第一篇：鐵路每周新聞?wù)杏⑽?/a>

第二篇：中英文摘要

榆林學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文

俄國(guó)文學(xué)中“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)成因探析

肖世濤

（榆林學(xué)院中文系陜西榆林719000）

摘要：

19世紀(jì)俄國(guó)“自然派”作家正式提出了寫“小人物”的口號(hào)。他們?cè)谧髌分忻枋鲂∪宋锏谋瘧K命運(yùn)和內(nèi)心痛苦，從而使文藝成為“社會(huì)的一面忠實(shí)的鏡子”?！靶∪宋铩痹谏鐣?huì)中官階、地位極其低下，生活困苦，但又逆來(lái)順受、安分守己、性格懦弱、膽小怕事，因此成為“大人物”統(tǒng)治下被侮辱的犧牲者。但通過(guò)對(duì)作家普希金、果戈理、契訶夫、陀斯托耶夫斯基等關(guān)于小人物的作品及其主人公的分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)“小人物”的悲劇命運(yùn)并非僅限于官僚統(tǒng)治欺凌等外在的社會(huì)原因，同時(shí)還有“小人物”自身固有的內(nèi)在原因，其中，因循守舊不思轉(zhuǎn)變觀念的思維模式是釀成“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)的思想原因，軟弱怯懦、不思反抗的逃避行為是釀成“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)的性格原因。作者再現(xiàn)“小人物”保守思想和懦弱性格的目的，在于通過(guò)對(duì)“小人物”靈魂的拷問(wèn)，完成人格形態(tài)的批判，把他們從沉睡中喚醒。對(duì)“小人物”寄寓有限的同情，但更多地傾注了對(duì)其劣根性哀其不幸，怒其不爭(zhēng)的抨擊。揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)中小人物存在的具體現(xiàn)象，生活在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的人們，應(yīng)該靜下心來(lái)反思一下，是不是自己身上也能找到小人物的影子，指出文章對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的警示意義。

關(guān)鍵詞:俄國(guó)文學(xué)小人物悲劇命運(yùn)外在原因內(nèi)在原因

I

俄國(guó)文學(xué)中“小人物”悲劇命運(yùn)成因探析

An analyze on the cause of tragic destiny of ＂no man＂

in Russian literature

XiaoShitao

(Chinese Department，Yulin College，Yulin，Shaanxi719000)

Abstract：In 19th century the writer of ＂the natural faction＂in Russia proposed a slogan to write the life of ＂the no man＂．They described the tragic destiny and inner world pain of ＂the no man＂，and it made the literary arts to become ＂a faithful mirror of the society＂．These ＂no man＂had a low position in the society and lead a miserable life，but at the same time，they all content with things as they are and had cowardly charcuter，therefore，they became the prey who were insulted under the domination of＂the great man＂．However，according to the author＇s analyze on the work which were wrote by Pushkin，Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol，Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky，we can easily find the reason of tragic destiny of the＂no man＂is not only some external causes but also some internal causes．Among all this reasons，the thought pattern of stick to old ways is their tragic destiny＇s thought reason．The author reproduce their conservative thinking and cowardly character in order to crieicize the personality from of the＂no man＂and awake them from deep sleep．In this thesis，the author gives the no man limited sympathy，but pay more attention to attack their sadness and not the behaviors of struggle for their angry．According to reveal the phenomanon of existence of＂no man＂in real life，the author hopes the people live in real life can introspect thenselves and shows the significance to the reality．

Key words：Russian literature；No man； Tragic destiny； External causes；Internal

causes

II

第三篇：中英文摘要

中英文摘要

作者姓名：段小潔

論文題目：?jiǎn)伪谔技{米管的AFM操縱、形變及相關(guān)拉曼光譜研究

作者簡(jiǎn)介：段小潔，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月師從于北京大學(xué)劉忠范教授，于2007年7月獲博士學(xué)位。

