)。
3、固定價(jià)格:指交易雙方協(xié)商一致的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)合同價(jià)格予以明確、具體的規(guī) 定。
4、后定價(jià)格:指在合同中不明確規(guī)定價(jià)格,具體價(jià)格留待以后確定。
5、暫定價(jià)格:在合同中先訂立一個(gè)初步價(jià)格,作為開立信用證和初步付款依據(jù),待雙方確定最后價(jià)格后再進(jìn)行最后清算,多退少補(bǔ)。
6、待定價(jià)格:交易雙方就其他條件達(dá)成一致,合同已成立,但規(guī)定“價(jià)格待定” 或合同中沒(méi)有明示或默示規(guī)定貨物價(jià)格的情況。
7、價(jià)格調(diào)整條款:在訂約時(shí)只規(guī)定初步價(jià)格,同時(shí)規(guī)定,如原材料價(jià)格和工資 等發(fā)生變化,按原材料價(jià)格和工資等的變動(dòng)來(lái)計(jì)算合同最終價(jià)格。
8、傭金:指代理人或經(jīng)紀(jì)人為委托人服務(wù)而收取的報(bào)酬。
9、明傭:交易雙方在洽談時(shí)將傭金明確表示出并寫入價(jià)格條款中。
10、折扣:是賣方給予買方一定的價(jià)格減讓,一般可在買方支付貨款時(shí)預(yù)先扣除。
11、出口成本價(jià)格:是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來(lái)的單位成本價(jià)格。
12、出口外匯凈收入:是出口外匯總收入扣除勞務(wù)費(fèi)用等非貿(mào)易外匯后的外匯收 入。
13、出口盈虧額:是指出口銷售的人民幣凈收入與出口總成本的差額。IV、簡(jiǎn)答題
1、答:(1)要考慮商品的質(zhì)量和檔次,貫徹以質(zhì)論價(jià)的原則。
(2)要考慮運(yùn)輸距離,核算運(yùn)輸成本,做好比價(jià)工作,以體現(xiàn)地區(qū)差價(jià)。(3)要考慮交貨地點(diǎn)和交貨條件,把買賣雙方的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在價(jià)格 中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
(4)要考慮季節(jié)性需求的變化,掌握好季節(jié)性差價(jià),爭(zhēng)取有利價(jià)格。(5)要考慮成交數(shù)量,成交量大時(shí)可給予適當(dāng)優(yōu)惠。
(6)要考慮支付條件是否有利和匯率變動(dòng)的趨勢(shì),把利息負(fù)擔(dān)和匯率變動(dòng) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也計(jì)入貨價(jià)。
(7)要考慮國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格走勢(shì),注意搜集國(guó)際市場(chǎng)信息,對(duì)其價(jià)格及供求 狀況進(jìn)行分析和預(yù)測(cè)。
(8)要考慮交貨期遠(yuǎn)近、市場(chǎng)銷售習(xí)慣及消費(fèi)者愛好與否等因素。
2、答:固定價(jià)格明確、具體、肯定,便于核算和執(zhí)行,是國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上常見 做法。它的不足之處在于:
(1)合同缺乏穩(wěn)定性。行市劇變時(shí),不守信用的商人會(huì)尋找各種借撕毀合 同,使我方遭受不應(yīng)有的損失。
(2)價(jià)格不穩(wěn)定時(shí),國(guó)外商人會(huì)觀望不前,怕承擔(dān)價(jià)格波動(dòng)帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為使交易順利達(dá)成,提高履約率,減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn),我們采用固定價(jià)格時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)。(1)必須對(duì)影響商品供求的各種因素細(xì)致研究,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)價(jià)格走勢(shì) 作出判斷,以此作為決定合同價(jià)格依據(jù)。
(2)通過(guò)各種途徑了解客戶資信情況,慎重選擇訂約對(duì)象。
3、答:非固定價(jià)格是一種變通做法,它的有利之處在于:
(1)有助于暫時(shí)解決價(jià)格方面的分歧,雙方可先就其他條款達(dá)成協(xié)議,早 日簽約,待日后再確定成交價(jià)格。
(2)解除客戶對(duì)價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顧慮,使之敢于簽訂交貨期長(zhǎng)的合同。有利于鞏 固和擴(kuò)大出口市場(chǎng),有利于生產(chǎn)、收購(gòu)和出口計(jì)劃完成。
(3)雖不能完全排除交易雙方的價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但有利于出口方不失時(shí)機(jī)地做 成生意,也有利于進(jìn)口方保證一定的轉(zhuǎn)售利潤(rùn)。非固定價(jià)格的缺點(diǎn)在于:
(1)因先訂約后作價(jià),就不可避免的帶來(lái)較大的不穩(wěn)定性。特別是待定價(jià) 格,萬(wàn)一雙方作價(jià)時(shí)不能取得一致意見,合同就無(wú)法執(zhí)行。(2)如作價(jià)條款規(guī)定不當(dāng),合同還有失去法律效力的危險(xiǎn)。
4、答:在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中,如果交易雙方對(duì)傭金雖已達(dá)成協(xié)議,卻約定不在合
同中表示出來(lái),約定的傭金由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付,則稱為“暗傭”。國(guó) 外中間商或買主,為賺取“雙頭傭”,或?yàn)檫_(dá)到逃匯或逃稅的目的,往往提出使 用“暗傭”。
“暗扣”是指當(dāng)事人出于各種考慮,對(duì)折扣雖已達(dá)成協(xié)議,卻不在合同價(jià)格 條款中表示出來(lái),折扣的金額由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付。
5、答:傭金的支付要根據(jù)中間商提供服務(wù)的性質(zhì)和內(nèi)容而定。支付方法有 兩種:(1)交易達(dá)成時(shí)就向中間商支付傭金。(2)賣方收到全部貨款后,再另行
支付傭金。第一種情況下,雖交易已達(dá)成,但萬(wàn)一合同無(wú)法履行,委托人仍要向 中間商支付傭金。第二種情況對(duì)委托人比較有利。為避免誤解、除要明確規(guī)定委 托人與中間商之間權(quán)利與義務(wù)之外,委托人最好事先與傭金商達(dá)成書面協(xié)議,明 確規(guī)定出支付傭金的方法。
通常傭金可在合同履行后逐筆支付,也可按月、季、半年,甚至一年匯總支 付。折扣的支付一般可在買方支付貨款時(shí)預(yù)先扣除,或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的 方法。
6、答:(1)明確規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可減少非固定價(jià)格條款給合 同帶來(lái)的不穩(wěn)定因素,消除雙方在價(jià)格方面的矛盾。
(2)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。它可使出口方安全收匯,保證合同順利履行。時(shí) 間的確定可分為裝船前作價(jià)、裝船時(shí)作價(jià)、裝船后作價(jià)三種。
