第一篇：美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納北京大學(xué)演講中英文全文

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and Growth

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and GrowthTreasury Secretary Timothy F.Geithner

Speech at peking Universityto help arrest the sharp fall in private demand.Alongside these fiscal measures, we acted to ease the housing crisis.And we have put in place a series of initiatives to bring more capital into the banking system and to restart the credit markets.These actions have been reinforced by similar actions in countries around the world.In contrast to the global crisis of the 1930s and to the major economic crises of the postwar period, the leaders of the world acted together.They acted quickly.They took steps to provide assistance to the most vulnerable economies, even as they faced exceptional financial needs at home.They worked to keep their markets open, rather than r etreating into self-defeating measures of discrimination and protect ion.And they have committed to make sure this program of initiatives is sustained until the foundation for recovery is firmly established, a commitment the IMF will monitor closely, and that we will be able to uate together when the G-20 Leaders meet again in the United States this fall.We are starting to see some initial signs of improvement.The global recession seems to be losing force.In the United States, the pace of decline in economic activity has slowed.Households are saving more, but consumer confidence has improved, and spending is starting to recover.House prices are falling at a slower pace and the inventory of unsold homes has come down significantly.Orders for goods and services are somewhat stronger.The pace of deterioration in the labor market has slowed, and new claims for unemployment insurance have started to come down a bit.&nb sp;

The financial system is starting to heal.The clarity and disclosure provided by our capital assessment of major U.S.banks has helped improve market confidence in them, making it possible for banks that needed capital to raise it from private investors and to borrow without guarantees.The securities markets, including the asset backed securities markets that essentially stopped functioning late last year, have started to come back.The cost of credit has fallen substantially for businesses and for families as spreads and risk premia have narrowed.These are important signs of stability, and assurance that we will succeed in averting financial collapse and global deflation, but they represent only the first steps in laying the foundation for recovery.The process of repair and adjustment is going to take time.;

China, despite your own manifest challenges a s a developing country, you are in an enviably strong position.But in most economies, the recession is still powerful and dangerous.Business and households in the United States, as in many countries, are still experiencing the most challenging economic and financial pressures in decades.The plant closures, and company restructurings that the recession is causing are painful, and this process is not yet over.The fallout from these events has been brutally indiscriminant, affecting those with little or no responsibility for the events that now buffet them, as well as on some who played key roles in bringing about our troubles.The extent of the damage to financial systems entails significant risk that the supply of credit will be constrained for some time.The constraints on banks in many major economies will make it hard for them to compensate fully for the damage done to the basic machi nery of the securitization markets, including the loss of confidence in credit ratings.After a long period where financial institutions took on too much risk, we still face the possibility that banks and investors may take too little risk, even as the underlying economic conditions start to improve.And, after a long period of falling saving and substantial growth in household borrowing relative to GDp, consumer spending in the United States will be restrained for some time relative to what is typically the case in recoveries.These are necessary adjustments.They will entail a longer, slower process of recovery, with a very different pattern of future growth across countries than we have seen in the past several recoveries.Laying the Foundation for Future Growth

As we address this immediate financial and economic crisis, it is important that we also lay the foundations for more balanced, sustained growth of the global economy once this recovery is firmly established.A successful transition to a more balanced and stable global economy will require very substantial changes to economic policy and financial regulation around the world.But some of the most important of those changes will have to come in the United States and China.How successful we are in Washington and Beijing will be critically important to the economic fortunes of the rest of the world.The effectiveness of U.S.policies will depend in part on Chinas, and the effectiveness of yours on ours.Although the United States and China start from very different positions, many of our domestic challenges are similar.In the United States, we are working to reform our health care system, to improve the quality of education, to rebuild our infrastructure, and to improve energy efficiency.These reforms are essential to boosting the productive capacity of our economy.These challenges are at the center of your reform priorities, too.We are both working to reform our financial systems.In the United States, our challenge is to create a more stable and more resilient financial system, with stronger protections for consumer and investors.As we work to strengthen and redesign regulation to achieve these objectives, our challenge is to preserve the core strengths of our financial system, which are its exceptional capacity to adapt and innovate and to channel capital for investment in new technologies and innovative companies.You have the benefit of being able to learn from our shortcomings, which have proved so damaging in the present crisis, as well as f rom our strengths.Our common chall enge is to recognize that a more balanced and sustainable global recovery will require changes in the composition of growth in our two economies.Because of this, our policies have to be directed at very different outcomes.In the United States, saving rates will have to increase, and the purchases of U.S.consumers cannot be as dominant a driver of growth as they have been in the past.In China, as your leadership has recognized, growth that is sustainable growth will require a very substantial shift from external to domestic demand, from an investment and export intensive driven growth, to growth led by consumption.Strengthening domestic demand will also strengthen Chinas ability to weather fluctuations in global supply and demand.If we are successful on these respective paths, public and private saving in the United States will increase as recovery strengthens, and as this happens, our current account deficit will come down.And in China, domestic demand will rise at a faster rate than overall GDp, led by a gradual shift to higher rates of consumption.Globally, recovery will have come more from a shift by high saving economies to stronger domestic demand and less from the American consumer.The policy framework for a successful transition to this outcome is starting to take shape.In the United States, we are putting in place the foundations for restoring fiscal sustainability.The president in his initial budget to Congress made it clear that, as soon as recovery is firmly established, we are going to have to bring our fiscal deficit down to a level that is sustainable over the medium term.This will mean bringing the imbalance between our fiscal resources and expenditures down to the point-roughly three percent of GDp--wh ere the overall level of public debt to GDp is definitively on a dow nward path.The temporary investments and tax incentives we put in place in the Recovery Act to strengthen private demand will have to expire, discretionary spending will have to fall back to a more modest level relative to GDp, and we will have to be very disciplined in limiting future commitments through the reintroduction of budget disciplines, such as pay-as-you go rules.The president also looks forward to working with Congress to further reduce our long-run fiscal deficit.And, critical to our long-term fiscal health, we have to put in place comprehensive health care reform that will bring down the growth in health care costs, costs that are the principal driver of our long run fiscal deficit.The president has also proposed steps to encourage private saving, including through automatic enrollment in retirement savings accounts.xiexiebang.com范文網(wǎng)(FANWEN.CHAZIDIAN.COM)

第二篇：美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納北京大學(xué)演講中英文

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and Growth

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and GrowthTreasury Secretary Timothy F.Geithner

Speech at Peking Universityto help arrest the sharp fall in private demand.Alongside these fiscal measures, we acted to ease the housing crisis.And we have put in place a series of initiatives to bring more capital into the banking system and to restart the credit markets.These actions have been reinforced by similar actions in countries around the world.In contrast to the global crisis of the 1930s and to the major economic crises of the postwar period, the leaders of the world acted together.They acted quickly.They took steps to provide assistance to the most vulnerable economies, even as they faced exceptional financial needs at home.They worked to keep their markets open, rather than r etreating into self-defeating measures of discrimination and protect ion.And they have committed to make sure this program of initiatives is sustained until the foundation for recovery is firmly established, a commitment the IMF will monitor closely, and that we will be able to uate together when the G-20 Leaders meet again in the United States this fall.We are starting to see some initial signs of improvement.The global recession seems to be losing force.In the United States, the pace of decline in economic activity has slowed.Households are saving more, but consumer confidence has improved, and spending is starting to recover.House prices are falling at a slower pace and the inventory of unsold homes has come down significantly.Orders for goods and services are somewhat stronger.The pace of deterioration in the labor market has slowed, and new claims for unemployment insurance have started to come down a bit.&nb sp;

The financial system is starting to heal.The clarity and disclosure provided by our capital assessment of major U.S.banks has helped improve market confidence in them, making it possible for banks that needed capital to raise it from private investors and to borrow without guarantees.The securities markets, including the asset backed securities markets that essentially stopped functioning late last year, have started to come back.The cost of credit has fallen substantially for businesses and for families as spreads and risk premia have narrowed.These are important signs of stability, and assurance that we will succeed in averting financial collapse and global deflation, but they represent only the first steps in laying the foundation for recovery.The process of repair and adjustment is going to take time.;

China, despite your own manifest challenges a s a developing country, you are in an enviably strong position.But in most economies, the recession is still powerful and dangerous.Business and households in the United States, as in many countries, are still experiencing the most challenging economic and financial pressures in decades.The plant closures, and company restructurings that the recession is causing are painful, and this process is not yet over.The fallout from these events has been brutally indiscriminant, affecting those with little or no responsibility for the events that now buffet them, as well as on some who played key roles in bringing about our troubles.The extent of the damage to financial systems entails significant risk that the supply of credit will be constrained for some time.The constraints on banks in many major economies will make it hard for them to compensate fully for the damage done to the basic machi nery of the securitization markets, including the loss of confidence in credit ratings.After a long period where financial institutions took on too much risk, we still face the possibility that banks and investors may take too little risk, even as the underlying economic conditions start to improve.And, after a long period of falling saving and substantial growth in household borrowing relative to GDP, consumer spending in the United States will be restrained for some time relative to what is typically the case in recoveries.These are necessary adjustments.They will entail a longer, slower process of recovery, with a very different pattern of future growth across countries than we have seen in the past several recoveries.Laying the Foundation for Future Growth