中文摘要

對(duì)形變碳納米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在應(yīng)力存在下的結(jié)構(gòu)演化、應(yīng)力對(duì)其各種光電性質(zhì)及電子能帶結(jié)構(gòu)的影響等，不僅對(duì)CNTs在復(fù)合材料、納電子和納機(jī)電器件、以及應(yīng)力傳感器等中的應(yīng)用具有重要意義，還對(duì)相關(guān)理論的發(fā)展有巨大推動(dòng)作用。本論文發(fā)展了對(duì)表面上單壁碳納米管（SWNTs）的原子力顯微術(shù)（AFM）可控操縱方法，基于此AFM可控操縱，研究了CNTs在彎曲形變下的屈曲行為，以及SWNTs在扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸兩種形變下的共振Raman光譜特征。主要成果包括：

1.發(fā)展了對(duì)表面上SWNT的AFM可控操縱方法；

通過(guò)對(duì)操縱過(guò)程中針尖運(yùn)動(dòng)路徑的合理設(shè)置、SWNT上操縱位置和針尖下壓距離的選擇，可以向SWNT中引入各種類型的應(yīng)力。SWNT中產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力由其和基底間的相互作用力保持。發(fā)展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT納米焊接術(shù)，以增加AFM操縱的可控性。當(dāng)對(duì)表面有SWNT的基底Si進(jìn)行AFM氧化時(shí)，新生成的SiOx會(huì)對(duì)SWNT進(jìn)行包覆，從而可以將SWNT在氧化點(diǎn)有

效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在會(huì)對(duì)Si基底的AFM氧化有明顯的增強(qiáng)作用，相同條件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后產(chǎn)生的SiOx，比沒(méi)有SWNT時(shí)更多，這種增強(qiáng)作用有利于對(duì)

SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的強(qiáng)度可以通過(guò)改變氧化偏壓、針尖運(yùn)動(dòng)速率（氧化時(shí)間）等進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，提高氧化偏壓、降低針尖移動(dòng)速率有利于增強(qiáng)納米焊接的強(qiáng)度?？諝庵袩嵫趸瘜?shí)驗(yàn)和拉曼光譜的表征均證明，此焊接過(guò)程對(duì)SWNT的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)明顯影響。在某些點(diǎn)對(duì)SWNT進(jìn)行焊接固定后，AFM操縱引入的形變的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，從而大大增加AFM操縱的可控性。

采用更強(qiáng)的AFM氧化條件，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)SWNT和Si的同時(shí)氧化，從而可以在任意位點(diǎn)對(duì)SWNT進(jìn)行切割。結(jié)合AFM納米切割、焊接和操縱等操作，可以構(gòu)筑各種復(fù)雜形狀的SWNTs，體現(xiàn)

了AFM作為納米工具箱的作用。

2.研究了CNTs在彎曲形變下的屈曲行為；

通過(guò)選擇合適的操縱位點(diǎn)、被操縱的CNT片段長(zhǎng)度、操縱路徑并優(yōu)化針尖下壓距離，可以嚴(yán)格控制彎曲CNT的角度，這樣通過(guò)AFM操縱對(duì)同一CNT的可控彎曲，獲得了一系列彎曲角度逐漸增大的CNT。CNT被操縱以后，與基底相互作用力會(huì)有明顯減小，這使得CNT的有效彎曲區(qū)域，位于與基底只有vdW相互作用的被操縱部分，在AFM表征下表現(xiàn)為固定部分和被操縱部分的交點(diǎn)。有效彎曲部分與基底間僅有vdW相互作用，其長(zhǎng)度在整個(gè)彎曲過(guò)程中幾乎保持不變。