(3)充分考慮采用非固定價(jià)格對(duì)合同成立的影響。在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中,商品具
體價(jià)格可以不在合同中規(guī)定,只規(guī)定作價(jià)辦法或原則,合同即為有效成立。因此 在采用非固定價(jià)格時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能將作價(jià)方法訂得明確具體。
7、答:我國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品的作價(jià)原則是,在貫徹平等互利的原則下,根據(jù)國(guó) 際價(jià)格水平,結(jié)合國(guó)別(地區(qū))政策,按我方的經(jīng)營(yíng)意圖確定適當(dāng)?shù)膬r(jià)格。
8、答:出口成本價(jià)格是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來(lái)的單位成本價(jià)格。它與出口成交價(jià)格的主要區(qū)別在于出口成本價(jià)格并不涉及有關(guān)國(guó)外的任何費(fèi)用; 而出口成交價(jià)格則可能包括單位商品的國(guó)外費(fèi)用,如國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、傭金等。
9、答:(1)明確規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為減少非固定價(jià)格條款給合同帶來(lái)的不穩(wěn) 定因素,消除雙方在作價(jià)方面的矛盾,明確訂立作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個(gè)重要的必不可少 的前提。
(2)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。在采用非固定價(jià)格時(shí),作價(jià)時(shí)間的規(guī)定非常重要,為了使出口方安全收匯,保證合同順利履行,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。(3)充分考慮采用非固定價(jià)格對(duì)合同成立的影響。
10、答:(1)合理地確定商品的單價(jià),防止偏高或偏低。(2)根據(jù)船源、貨源等實(shí)際情況,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)馁Q(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)。(3)爭(zhēng)取選擇有利的計(jì)價(jià)貨幣,必要時(shí)可加訂保值條款。
(4)靈活運(yùn)用各種不同的作價(jià)辦法,避免承擔(dān)價(jià)格變動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(5)參照國(guó)際貿(mào)易的習(xí)慣做法,注意傭金和折扣的合理運(yùn)用。
(6)如交貨品質(zhì)、交貨數(shù)量有機(jī)動(dòng)幅度或包裝費(fèi)用另行計(jì)價(jià)時(shí),應(yīng)一并訂 立機(jī)動(dòng)部分作價(jià)和包裝費(fèi)計(jì)價(jià)的基本辦法。
(7)單價(jià)中的計(jì)量單位、計(jì)價(jià)貨幣和港口名稱,必須書寫清楚,以利于合 同的履行。V、計(jì)算題
1、解:出口總成本=4000×(1+15%)=4600(人民幣元)出口外匯凈收入=1000-(80+10+1000×3%)=880(美元)出口換匯成本=4600÷880≈5.227(人民幣元/美元)
2、解:CIFC3%紐約價(jià)=(500+60)÷(1-1.1×0.8%-3%)≈582.6(美元)
3、解:fob 中國(guó)岸價(jià)=1000×(1-1.1×0.85%)-75=915.65(美元)
4、解:CFRC4%價(jià)=1000÷(1-4%)≈1041.7(美元)
5、解:出口方單位商品凈收入=1000×(1-2%)=980(美元)
6、解:按題意可知P0=100 萬(wàn),A=20%,B=50%,C=30%,M=110,M0=100,W=112,W0=100 則最終價(jià)格P=100×(20%+50%×110/100+30%×112/100)=108.6(萬(wàn) 美元)
VI.True or false 1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(T)5.(F)6.(T)7.(T)8.(F)9.(T)10.(F)__
Chapter9 1.T 2.F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.7.F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which ??contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party ??” 8.T 9.F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper?s quicker loading and unloading of the goods.10.T II.Answer the following questions in English(Omitted)III.Answer the following questions briefly according to what you have learnt in this unit.1.It is also called tramp.A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing.It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space.The shipper charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.2.The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods.There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract.For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature.An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”;“immediately”, “as
soon as possible” and the like should not be used.If they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in
stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will
interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included.The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.3.The Bill of Lading has three important functions.a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers;b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers.In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to another.“When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer?s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, as named on Bill of Lading.Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the
