第一篇：新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語八年級(jí)上2b-2d復(fù)習(xí)資料

UNIT 1 Rick: Hi, Helen.Long time no see.Helen: Hi, Rick.Yes, I was on vacation last month.Rick: Oh, did you go anywhere interesting? Helen: Yes, I went to Guizhou with my family.Rick: Wow!Did you see Huangguoshu Waterfall? Helen: Yes, I did.It was wonderful.We took quite a few photos there.What about you? Did you do anything special last month? Rick: Not really.I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax.Monday, July 15th I arrived in Penang in Malaysia this morning with my family.It was sunny and hot, so we decided to go to the beach near our hotel.My sister and I tried paragliding.I felt like I was a bird.It was so exciting.For lunch, we had something very special--Malaysian yellow noodles.They were delicious!In the afternoon, we rode bicycles to Georgetown.There are a lot of new buildings now, but many of the old buildings are still there.In Weld Quay, a really old place in Georgetown, we saw the houses of the Chinese traders from 100 years ago.I wonder what life was like here in the past.I really enjoyed walking around the town.Tuesday, July 16th What a difference a day makes!My father and I decided to go to Penang Hill today.We wanted to walk up to the top, but then it started raining a little so we decided to take the train.We waited over an hour for the train because there were too many people.When we got to the top, it was raining really hard.We didn‘t have an umbrella so we were wet and cold.It was terrible!

And because of the bad weather, we couldn‘t see anything below.My father didn‘t bring enough money, so we only had one bowl of rice and some fish.The food tasted great because I was so hungry!

UNIT2 Jack: Hi, Claire, are you free next week?Claire: Hmm...next week is quite full for me, Jack.Jack: Really? How come?Claire: I have dance and piano lessons.Jack: What kind of dance are you learning?Claire: Oh, swing dance.It?s fun!I have class once a week, every Monday.Jack: How often do you have piano lessons?Claire: Twice a week, on Wednesday and Friday.Jack: Well, how about Tuesday?Claire: Oh, I have to play tennis with my friends.But do you want to come?Jack: Sure!

What Do No.5 High School Students Do in Their Free Time? Last month we asked our students about their free time activities.Our questions were about exercise, use of the Internet and watching TV.Here are the results.We found that only fifteen percent of our students exercise every day.Forty-five percent exercise four to six times a week.Twenty percent exercise only one to three times a week.And twenty percent do not exercise at all!We all know that my students often go online, but we were surprised that ninety percent of them use the Internet every day.The other ten percent use it at least three or four times a week.Most students use it for fun and not for homework.The answer to our questions about watching television were also interesting.Only two percent of the students watch TV one to these three times a week.Thirteen percent watch TV four to six times a week.And eighty-five percent watch TV every day!Although many students like to watch sports, game shows are the most popular.It is good to relax by using the Internet or watching game shows, but we think the best way to relax is through exercise.It is healthy for the mind and the body.Exercise such as playing sports is fun, and you can spend time with your friends and family as you play together.And remember, ―old habits die hard‖.So start exercising before it‘s too late.UNIT3 Julie: Did you like the singing competition yesterday, Anna?Anna: Oh, it was fantastic!Nelly sang so well!Julie: Well, I think Lisa sang better than Nelly.Anna: Oh, which one was Lisa?Julie: The one with shorter hair.I think she sang more clearly than Nelly.Anna: Yes,but Nely danced better than Lisa.Julie: You can tell that Lisa really wanted to win ,though.Anna: Well, everyone wants to win.But the most important thing is to learn something new and have fun.Jeff Green: My mother told me a good friend is like a mirror.I‘m quieter and more serious than most kids.That‘s why I like reading books and I study harder in class.Mt best friend Yuan Li is quiet too, so we enjoy studying together.I‘m shy so it‘s not easy for me to make friends.But I think friends are like books – you don‘t need a lot of them as long as they‘re good.Huang Lei: It‘s not necessary to be the same.My best friend Larry is quite different from me.He is taller and more outgoing than me.We both like sports, but he plays tennis better, so he always wins.However, Larry often helps to bring out the best in me.So I‘m getting better at tennis.Larry is much less hard-working, though.I always get better grades than he dose, so maybe I should help him more.Mary Smith: I don‘t really care if my friends are the same as me or different.My favorite saying is,‖ A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart.‖ My best friend Carol is really kind and very funny.In fact, she‘s funnier than anyone I know.I broke my arm last year but she made me laugh and feel better.We can talk about and share everything.I know she cares about me because she‘s always there to listen.UNIT4 Greg: Hi, I‘m Greg.I‘m new in town.Helen: Hi, I‘m Helen.Welcome to the neighborhood!How do you like it so far? Greg: It‘s fantastic, but I still don‘t really know my way around.Helen: Well, the best supermarket is on Center Street.You can buy the freshest food there.Greg: Oh, great.Is there a cinema around here? I love watching movies.Helen: Yes, Sun Cinema is the newest one.You can sit the most comfortably because they have the biggest seats.Greg: Thanks for telling me.Helen: No problem.Who‘s Got Talent?