As we address this immediate financial and economic crisis, it is important that we also lay the foundations for more balanced, sustained growth of the global economy once this recovery is firmly established.A successful transition to a more balanced and stable global economy will require very substantial changes to economic policy and financial regulation around the world.But some of the most important of those changes will have to come in the United States and China.How successful we are in Washington and Beijing will be critically important to the economic fortunes of the rest of the world.The effectiveness of U.S.policies will depend in part on Chinas, and the effectiveness of yours on ours.Although the United States and China start from very different positions, many of our domestic challenges are similar.In the United States, we are working to reform our health care system, to improve the quality of education, to rebuild our infrastructure, and to improve energy efficiency.These reforms are essential to boosting the productive capacity of our economy.These challenges are at the center of your reform priorities, too.We are both working to reform our financial systems.In the United States, our challenge is to create a more stable and more resilient financial system, with stronger protections for consumer and investors.As we work to strengthen and redesign regulation to achieve these objectives, our challenge is to preserve the core strengths of our financial system, which are its exceptional capacity to adapt and innovate and to channel capital for investment in new technologies and innovative companies.You have the benefit of being able to learn from our shortcomings, which have proved so damaging in the present crisis, as well as f rom our strengths.Our common chall enge is to recognize that a more balanced and sustainable global recovery will require changes in the composition of growth in our two economies.Because of this, our policies have to be directed at very different outcomes.In the United States, saving rates will have to increase, and the purchases of U.S.consumers cannot be as dominant a driver of growth as they have been in the past.In China, as your leadership has recognized, growth that is sustainable growth will require a very substantial shift from external to domestic demand, from an investment and export intensive driven growth, to growth led by consumption.Strengthening domestic demand will also strengthen Chinas ability to weather fluctuations in global supply and demand.If we are successful on these respective paths, public and private saving in the United States will increase as recovery strengthens, and as this happens, our current account deficit will come down.And in China, domestic demand will rise at a faster rate than overall GDP, led by a gradual shift to higher rates of consumption.Globally, recovery will have come more from a shift by high saving economies to stronger domestic demand and less from the American consumer.The policy framework for a successful transition to this outcome is starting to take shape.In the United States, we are putting in place the foundations for restoring fiscal sustainability.The President in his initial budget to Congress made it clear that, as soon as recovery is firmly established, we are going to have to bring our fiscal deficit down to a level that is sustainable over the medium term.This will mean bringing the imbalance between our fiscal resources and expenditures down to the pointthe United States is committed to a strong and stable international financial system.The Obama Administration fully recognizes that the United States has a special responsibility to play in this regard, and we fully appreciate that exercising this special responsibility begins at home.As we recover from this unprecedented crisis, we will cut our fiscal deficit, we will eliminate the extraordinary governmental support that we have put in place to overcome the crisis, we will continue to preserve the openness of our economy, and we will resolutely maintain the policy framework necessary for durable and lasting sustained non-inflationary growth.In China, the challenge is fundamentally different, and at least as complex.Critical to the success of your efforts to shift future growth to domestic demand are measures to raise household incomes and to reduce the need that households feel to save large amounts for precautionary reasons or to pay for major expenditures like education.This involves strengthening the social safety net with health care reform and more complete public retirement systems, enacting financial reforms to help expand access to credit for households, and providing products that allow households to insure against risk.These efforts can be funded through the increased collection of dividends from state-owned enterprises.The structure of the Chinese economy will shift as domestic demand grows in importance, with a larger service sector, more emphasis on light industry, and less emphasis on heavy, capital intensive export and import-competing industries.The resulting growth will generate greater employment, and be less energy-intensive than the current structure of Chinese industry.Allowing the market, interest rates, and other prices to function to encourage the shift in production will be particularly important.An important part of this strategy is the governments commitment to continue progress toward a more flexible exchange rate regime.Greater exchange rate flexibility will help reinforce the shift in the composition of growth, encourage resource shifts to support domestic demand, and provide greater ability for monetary policy to achieve sustained growth with low inflation in the future.International Financial Reform

These are some of the most important domestic economic challenge we face, and these issues will be at the core of our agenda for economic cooperation.But I think it is important to underscore that we also have a very strong interest in working together to strengthen the framework for international economic and financial cooperation.Let me highlight three important areas.At the G-20 Leaders meeting, we committed to a series of actions to help reform and strengthen the international financial architecture.As part of this, we agreed to put in place a stronger framework of standards for supervision a nd regulation of the financial system.We expanded and strengthened the Financial Stability Forum, now renamed the Financial Stability Board.China and other major emerging economies are now full participants alongside the major financial centers, in this critical institution for cooperation.We will have the chance together to help redesign global standards for capital requirements, stronger oversight of global markets like derivatives, better tools for resolving future financial crises, and measures to reduce the opportunities for regulatory arbitrage.We also committed to an ambitious program of reform of the IMF and other international financial institutions.Our common objective is to reform the governance of these institutions to make them more representative of the shifting balance of economic and financial activity in the world, to strengthen their capacity to prevent future crisis, with stronger surveillance of macroeconomic, exchange rate, and financial policies, and to equip them with a stronger financial capacity to respond to future crises.We also committed to mobilize $500 billion in additional finance through the enlargement and membership expansion of the IMFs New Arrangements to Borrow in order to provide an insurance policy for the global financial system.As part of this process of reform, the United States will fully support having China play a role in the principal cooperative arrangements that help shape the international system, a role that is commensurate with Chinas importance in the global economy.I believe that a greater role for China is necessary for China, for the effectiveness of the international financial institutions themselves, and for the world economy.China is already too important to the global economy not to hav e a full seat at the international table, helping to define the policies that are critical to the effective functioning of the international financial system.Second, we must cooperate to assure that the global trade and investment environment remains open, and that opportunities continue to expand.As economies have become more open and more closely integrated, global economic growth has been stronger and more broad-based, bringing increasing numbers out of poverty, and turning developing nations into major emerging markets.The global commitment to trade liberalization and increasingly open investment played a critical role in this process ¨C in the industrialized world, in East Asia, and, since 1978, in China.As we go through the severe stresses of this crisis, we must not turn our backs on open trade and investment-for ourselves and for those who have yet to experience the fruits of growth and development.The United States, China, and the other members of the G20 have committed to not resort to protectionist measures by raising trade and investment barriers and to work toward a successful conclusion to the Doha Development Round.And third, one of the most critical long-term challenges that we both face is climate change.Individually and collectively, there is an urgent need to ensure that each and every country takes meaningful action to deal with this threat.Reducing land and forest degradation, conserving energy, and using clean technology are important objectives that complement both our efforts to achieve a new, sustainable pattern of growth and our goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.China and the United States already are working closely through the Strategic and Economic Dialogue in areas such as clean transportation, clean and efficient production of electricity, and the reduction of air and water pollution.We must continue these efforts for the sake of our natio ns and the planet.Conclusion In the last few years the frequency, intensity, and importance of U.S.-China economic engagements have multiplied.The U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue that President Obama and President Hu initiated in April is the next stage in that process.I look forward to welcoming Vice Premier Wang, State Councilor Dai and their colleagues to Washington to participate in the first meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue.Our engagement should be conducted with mutual respect for the traditions, values, and interests of China and the United States.We will make a joint effort in a concerted way 同心協(xié)力.We should understand that we each have a very strong stake in the health and the succes s of each others economy.China and the United States individually, and together, are so important in the global economy and financial system that what we do has a direct impact on the stability and strength of the international economic system.Other nations have a legitimate interest in our policies and the ways in which we work together, and we each have an obligation to ensure that our policies and actions promote the health and stability of the global economy and financial system.We come together because we have shared interests and responsibilities.We also have our own national interests.I will be a strong advocate for U.S.interests, just as I expect my counterparts to represent China?ˉs.China has benefited hugely from open trade and investment, and the ability to greatly increase its exports to the rest of the world.In turn, we expect incre ased opportunities to export to and invest in the Chinese economy.We want China to succeed and prosper.Chinese growth and expanding Chinese demand is a tremendous opportunity for U.S.firms and workers, just as it is in China and the rest of the world.Global problems will not be solved without U.S.-China cooperation.That goes for the entire range of issues that face our world from economic recovery and financial repair to climate change and energy policy.I look forward to working with you cooperatively, and in a spirit of mutual respect.美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納于6月1日在北京大學(xué)發(fā)表了演講，談到了美中合作對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和增長的重要性。以下是其演講稿的中文翻譯。以英文原文為準(zhǔn)，中文翻譯僅供參考。

《美中兩國為復(fù)蘇和增長的合作》

我很高興今天能再次來到中國，并在這個(gè)偉大的學(xué)校與你們見面。

我第一次來到中國和北京大學(xué)是在1981年的夏天，那時(shí)，我還是一名學(xué)習(xí)普通話的大學(xué)生。我與一些來自美國的研究生和本科生在這里。次年夏天，我又回到了北京師范大學(xué)。

我們學(xué)習(xí)相當(dāng)努力，并有幸與許多優(yōu)秀教授一起工作，他們中的一些人今天也在這里。我們走遍這座城市并在中國的華東地區(qū)旅行，我們不僅有機(jī)會(huì)了解你們的歷史和你們的抱負(fù)，還開始通過你們的眼睛看美國。

幾十年來，我們看到歷史上最不尋常的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的開始。中國正在蓬勃發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)改革帶來了收入的極快和持續(xù)提高。中國作為一個(gè)重要經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的崛起和更充分地融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，給美國和世界其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體帶來了實(shí)實(shí)在在的好處。

由于認(rèn)識(shí)到積極、合作和全面的關(guān)系符合我們的共同利益，胡錦濤主席(圖庫 論壇)和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在4月同意建立戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話機(jī)制?？肆诸D國務(wù)卿和我將于下個(gè)月在華盛頓主持我們與王岐山副總理和戴秉國國務(wù)委員的第一次會(huì)議。今天和明天，我將榮幸地出席在北京的一系列會(huì)見，為這次經(jīng)濟(jì)討論作準(zhǔn)備。

這些會(huì)見將使我們有機(jī)會(huì)討論經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，審視我們在為更加平衡和可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的過程中，所共同面臨的長期挑戰(zhàn)，并探討我們共同關(guān)心的國際金融改革。

目前的挑戰(zhàn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)正在經(jīng)歷多年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

國際貨幣基金組織預(yù)測，今年世界經(jīng)濟(jì)將出現(xiàn)60多年來的首次萎縮。世界貿(mào)易的衰退很可能是自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來最嚴(yán)重的。與正常年份世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的潛在增長率相比，產(chǎn)出損失可達(dá)到3至4萬億美元。

面對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國和美國共同努力，幫助形成一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的全球戰(zhàn)略，遏制危機(jī)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)。這些努力，以及中國、美國和其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體所采取的強(qiáng)有力政策行動(dòng)的綜合效應(yīng)，已幫助減緩增長的惡化速度，修復(fù)金融系統(tǒng)和提升信心。