consignee space.Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent.Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer.In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.4.There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for shipment B/L According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped)B/L and received(or received for shipment)B/L.A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2).Clean bill and unclean bill According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner.This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”.It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing.By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract.This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and
stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc.There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc.This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.But not all B/L(s)which are noted are unclean B/L.(3).A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.The consignee is designated by the shipper.The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill.This kind of B/L is not transferable.The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement.So the bill is of very restricted application.When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement.So it is sometimes called transferable B/L.It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L.It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned.The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in.This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement.There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4).Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense.This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”
A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers.The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port.The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5).A long form B/L, A short form B/L According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/L A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill.It is more frequently used.A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6).A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.(7).A liner B/L, A charter party B/L According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8).Other types of B/L Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L;on Deck B/L;stale B/L;groupage B/L;house B/L;antedated B/L and advanced B/L.IV.Case study 1.[Answer]: The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average, while the loss to the tea was a partial one… The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against FPA.2.[Answer]: The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC.In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself.This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC.Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “When the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the documents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.Chapter10 I.True or false 1.F many countries in the world have begun to adopt the Institute Cargo Clause, including China.2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F all risks do not cover other special risks like War risk, Strike risk, etc.6.F the insured may choose to attach War of Strike risk to W.P.A.7.F according to international business practice, insurable interest is required only when the insured claims damages with the insurance company.8.T 9.F by franchise in meant that the insurance company must still compensate