Everyone is good at something, but some people are truly talented.It‘s always interesting to watch other people show their talents.Talent shows are getting more and more popular.First, there were shows like American Idol and America‘s Got Talent.Now, there are similar shows around the world, such as China‘s Got Talent.All these shows have one thing in common: They try to look for the best singers, the most talented dancers, the most exciting magicians, the funniest actors and so on.All kinds of people join these shows.But who can play the piano the best or sing the most beautifully? That‘s up to you to decide.When people watch the show, they usually play a role in deciding the winner.And the winner always gets a very good prize.However, not everybody enjoys watching the shows.Some think that the lives of the performers are made up.For example, some people say they are poor farmers, but in fact they are just actors.However, if you don‘t take these shows too seriously, they are fun to watch.And one great thing about them is that they give people a way to make their dreams come true.UNIT5 Grace: What did you do in class today,Sarah? Sarah: We had a discussion about TV shows.My classmates like game shows and sports shows.Grace: Oh, I can‘t stand them.I live soap opera.I like to follow the story and see what happens next.Sarah: Well, I don‘t mind soap opera.But my favorite TV shows are the news and talk shows.Grace: They may not be very exciting, but you can expect to learn a lot from them.I hope to be a TV reporter one day.When people say ―culture‖, we think of art and history.But one very famous symbol in American culture is a cartoon.We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears—Mickey Mouse.Over 80 years ago, he first appeared in the cartoon Steamboat Willie.When this cartoon came out in New York on November 18, 1928, it was the first cartoon with sound and music.The man behind Mickey was Walt Disney.He became very rich and successful.In the 1930s, he made 87 cartoons with Mickey.Some people might ask how this cartoon animal became so popular.One of the main reasons is that Mickey was like a common man, but he always tried to face any danger.In his early films, Mickey was unlucky and had many problems such as losing his mouse or girl friend, Minnie.However, he was always ready to try his best.People went to the cinema to see the ―little man ‖win.Most of them wanted to be like Mickey.On November 18, 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.Today‘s cartoons are usually not so simple as little Mickey Mouse, but everyone still knows and loves him.Who has a pair of ears more famous than Mickey‘s? UNIT6 Andy：What are you reading，Ken? Ken：The Old Man and the Sea by Hemingway.Andy：Wow，now I know why you're so good at writing stories.Ken：Yes，I want to be a writer.Andy：Really？How are you going to become a writer? Ken：Well，I'm going to keep on writing stories，of course.What do you want to be? Andy：My parents want me to be a doctor，but I'm not sure about that.Ken：Well，don't worry.Not everyone knows what they want to be.Just make sure you try your best.Then you can be anything you want!Andy：Yes，you're right.Do you know what a resolution is? It‘s a kind of promise.Most of the time, we make promises to other people.(―Mom, I promise I‘m going to tidy my room when I get back from school.‖)However, promise you make to yourself are resolutions, and the most common kind is New Year‘s resolutions.The start of the year is often a time for making resolutions.When we make resolutions at the beginning of the year, we hope that we are going to improve our lives.Some people write down their resolutions and plans for the coming year.This helps them to remember their resolutions.Others tell their family and friends about their wishes and plans.There are different kinds of resolutions.Some are about physical health.For example, some people promise themselves they are going to start an exercise program or eat less fast food.Many resolutions have to do with self-improvement.These are about making yourself a better person.Some people might say they are going to take up a hobby like painting or taking photos, or learn to play the guitar.Some resolutions have to do with better planning, like making a weekly plan for schoolwork.For example,a student may have to find more time to study.Although there are differences, most resolutions have one thing in common.People hardly ever keep them!The re are good reasons for this.Sometimes the resolutions may be too difficult to keep.Sometimes people just forget about them.For this reason, some people say the best solution is to have no resolutions!How about you—will you make any next year?

UNIT7 Nick:What are you reading, Jill? Jill:It‘s book about the future.Nick:Sounds cool So what will the future be like ？Jill::Well,cities will be more crowded and polluted ,There will be fewer trees and the environment will be in great danger.Nick:That sounds bad!Will we have to move to other planets? Jill:Maybe, But i want to live on the earth.Nick:Me too,Then what can we do? Jill:We can use water and plant more trees ,Everyone should play a prat in saving the earth.1.When we watch movies about the future, we sometimes see robots.They are usually like human servants.They help with the housework and do jobs like working in dirty or dangerous places.2.Today there are already robots working in factories.Some can help to build cars, and they do simple jobs over and over again.Fewer people will do such jobs in the future because they are boring, but robots will never get bored.3.Scientists are now trying to make robots look like humans and do the same things as we do.Some robots in Japan can walk and dance.They are fun to watch.However, some scientists believe that although we can make robots move like people, it will be difficult to make them really think like a human.For example, scientist James White thinks that robots will never be able to wake up and know where they are.But many scientists disagree with Mr.White.They think that robots will even be able to talk like humans in 25 to 50 years.4.Some scientists believe that there will be more robots in the future.However,they agree it may take hundreds of years.These new robots will have many different shapes.Some will look like humans,and others might look like animals.? In India,for example,scientists made robots can look like snakes.If buildings fall down with people inside,these snake robots can look for people under the buildings.This was not possible 20 years ago,but computers and rockets also seemed impossible 100 years ago.We never know what will happen in the future!UNIT8 Anna：Sam，I want to make Russian soup for a party on Saturday.Can you tell me how? Sam：Sure.First，buy some beef，one cabbage，four carrots，three potatoes，five tomatoes and one onion.Then，cut up the vegetables.Anna：What's next? Sam：Next，put the beef，carrots and potatoes into a pot and add some water.After that，cook them for 30 minutes.Then，add the cabbage，tomatoes and onion and cook for another 10 minutes.Anna：OK，that's it? Sam：No，one more thing.Finally，don't forget to add some salt.In most countries, people usually eat traditional food on special holidays.A special day in the United States is Thanksgiving.It is always on the fourth Thursday in November，and is a time to give thanks for food in the autumn.At this time, people also remember the first travelers from England who came to live in America about 400 years ago.These travelers had a long, hard winter, and many of them died.In the next autumn, they gave thanks for life and food in their new home.These days, most Americans still celebrate this idea of giving thanks by having a big meal at home with their family.The main dish of this meal is almost always turkey, a large bird.Making a turkey dinner(做火雞的方法)Here is one way to make turkey for a Thanksgiving dinner.1.First, mix together some bread pieces, onions, salt and pepper.2.Next, fill the turkey with this bread mix.3.Then, put the turkey in a hot oven and cook it for a few hours.4.When it is ready, place the turkey on a large plate and cover it with gravy.5.Finally, cut the turkey into thin pieces and eat the meat with vegetables like carrots and potatoes.UNIT9 Jeff: Hey, Nick, can you come to my house on Saturday? My cousin Sam from Xi'an is going to be here.Nick: Oh, Sam!I remember we went bike riding together last fall when he visited you.Jeff:Yes, that's right.Nick: I'd love to come, but I'm afraid I can't.I have an exam on Monday so I must prepare for it.Jeff: That's really too bad!Oh, but Sam isn't leaving until next Wednesday.Can you hang out with us on Monday night?Nick: Sure!Catch you on Monday!