事實(shí)上，當(dāng)前危機(jī)與以往的區(qū)別，不僅在于其全球規(guī)模及嚴(yán)重程度，還在于全球反應(yīng)的范圍和速度。

在4月份的20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人倫敦會(huì)議上，我們商定了一個(gè)前所未有的協(xié)調(diào)的政策行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，以支持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，穩(wěn)定和修復(fù)金融體系，恢復(fù)對(duì)貿(mào)易和投資至關(guān)重要的信貸流動(dòng)，通過國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)來為新興市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體調(diào)動(dòng)財(cái)政資源，并保持貿(mào)易和投資市場的開放。

這項(xiàng)針對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇戰(zhàn)略的歷史性協(xié)定之所以達(dá)成，部分取決于中國和美國已經(jīng)出臺(tái)的政策行動(dòng)。

在危機(jī)加劇時(shí)，中國迅速出臺(tái)了強(qiáng)有力的增強(qiáng)國內(nèi)需求的投資和金融措施計(jì)劃。

在美國，新政府上任的第一周，我們就建立了一個(gè)全面的稅收優(yōu)惠和投資計(jì)劃──第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來和平時(shí)期最大的恢復(fù)努力，以幫助遏制私人需求的急劇下降。除了這些財(cái)政措施，我們還采取行動(dòng)減輕住房危機(jī)。我們出臺(tái)了一系列舉措，使更多的資金進(jìn)入銀行系統(tǒng)，并重新啟動(dòng)信貸市場。

這些舉措在世界各國采取類似舉措之后得到了加強(qiáng)。

與30年代的全球危機(jī)以及戰(zhàn)后各個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)相比，世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人這次采取了聯(lián)合行動(dòng)。他們行動(dòng)相對(duì)迅速。他們采取措施向最脆弱的經(jīng)濟(jì)體提供援助，盡管他們自身的國家也面臨著特殊的金融需求。他們致力于繼續(xù)開放市場，而不是退回到自我擊敗的歧視和保護(hù)措施中去。

他們承諾確保這一動(dòng)議計(jì)劃維持到復(fù)蘇基礎(chǔ)的牢固確立，而國際貨幣基金組織將密切監(jiān)測此承諾，這樣我們將能夠在20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人今年秋天在美國再次會(huì)晤時(shí)一起來評(píng)估。

我們開始看到一些改善的初步跡象。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退似乎失去力量。在美國，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)下跌步伐已經(jīng)放緩。家庭節(jié)省更多，但消費(fèi)者信心有所改善，消費(fèi)已開始恢復(fù)。房屋價(jià)格的下降正在放緩，未售出房屋的庫存已經(jīng)大幅下降。商品和服務(wù)的訂單有所提升。勞動(dòng)力市場的惡化速度已經(jīng)放緩，新申請失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)已開始有所下降。

金融體系已開始恢復(fù)。我們對(duì)美國主要銀行的資本評(píng)估報(bào)告中所提供的澄清和披露信息，幫助提振信心，使需要資本的銀行可以向私人投資者融資，借款時(shí)無需擔(dān)保。證券市場，包括去年年底已基本停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的資產(chǎn)抵押證券市場已經(jīng)開始恢復(fù)。企業(yè)和家庭的信貸成本已大幅度下降，因?yàn)槔詈惋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)已經(jīng)縮小。

這些都是重要的穩(wěn)定跡象，對(duì)我們將成功避免金融崩潰和全球性通貨緊縮的保證，但它們只是為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的第一步。修復(fù)和調(diào)整的過程還需時(shí)日。

中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰(zhàn)，但你們處在一個(gè)令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢地位。而在世界大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退仍然嚴(yán)峻而危險(xiǎn)。美國與許多國家一樣，企業(yè)和家庭正在經(jīng)歷幾十年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

金融系統(tǒng)的損害程度導(dǎo)致了重大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以至信貸供應(yīng)將會(huì)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。許多主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)銀行的限制將使他們很難完全補(bǔ)償基本的證券化市場機(jī)制所遭受的損害，包括對(duì)信貸評(píng)級(jí)喪失信心。在經(jīng)歷了漫長的時(shí)期金融機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)太多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R的可能是，即使根本經(jīng)濟(jì)條件開始改善，銀行和投資者可能只愿承擔(dān)太少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

經(jīng)過長期的相對(duì)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的儲(chǔ)蓄下降和家庭借貸大幅度增長，美國的消費(fèi)者支出，相對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇時(shí)期來說，將在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。

這些都是必要的調(diào)整。他們將需要更長的、較慢的復(fù)蘇過程，在各國以一種不同以往的未來增長模式。為未來的發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)

在我們繼續(xù)處理當(dāng)前金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的同時(shí)，我們還要在恢復(fù)一旦確定時(shí)，重視為未來全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長和更加均衡奠定基礎(chǔ)。

成功地過渡到一個(gè)更加平衡和穩(wěn)定的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)，將需要對(duì)世界各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和金融監(jiān)管進(jìn)行非常重大的變革。但是，這些變革中的一些最重要的部分將不得不在美國和中國進(jìn)行。我們在華盛頓和北京的成功程度，將對(duì)世界其他地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)命運(yùn)至關(guān)重要。美國政策的成效將部分取決于中國的，反之亦然。

雖然美國和中國從不同的位置開始，我們的許多國內(nèi)改革的挑戰(zhàn)是相似的。我們正在努力改革我們的衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)，提高教育質(zhì)量，重建我們的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并提高能源效率。我們認(rèn)為這些改革對(duì)提高我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)能力是必不可少的。這些挑戰(zhàn)也是你們改革的重中之重。

我們雙方都在對(duì)我們的金融體系進(jìn)行改革。在美國，我們的挑戰(zhàn)是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更穩(wěn)定、更具彈性的金融系統(tǒng)，為消費(fèi)者和投資者提供更強(qiáng)有力的保護(hù)。當(dāng)我們努力加強(qiáng)和重新設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)時(shí)，我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是維護(hù)我們金融體系的核心優(yōu)勢，也就是在適應(yīng)、創(chuàng)新以及使資本流向新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新公司方面的特殊能力。你們可以從學(xué)習(xí)我們的被當(dāng)前的危機(jī)證明具有如此破壞性的缺陷和我們的優(yōu)勢中獲益。

我們共同的挑戰(zhàn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)更加均衡的、可持續(xù)的全球復(fù)蘇將要求我們兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長構(gòu)成的變化。因此，我們的政策必須針對(duì)非常不同的結(jié)果。

在美國，儲(chǔ)蓄率將不得不上升，同時(shí)美國消費(fèi)者的購買不可能再像過去那樣作為增長的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

在中國，正如你們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到的，可持續(xù)的增長將要求一個(gè)非常重大的從外部需求到國內(nèi)需求、從投資和出口密集型增長到消費(fèi)導(dǎo)向型增長的轉(zhuǎn)變。

如果我們在各自的路徑上成功，隨著復(fù)蘇增強(qiáng)，美國的公共和私人儲(chǔ)蓄將上升，并且隨之，我們的經(jīng)常賬戶赤字將減少。在中國，由于消費(fèi)比例的逐步轉(zhuǎn)高，中國的國內(nèi)需求將以快于整體GDP的速度增長。

在全球，復(fù)蘇將更多依靠高儲(chǔ)蓄經(jīng)濟(jì)體轉(zhuǎn)向更強(qiáng)的國內(nèi)需求，而更少依靠美國消費(fèi)者。

為順利過渡到這一結(jié)果的政策框架已經(jīng)開始形成。

在美國，我們正在建設(shè)恢復(fù)財(cái)政可持續(xù)性的基礎(chǔ)。

總統(tǒng)在給國會(huì)的初步預(yù)算中明確，一旦復(fù)蘇牢固確立，我們將必須削減財(cái)政赤字到一個(gè)中期可持續(xù)的水平。這意味著將我們的財(cái)政資源與支出之間的不平衡減少到這樣一點(diǎn)——大約GDP的百分之三——使公共債務(wù)占GDP的整體水平處于明確的下降路徑。我們的復(fù)興法案中提到的用以增強(qiáng)私人需求的暫時(shí)投資和稅收優(yōu)惠政策將到期，自由決定的支出將不得不回落到一個(gè)相對(duì)GDP更加適度的水平，并且我們將不得不非常有紀(jì)律的通過恢復(fù)預(yù)算紀(jì)律，例如現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制度，來限制未來的承諾。

同時(shí)，作為我們長期財(cái)政健康的關(guān)鍵，我們必須進(jìn)行全面的衛(wèi)生保健改革，以降低衛(wèi)生保健成本的增長，這些成本是我們長期財(cái)政赤字的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

總統(tǒng)還建議了鼓勵(lì)私人儲(chǔ)蓄的步驟，包括通過自動(dòng)注冊退休儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶。

除了這些財(cái)政行動(dòng)，我們設(shè)計(jì)我們的政策以解決金融危機(jī)，從而謹(jǐn)慎的最小化納稅人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并且一旦條件許可就允許有序的退出或解除。在所有財(cái)政部、美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)和聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司設(shè)立的各種金融機(jī)構(gòu)中，我們一直在謹(jǐn)慎地確定經(jīng)濟(jì)條款水平，以便當(dāng)條件正?；?、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)消退時(shí)對(duì)這些機(jī)構(gòu)的需求將會(huì)淡出。一旦條件允許，銀行有強(qiáng)烈的動(dòng)機(jī)用私人資本替換公共資本。

在中國，挑戰(zhàn)有根本的不同，但至少一樣復(fù)雜。

成功實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向國內(nèi)需求推動(dòng)未來增長的關(guān)鍵是增加居民收入和減少因?yàn)榉烙蚝陀糜诶缃逃闹饕С龅仁咕用裼X得需要大量儲(chǔ)蓄的需求。這包括增強(qiáng)社會(huì)保障體系包括衛(wèi)生保健改革和更完善的公共退休系統(tǒng)，實(shí)施金融改革以幫助擴(kuò)大居民的信用獲得并提供產(chǎn)品幫助居民防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

當(dāng)國內(nèi)需求的重要性增加的時(shí)候，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)將轉(zhuǎn)變，更大的服務(wù)業(yè)，更強(qiáng)調(diào)輕工業(yè)，并減少強(qiáng)調(diào)重工業(yè)、資本密集出口和進(jìn)口競爭產(chǎn)業(yè)。由此帶來的增長將產(chǎn)生更多的就業(yè)，和較目前中國經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)更少的能源密集。允許市場、利率和其他價(jià)格發(fā)揮作用以鼓勵(lì)生產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變是至關(guān)重要的。