通過(guò)記錄彎曲“點(diǎn)”在彎曲角度逐漸增大過(guò)程中的高度變化，研究了CNTs在彎曲形變下的結(jié)構(gòu)演化和屈曲行為。發(fā)現(xiàn)不同CNTs在彎曲過(guò)程中，表現(xiàn)出“突變”和“漸變”兩種屈曲模式，分別對(duì)應(yīng)于彎曲“點(diǎn)”高度的突躍、均勻彎曲向屈曲結(jié)構(gòu)的直接轉(zhuǎn)化，和彎曲“點(diǎn)”高度的逐漸增大、均勻彎曲向屈曲結(jié)構(gòu)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化?！皾u變”屈曲導(dǎo)致一系列屈曲過(guò)渡態(tài)的出現(xiàn)?！巴蛔儭倍喟l(fā)生于小直徑管，而“漸變”更常見(jiàn)于大直徑管。通過(guò)對(duì)CNTs的層數(shù)和厚度等的估算，發(fā)現(xiàn)一般情況下，“漸變”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突變”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直徑比。對(duì)“突變”屈曲模式的CNTs，臨界屈曲角度隨CNTs直徑的增大而減小。

分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬發(fā)現(xiàn)，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均為“突變”屈曲模式，而雙壁和三壁管均采取“漸變”屈曲模式；（2）“漸變”屈曲過(guò)程對(duì)應(yīng)彎曲角度逐漸增大時(shí)，多壁管從最外層到最內(nèi)層的逐漸屈曲，和各管層屈曲程度的逐漸增加，這是由其多層結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致的各層壁屈曲行為的不同步，和管壁間vdW相互作用對(duì)屈曲的阻礙造成的，這說(shuō)明MWNTs的多層結(jié)構(gòu)是導(dǎo)致其“漸變”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用對(duì)CNTs的屈曲行為沒(méi)有明顯影響。從導(dǎo)致兩種屈曲模式的機(jī)理考慮，除直徑外，CNTs的層數(shù)對(duì)其屈曲行為也有重要影響，這預(yù)示了在CNTs的力學(xué)性質(zhì)中，存在不同于傳統(tǒng)尺寸效應(yīng)的雙尺寸效應(yīng)，即直徑和層數(shù)共同決定CNTs力學(xué)行為。

本工作利用AFM可控操縱，在實(shí)驗(yàn)上幾乎全程觀察了CNTs在彎曲過(guò)程中的結(jié)構(gòu)演化和屈曲形成過(guò)程，其所揭示的兩種屈曲模式的形成規(guī)律，不僅對(duì)大量存在的CNTs形變的理論工作提供了支持和參考，一定程度上填補(bǔ)了實(shí)驗(yàn)上的空白，還對(duì)CNTs在復(fù)合材料、納電子和納機(jī)電器件、以及應(yīng)力傳感器等中的應(yīng)用具有重要意義，3.研究了扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變下單根SWNTs的共振Raman光譜行為；

AFM操縱可以向超長(zhǎng)SWNT中同時(shí)引入扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸應(yīng)力，由于拉伸形變比扭轉(zhuǎn)形變的傳輸距離更遠(yuǎn)，在操縱點(diǎn)附近扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸兩種形變同時(shí)存在，距離操縱點(diǎn)較遠(yuǎn)的區(qū)域，只有純拉

伸形變存在。扭轉(zhuǎn)形變的產(chǎn)生證明了SWNT在AFM操縱下滾動(dòng)的發(fā)生。

扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變都會(huì)導(dǎo)致SWNTs拉曼模振動(dòng)頻率的變化。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：（1）扭轉(zhuǎn)形變下，?RBM變大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振動(dòng)頻率發(fā)生較大的紅移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560

cm-1范圍內(nèi)的大部分G模會(huì)發(fā)生輕微的藍(lán)移，振動(dòng)頻率發(fā)生紅移的G模的位移量，一般遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于發(fā)生藍(lán)移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形變下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振動(dòng)頻率不變，而在1590 cm-1～

1560 cm-1范圍內(nèi)的大部分G模會(huì)發(fā)生明顯的紅移。（3）不同Raman活性模對(duì)形變的敏感度不同，扭轉(zhuǎn)形變下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形變下，其他G模卻具有更高的敏感度。這與形變導(dǎo)致的發(fā)生變化的C-C鍵是否與各模的原子位移模式相關(guān)聯(lián)有關(guān)；（4）通過(guò)對(duì)SWNTs中形變量大小和Raman頻率對(duì)形變變化率d?/d?地計(jì)算，發(fā)現(xiàn)RBM振動(dòng)頻率對(duì)扭轉(zhuǎn)形變的變化率d?(RBM)/d?t，隨SWNTs手性角的增大幾乎線性增大。