Hi David, What a great idea!I really like Ms.Steen a lot.She helped me to improve my English so much.I‘m sad to see her go, and this party is the best way to say ―Thank you and goodbye.‖ I can help to buy some of the food and drinks.I can help to bring MS.Steen to the party.I already have a great idea about how to do that.He Wei

Hi David,Thanks so much for planning this.I‘d love to come to the party, but I‘m not available.My family is taking a trip to Wuhan at the end of this month to visit my aunt and uncle.However, I‘d still be glad to help out with any of the party preparations, like planning the games.Let me know if you need my help.Jake

Dear classmates, As I‘m sure you know by now, our favorite teacher, Ms.Steen, is leaving soon to go back to the US.We‘re very sad that she‘s leaving because she is a fun teacher.To show how much we‘re going to miss her, let‘s have a surprise party for her next Friday the 28th!Can you come to the party? If so, can you help with any of these things? Please tell me by this Friday.(1)Buy food and drinks.(2)Think of games to play.(3)Prepare things we need for the games(glue, paper, pen,…).(4)Bring Ms.Steen to the play without telling so that she can be surprised.I look forward to hearing from you all.David UNIT10 Jeff: Hey, Ben.For the party next week，should we ask people to bring food? Ben::No, let‘s order food from a restaurant.If we ask people to bring food.they‘ll just bring potato chips and chocolate because the‘ll be too lazy to cook.Jeff: OK.For the games, do you think we should give people some small gifts if they win? Ben: I think that‘s a great idea!If we do that, more people will want to play the games.Jeff: Yes, the games will be more exciting, too.Students these days often have a lot of worries.Sometimes they have problems with their school-work, and sometimes with their friends.What can they do about this? Some people believe the worst thing is to do nothing.Laura Mills, a teenager from London, agrees.―Problems and worries are normal in life,‖ says Laura.―But I think talking to someone helps a lot.Unless we talk to someone, we‘ll certainly feel worse.‖

Laura once lost her wallet, and worried for days.She was afraid to tell her parents about it.She ever walked three miles to school each day because she didn‘t have any money.She just kept thinking, ―If I tell my parents, they‘ll be angry!In the end, she talked to her parents and they were really understanding.Her dad said he sometimes made careless mistakes himself.They got her a new wallet and asked her to be more careful..―I will always remember to share my problems in the future!‖ Laura says.Robert Hunt advises students about common problems.He feels the same way as Laura.―It is best not to run away from our problems.We should always try to solve them.‖ He thinks the first step is to find someone you trust to talk to.This person doesn‘t need to be an expert like himself.Students often forget that their parents have more experience, and are always there to help them.In English, we say that sharing a problem is like cutting it in half.So you‘re halfway to solving a problem just by talking to someone about it.!

第二篇：外研版新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語八年級(jí)(上)課文翻譯 2013

課文翻譯

Module 1

Unit 1 Let’s try to speak English as much as possible

Ms：歡迎大家回來！今天，我們要談一下學(xué)習(xí)英語的好方法。準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？誰有一些建議嗎？

Ling：我們?cè)谡n堂上應(yīng)當(dāng)總是說英語。

Ms：好！讓我們努力盡可能多地說英語吧。

Da：為什么不在我們的筆記本上寫下錯(cuò)誤呢？

Ms：那是一個(gè)好主意。不要忘了在錯(cuò)誤的旁邊寫下正確的答案。還有嗎？ Ling：每天大聲地拼寫和讀出生單詞是一個(gè)好主意。

Ms：多謝，玲玲。聽收音機(jī)怎么樣？

Da：是的，那對(duì)我們的發(fā)音也有好處。但是如此多的生單詞。

Ms：你們沒有必要懂得每一個(gè)單詞。你們僅僅需要聽關(guān)鍵詞和大意。

Da：閱讀也一樣。英語故事是如此有趣。通過閱讀我開始對(duì)世界了解了很多。

Ling：我想寫作也重要。我們?yōu)槭裁床槐M量找一些英語筆友呢？我們可以給他們寫信。Ms：好極了！我贊同你們的意見。

Unit 2 You should smile at her!