這一策略的一個(gè)重要部分是政府承諾將繼續(xù)向更靈活的匯率政策推進(jìn)。更大的匯率靈活性將幫助加強(qiáng)增長構(gòu)成的轉(zhuǎn)變，鼓勵(lì)資源向支持國內(nèi)需求轉(zhuǎn)移，并提供貨幣政策更大的能力，以實(shí)現(xiàn)將來的持續(xù)增長和低通貨膨脹率。

國際金融改革

我們正面對(duì)一些最重要的國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)，而這些問題將是我們經(jīng)濟(jì)合作議程的核心。

但是我想重要的是要強(qiáng)調(diào)我們也有非常強(qiáng)烈的意愿一道努力，以加強(qiáng)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融合作的框架。

讓我強(qiáng)調(diào)三個(gè)重要方面。

在20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)議上，我們承諾采取一系列行動(dòng)以幫助改革和加強(qiáng)國際金融架構(gòu)。

作為其中的一部分，我們同意出臺(tái)一個(gè)更強(qiáng)的對(duì)金融體系進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和管理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)框架。我們擴(kuò)大和加強(qiáng)了金融穩(wěn)定論壇，現(xiàn)在更名為金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)。中國和其他主要新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體現(xiàn)在正與主要金融中心一起全面參與這個(gè)關(guān)鍵機(jī)構(gòu)中的合作。我們將有機(jī)會(huì)一起幫助重新設(shè)計(jì)資本要求的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，更好的監(jiān)督全球市場，例如衍生品，更好的工具來解決未來金融危機(jī)，以及更好的措施以減少監(jiān)管套利的機(jī)會(huì)。

我們也承諾了一個(gè)雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃以改革國際貨幣基金組織和其他國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)。我們共同的目標(biāo)是要改革這些機(jī)構(gòu)的治理，以使他們更多的代表世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融活動(dòng)的平衡轉(zhuǎn)變，以增強(qiáng)他們預(yù)防未來危機(jī)的能力，并使他們具備更強(qiáng)的金融能力以應(yīng)對(duì)未來的危機(jī)。通過國際貨幣基金組織的新貸款協(xié)議的擴(kuò)大和成員增加，我們承諾動(dòng)員5000億美元額外資金，用于為全球金融體系提供一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)政策。

作為這個(gè)改革進(jìn)程的一部分，美國將全面支持中國在旨在幫助塑造國際體系的主要合作協(xié)議中發(fā)揮作用，中國的作用應(yīng)與其在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中重要性相稱。

我相信中國發(fā)揮更大的作用對(duì)中國，對(duì)國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)本身的效率，以及對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)都是必要的。

中國對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)太重要了，不能在國際談判桌沒有一個(gè)用以幫助確定作為國際金融體系有效功能關(guān)鍵的政策的完整席位。

第二，我們必須合作以確保全球貿(mào)易和投資環(huán)境保持開放，并且那種機(jī)會(huì)繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)變得越來越開放、越來越緊密地一體化，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長變得更強(qiáng)也具有更廣泛基礎(chǔ)，使更多的人脫離貧困，并使發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾屡d市場。全球貿(mào)易自由化的承諾和增加的自由投資在這個(gè)進(jìn)程中起關(guān)鍵作用 口 在工業(yè)化世界，在東亞，在1978年后的中國。當(dāng)我們面對(duì)這次危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重壓力，我們不應(yīng)該背棄自由貿(mào)易和投資 口為我們自己，也為那些還沒有享受到增長和發(fā)展的果實(shí)的人們。美國、中國和20國集團(tuán)的其他成員承諾不采取增加貿(mào)易和投資壁壘的保護(hù)主義措施并將努力實(shí)現(xiàn)多哈發(fā)展議程的成功結(jié)論。

第三，我們共同面對(duì)的最緊要的長期挑戰(zhàn)之一是氣候變化。減少土地和森林退化、節(jié)約能源和使用清潔能源技術(shù)是重要的目標(biāo)，補(bǔ)充了我們建立新的、可持續(xù)增長模式的努力和我們減少溫室氣體排放的目標(biāo)。中國和美國已經(jīng)通過戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話在諸多領(lǐng)域緊密合作，例如清潔運(yùn)輸，電力的清潔、有效生產(chǎn)，以及空氣和水污染的減少。為了我們的國家和這個(gè)星球，我們必須繼續(xù)這些努力。

結(jié)論：

在過去幾年中美中經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的頻率、強(qiáng)度和重要性都成倍增加。奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和胡主席在四月份動(dòng)議的美中戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話是該進(jìn)程的下一個(gè)階段。我期盼著歡迎王(岐山)副總理、戴(秉國)國務(wù)委員和他們的同事到華盛頓參加對(duì)話的第一次會(huì)議。

我們的交往應(yīng)互相尊重中美的傳統(tǒng)、價(jià)值和利益。我們將同心協(xié)力。我們應(yīng)該理解我們都擁有很強(qiáng)的對(duì)彼此經(jīng)濟(jì)健康和成功的利益。

中國和美國，各自以及共同，對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融系統(tǒng)如此重要，我們對(duì)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的穩(wěn)定和強(qiáng)健有直接的影響。其他國家對(duì)我們的政策和我們合作的方式都有合法權(quán)益，并且我們每個(gè)都有義務(wù)確保我們的政策和行動(dòng)促進(jìn)了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融系統(tǒng)的健康和穩(wěn)定。

我們走到一起，因?yàn)槲覀冇泄餐睦婧拓?zé)任。我們也有我們各自國家的利益。我將極力主張美國的利益，正如我希望我的對(duì)方代表中國的利益一樣。中國已經(jīng)從開放的貿(mào)易和投資中獲得了巨大的利益，并有能力極大的增加她從世界其他地區(qū)的出口。反過來，我們希望更多機(jī)會(huì)出口到中國和投資中國經(jīng)濟(jì)。

我希望中國成功和繁榮。中國的增長和中國需求的擴(kuò)大為美國的公司和工人帶來了大量的機(jī)會(huì)，正如在中國和世界其他地區(qū)發(fā)生的那樣。

離開美中合作，全球問題將得不到解決。這包括我們世界面臨的所有問題，從經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和金融修復(fù)到氣候變化和能源政策。

我期望和你們一起努力合作，并本著相互尊重的精神。

第三篇：蓋特納演講全文

蓋特納演講全文：

中國處在令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢地位

[2009-06-02]

中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰(zhàn)，但你們處在一個(gè)令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢地位。而在世界大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退仍然嚴(yán)峻而危險(xiǎn)

美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納于6月1日上午在北京大學(xué)發(fā)發(fā)表演講，以下是其演講稿翻譯全文：

我很高興今天能再次來到中國，并在這個(gè)偉大的學(xué)校與你們見面。

我第一次來到中國和北京大學(xué)是在1981年的夏天，那時(shí)，我還是一名學(xué)習(xí)普通話的大學(xué)生。我與一些來自美國的研究生和本科生在這里。次年夏天，我又回到了北京師范大學(xué)。

我們學(xué)習(xí)相當(dāng)努力，并有幸與許多優(yōu)秀教授一起工作，他們中的一些人今天也在這里。我們走遍這座城市并在中國的華東地區(qū)旅行，我們不僅有機(jī)會(huì)了解你們的歷史和你們的抱負(fù)，還開始通過你們的眼睛看美國。

幾十年來，我們看到歷史上最不尋常的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的開始。中國正在蓬勃發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)改革帶來了收入的極快和持續(xù)提高。中國作為一個(gè)重要經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的崛起和更充分地融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，給美國和世界其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體帶來了實(shí)實(shí)在在的好處。

由于意識(shí)到積極、全面的合作關(guān)系符合我們的共同利益，胡錦濤主席和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在4月同意建立戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話機(jī)制?？肆诸D國務(wù)卿和我將于下個(gè)月在華盛頓主持我們與王（岐山）副總理和戴（秉國）國務(wù)委員的第一次會(huì)議。今天和明天，我將榮幸地出席在北京的一系列會(huì)見，為這次經(jīng)濟(jì)討論作準(zhǔn)備。

這些會(huì)見將使我們有機(jī)會(huì)討論經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，審視我們在為更加平衡和可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的過程中，所共同面臨的長期挑戰(zhàn)，并探討我們共同關(guān)心的國際金融改革。

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)正在經(jīng)歷多年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

國際貨幣基金組織預(yù)測，今年世界經(jīng)濟(jì)將出現(xiàn)60多年來的首次萎縮。世界貿(mào)易的衰退很可能是自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來最嚴(yán)重的。與正常年份世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的潛在增長率相比，產(chǎn)出損失可達(dá)到3至4萬億美元。

面對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國和美國共同努力，幫助形成一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的全球戰(zhàn)略，遏制危機(jī)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)。這些努力，以及中國、美國和其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體所采取的強(qiáng)有力政策行動(dòng)的綜合效應(yīng)，已幫助減緩增長的惡化速度，修復(fù)金融系統(tǒng)和提升信心。

事實(shí)上，當(dāng)前危機(jī)與以往的區(qū)別，不僅在于其全球規(guī)模及嚴(yán)重程度，還在于全球反應(yīng)的范圍和速度。

在4月份的20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人倫敦會(huì)議上，我們商定了一個(gè)前所未有的協(xié)調(diào)的政策行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，以支持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，穩(wěn)定和修復(fù)金融體系，恢復(fù)對(duì)貿(mào)易和投資至關(guān)重要的信貸流動(dòng)，通過國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)來為新興市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體調(diào)動(dòng)財(cái)政資源，并保持貿(mào)易和投資市場的開放。

這項(xiàng)針對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇戰(zhàn)略的歷史性協(xié)定之所以達(dá)成，部分取決于中國和美國已經(jīng)出臺(tái)的政策行動(dòng)。