the insured once the damage exceeds the percentage stipulated.10.F irrespective of percentage is applied to goods which are easily broken or delivered short;it has nothing to do with other disasters such as strikes, war, and other natural disasters.II.Fill in the blanks with the following words and expressions: 1.cover 7.covered 2.covers 8.insure 3.cover 9.insurance 4.covered 10.effected 5.covering 11.insurance 6.covering 12.coverage III.Translate the following into English: 1.The clients think it more convenient for the insurance to be covered /to be taken care of by you than by themselves.2.Please effect insurance for 150% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risk, as required by the buyer.3.We can only cover insurance for 110% of the invoice value according to the contract stipulations and therefore we regret being unable to comply with your request.4.The P.I.C.C.enjoys high prestige among trade circles at home and abroad for their low rates as well as prompt and equitable settlement of claims.5.After damage has incurred, the insured may file a claim supported by the insurance policy and a survey report with the insurance company or their agent at his end.6.Please see to it that the above-mentioned goods are to be shipped before 15th June and insured against All Risks for 150% of the invoice value.We know that according to your usual practice, you insure the goods only for 110% of the invoice value, therefore, the extra premium will be borne by us.7.An insurance claim should be submitted to the insurance company or its agent as promptly as possible so as to provide the insurance company or its agent with ample time to pursue recovery from the relative party at fault.8.We regret to inform you that Case No.8 was invoiced as containing 10 type writers, eight of which were badly damaged upon arrival.We enclose an inspection certificate issued by the Shanghai Commodity Inspection Bureau and the shipping agent's statement and hope that no difficulty will arise in the settlement of our above claim amounting to US$3,000.9.In the absence of your definite instructions regarding insurance, we covered your ordered goods against W.P.A.for 110% of the invoice value according to our usual practice.10.If you desire to cover your goods against All Risks, we can provide such coverage, but at a slightly higher premium, the difference of which will be for your account.IV.Case study
1、答:(1)保險(xiǎn)公司應(yīng)賠償1000 美元的損失,而1500 美元的損失應(yīng)由買方自 己承擔(dān)。
(2)因?yàn)?,根?jù)中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司《海運(yùn)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款》水漬險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任
范圍的規(guī)定,該案例中的1000 美元是運(yùn)輸工具遭到自然災(zāi)害造成的部分損失,保險(xiǎn)公司對(duì)此應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)賠償。
化肥袋包裝破裂險(xiǎn)屬一般附加險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任范圍,它不在所投保的水漬險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任 范圍,故保險(xiǎn)公司不予賠償。又因?yàn)榘碈IF 條件成交,賣方只需按合同規(guī)定投保 險(xiǎn)別,運(yùn)輸途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則由買方承擔(dān),故案例中的1500 美元?jiǎng)t由買方自負(fù)。因此,保險(xiǎn)公司應(yīng)對(duì)1000 美元予以賠償,1500 美元的損失由買方自己承擔(dān)。
2、答:(1)是因運(yùn)輸工具遭遇意外事故而造成的直接損失,屬單獨(dú)海損;(2)是因維護(hù)船、貨共同安全、進(jìn)行修船而造成的損失和產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用,屬共同海損。
Chapter11 I.True or false 1.T 2.T 3.F this is a discrepancy between the contract and the covering L/C.4.T 5.F this “ more or less “ tolerance does not apply when” the Credit stipulates the quantity in terms of a stated number of packing units or individual items.6.F according to article 42of the UCP 500, a freely negotiable credit does not need to “ stipulate a place for negotiation.”