很多學(xué)生尋求關(guān)于提高英語水平的建議。這里有三個(gè)基本的問題。

第一個(gè)是關(guān)于理解英語電影和歌曲的問題。湖北的李浩寫道，“我喜歡看英語電影和聽英語歌曲，但我僅僅能理解一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。我該怎么做？”

看電影和聽歌曲是很好的學(xué)英語的方法！看幾次和聽幾次，并猜猜生單詞的意思。每次你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。我也建議你與你的朋友們談?wù)撾娪盎蚋枨?/p>

第二個(gè)是關(guān)于說的問題。吉林的王帆寫到，“我們學(xué)校有一名來自美國的老師。我很害羞，不敢與她講話。我該怎么辦呢？”

你可以說：“嗨！你好嗎？”“你喜歡中國嗎？”這些都是展開談話的好方法。在你開始之前，你應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)她微笑！記住這一點(diǎn)：不要害羞，只管去嘗試。

第三個(gè)是關(guān)于詞匯的問題。安徽的張磊寫道，“我把生單詞寫下來，但是我很快就忘了。我怎樣才能記住它們？”

不要擔(dān)心。忘記生單詞是正常的！我建議你每天把四到五個(gè)單詞寫在紙片上，并把它們放在你的房間里。當(dāng)你看到這些單詞時(shí)，就讀出這些單詞，并盡量去使用它們。

第三篇：八年級(jí)英語下冊(cè)復(fù)習(xí)資料 Unit6

八年級(jí)英語下冊(cè)復(fù)習(xí)資料

Module6

1.No one _______ us when we told them the truth.A.knewB.believedC.thoughtD.saw

2.---_______?--Yes, that’s what I saw.A.Is that itB.What did you seeC.Do you like itD.What is it

3.I can’t work________ him any longer!He is so careless.A.forB.toC.withD.because

4.What_______is the best________these programmes?

A.you think, betweenB.you think, amongC.do you think, between

D.do you think, among

5.He likes reading books_______Lu Xun because he thinks all of Lu Xun’s works are excellent.A.onB.aboutC.forD.by

6.They said he could________ very well.A.played the violinB.play the violinC.played violinD.play violin

7.I _______ the start of the exam because my bus was late.A.lostB.missedC.was late forD.lose

8.The teacher asked the students to talk about it________.A.among themselvesB.each otherC.each anotherD.to another

9.His face looked_______.What’s wrong?

A.happyB.worriedC.worryD.badly

10.They live together happily----this is______ the film.A.end ofB.the end ofC.end withD.the end with

11.Here_______ some presents for you, Kate.A.isB.areC.amD.be

12.The programmes are________ this month.A.showB.actC.onD.play

13.The two actors make the characters_________.A.believableB.believeC.believedD.to believe

14.There is a lot of________ in the film.A.actB.actsC.actionsD.action

15._______ he is poor, _______ he lives very happily.A.because, soB.although, butC.although, butD.although，16.I_______.What did you say just now?

A.beg your pardonsB.ask your pardonsC.beg your pardonD.ask your pardon

17.You ‘re the winter.I’m _______ of you, my boy.A.happyB.sorryC.proudD.thankful

18.Doing morning exercise is good _______ your health.A.atB.toC.withD.for

19.There are ______books in our school library.A.plenty ofB.a lot ofC.plentyD.a plenty of

20.She is_______ in English.A.interestingB.interestC.interestedD.interests

第四篇：八年級(jí)英語下冊(cè)復(fù)習(xí)資料 Unit9

八年級(jí)英語下冊(cè)復(fù)習(xí)資料

Module9

1.I know he avoids______me.A.meetingB.to meetC.meetD.met

2.It is brave________ him to save the girl from the fire.A.forB.toC.withD.of

3.What’s your excuse__________?

A.to do itB.of itC.for doing itD.with it

4.Turn on the light________I can see clearly.A.such thatB.so thatC.suchD.that

5.Did anything________ when I was away?

A.come upB.come upC.come upD.come down

6.Norman Bethune is one of _______ most famous heroes.A.ChineseB.ChinaC.China’sD.Chinese’s

7.The doctor will operate_______ the patient tomorrow.A.atB.forC.onD.8.The farmer_______ a new machine.A.foundB.found outC.discoveredD.invented

9._______,we won the football match.A.At the endB.In the endC.In endD.By the end

10.They saw many dogs________in the street without their owners when they crossed the road.A.walkB.walkingC.to walkD.walked

11.He left the hospital witout________his coat.A.talkingB.takeC.tookD.taken

12.It’s a very bad manner to spit________ public.A.atB.inC.in front ofD.before

13.He leaves the office late to ________the heavy traffic.A.protectB.avoidC.keep awayD.be far from

14.I will introduce________first.A.meB.IC.usD.myself

15.We_______ home at last after a long way.A.returned toB.returnedC.got toD.got back to