在危機(jī)加劇時(shí)，中國迅速出臺(tái)了強(qiáng)有力的增強(qiáng)國內(nèi)需求的投資和金融措施計(jì)劃。

在美國，新政府上任的第一周，我們就建立了一個(gè)全面的稅收優(yōu)惠和投資計(jì)劃──第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來和平時(shí)期最大的恢復(fù)努力，以幫助遏制私人需求的急劇下降。除了這些財(cái)政措施，我們還采取行動(dòng)減輕房地產(chǎn)市場的危機(jī)。我們出臺(tái)了一系列舉措，使更多的資金進(jìn)入銀行系統(tǒng)，并重新啟動(dòng)信貸市場。

這些舉措在世界各國采取類似舉措之后得到了加強(qiáng)。

與30年代的全球危機(jī)以及戰(zhàn)后各個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)相比，世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人這次采取了聯(lián)合行動(dòng)。他們行動(dòng)相對(duì)迅速。他們采取措施向最脆弱的經(jīng)濟(jì)體提供援助，盡管他們自身的國家也面臨著特殊的金融需求。他們致力于繼續(xù)開放市場，而不是退回到自我擊敗的歧視和保護(hù)措施中去。

他們承諾確保這一動(dòng)議計(jì)劃維持到復(fù)蘇基礎(chǔ)的牢固確立，而國際貨幣基金組織將密切監(jiān)測此承諾，這樣我們將能夠在20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人今年秋天在美國再次會(huì)晤時(shí)一起來評(píng)估。

我們開始看到一些改善的初步跡象。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退似乎失去力量。在美國，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)下跌步伐已經(jīng)放緩。家庭支出減少，但消費(fèi)者信心有所改善，消費(fèi)已開始恢復(fù)。房屋價(jià)格的下降正在放緩，未售出房屋的庫存已經(jīng)大幅下降。商品和服務(wù)的訂單有所提升。勞動(dòng)力市場的惡化速度已經(jīng)放緩，新申請失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)已開始有所下降。

金融體系已開始恢復(fù)。我們對(duì)美國主要銀行的資本評(píng)估報(bào)告中所提供的澄清和披露信息，幫助提振信心，使需要資本的銀行可以向私人投資者融資，借款時(shí)無需擔(dān)保。證券市場，包括去年年底已基本停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的資產(chǎn)抵押證券市場已經(jīng)開始恢復(fù)。企業(yè)和家庭的信貸成本已大幅度。

這些都是重要的穩(wěn)定跡象，對(duì)我們將成功避免金融崩潰和全球性通貨緊縮的保證，但它們只是為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的第一步。修復(fù)和調(diào)整的過程還需時(shí)日。

中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰(zhàn)，但你們處在一個(gè)令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢地位。而在世界大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退仍然嚴(yán)峻而危險(xiǎn)。美國與許多國家一樣，企業(yè)和家庭正在經(jīng)歷幾十年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

金融系統(tǒng)的損害程度導(dǎo)致了重大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以至信貸供應(yīng)將會(huì)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。許多主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)銀行的限制將使他們很難完全補(bǔ)償基本的證券化市場機(jī)制所遭受的損害，包括對(duì)信貸評(píng)級(jí)喪失信心。在經(jīng)歷了漫長的時(shí)期金融機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)太多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R的可能是，即使根本經(jīng)濟(jì)條件開始改善，銀行和投資者可能只愿承擔(dān)太少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

經(jīng)過長期的相對(duì)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的儲(chǔ)蓄下降和家庭借貸大幅度增長，美國的消費(fèi)者支出，相對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇時(shí)期來說，將在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。

這些都是必要的調(diào)整。他們將需要更長的、較慢的復(fù)蘇過程，在各國以一種不同以往的未來增長模式。

在我們繼續(xù)處理當(dāng)前金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的同時(shí)，我們還要在恢復(fù)一旦確定時(shí)，重視為未來全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長和更加均衡奠定基礎(chǔ)。

成功地過渡到一個(gè)更加平衡和穩(wěn)定的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)，將需要對(duì)世界各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和金融監(jiān)管進(jìn)行非常重大的變革。但是，這些變革中的一些最重要的部分將不得不在美國和中國進(jìn)行。我們在華盛頓和北京的成功程度，將對(duì)世界其他地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)命運(yùn)至關(guān)重要。美國政策的成效將部分取決于中國的，反之亦然。

雖然美國和中國從不同的位置開始，我們的許多國內(nèi)改革的挑戰(zhàn)是相似的。我們正在努力改革我們的衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)，提高教育質(zhì)量，重建我們的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并提高能源效率。我們認(rèn)為這些改革對(duì)提高我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)能力是必不可少的。這些挑戰(zhàn)也是你們改革的重中之重。

我們雙方都在對(duì)我們的金融體系進(jìn)行改革。在美國，我們的挑戰(zhàn)是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更穩(wěn)定、更具彈性的金融系統(tǒng)，為消費(fèi)者和投資者提供更強(qiáng)有力的保護(hù)。當(dāng)我們努力加強(qiáng)和重新設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)時(shí)，我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是維護(hù)我們金融體系的核心優(yōu)勢，也就是在適應(yīng)、創(chuàng)新以及使資本流向新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新公司方面的特殊能力。你們可以從學(xué)習(xí)我們的被當(dāng)前的危機(jī)證明具有如此破壞性的缺陷和我們的優(yōu)勢中獲益。

我們共同的挑戰(zhàn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)更加均衡的、可持續(xù)的全球復(fù)蘇將要求我們兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長構(gòu)成的變化。因此，我們的政策必須針對(duì)非常不同的結(jié)果

第四篇：美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納在中美戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話閉幕式上的講話

Strategic and Economic Dialogue Closing Statement Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner

Beijing, China May 25, 2010 在戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話閉幕式上的講話

美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納

中國北京 2010年5月25日

I would like to begin by offering my appreciation to our Chinese hosts for their gracious hospitality.我首先感謝我們中國東道主的盛情款待。

Our economic relationship is strong, and it will get stronger.It rests on the recognition by Presidents Hu and Obama that we have shared interests and shared responsibilities.我們兩國有強(qiáng)健的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，今后還會(huì)更強(qiáng)健。胡錦濤主席和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)都承認(rèn)我們擁有共同利益和共同責(zé)任，雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系正是以此為基礎(chǔ)。

Over the past year, we have acted together to help restore financial stability and economic growth to a world in crisis.Because we stood together, and because our Presidents were willing to act quickly and decisively, the world is in a much stronger position to successfully overcome the challenges ahead.在過去的一年里，為使陷入危機(jī)的世界恢復(fù)金融穩(wěn)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，我們采取了共同行動(dòng)。由于我們共同努力，還由于兩國首腦都愿意采取迅速果斷的行動(dòng)，目前全世界的狀況更加穩(wěn)固，有利于成功地應(yīng)對(duì)未來的挑戰(zhàn)。

When people write the history of this economic crisis, they will point to the decisive role played by international cooperation, in stark contrast to much of the pattern of past crises, where division delayed action and nations turned inward.And in writing that story, historians will point to the critical role played by the United States and China and the remarkable story of two nations, with such different traditions and such different stages of development, coming together with common objectives and a commitment to action.人們在書寫這段經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的歷史時(shí)將指出國際合作發(fā)揮的決定性作用，與過去處理危機(jī)的模式形成鮮明的對(duì)比。以往，相互間的分歧延緩了行動(dòng)的步伐，各國轉(zhuǎn)而閉關(guān)自守。在記錄這段歷史的時(shí)候，歷史學(xué)家將指出美國和中國發(fā)揮的關(guān)鍵作用，記載兩個(gè)傳統(tǒng)迥異和發(fā)展階段如此不同的國家相互合作，以共同的目標(biāo)和付諸行動(dòng)的決心譜寫的卓越篇章。

Last July, when we met in Washington, China and the United States first made the case for a broad rebalancing of economic growth.The G-20 embraced the cause, and now it is a global imperative.Since that time, China and the United States have acted on that commitment.Americans are saving and investing more and borrowing less from the rest of the world, and China is consuming and importing more.去年7月，當(dāng)我們在華盛頓會(huì)晤時(shí)，中國和美國首次論證了為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長進(jìn)行更廣泛的重新平衡的問題。20國集團(tuán)采納了這個(gè)意見，現(xiàn)在這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)成為全球性的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。自那時(shí)起，中國和美國根據(jù)各自的承諾采取行動(dòng)。美國逐漸增加儲(chǔ)蓄和投資，減少從國外的借貸。中國則日益擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)和進(jìn)口。

We worked together to mobilize a substantial increase in financial resources for emerging markets and developing economies, through the International Monetary Fund(IMF)and the Multilateral Development Banks(MDBs), and to restore trade finance.These commitments were essential to arresting the free fall in global economic activity and averting much greater damage to the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people around the world.我們通過國際貨幣基金組織（IMF)和多邊開發(fā)銀行（MDB)共同努力，為新興市場和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體大幅度增加金融資源并恢復(fù)了貿(mào)易融資。這些承諾對(duì)于遏制全球經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的急劇下滑，避免全世界億萬人民的生計(jì)受到更大的損害，都是不可或缺的。

And quietly but surely, we are building a very strong network of cooperative arrangements on a range of goals, from boosting access to trade finance facilities for small and medium-sized enterprises to fighting money laundering and terrorist financing, from strengthened cooperation on financial reforms to helping Haiti repair the damage from its devastating earthquake.為了實(shí)現(xiàn)更大范圍的目標(biāo)，我們正默默地但堅(jiān)定地建設(shè)非常強(qiáng)大的合作機(jī)制網(wǎng)絡(luò)，從拓展中小企業(yè)獲得貿(mào)易融資的途徑，到打擊洗錢及制止恐怖分子籌資活動(dòng)；從加強(qiáng)金融改革的合作，到幫助海地彌補(bǔ)破壞性地震造成的損失等等。This second meeting of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue takes place against the backdrop of a promising improvement in the pace of growth in China and the United States and across much of the world economy, tempered by a recognition of the challenges faced by countries in Europe in restoring fiscal sustainability and promoting more balanced growth.美中兩國舉行第二輪戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話之際，中國和美國及世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的諸多方面在增長速度上出現(xiàn)了改善的希望，但也應(yīng)該承認(rèn)歐洲國家在恢復(fù)財(cái)政穩(wěn)定和促進(jìn)更平衡的增長的問題上面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。