某些SWNTs中，扭轉(zhuǎn)形變導(dǎo)致的對(duì)稱性破缺還會(huì)導(dǎo)致Raman模的分裂或新模的出現(xiàn)。按照預(yù)測(cè)，這種分裂或新模的出現(xiàn)最可能發(fā)生在鋸齒形和椅形SWNTs中。扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變都會(huì)導(dǎo)致SWNTs共振拉曼振動(dòng)模強(qiáng)度的變化，這體現(xiàn)了形變對(duì)SWNTs電子躍遷能Eii的影響。根據(jù)

共振拉曼理論和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以計(jì)算扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸形變對(duì)Eii影響的方向和大小。

應(yīng)力對(duì)SWNTs共振Raman光譜的影響一直是人們關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題，本工作首次在實(shí)驗(yàn)上研究了扭轉(zhuǎn)形變下SWNTs共振Raman振動(dòng)頻率和強(qiáng)度的變化。利用AFM操縱在單根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直徑和手性帶來(lái)的平均效應(yīng)，從而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性質(zhì)。對(duì)拉伸和扭轉(zhuǎn)形變?cè)谕鵖WNT中的比較，也為理解不同應(yīng)力對(duì)SWNTs拉曼影響的不同提供了有利條件。

4.AFM操縱引入的應(yīng)力沿SWNT管軸分布的分析和調(diào)控，及SWNTs相關(guān)力學(xué)性質(zhì)的比較；分析了超長(zhǎng)SWNT中，AFM操縱引入的應(yīng)力的傳輸和分布，由于SWNT與基底間摩擦力的存在和AFM操縱后應(yīng)力的部分馳豫，扭轉(zhuǎn)和拉伸應(yīng)力沿SWNT管軸都呈“?”形分布，應(yīng)力分布的各特征量，如應(yīng)力的最遠(yuǎn)傳輸距離、最大應(yīng)力點(diǎn)的位置和最大應(yīng)力值、應(yīng)力線性分布的斜率等，決定于AFM針尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或彈性模量、以及SWNT與基底間摩擦力的大??；通過(guò)控制AFM操縱和采用圖案化基底，對(duì)SWNT中應(yīng)力的大小及分布進(jìn)行了調(diào)控；通過(guò)比較不同SWNTs的應(yīng)力分布特征量，在單根SWNT水平上，研究比較了它們的各力學(xué)參量，如剪切模量、楊氏模量，以及與基底間摩擦力的相對(duì)大小。各力學(xué)參量對(duì)SWNTs的直徑無(wú)單調(diào)關(guān)系，說(shuō)明了SWNTs手性對(duì)力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響。

關(guān)鍵詞：?jiǎn)伪谔技{米管，AFM操縱與加工，形變，屈曲，共振拉曼光譜

AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Duan Xiaojie

ABSTRACT

The study on deformed carbon nanotubes(CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy(AFM)manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWNTs)on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:

1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip pressing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition(much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied

By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip pressing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cross point between the fixed SWNT part and

manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct ?abrupt? and ?gradual? buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the ?abrupt? buckling mode, the height of the bending ?point? has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the ?gradual? mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending ?point?, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The ?gradual? buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.?Abrupt? buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the ?gradual? mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickness of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with ?abrupt? buckling mode has smaller thickness diameter ratio than the CNTs with ?gradual? buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the ?abrupt? buckling mode.The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.It was found:(1)for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes;(2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the process that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes;(3)The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickness determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending process.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial

strain has been investigated

The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:

(1)the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency ?RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes assigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1(G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G

modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the(G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes;(2)Under uniaxial strain, ?RBM and ?G+(E2(g))do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3)Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g))is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes;(4)The

calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d?/d? found that, under torsional strain, d?(RBM)/d?t nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the

modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison

of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs

It was found that after AFM manipulation, both the torsional and uniaxial strain would have a “?” shaped distribution along the SWNT axis, due to the friction between SWNTs and the substrate, and the partial relaxation of strain.The characteristics of the distribution, including the propagation distance of strain, the maximum strain and its position, and the slope of the strain distribution, are determined by the force exerted on SWNT by AFM tip, the elasticity modulus E and the shear modulus G, and the friction between SWNT and surface.By controlling the AFM manipulation and using patterned substrate with different components, the magnitude and distribution of strain in SWNT has been modulated.With the comparison of strain distribution in different SWNTs, their mechanical properties, such as E and G, and the friction with the substrate have been compared, on the single SWNTs scale.It was found that there is no monomial relationship between these parameters and the SWNTs diameter, this suggests that the chirality of SWNTs also has important effect on SWNTs mechanical properties.Key words:Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes(SWNTs), AFM manipulation and fabrication, deformation(strain), buckling, resonance Raman spectroscopy

第四篇：摘要(中英文)

摘要

本次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)以工程實(shí)例為研究對(duì)象，設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程包括結(jié)構(gòu)部分，概預(yù)算部分以及施工組織部分。本工程名稱為中學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)樓，建設(shè)地點(diǎn)為農(nóng)八師132團(tuán)。地基承載力特征值為fak =400Kpa。采用磚混結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)期50年，安全等級(jí)為

二級(jí)，抗震設(shè)防烈度為7.5度。本工程占地面積約512.08平方米，建筑面積2601.9平方米。本建筑五層，總高度17.1米，室內(nèi)外高差為1.5 米，女兒墻高

1.5米和0.9米。

本計(jì)算書包括的內(nèi)容：

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分：一.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書；二.工程概況及結(jié)構(gòu)布置說(shuō)明；三.結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算部分：1.荷載清理（包括屋面和樓面荷載以及墻體）；2.現(xiàn)澆構(gòu)件計(jì)算（包括梁，板，）；3.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)（包括砌體部分條基設(shè)計(jì)以及獨(dú)立柱基的設(shè)計(jì)）；4.砌體部分（墻體高厚比，墻體承載力驗(yàn)算及局部承壓計(jì)算；5.抗震驗(yàn)算；6.樓梯計(jì)算（斜板的計(jì)算，平臺(tái)梁的計(jì)算，平臺(tái)板的計(jì)算）；7.過(guò)梁的選擇。

概預(yù)算設(shè)計(jì)是在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上，先計(jì)算并統(tǒng)計(jì)出分項(xiàng)工程的工程量，再運(yùn)用廣聯(lián)達(dá)造價(jià)軟件進(jìn)行人，材料，機(jī)械三方面經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)算以達(dá)到對(duì)本工程的工程造價(jià)控制。

施工組織設(shè)計(jì)是針對(duì)已經(jīng)形成的建筑施工圖，結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖，結(jié)合相應(yīng)的定額規(guī)范，進(jìn)行各分部分項(xiàng)工程的工程量計(jì)算，做出工程量計(jì)算表，根據(jù)表格內(nèi)各部分內(nèi)容，結(jié)合時(shí)間定額和產(chǎn)量定額，進(jìn)行勞動(dòng)量的計(jì)算，在固定工期內(nèi)合理的組織施工，繪制橫道圖，雙代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖，時(shí)標(biāo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖和施工平面布置圖，以及人工，材料，機(jī)械需要量計(jì)劃。

在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，通過(guò)查閱大量有關(guān)資料，與同學(xué)交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)和自學(xué)，并向老師請(qǐng)教等方式，使自己學(xué)到了不少知識(shí)，也經(jīng)歷了不少艱辛，但收獲同樣巨大。此次設(shè)計(jì)成果有：①結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖10張，包括手繪5張，機(jī)繪5張；②結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算書一本；③雙代號(hào)、時(shí)標(biāo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一張。而且大大提高了動(dòng)手的能力，充分體會(huì)到了在創(chuàng)造過(guò)程中探索的艱難和成功時(shí)的喜悅。雖然這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)做的也不太好，但是在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中所學(xué)到的東西是這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的最大收獲和財(cái)富，使我終身受益。最后感謝指導(dǎo)老師悉心的指導(dǎo)和幫助。