16.It was snowing hard________ we had to stay at home and watch TV.A.so thatB.soC.butD.because

17.I decide to buy book about Chinese history for our foreign teacher________ he is interested in Chinese culture.A.whenB.becauseC.untilD.if

18.Kate works hard, _______ she does quite well in her studies.A.soB.ifC.butD.because

19.He missed the train this morning_______ he got up late.A.orB.ifC.butD.because.20.Hegets up early_______he can do exercise every morning.A.so thatB.becauseC.in order toD.but

第五篇：八年級(jí)上中國近代史復(fù)習(xí)資料

中國近代史1840年至1949年

1840年至1919年為舊民主主義時(shí)期；1919年至1949年新民主主義時(shí)期

1、派林則徐到廣州禁煙的清朝皇帝是道光帝。1839年6月，林則徐下令在虎門銷毀鴉片，這次運(yùn)動(dòng)的意義是：虎門銷煙是中國禁煙斗爭的重大勝利，它打擊了外國侵略者的氣焰，表明了中國人民維護(hù)民族尊嚴(yán)的決心。

2、鴉片戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)于1840年，1842年簽訂的中英《南京條約》是中國近代史上第一個(gè)不平等的條約，鴉片戰(zhàn)爭是中國開始淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)（危害性）。

3、第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭期間（1856-1860），英法聯(lián)軍火燒圓明園（1860年）；割占中國領(lǐng)土最多的國家是俄國；太平軍抗擊了美國人華爾的洋槍隊(duì)。4、1878年，左宗棠收復(fù)新疆。清政府設(shè)置伊犁將軍，統(tǒng)轄整個(gè)新疆的軍政事務(wù)，加強(qiáng)了對(duì)西北地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治；1884年，清政府設(shè)立新疆行省。5、1894年中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，于1895年中日簽訂《馬關(guān)條約》，戰(zhàn)爭中在黃海戰(zhàn)役中犧牲的致遠(yuǎn)艦管帶是鄧世昌。大大加深了中國半殖民地半封建社會(huì)的程度（危害性）。6、1900年，八國聯(lián)軍英、俄、日、法、德、美、意、奧侵略中國，于1901年簽訂《辛丑條約》，使中國完全淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)。（危害性）

7、為了鞏固清朝的統(tǒng)治，19世紀(jì)60年代，洋務(wù)派以自強(qiáng)（前期）為目標(biāo)，創(chuàng)辦軍事企業(yè)，著名的有安慶內(nèi)軍械所、江南制造總局、福州船政局；70年代又以求富（后期）為目標(biāo)創(chuàng)辦民用企業(yè)，著名的有輪船招商局、開平礦務(wù)局，還有張之洞創(chuàng)辦的漢陽鐵廠是當(dāng)時(shí)亞洲最大的鋼鐵廠，這些企業(yè)具有資產(chǎn)階級(jí)性質(zhì)。

8、洋務(wù)派的代表人物：奕、曾國藩、李鴻章、左宗棠、張之洞。9、1898年6月，光緒帝發(fā)布變法政令，稱戊戌變法。揭開維新變法運(yùn)動(dòng)序幕的事件是“公車上書”；代表人物有康有為、梁啟超、譚嗣同等。9月21日慈禧太后發(fā)動(dòng)政變（即戊戌政變），囚禁了光緒帝，這次變法只維持了103天，史稱百日維新。10、1894年，孫中山成立革命團(tuán)體興中會(huì)，提出了振興中華口號(hào)，它的成立標(biāo)志著中國資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命派的形成。1905年在孫中山、黃興的推動(dòng)下，中國同盟會(huì)在日本東京成立，它的綱領(lǐng)是驅(qū)除韃虜、恢復(fù)中華、創(chuàng)立民國、平均地權(quán)；孫中山領(lǐng)導(dǎo)民主革命的指導(dǎo)思想是三民主義（民族、民權(quán)、民生）；中國同盟會(huì)的性質(zhì)是第一個(gè)全國規(guī)模的統(tǒng)一的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命政黨。（1912年宋教仁把同盟會(huì)改組為國民黨）11、1911年10月10日，武昌起義爆發(fā)，這一年是農(nóng)歷辛亥年，歷史上稱這次為辛亥革命，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者孫中山。12、1912年1月1日，孫中山在南京就職宣告中華民國成立，任臨時(shí)大總統(tǒng)；1912年春，又頒布《中華民國臨時(shí)約法》，具有資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共和國憲法性質(zhì)；1912年4月，臨時(shí)大總統(tǒng)孫中山正式解職，臨時(shí)政府遷到北京辛亥革命成果被袁世凱竊取。13、1905年，詹天佑主持修建京張鐵路，這是中國人自己設(shè)計(jì)的第一條鐵路干線。魏源是鴉片戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期的思想家，他編成《海國圖志》，提出“師夷長技以制夷”的思想。嚴(yán)復(fù)是中國資產(chǎn)階級(jí)啟蒙思想家，他譯述的《天演論》，提出了物競(jìng)天擇、適者生存的觀點(diǎn)，京師大學(xué)堂是中國近代興辦的最早國立大學(xué)，是今北京大學(xué)的前身，1905年，清政府制訂新學(xué)制，普遍興辦學(xué)校，宣布廢除科舉制。14、1915年，陳獨(dú)秀、李大釗等以《新青年》雜志為主要陣地，發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)反封建的 新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)，高舉民主和科學(xué)兩大旗幟；李大釗是中國傳播馬克思主義的先驅(qū)。