We agreed to renew our efforts to strengthen and reinforce the global economic recovery.And we agreed to support the strong programs of policy reforms and financial support now being undertaken by the nations of Europe.我們同意繼續(xù)努力，鞏固和加強(qiáng)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。此外，我們同意支持歐洲國家正在實(shí)施的強(qiáng)有力的政策改革和財(cái)政支持方案。

We welcome the strong commitment of President Hu to the process of economic reforms to expand domestic demand and increase household consumption;expand market access in keeping with established international economic and trading rules, and advance trade and investment liberalization.我們歡迎胡錦濤主席堅(jiān)定地承諾進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)改革，致力于擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需，增加家庭消費(fèi)；按照現(xiàn)行國際經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易規(guī)則擴(kuò)大市場準(zhǔn)入并推進(jìn)貿(mào)易和投資自由化。We welcome the fact that China's leaders have recognized that reform of the exchange rate is an important part of their broader reform agenda.Allowing the exchange rate to reflect market forces is important not just to give China the flexibility necessary to sustain more balanced economic growth with low inflation but also to reinforce incentives for China's private sector to shift resources to more productive higher value added activities that will be important to future growth.This is of course China's choice.中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人認(rèn)識(shí)到匯率改革是更廣泛的改革議程中一個(gè)重要部分，我們對(duì)此表示歡迎。允許匯率反映市場力量的作用具有重要的意義，不僅可以給予中國維持經(jīng)濟(jì)更平衡的增長和低通貨膨脹所需要的靈活性，而且還能進(jìn)一步激勵(lì)中國民營部門將資源向生產(chǎn)力和附加值更高的活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移，這些對(duì)未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長非常重要。當(dāng)然，這取決于中國的選擇。

And we welcome the progress we achieved to provide a more level playing field for U.S.firms in China.China has taken a series of steps to modify its policies to promote innovation and technological advancement.China has revised certain aspects of its product accreditation system, such as the requirement that products be patented or trademarked in China.It has affirmed its commitment to abide by the principles of non-discrimination;market competition;open trade;intellectual property protection;and leaving the terms of technology transfer and production processes to agreement between enterprises.我們歡迎我們?yōu)槊绹谌A公司提供更公平的競爭環(huán)境取得的進(jìn)展。中國采取了一系列步驟修改其政策，以促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)進(jìn)步。中國修改了產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證制度的某些環(huán)節(jié)，如要求產(chǎn)品必須在中國獲得專利或注冊商標(biāo)。中國已確認(rèn)致力于遵守不歧視、市場競爭、公開貿(mào)易、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移和生產(chǎn)程序條款由企業(yè)之間協(xié)議解決等原則。

And we have agreed to a process of dialogue over the coming weeks and months, led by my colleagues Ambassador Kirk, Secretary Locke, and Science and Technology Director Holdren to find ways to address our remaining concerns.我們已經(jīng)同意在今后數(shù)星期和數(shù)月內(nèi)由我的同事柯克（Kirk）大使、駱家輝（Locke）部長和科技事務(wù)主任霍爾德倫（Holdren）率團(tuán)參加有關(guān)對(duì)話，為我們關(guān)心的其余問題找到解決的途徑。

We also welcome China's commitment to submit a revised offer on joining the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement by July 2010, as well as its commitment to reduce barriers to foreign investment in services, high-technology goods, high-end manufacturing, and energy saving products and facilitate foreign investment by decentralizing review and approval processes.This is progress.It does not fully resolve our concerns, but it gives us a set of basic principles on which to move forward.I want to thank Vice Premier Wang in particular for his personal role in advancing this agenda.我們還歡迎中國承諾在2010年7月前提交關(guān)于加入《世界貿(mào)易組織政府采購協(xié)議》（WTO Agreement on Government Procurement）的修訂文本，以及承諾降低服務(wù)業(yè)、高技術(shù)商品、高端制造和節(jié)能產(chǎn)品等領(lǐng)域?qū)ν鈬顿Y設(shè)置的壁壘，并通過下放審批權(quán)方便外國投資。這就是進(jìn)步。這樣做并未完全解決我們關(guān)注的問題，但向我們提供了一套向前推進(jìn)的基本原則。我特別感謝王副總理本人在推進(jìn)這一議程中所發(fā)揮的作用。

The relationship between our two countries is strong and beneficial for both sides.American exports to China are growing much more rapidly than exports to the rest of the world.Compared to the first quarter of 2009, our exports to China went up by almost 50 percent while exports to the rest of the world went up by 20 percent.我們兩國關(guān)系穩(wěn)固，對(duì)雙方都有益。美國對(duì)中國出口的增長速度超過對(duì)世界其他地區(qū)的出口。與2009年第一季度相比，我國對(duì)中國的出口幾乎增長50%，而對(duì)于世界其他地區(qū)的出口僅增長20%。

These developments demonstrate the strength and dynamism of the American economy, as well as the importance of the process of rebalancing underway in China to promote stronger growth in domestic demand.And this shows that our economic strengths are complementary.Just as America benefits from China's growth, so too does China benefit from growth in the United States.這些進(jìn)展表明了美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的強(qiáng)盛和活力，也說明中國為促進(jìn)內(nèi)需增長采取的重新平衡進(jìn)程是多么重要。這還表明我們兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力相得益彰，彼此互補(bǔ)。美國受惠于中國的增長，中國也受惠于美國的增長。

American companies are leaders in innovation in the goods and services the world needs to grow.We are seeing a promising rise in private investment in the United States, dramatic ongoing gains in productivity supported by a stronger financial system, and a carefully designed and very substantial commitment by the U.S.government to promote investments in innovation and basic research.對(duì)于全世界增長所需的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，美國公司的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)居于領(lǐng)先地位。我們看到美國民間投資上升的大好趨勢，生產(chǎn)力在更強(qiáng)大的金融體系支持下持續(xù)獲得巨大收益，同時(shí)美國政府為促進(jìn)對(duì)創(chuàng)新和基本研究的投資審慎規(guī)劃了十分重大的實(shí)質(zhì)性方案。

We bring to this Dialogue respect for China's interests and a commitment to closer cooperation on all the major global challenges.And a recognition of the special responsibility of the United States to contribute to the stability of the global financial system.在這次對(duì)話的過程中，我們表示尊重中國的利益并承諾為應(yīng)對(duì)所有重大的全球挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行更密切的合作。我們也認(rèn)識(shí)到美國對(duì)世界金融體系的穩(wěn)定肩負(fù)著特別的責(zé)任。

I want to close by once again expressing my sincere appreciation to President Hu and Premier Wen and to the Chinese delegation for their leadership and hospitality.I am looking forward to continued progress at the forthcoming G20 meetings, first with Finance Ministers and Governors in Korea and then with Leaders in Toronto in June.在結(jié)束這次發(fā)言之際，我謹(jǐn)對(duì)胡主席和溫總理以及中國代表團(tuán)的主辦和接待工作再次表示誠摯的謝意。G20即將舉行會(huì)議，首先是在韓國舉行的財(cái)政部長和央行行長會(huì)議，然后六月份在多倫多舉行領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)議。我期待有關(guān)會(huì)議繼續(xù)取得進(jìn)展。

第五篇：美國財(cái)政部長 蒂姆西演講致辭

美中經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的前進(jìn)道路

——就美中經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系發(fā)表的演講 美國財(cái)政部長 蒂姆西?蓋特納

約翰斯霍布金斯大學(xué)高級(jí)國際問題研究院 2011年1月12日

It’s a pleasure to be here at SAIS.非常高興來到高級(jí)國際問題研究院。

SAIS is a leader in one of the most important challenges in public policy and education – that of helping Americans understand the world and the role we play in it.This is important because we cannot effectively pursue our national interests unless we understand the objectives, the intentions, and the capabilities of other nations.貴院在公共政策和教育戰(zhàn)線中最具重要挑戰(zhàn)性的領(lǐng)域之一——幫助美國人民了解世界和我們在其中所發(fā)揮的作用——堪稱是佼佼者。它之所以重要是因?yàn)椋绻覀儾涣私馄渌麌业哪繕?biāo)、意圖和能力，我們就不能有效地尋求我們的國家利益。

Next week, President Obama will host President Hu Jintao at the White House.下個(gè)星期，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)將在白宮接待胡錦濤主席。

This State Visit takes place at a time of important transition for the world economy, the Chinese economy, and the U.S.economy.此次國事訪問正值世界經(jīng)濟(jì)、中國經(jīng)濟(jì)和美國經(jīng)濟(jì)處于重要過渡時(shí)期。

The global economy is emerging from the financial crisis, but that crisis has left lasting scars that will take years to repair.And it has left a growing gap between the growth trajectories of the large developed economies and the rapidly growing emerging economies.全球經(jīng)濟(jì)正在擺脫金融危機(jī)，但此次危機(jī)留下的創(chuàng)痕需要多年時(shí)間才會(huì)平復(fù)。危機(jī)也使大型發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體和迅速增長的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的發(fā)展軌跡產(chǎn)生日益擴(kuò)大的差距。

While many of the major economies are still confronted with the challenge of rebuilding after crisis, many of the emerging economies are at the early stage of what should be a long period of very rapid economic growth, with rising incomes creating growing demand for resources and for investment capital.當(dāng)很多主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體依然面臨危機(jī)后的重建挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，很多新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體已經(jīng)進(jìn)入應(yīng)會(huì)是長期快速經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的初期階段，隨之而來的是日益增長的收入帶來對(duì)資源和投資資本的更大需求。

The growth of the United States stands between these two divergent paths.We are likely to grow at about half the rate of the major emerging economies, but about twice the rate of Europe and Japan.美國的增長處于這兩種不同道路之間。我們的增長速度很可能是主要新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的一半，但大約為歐洲和日本的一倍。

These dynamics will fundamentally change the balance in the world economy, forcing changes in the architecture of the trade and financial systems.這一動(dòng)態(tài)將從根本上改變世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的平衡，使貿(mào)易和金融系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化。

In this new global context, China’s principal economic challenge is how it will manage the next stage in its transition from a state-dominated developing economy, dependent on external demand and technology, to a more market-oriented economy, with growth powered by domestic demand and innovation.在這一新的全球背景下，中國面臨的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)是如何處理好轉(zhuǎn)型的下一階段，即從依靠外來需求和技術(shù)的國家控制的發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)向靠內(nèi)需和創(chuàng)新帶動(dòng)增長、更加由市場導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