7.F article 43of the UCP 500 also states :”??if no such period of time is stipulated, banks will accept??”.Here the L/C stipulated an expiry date of the L/C, the presentation of documents, therefore, should not exceed that date(September 15)8.T 9.F article 11 of the UCP 500 reads :” if a bank uses the services of an Advising
Bank to have the Credit advised to the Beneficiary, it must also use the services of the same bank for advising an amendment.10.T 11.T 12.F on CFR,CPT or FOB terms, it is the buyer who must insure the goods and pay the insurance premium involved.13.F according to Item of article 13 of the UCP 500:” documents which appear in their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit ,” discrepancies between the documents themselves are not allowed.14.F banks won?t refused to effect payment, as is stated in article 13 of the UCP 500,” documents not stipulated in the Credit will not be examined by banks.If they receive such documents, they shall return them to the presenter or pass them on without responsibility.”
15.F the time allowed for examining and negotiating the documents is seven banking days, as is indicated in article 13(b)of the UCP 500:” the Issuing Bank ?? shall each have a reasonable time, not to exceed seven banking days following the day of receipt of the documents, to examine the documents and determine whether to tale up or refuse the documents and to inform the party form which it received the documents accordingly.”
16.F the beneficiary does not need to act on suggestions written in the L/C if they ate not indicated as documents, as is stated in article 4 of the UCP 500:” in Credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents and not with goods, services and /or other performances to which the documents may relate.” 17.T 18.T 19.F the beneficiary must present all the originals if more than one original insurance policy has been issued.This is clearly specified in article 34 of the UCP 500 :” if the insurance document indicates that it has been issued in more than one original, all the originals must be presented unless otherwise authorized in the Credit.” 20.F a Certificate of Origin is used to prove that a certain commodity is produced and manufactured in a certain country.II.In each blank space write a word that fits naturally: method, international, letter, ideal, for, trade, gives, starts, issue(open, establish), amount, and instructions, transaction, sends, correspondent, On, correspondent, credit, usual, confirm, undertakes, due, forth(out), with, knowing, money, secure, behalf, carried out III.Payment and acknowledgement A.Read the bill of exchange below and answer questions.1.Drawer: Henan native produce … Drawee: Hanover Trust Co.2.4th DEC, 1999 3.two copies 4.US$63,162.00 5.Unite States Dollars Sixty Three Thousand One Hundred And Sixty Two Only 6.The sender's place is on the bottom right and the receiver's is on the bottom left.7.90 days 8.LC 3.US dollars, number, letter of credit, company B.Figures and words 1.one hundred pounds sterling only 2.eighty-nine dollars and fifty cents only 3.Yen eight hundred and sixty-eight thousands only 4.Two hundred and thirty-four pounds, four shillings, and three pence only 5.Deutsche mark five hundred and ninety only IV.Read the following letters regarding payment terms.Identify the writer, the term proposed and the reason given.Then fill the Information Form.Letter No.Buyer/Seller Term proposed