15、由于中國在巴黎和會(huì)上的外交失敗，于1919年爆發(fā)五四運(yùn)動(dòng)，地點(diǎn)首先在北京，主力是學(xué)生；6月3日，運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心由北京轉(zhuǎn)到上海，運(yùn)動(dòng)的主力是無產(chǎn)階級(jí)。五四運(yùn)動(dòng)要求懲辦賣國賊曹汝霖等。中方代表拒絕在和約上簽字。16、1921年7月在上海召開的中共一大通過了在中國建立無產(chǎn)階級(jí)專制，實(shí)現(xiàn)共產(chǎn)主義的綱領(lǐng)，確定黨的名稱為中國共產(chǎn)黨，大會(huì)選舉陳獨(dú)秀為中央局書記。黨成立后的中心任務(wù)是組織工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工人運(yùn)動(dòng)。17、1924年，中國國民黨一大在廣州召開；確立了新三民主義（聯(lián)俄、聯(lián)共、扶助農(nóng)工）。大會(huì)同意共產(chǎn)黨員以個(gè)人身份加入國民黨。國民黨一大的召開，標(biāo)志著國共兩黨第一次合作實(shí)現(xiàn)。18、1924年，中國國民黨在蘇聯(lián)的幫助下，孫中山在廣州黃埔建立了黃埔軍校，周恩來任軍校政治部主任。

19、為打倒帝國主義侵華勢(shì)力，推翻封建軍閥的統(tǒng)治，把國民革命推向全國。1926年，開始北伐，北伐的對(duì)象：吳佩孚、孫傳芳、張作霖；北伐的主要戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)是湖南、湖北，北伐軍從珠江流域打到長江流域。20、1928年8月1日，南昌起義爆發(fā)，打響了武裝反抗國民黨反動(dòng)統(tǒng)治的第一槍。1928年，毛澤東建立的井岡山革命根據(jù)地，是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的第一個(gè)農(nóng)村革命根據(jù)地。1928年4月，朱德、陳毅率領(lǐng)部隊(duì)來到井岡山與毛澤東領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的部隊(duì)會(huì)師，成立了中國工農(nóng)紅軍第四軍，朱德任軍長，毛澤東任黨代表。21、1934年10月紅軍開始長征；1935年1月召開的遵義會(huì)議成為長征的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)；1936年10月紅一方面軍、紅二方面軍、紅四方面軍這三大主力紅軍在甘肅的會(huì)寧勝利會(huì)師，標(biāo)志著紅軍長征勝利結(jié)束。22、1931年日本以“柳條湖事件”為借口，發(fā)動(dòng)侵略中國的九一八事變。中國局部抗戰(zhàn)開始。

23、西安事變的發(fā)動(dòng)者張學(xué)良、楊虎城，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的幫助下接受了停止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，一致抗日的主張。1936年12月蔣介石親赴西安強(qiáng)令東北軍，西北軍進(jìn)攻紅軍。西安事變爆發(fā)后中國共產(chǎn)黨主張和平解決，中共派周恩來赴西安談判。西安事變的和平解決標(biāo)志著十年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的基本結(jié)束，抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的初步形成。24、1937年7月7日，日軍制造了盧溝橋事變（七七事變），標(biāo)志著抗日戰(zhàn)爭全面爆發(fā)；12月日軍攻陷南京，屠殺中國軍們30多萬，南京大屠殺是人類文明史上的奇恥大辱，是日寇在華犯下的滔天罪行。25、1938年日軍進(jìn)攻徐州，李宗仁指揮臺(tái)兒莊戰(zhàn)役，取得了抗戰(zhàn)以來正面戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的最大勝利。1940年，彭德懷在華北指揮的百團(tuán)大戰(zhàn)，是抗日戰(zhàn)爭中中國軍隊(duì)主動(dòng)出擊日軍的規(guī)模最大的戰(zhàn)役。打敗了日軍在華北的氣焰，増強(qiáng)了華北軍民的抗日信心。26、1945年4-6月，中國共產(chǎn)黨在延安召開了中共七大，大會(huì)決定把毛澤東思想確定為全黨的指導(dǎo)思想。1945年8月美國在日本廣島和長崎各投一顆原子彈，蘇聯(lián)也對(duì)日作戰(zhàn)。1945年8月15日，日本宣布無條件投降，9月2日舉行投降簽字儀式，抗日戰(zhàn)爭最終結(jié)束。27、1945年8月28日，毛澤東不顧個(gè)人安危和周恩來，王若飛到重慶談判。10月10日國共兩黨簽署了《雙十協(xié)定》。