Today, I want to talk about the implications of these changes for our economic relationship with China and for U.S.economic policy.今天，我想談一談這些變化對(duì)美中經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系及對(duì)美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的含義。

China presents enormous economic opportunities for the United States and for the world, but its size, the speed of its ascent, and its policies are a growing source of concern in the United States and in many other countries.中國為美國和世界提供了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)遇，但其規(guī)模、崛起速度和政策越來越引起美國和很多其他國家的擔(dān)憂。

To put those concerns in context, I’d like to begin by stating a few fundamental propositions about our economic relationship.為給這些擔(dān)憂提供一個(gè)背景，我想首先闡明一下有關(guān)兩國經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的幾個(gè)基本論點(diǎn)。

First, the economic relationship between the United States and China provides tremendous benefits to both our nations.Even though we compete in many areas, our economic strengths are largely complementary.首先，美中經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系為兩國都帶來了巨大的利益。雖然兩國在很多領(lǐng)域存在競爭，但兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢在很大程度上具有互補(bǔ)性。

Second, China faces a very complicated set of challenges as it transitions toward a more open, market oriented economy.It is very much in our interest that the Chinese manage these challenges successfully.第二，中國在向更開放、更為市場導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)，面臨一系列相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)。中國成功應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)非常符合我們的意愿。

Third, our priorities in our economic relationship with China – from its exchange rate to its treatment of intellectual property – reflect changes that are fundamentally in China’s interest.Ultimately, China will need to make these changes in order to promote its own long-term prosperity.第三，我們在兩國經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中的重點(diǎn)關(guān)注領(lǐng)域——從匯率到對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的處理——反映著中國需要作出的符合其根本利益的改變。為了促進(jìn)其本身的長期繁榮，中國最終需要有這些改變。

Fourth, and finally, I want to emphasize that the prosperity of Americans depends overwhelmingly on the economic policies we pursue to strengthen American competitiveness.Even as we work to encourage further reforms in China, we need to understand that our strength as a nation will depend, not on choices made by China’s leaders, but on the choices we make here at home.第四，也就是最后，我想強(qiáng)調(diào)，美國的繁榮極大地有賴于我們奉行增強(qiáng)美國競爭力的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。雖然我們鼓勵(lì)中國實(shí)行更進(jìn)一步的改革，但我們要明白，我們作為一個(gè)國家的力量不是取決于中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人作出的選擇，而是我們自己在國內(nèi)所作的選擇。

Now, over the last few decades, China has emerged as a major economic force.在過去幾十年里，中國已成長為一個(gè)主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量。

That growth was unleashed by China’s economic reforms, a growing labor force, and one of history’s greatest economic migrations from farms to factories.這種增長的動(dòng)力是中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革、勞動(dòng)力增加和歷史上最浩大的從農(nóng)田到工廠的經(jīng)濟(jì)遷徙。

But China’s growth was also made possible by the access China enjoyed to the markets, the investments, and the technology of the United States and the other major economies.但是，中國之所以能有這樣的增長也是由于中國獲得了美國和其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體的市場、投資和技術(shù)。

The open, multilateral system of trade and investment, with its balance of rules and responsibilities, was built with the leadership of the United States decades before China opened up to the world.這種開放與多邊的體制，包括貿(mào)易和投資體制中規(guī)則與責(zé)任之間的相互平衡，是中國向世界開放之前幾十年在美國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下建立起來的。

The opportunities created by the system were fundamental to China’s economic ascent, and they remain vital to China’s ability to continue to grow.該體制創(chuàng)造的機(jī)遇對(duì)中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)崛起極其重要，對(duì)中國能否繼續(xù)增長仍然至關(guān)重要。

China needs the United States, but the United States also benefits very substantially from our rapidly expanding economic relationship with China.中國需要美國，但美國也從迅速擴(kuò)大的與中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中獲益良多。

The benefits of this relationship are hard to capture in any one statistic, but remember this.這種關(guān)系的好處很難用一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字來概括，但請謹(jǐn)記這點(diǎn)：

The United States is on track to export more than $100 billion of goods and services to China this year.Our exports to China are growing at twice the rate of our exports to the rest of the world.今年美國可望向中國出口1000多億美元的服務(wù)與商品。我們到中國的出口正以高于向世界其他地方出口一倍的速度增長。

These exports are supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs across the nation in all sectors – from high technology to soybeans, aircraft to autos, and forklifts to financial services.這些出口支持著全國各行業(yè)數(shù)十萬的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)——從高科技到大豆、飛機(jī)到汽車、從叉車到金融服務(wù)。

We have a great deal invested in each other’s success.我們對(duì)相互的成功投入甚多。

In our economic relationship with China we have focused on two principal objectives.在我們與中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中，我們主要側(cè)重于兩個(gè)主要目標(biāo)。

The first is to expand opportunities for U.S.companies to export and sell to the Chinese market.This requires a more level playing field for U.S.companies that compete with Chinese companies in China, in the United States, and around the world.首先是為美國公司出口和銷售到中國市場擴(kuò)大機(jī)會(huì)。這要求為在中國、美國和世界各地與中國公司競爭的美國公司開辟一個(gè)更公平的競爭市場。

Our second objective is to promote reforms that will reduce China’s reliance on export led growth and encourages a shift to domestic consumption and investment.As part of this, China’s exchange rate needs to strengthen in response to market forces.我們的第二個(gè)目標(biāo)是促進(jìn)改革，減少中國對(duì)外銷型增長的依賴，并鼓勵(lì)向國內(nèi)消費(fèi)和投資轉(zhuǎn)變。作為其中一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，中國的匯率需要根據(jù)市場因素而加強(qiáng)。

I want to provide a quick review of some of our concerns and the extent of progress, as we see it, in each of these areas.我想簡要地回顧一下在這些方面我們的一些擔(dān)憂和取得進(jìn)展的幅度。

First, on the broader competitive landscape in China and the opportunities and challenges we face competing in China:

首先，關(guān)于中國的更寬闊的競爭格局和我們在中國競爭所面臨的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)。

The commanding heights of China’s economy and its financial system are still dominated by the government.中國經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融體系的制高點(diǎn)仍然為政府所控制。

Chinese companies and workers are able to take advantage of a range of preferences and subsidies and operate behind trade barriers that give them a competitive advantage relative to U.S.and other foreign firms and workers.中國企業(yè)和工人能夠利用一系列優(yōu)惠和補(bǔ)貼的優(yōu)勢，借助貿(mào)易壁壘的屏蔽而經(jīng)營，這使他們享有相對(duì)于美國和其他外國公司和工人的競爭優(yōu)勢。

They get access to low-cost finance, land, and energy.They enjoy preferences in terms of access to government contracts.他們可以低代價(jià)得到資金、土地和能源。在得到政府合同上享有優(yōu)勢。

Next, theft of intellectual property remains widespread in China, across many industries.第二，侵犯知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)在中國的許多行業(yè)仍然很普遍。

And the Chinese government has introduced a range of new policies to encourage innovation in China that are designed to favor Chinese technology over foreign technology, including in the enormous Chinese government procurement market.中國政府出臺(tái)了一系列鼓勵(lì)在中國創(chuàng)新的新政策，旨在有利于中國技術(shù)而不利于外國技術(shù)，包括在巨大的中國政府的采購市場中。

Where these practices violate China’s international commitments, we are actively using the remedies available under U.S.and international trade laws to protect our interests.在這些做法違反了中國的國際承諾的情況下，我們積極利用美國和國際貿(mào)易法律賦予的補(bǔ)救辦法來保護(hù)我們的利益。

And China has been gradually moving to address some of our concerns.而中國已經(jīng)在逐步采取行動(dòng)，解決我們所擔(dān)心的一些問題。

The government recently launched a new enforcement effort to combat the theft of intellectual property and to force Chinese companies to pay for the intellectual property they use.政府最近推出了新的執(zhí)法措施，打擊知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)，迫使中國公司支付他們所使用的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。

The Chinese leadership has committed to expand opportunities for U.S.firms in access to procurement by government entities.中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層已承諾擴(kuò)大美國企業(yè)進(jìn)入政府實(shí)體采購市場的機(jī)會(huì)。

And the government has committed not to discriminate against U.S.companies that operate in China.政府已承諾不歧視在中國經(jīng)營的美國公司。

We welcome these commitments.They don’t address all our concerns, but they are something we can build on.And we will continue to press the Chinese to translate these commitments into further progress.我們歡迎這些承諾。它們不能解決我們所有的問題，但是是我們發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。我們將繼續(xù)敦促中國把這些承諾轉(zhuǎn)化為更多進(jìn)展。

Doing so is in their interest.Government domination limits competitiveness within the Chinese economy and prevents the private sector from contributing to growth at its full potential.And you can’t promote innovation if you don’t protect intellectual property.這樣做符合他們的利益。政府主導(dǎo)束縛了中國經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)部的競爭力，妨礙私營部門對(duì)增長充分發(fā)揮作用。如果不保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，就不能推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新。

Alongside the reforms I’ve mentioned, we want to encourage China to move definitively away from the export driven growth model of the last few decades to a growth model driven by domestic consumption.除了我上述提到的改革，我們希望鼓勵(lì)中國絕對(duì)脫離過去幾十年出口帶動(dòng)增長的模式，轉(zhuǎn)向由國內(nèi)消費(fèi)推動(dòng)的增長模式。

The Chinese leadership recognizes that China is now too large relative to the world economy for it to continue to rely on foreign demand to grow.And the government has adopted a comprehensive program of reforms to rebalance the economy and shift growth to domestic demand.中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人認(rèn)識(shí)到，如今中國在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中所占比例如此之大，它不能繼續(xù)依賴國外需求來實(shí)現(xiàn)增長。中國政府已經(jīng)采用了一個(gè)綜合改革項(xiàng)目來重新平衡經(jīng)濟(jì)，轉(zhuǎn)向以國內(nèi)需求帶動(dòng)增長。