Reason 1 Buyer CAD 憑單付款 Deal of small value 2 Buyer T/T 電匯 Assure the time of delivery & save expenses 3 Seller CIA(not COD 貨到 付款)Usual practice 4 Seller D/A 承兌交單 To push sales 5 Seller D/P 付款交單 To expand business 6 Buyer Consignment Unable to make purchase on his own V.Identify the problems and complete the letters by suggesting a solution.1.increase the amount of your LC by $600 LC amount is insufficient 2.make the necessary amendment to the LC so that the currencies of the documents are the same.discrepancy in currency 3.amend your LC as stated in your order payment terms differ between LC and order sheet 4.amend your LC to read ” Transshipment is allowed“.discrepancy in terms of delivery VI.Case Study 1.[Answer]: The law of the USA applies to this contract because(1)this was a CIF contract;(2)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(3)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed his responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.2.[Answer]: It seems that the seller delivered the goods more than what was stipulated in the contract;therefore, according to Article 52 of the CISG, the buyer may refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity delivered.However, in this case because of the ignorance of the staff concerned, difference occurred between the actual goods delivered and the quantity specified in documents.What?s sunny is that the weight indicated on the documents was the same as that stated in the contract.As a result, the buyer might obtain more without paying anything.However, the Japanese Customs House discovered the difference between the documents and the actual goods delivered, which cause embarrassement to the Chinese company.The only way of solving the problem, perhaps, was to explain what happened in the factory to the Japanese Customs House.Although the problem might have been solved, we still have a lot to learn from this case:(1)Strengthen the connection between the sales people and the factory;(2)the export salesman should make the mode of packing clear to the processing factory;(3)the Chinese Customs House must also check the weight of goods against the document;and(4)we should see that there is agreement not only between the documents presented, but also between the documents and the goods.Chapter12 I.True or false 1.F the injured party cannot rescind the contract, but holds the right of claiming damages.2.F according to article 18 of the law, the party who has breached the contract can adopt reasonable remedial measures.3.F it is the CISG that applies” fundamental breach of contract.” 4.T 5.T 6.F according to article 74 of the CISG states, there are 4 conditions on which a Force Majeure can be established.7.T 8.T 9.F the conciliator?s suggestion is not a law;therefore, he cannot force the parties in dispute to act on his advice.10.T II.Fill in the blanks with proper words and expressions 1.discrepancy , contracted 5.oversight 2.awkward 6.delivered, quality expected 3.roughly handled, damage 7.beyond our control 4.charges, borne 8.a claim on, for, on account of III.名詞解釋
1、違約:指合同的一方當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有履行和沒(méi)有完全履行其合同規(guī)定的義務(wù)的行 為。
2、留置權(quán):指未收到貨款的賣方將貨物扣留下來(lái),作為買方支付價(jià)金的擔(dān)保,直到買方支付價(jià)金為止。
3、索賠:就是當(dāng)事人依據(jù)有關(guān)合同對(duì)違約造成的損失或貨物損失,向責(zé)任方提 出予以補(bǔ)救的主張。
4、理賠:是指責(zé)任方對(duì)索賠的處理。
5、救濟(jì)方法:是指一個(gè)人的合法權(quán)利被他人侵害時(shí),法律法律上給以受損害一 方的補(bǔ)償方法。