28、1946年6月，國民黨發(fā)動(dòng)全面內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。1947年，彭德懷指揮西北解放軍采用蘑菇戰(zhàn)術(shù)，先后取得了青化砭、羊馬河、蟠龍、沙家店戰(zhàn)役的勝利。粉碎了敵人對(duì)陜北的重點(diǎn)進(jìn)攻。29、1947年夏，劉伯承、鄧小平指揮晉、冀、魯、豫解放軍挺進(jìn)大別山，揭開了戰(zhàn)略反攻的序幕。30、1948年9月，東北解放軍在林彪、羅榮桓的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，以沈陽為中心，發(fā)動(dòng)了遼沈戰(zhàn)役；在劉伯承、陳毅、鄧小平、粟裕、譚震林的指揮下，華東解放軍和中原解放軍以徐州為中心舉行了淮海戰(zhàn)役，共殲敵55.5萬，淮海戰(zhàn)役為解放長江以南各省創(chuàng)造了條件；1949年1月聶榮臻指揮了平津戰(zhàn)役，北平和平解放。31、1949年4月21日，人民解放軍開始了渡江戰(zhàn)役。4月23日，人民解放軍解放南京，標(biāo)志著統(tǒng)治中國22年的國民黨政權(quán)垮臺(tái)。

問答：

1、中英《南京條約》簽定的時(shí)間及其附件的內(nèi)容和對(duì)中國社會(huì)的危害？時(shí)間：1842年；內(nèi)容：中國割讓香港島給英國，賠款2100萬元；開放廣州、廈門、福州、寧波、上海五處為通商口岸；英商應(yīng)交的稅款中國須同英國商定。危害：中國開始淪為半殖民地、半封建社會(huì)。

2、鴉片戰(zhàn)爭對(duì)中國社會(huì)的影響？鴉片戰(zhàn)爭使中國開始淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)。中國社會(huì)的主要矛盾由農(nóng)民階級(jí)和地主階級(jí)的矛盾變?yōu)榱送鈬Y本主義和中華民族的矛盾、封建主義和人民大眾的矛盾，而外國資本主義和中華民族的矛盾成為最主要的矛盾。中國人民開始了既反對(duì)外國資本主義的侵略又反對(duì)本國封建統(tǒng)治的斗爭，中國革命進(jìn)入舊民主主義時(shí)期，鴉片戰(zhàn)爭標(biāo)志著中國近代史的開端。

3、洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的歷史意義：洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)引進(jìn)了西方的科學(xué)技術(shù)，創(chuàng)辦了近代企業(yè)，培養(yǎng)了一批科技人才，對(duì)中國資本主義的發(fā)展具有一定的促進(jìn)作用。它啟動(dòng)了中國社會(huì)的近代化，在一定程度上抑制了外國經(jīng)濟(jì)勢(shì)力的擴(kuò)張，但它沒有從根本上觸動(dòng)封建制度，成效不大，沒有使中國富起來。

4、中日《馬關(guān)條約》簽訂的時(shí)間、內(nèi)容、危害。時(shí)間：1895年。內(nèi)容：中國割讓遼東半島、臺(tái)灣和澎湖列島給日本，賠償日本白銀2億兩；增開沙市、重慶、蘇州、杭州4個(gè)通商口岸；日本人可在通商岸設(shè)立工廠。危害：給中國人民帶來了災(zāi)難，大加深了中國半殖民地化的程度。

5、戊戌變法的時(shí)間、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、性質(zhì)、意義。1898年康有為、梁啟超領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的戊戌變法，既是一場(chǎng)救亡圖存的政治變革，又是一次思想啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)。它有利于中國資本主義的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，它的失敗表明，資產(chǎn)階級(jí)改良道路在半殖民地半封建社會(huì)的中國行不通。

6、《辛丑條約》簽訂的時(shí)間、內(nèi)容、危害。1901年簽訂；內(nèi)容：中國向各國賠白銀4.5億兩，拆北京至大沽的炮臺(tái)。準(zhǔn)許各國派兵駐守北京至山海關(guān)鐵路沿線要地。劃定北京東交民巷為使館界，不許中國人居住，由各國派兵保護(hù)，清政府保證嚴(yán)禁人民參加反帝活動(dòng)。危害：使清政府置于列強(qiáng)的控制之下，中國完全淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)。

7、辛亥革命的歷史意義。辛亥革命是一次偉大的反帝反封建的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主革命，它不僅推翻了清朝的統(tǒng)治，也結(jié)束了兩千多年的封建帝制，資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共和國的旗幟在中國上空飄揚(yáng)，有利于中國資本主義的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步；民主共和的觀念深入人心。

8、新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的內(nèi)容和意義。內(nèi)容：提倡民主，反對(duì)專制；提倡科學(xué)，反對(duì)迷信；提倡新道德反對(duì)舊道德；提倡新文學(xué)，反對(duì)舊文學(xué)。意義：新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)是一場(chǎng)思想解放運(yùn)動(dòng)，特別是馬克思主義的傳播，為中國人民的革命斗爭指明了新方向。

9、五四運(yùn)動(dòng)是一次偉大的愛國運(yùn)動(dòng)。運(yùn)動(dòng)中，無產(chǎn)階級(jí)開始登上政治舞臺(tái)，五四運(yùn)動(dòng)以徹底的不妥協(xié)的反帝反封建的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)。并取得一定的勝利成果，它擴(kuò)大了馬克思主義的傳播，促進(jìn)了馬克思主義與中國工人運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)合。五四運(yùn)動(dòng)標(biāo)志著中國新民主主義革命的開端。

10、中國共產(chǎn)黨何時(shí)、何地成立？性質(zhì)？成立的意義是什么？答：1921年在上海成立。性質(zhì)：中國共產(chǎn)黨是完全新型的，以馬克思主義為行動(dòng)指南的無產(chǎn)階級(jí)政黨。意義：中國共產(chǎn)黨的成立是開天辟地的大事，自從有了中國共產(chǎn)黨，中國革命的面貌就煥然一新了。