This requires reforms to increase public spending on health and education, raise and enforce minimum wages, remove barriers to investment in services, expand access to financial products for individuals and entrepreneurs, and remove subsidies for investment in the sectors that drove the initial decades of growth.這要求增加衛(wèi)生、教育等公共項(xiàng)目的投資，提高并落實(shí)最低工資，消除在服務(wù)業(yè)投資的障礙，擴(kuò)大個(gè)人和企業(yè)獲得和利用金融產(chǎn)品的渠道，并且取消對(duì)促成最初幾十年增長的行業(yè)的投資補(bǔ)貼。

This transition will take time, but it is already having a major impact on the shape of Chinese growth, and providing increased opportunities for American companies.Domestic demand is contributing more to growth, and as a consequence, U.S.exports to China are growing more rapidly, and U.S.companies operating in China are seeing more opportunities.這種轉(zhuǎn)型需要時(shí)間，但它已經(jīng)對(duì)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展形態(tài)產(chǎn)生了重大影響，并在為美國公司企業(yè)創(chuàng)造更多的機(jī)會(huì)。國內(nèi)需求正在為帶動(dòng)增長發(fā)揮更大的作用，其結(jié)果是，美國對(duì)中國的出口更迅速增長，在中國運(yùn)作的美國公司看到了更多的機(jī)會(huì)。

Finally, and importantly, China still closely manages the level of its exchange rate and restricts the ability of capital to move in and out of the country.最后一點(diǎn)，也是重要的一點(diǎn)，中國仍然緊緊把握其匯率水平，并且限制資本進(jìn)出中國的能力。

These policies have the effect of keeping the Chinese currency substantially undervalued, which gives Chinese companies a competitive advantage.上述政策造成中國貨幣價(jià)值一直嚴(yán)重過低，從而給中國公司帶來競爭優(yōu)勢。

They also impose substantial costs on other emerging economies that run more flexible exchanges rates, and as a result have experienced a substantial loss of competitiveness against China.這些政策也大大增加了其他實(shí)施更具彈性的匯率的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的代價(jià)，使它們大大失去了與中國競爭的能力。

This is not a tenable policy for China or for the world economy.對(duì)于中國乃至世界經(jīng)濟(jì)而言，這都不是一種站得住腳的政策。

If China does not allow the currency to appreciate more rapidly, it will run the risk of seeing domestic inflation accelerate and face greater risk of a damaging rise in asset prices, both of which will threaten future growth.And sustaining an undervalued currency will undermine China’s own efforts to rebalance growth toward domestic consumption and higher-value-added production.中國如果不允許貨幣更迅速地增值，將可能出現(xiàn)國內(nèi)通貨膨脹加劇的危險(xiǎn)，并且面臨資產(chǎn)價(jià)格破壞性上漲的更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，兩者都將威脅未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。一直壓低幣值將損害中國自身轉(zhuǎn)向國內(nèi)消費(fèi)和更高附加值產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)進(jìn)而重新取得發(fā)展平衡的努力。

Since June of 2010, when Chinese authorities announced they would resume moving toward a more flexible exchange rate, they have allowed the currency to appreciate only about 3 percent against the dollar.This is a pace of about 6 percent a year in nominal terms, but significantly faster in real terms because inflation in China is much higher than in the United States.自2010年6月中國當(dāng)局宣布將重新朝著更靈活的匯率移動(dòng)以來，他們只讓人民幣對(duì)美元的升值幅度達(dá)到大約3%。這在表面上相當(dāng)于大約每年6%的速度，但實(shí)際上要快得多，因?yàn)橹袊耐ㄘ浥蛎涍h(yuǎn)高于美國。

We believe it is in China’s interest to allow the currency to appreciate more rapidly in response to market forces.And we believe China will do so because the alternative will be too costly – for China and for China’s relations with the rest of the world.我們認(rèn)為，允許人民幣根據(jù)市場因素更快升值符合中國的利益。我們相信中國會(huì)這么做，因?yàn)榉駝t將會(huì)給中國以及中國與世界其他國家的關(guān)系帶來過高代價(jià)。

These are our main priorities.China’s objectives are focused on the following areas:

以上是我國的主要重點(diǎn)。中國的目標(biāo)集中在以下方面：

? China wants more access to U.S.high technology products.? China to take greater advantage of investment opportunities in the United States.? China would like to be accorded the same terms of access that market economies enjoy.--中國希望擴(kuò)大獲得美國高科技產(chǎn)品的渠道。--中國希望更大利用美國的投資機(jī)會(huì)。

--中國希望獲得與市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體同等的準(zhǔn)入條件。

We are willing to make progress on these issues, but our ability to move on these issues will depend of course on how much progress we see from China.我們愿意在這些方面取得進(jìn)展，但是我們向前推進(jìn)的能力自然將取決于我們看到中國有多大進(jìn)展。

As China reduces the role of the state in the economy, reforms policies that discriminate against U.S.companies, removes subsidies and preferences for domestic firms and technology, and allows its exchange rate to reflect market forces, then we will be able to make progress on China’s objectives.隨著中國減少國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用，修改歧視美國公司的政策，取消給予本國公司和本地技術(shù)的補(bǔ)貼和優(yōu)惠，并允許其匯率根據(jù)市場浮動(dòng)，我們將能夠就中國的目標(biāo)取得進(jìn)展。

In any discussion of China, I think it is important for Americans to understand the solutions to our challenges in the United States rest first and foremost in the policies of Washington, not of Beijing.我認(rèn)為，在任何關(guān)于中國的討論中，美國人都必須了解，解決我們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)要首先取決于華盛頓，而不是北京。

Fundamentally, how many jobs and how much wealth we create will be the result of the choices we make in the United States – not the choices of others.歸根結(jié)底，我們能創(chuàng)造多少就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)及多少財(cái)富，將取決于我們在美國所作的選擇，而不是他人所作的選擇。

In our efforts to rebuild and put Americans back to work, we have to make sure we are making the investments and reform that will be essential to our capacity to grow in the future.我們在努力重建并使美國人重返工作崗位的過程中，必須確保我們進(jìn)行對(duì)我們未來增長能力至關(guān)重要的投資和改革。

As countries like China, India, Brazil and other emerging economies grow and expand, we want the American economy, American workers, and American companies to play a major role in – and gain substantial benefits from – that growth.在中國、印度、巴西和其他新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長擴(kuò)展之際，我們希望美國經(jīng)濟(jì)、美國工人和美國公司能在其中起到重要作用，并從那些增長中獲得可觀的益處。

We want to see a substantial part of that growing demand outside of the United States met by goods and services that are created and produced in the United States, and fueled by investment in the United States.我們希望，對(duì)于美國以外不斷增長的需求，有很大一部分將通過美國創(chuàng)造和制造的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)來滿足，并由在美國的投資所帶動(dòng)。

If we are successful in doing that, we will be stronger as a nation.But to be successful in meeting that challenge, there are things we must do.We must invest more in research and development.We must invest more in educational reforms.We must invest more in public infrastructure.We must create stronger incentives for investment in the United States, by both American and foreign companies.We must be more forceful and effective in promoting American exports.如果我們能夠成功做到這點(diǎn)，我們國家就會(huì)更強(qiáng)盛。但是，要成功迎接那種挑戰(zhàn)，我們必須作出多項(xiàng)努力。我們必須對(duì)研究開發(fā)給予更多投資。我們必須對(duì)教育改革給予更多投資。我們必須對(duì)公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施給予更多投資。我們必須創(chuàng)造更大吸引力讓美國和外國公司在美國投資。我們必須更加高效有力地推動(dòng)美國出口。

And we must restore fiscal responsibility.This will require the government to spend less and spend more wisely, so that we can afford to make the investments that are critical to future growth.And in the long term, it will require tax reform that produces a system that is more simple and more fair, that encourages growth and investment, and that will help restore fiscal sustainability.我們也必須恢復(fù)財(cái)政責(zé)任。這將要求政府減少開支和增加開支的理性，從而讓我們能夠進(jìn)行對(duì)未來成長至關(guān)重要的投資。長期而言，這需要進(jìn)行稅務(wù)改革，建立一種更簡明、更公平的體制，鼓勵(lì)增長和投資，并且有助于恢復(fù)財(cái)政的可持續(xù)性。

These are our challenges.And they are not just an economic imperative, they are national security imperative.Our strength as a nation depends on the ability of our political system to move quickly enough to put in place solutions to our long-term problems.這些都是我們的挑戰(zhàn)。它們不只是經(jīng)濟(jì)要?jiǎng)?wù)，也是國家安全的要?jiǎng)?wù)。美國的實(shí)力有賴于我們的政治體制能夠迅速確定解決我們長期問題的方案。

Our great strengths as a country have been in our openness to ideas and talent, our capacity to innovate, our excellence in higher education, a willingness to invest public resources strategically in scientific research and discovery, and the political will to confront challenges with wisdom and force.我國的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)實(shí)力一向在于對(duì)思想和人才開放，能夠創(chuàng)新，擁有優(yōu)質(zhì)的高等教育，愿意將公共資源戰(zhàn)略性地投入科學(xué)研究與發(fā)現(xiàn)，并且具有靠智慧和力量戰(zhàn)勝挑戰(zhàn)的政治意愿。

If we preserve and build on these strengths, and if China successfully continues on its path to a more open, market economy, then both our countries and the world economy will be in a much stronger position.如果我們保持并進(jìn)一步發(fā)展這些實(shí)力，并且中國若能繼續(xù)成功邁向一個(gè)更開放的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)，那么，我們兩國以及世界經(jīng)濟(jì)都將更趨興盛。

The President recently said, “We should feel confident about our ability to compete, but we are going to have to step up our game.”

總統(tǒng)最近曾說：“我們對(duì)于自己的競爭能力應(yīng)有自信，但是我們必須更加努力?！?/p>

China’s rise offers us the opportunity of dramatic growth in demand for things Americans create and produce.But it also will force us to raise our game.中國的崛起給我們帶來一個(gè)對(duì)美國創(chuàng)造和制作的產(chǎn)品的需求大幅度增長的機(jī)會(huì)。但是它也要求我們更加一把勁。

We should welcome both the opportunity and the challenge.我們對(duì)于這個(gè)契機(jī)和挑戰(zhàn)應(yīng)該同表歡迎。

Thank you.謝謝各位。