關(guān)鍵詞：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)；磚混結(jié)構(gòu)；結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)；工程量計(jì)算；施工組織設(shè)計(jì)。

Abstract

The project is a complex building named Experiments in middle school building in farming 8 division 132 groups.The build adopt reinforced concrete brick structure，the design base year is 50 years , the safe grade is 2 , and the earthquake intensity sale is 7.5.The total building area is more than 2601.9square meters.The main body is five frame

constructions.Total height is 17.1 meters.The indoors and outside height is 1.5 meters.Parapets are 1.5 meters.This thesis includes content:

Structure design:Graduate design task;Shows the engineering survey and layout of the structure;Calculation of structure: 1 Load cleaning;calculation of;2 Cast member;3 Basic design;4 Ratio of height to thickness;5 Seismic checking calculation;6 Stairs;7 Beam selection.Over budget in the structural design of the design on the basis of the cost of the use of success software in order to control of the project cost.Construction organization design used the architectural working drawings,structural drawings and combined with the corresponding norms, calculationed the engineering of the each.According to the sub-pat of the engineering project, combined with time, production scale, quantity of labor, work in a reasonable period of reasonable construction

organizationgs, drawn-on-arrow network diagram, net work time scale layout plant and construction plants.The design results are as follows: the construction of Figure 10, including hand 5, machine drawing 5;the structure calculation book;③, AOA time-scaled network diagram a.But also greatly improve the ability to operate, fully realized in the creative process of exploration,hardships and the joy of success.Although the design do not too good, but what is learned in the design process that is the biggest harvest and the wealth of the graduation design, benefit from my life.Finally, thanks to my teacher's guidance and help.Keywords: graduation design;masonry structure;structural design;engineering calculation;construction organization design.

第五篇：如何寫中英文摘要

敬請(qǐng)重視和寫好論文的中英文摘要

1.寫好中英文摘要的重要性

（1）中文文摘是溝通國(guó)內(nèi)讀者和作者之間的橋梁。在知識(shí)爆炸的今天，讀者不可能通過(guò)直接瀏覽刊物的方式去獲取全面的信息，只能通過(guò)專業(yè)的二次文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢索相應(yīng)文章的文摘，再提取原文。

（2）英文文摘是作者和國(guó)際同行進(jìn)行交流的必經(jīng)之路。在當(dāng)今的科技領(lǐng)域,英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)成為事實(shí)上的國(guó)際交流語(yǔ)言。世界各國(guó)學(xué)者想追蹤了解某一學(xué)科的發(fā)展情況，都會(huì)用英文工具書和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索。

2.如何寫好中英文摘要

（1）摘要應(yīng)概括正文的要點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)包括研究對(duì)象(目的)、研究方法(所用的設(shè)備，材料)、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。寫英文摘要時(shí)，不能因?yàn)槟承﹥?nèi)容不好翻譯就棄掉要點(diǎn)。

（2）摘要要盡量簡(jiǎn)短，盡可能刪掉課題研究的背景信息。

（3）摘要中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該是最重要和最關(guān)鍵的數(shù)據(jù)。

（4）不需要目己標(biāo)榜自己的研究結(jié)果。

（5）二次文獻(xiàn)信息將脫離原文而獨(dú)立存在，因此摘要中不能出現(xiàn)圖表參數(shù)據(jù)。

（6）摘要中的內(nèi)容應(yīng)在正文中出現(xiàn)，不能對(duì)原文進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和修改。

（7）摘要中的縮寫名稱在第一次出現(xiàn)時(shí)要有全稱(眾所周知的縮寫詞除外)。

（8）摘要的句子應(yīng)盡量簡(jiǎn)短，主謂語(yǔ)要搭配。