6、回復(fù)原狀:是指使用實(shí)物賠償損失,使貨物恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的原狀,例如 把損壞的物品加以修復(fù),或用同類貨物替換。
7、實(shí)際損失:是指一方違約給對(duì)方造成的現(xiàn)實(shí)的損害,即按合同規(guī)定的合法利 益遭受到的損失。
8、交貨:是指賣方將對(duì)貨物的占有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移出去,在廣義上應(yīng)該包括交運(yùn)貨物或 提交單據(jù)。IV.簡(jiǎn)答題
1、答:(1)大陸法系將實(shí)際履行作為一種主要的救濟(jì)方法。(2)英美法系將實(shí)際履行作為例外的輔助性的救濟(jì)方法。
(3)按《公約》的規(guī)定,當(dāng)事人有權(quán)要求對(duì)方實(shí)際履行合同義務(wù)。
2、答:(1)大陸法系認(rèn)為,損害賠償責(zé)任的成立,必須具備以下三個(gè)條件: 必須要有A、必須要有損害事實(shí)。B、須有歸責(zé)于債務(wù)人的原因。
C、損害是由于債務(wù)人應(yīng)予負(fù)責(zé)的原因造成。
(2)英美法認(rèn)為,只要一方違約,就足以構(gòu)成對(duì)方可以提起損害賠償之訴。(3)《公約》認(rèn)為,損害賠償是一種主要的救濟(jì)方法。
3、答:(1)《德國(guó)民法典》認(rèn)為,損害賠償?shù)姆秶鷳?yīng)包括違約所造成的與實(shí)際損
失和所得利益兩方面。法國(guó)法關(guān)于損失賠償?shù)姆秶脑瓌t與德國(guó)法是一致的。(2)英美法認(rèn)為,損失賠償?shù)姆秶?,是使由于債?wù)人違約而蒙受損害的一方,在經(jīng)濟(jì)上能處于該合同得到履行時(shí)同等地位。另外還規(guī)定,一方違約,另一方有 義務(wù)采取一切合理的措施以減少違約造成的損失,否則本來(lái)可以合理避免的損 失,不能要求給以賠償。
(3)我國(guó)《涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》對(duì)損害賠償金額的確定,遵循兩個(gè)原則: A、當(dāng)事人賠償責(zé)任應(yīng)相當(dāng)于另一方所受的損失。B、賠償責(zé)任不得超過(guò)違約方在訂立合同時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見到的因違反合同可能造成的 損失。
(4)《公約》對(duì)此也有規(guī)定、A、一方當(dāng)事人違反合同應(yīng)負(fù)的損害賠償額,應(yīng)與另一方當(dāng)事人因他違反合同而 遭受的包括利潤(rùn)在內(nèi)的損失額相等。B、為限制守約方漫天要價(jià),還規(guī)定了守約方可以得到的損害賠償”不得超過(guò)違反 合同一方在訂立合同時(shí),按照他當(dāng)時(shí)已知道或理應(yīng)知道的事實(shí)和情況,對(duì)違反合 同預(yù)料和理應(yīng)預(yù)料到的可能損失"
4、答:(1)大陸法對(duì)此規(guī)定得比較簡(jiǎn)單。大陸法認(rèn)為,只要合同一方當(dāng)事人不 履行其合同義務(wù)時(shí),對(duì)方就有權(quán)解除合同。
(2)英國(guó)法認(rèn)為,一方違約構(gòu)成違反要件,對(duì)方才可要求解除合同;如果一方 僅僅是違反擔(dān)保,對(duì)方只能請(qǐng)求損害賠償,而不能要求解除合同。美國(guó)法與英國(guó) 法的規(guī)定有些相似。
(3)《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》認(rèn)為,合同一方不履行義務(wù)構(gòu)成根本性違
約,另一方有權(quán)解除合同。
(4)我國(guó)《涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》認(rèn)為,一方違約,另一方在下列兩種情況下才能 要求解除合同:
A、違約必須導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重影響訂立合同所期望的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。
B、如果一方在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)沒(méi)有履行合同義務(wù),而且在被允許的推遲履行 的合理期限內(nèi)仍未履行,則守約方可要求解除合同義務(wù)。
5、答:(1)認(rèn)真細(xì)致身后國(guó)外買方提出的單證和出證機(jī)構(gòu)的合法性。(2)認(rèn)真做好調(diào)查研究、弄清事實(shí)、分清責(zé)任。(3)要合理確定損失程度、金額、和賠付辦法。
6、答:(1)兩種辦法:
A、通過(guò)實(shí)際占有貨物的辦法行使停運(yùn)權(quán)。
B、把行使停運(yùn)權(quán)的要求通知占有貨物的承運(yùn)人和貨物的保管人,但要按賣方的 指示處置貨物。
(2)未收貨款的賣方在行使停運(yùn)權(quán)時(shí)要注意必須符合下列三個(gè)條件: A、賣方已經(jīng)喪失了對(duì)貨物的占有權(quán)。
B、賣方必須在買方無(wú)力償付時(shí)行使停運(yùn)權(quán)。
C、賣方必須在貨物處于運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中行使其停運(yùn)權(quán)。
7、答:(1)賣方所交貨物不具備商銷品質(zhì)。(2)賣方所交貨物與合同說(shuō)明不一樣。(3)賣方所交貨物不適合約定的特殊用途。(4)賣方所交貨物與憑樣成交時(shí)的品種不符。(5)賣方所交貨物與合同規(guī)定的品種不同。
(6)賣方所交貨物在數(shù)量上大于或小于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量。V.Case study 1[Answer]: In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB terms, according to which the seller ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Prepaid” on the B/L.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W?s requests, but he had to indicate that the freight should be borne by W.2[Answer]: In this case the loss was caused simply because of the ignorance on the part of the export businessman.What we can learn from this case is that, when offering abroad, we must make exact calculations of the total freight and other relevant charges.Most importantly, it is very beneficial for every export businessman to learn geography.__