11、遵義會(huì)議的主要內(nèi)容是什么？有何歷史意義？時(shí)間:1935年;內(nèi)容：遵義會(huì)議批評(píng)了博古等人在軍事上的錯(cuò)誤，肯定了毛澤東指揮紅軍作戰(zhàn)的基本原則；改組了中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)，增選毛澤東為政治局常委。意義：確立了以毛澤東為代表的黨中央的正確領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，成為黨和中國革命歷史上生死攸關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。

12、紅軍長征起止時(shí)間？長征勝利有何意義？起止時(shí)間：1934-1936年。意義：紅軍長征是歷史上前所未有的壯舉。長征的勝利，保存了中國共產(chǎn)黨和紅軍的基干力量，使中國革命轉(zhuǎn)危為安，為開創(chuàng)中國革命新局面奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

13、簡述九一八事變。1931年9月18日，日軍在沈陽城北的柳條湖村，蓄意炸毀了南滿鐵路的一段路軌，誣陷是中國軍隊(duì)破壞。日軍以此為借口，想東北軍駐地和沈陽城發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻，并在第二天占領(lǐng)，這就是九一八事變。

14、什么是西安事變？它是怎樣解決的？這種解決辦法有何意義？張學(xué)良、楊虎城在勸蔣介石聯(lián)共抗日，遭到訓(xùn)斥后，為逼蔣抗日，于1936年12月12日扣押了蔣介石，通電全國，提出停止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)等主張。這就是西安事變。事變發(fā)生后，形勢(shì)復(fù)雜。中國共產(chǎn)黨以民族利益為重，主張和平解決西安事變，應(yīng)邀派周恩來等到西安參加談判。經(jīng)多方努力，蔣介石被迫答應(yīng)“停止剿共，聯(lián)共抗日”，西安事變和平解決。意義：標(biāo)志著十年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)基本結(jié)束和抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線初步形成。

15、中國共產(chǎn)黨七大的主要內(nèi)容是什么？有何歷史意義？內(nèi)容：1945年召開的中共七大制定了黨的政治路線：放手發(fā)動(dòng)群眾，壯大中民力量，在中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，打敗日本侵略者，解放全國人民，建立一個(gè)新民主主義的中國。通過的新黨章明確規(guī)定毛澤東思想為黨的指導(dǎo)思想。意義：指明了抗戰(zhàn)勝利后中國的光明前途，為爭取抗日戰(zhàn)爭的最后勝利和新民主主義革命的勝利奠了基礎(chǔ)。

16、(1945年)抗日戰(zhàn)爭的勝利有何歷史意義？抗日戰(zhàn)爭是鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以來，中國人民第一次取得完全勝利的民族解放戰(zhàn)爭。它洗雪了民族恥辱，成為中華民族由衰敗到振興的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。中國的抗日戰(zhàn)爭，對(duì)徹底打敗日本帝國主義具有決定性的作用，為世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭的勝利和人類文明的進(jìn)步，做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

17、中國人民解放軍與國民黨軍隊(duì)展開主力決戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行了哪三大戰(zhàn)役？有何重大意義？三大戰(zhàn)役：遼沈戰(zhàn)役、淮海戰(zhàn)役、平津戰(zhàn)役。意義：三大戰(zhàn)役共殲敵154萬余人，基本上消滅了國民黨軍隊(duì)的主力，奠定了人民解放戰(zhàn)爭在全國勝利的基礎(chǔ)。

18、中國新民主主義革命勝利的歷史意義：中華人民共和國的誕生，標(biāo)志著中國新民主

主義革命的偉大勝利；結(jié)束了中國百年來任人宰割的屈辱歷史，國家贏得了獨(dú)立，人民當(dāng)家作了主人；中國歷史從此進(jìn)入了由新民主主義向社會(huì)主義的過渡時(shí)期。

線索：

1、中國半殖民地半封建社會(huì)逐漸形成的過程

（1）開始：鴉片戰(zhàn)爭與《南京條約》等的簽訂

（2）加深：第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭和條約的簽訂

（3）大大加深：甲午中日戰(zhàn)爭與《馬關(guān)條約》

（4）完全淪為：八國聯(lián)軍侵華和《辛丑條約》

2、列強(qiáng)發(fā)動(dòng)的侵略戰(zhàn)爭

鴉片戰(zhàn)爭（1840—1842年）；第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭（1856—1860年）；中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭（1894—1895年）；八國聯(lián)軍侵華戰(zhàn)爭（1900—1901年）；日本侵華戰(zhàn)爭（1931—1945年）

3、近代化的探索

（1）學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)：洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)

（2）學(xué)政治制度：戊戌變法（君主立憲制）；辛亥革命（民主共和）（3）學(xué)思想文化：新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)（民主、科學(xué)；馬克思主義）

4、國共合作內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

（1）北伐戰(zhàn)爭：第一次國共合作，共同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國民革命運(yùn)動(dòng)

（2）十年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)：第一次國共合作破裂，南昌起義，蔣介石“圍剿”，紅軍長征，西安事變

和平解決，初步形成

（3）抗日戰(zhàn)爭：國共第二次合作，共同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)抗日戰(zhàn)爭